7§f gaGg] ljifo, a]sfd]] pvfg @)!% clk|n jif{ % c+s &)
wd{, ?k–/+u, hflt, zflGt–;'/Iff k|;+u
7§f ug'{cl3 jf af]Ng'cl3 ;f]Rg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 . s]xL lgtfGt JolStut ljifodf ;f]Wg' x'Gg / s]xL ljifodf dhfs ug'{ /fd|f] x'Gg eGg] hfGg h?/L x'G5 . oL 7fpFcg';f/sf ;+:sf/ x'g\ . km/s b]zdf km/s rng x'G5g\ . xfdL g]kfn jf e"6fgdf h:tf ljifodf xfF:5f}+, oxfF ToxL ljifonfO{ 7§fsf] ljifo agfpg' x'Fb}g . Pp6f pbfx/0f, cd]l/sfdf s'g} /fd|f] sfd eof] eg] a"9L cf}nf p7fP/ …n l7s eof]Ú eGg] ;+1f ul/G5 . of] ;+1f ljZjsf slt b]zdf ug'{ /fd|f] dflgb}g . xfd|f sof}+ pvfg a]sfd] 5g\
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à o:tf] dhfs x'Gg======================! (Do not make joke about)
à e"6fgL k'g:yf{kgfsf & jif{======@ (7 yrs of resettlement)
à gful/s k|Zg–pQ/ ()=============# (Civic Test - Q/A no. 90)
à ofqf, b'3{6gf / vr{=================$ (Travel, Accident, and costs)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb #*=========$ (Most common Eng. words 38)
g]kfnL efiffdf o:tf w]/} pvfg 5g\, hxfF lnª\u, hft, dfG5]sf] x}l;ot cflbsf k|;+u 5g\ . cd]l/sfdf xfdL o:tf pvfgsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . ;a} efiffdf pvfg x'G5g\, t/ ;a} b]zdf nfu' x'Fb}gg\ . 7§f ug{ gx'g] ljifo s] x'g\ <
sof}+ ljifosf dhfs g/fd|f] dflgG5g\ . s;}sf] ckf+utf, hflt, ?k–/+u, lnª\u jf n}lª\s cled'lvs/0f, hGd]sf] jf cfPsf] b]z, j}jflxs cj:yf, /fhgLlts cf:yf÷;Da4tf, cleefjssf]
ΩΩ
r]t jf cr]t cj:yfdf u'? lwdfnn] u/]sf] Pp6f km]fgn] pgnfO{ dfq cK7\of/f]df kf/]sf] 5}g . elu/y sf]O/fnf / c? w]/} dfly yf]/} eP klg z+sf ug]{ 7fpF ag]sf] 5 . pvfg 5, d'vaf6 5'6]sf] af]nL / gfnaf6 lg:s]sf] uf]nL kms{b}g . af]Nbf xf]z k'¥ofpg'k5{ eg]sf] oxL xf] . ΩΩ
cfly{s x}l;otsf ljifodf 7§f ubf{ cK7\of/fdf kg]{ 7"nf] ;+efjgf x'G5 . zflGt–;'/Iff vnanfpg] ljifosf 7§f ug'{ lgs} cK7\of/f] x'G5 . tkfO{+ ljdfgofqfdf x'g'x'G5 jf ljdfg:yndf hfFrsf a]nf dhfs–dhfsdf af]Ng] dfG5] cK7\of/fdf k5{ . b]zsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g, P]g, lgodk|lt lrQ ga'emfO x'g' :jefljs xf] . ;+ljwfg, sfg'g, P]g, lgod dfGg'k5{ . t/ o:tf ljifodf r'6\lsnf kSs} agfpg' x'Fb}g . nfOg pleg], kfnf]–kfnf] cl3 a9\g] oxfFsf] Pp6f ;+:sf/ xf], ;Eotf xf] . nfOgdf pleFbf cuf8L jf k5f8Lsf] dfG5]eGbf cln 6f9f a;]/ cfk;L b"/L
(personal space) agfOG5
. ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ Joª\u gug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . pgLx? lgs} ;ts{ eP/ sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu egf}+ g, vfgf vfO/x]sf] dfG5]nfO{ s;}n] k5f8Laf6 cfP/ 9fk df¥of] eg] s] x'G5 < slt l/; p7\bf] xf] < s'/f To:t} xf] . To;sf] cy{ ;'/IffsdL{ b]Vg] lalQs} 8/fpg' k5{ eGg] xf]Og . (!! ;'/Iffsf lglDt /flvPsf] kmf]g ;]jf xf] . cfktsflng :jf:Yo cj:yf, cfk/flws ultljlwsf nflu agfOPsf] of] ;]jf;Fu 7§f ug'{ Psbd} g/fd|f] sfd xf] . s:tf k|Zg ;f]lwGg <
w]/} dflg; s]xL lghL ljifo uf]Ko /fV5g\ . cfˆgf Psbd glhs}sf ;fyLafx]s c? s;}nfO{ tkfO{+n] To:tf k|Zg ;f]Wg jf 5n©n ug{ vf]Hg'eof] eg] s]xL l/;fpg ;S5g\ . ukm ubf{ o:tf ljifo 5Ng] sf]lz; ug{'xf];\M slt jif{sf] x'g'eof] < slt sdfpg'x'G5 ÷ tna 5 < s'g wd{ dfGg' x'G5 < lsg olt df]6fpg' eP5 < s] lgs} k};f 5 < 3/ lsGbf slt xfNg'eof] < cflb .
@
e"6fgLsf] k'g:yf{kgf yfn]sf] & jif{ k'u]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% dfr{ clGtd ;Dddf cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] *! xhf/ @ ;o (% hgfnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u/fO– ;s]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!# cS6f]a/ ! b]lv ;g\ @)!$ ;]K6]Da/ #) ;Ddsf] cfly{s jif{, cf=j= -;g\ @)!#÷)!$_ ;Dd &* xhf/ & ;o &@ k'g:yf{lkt
x'g'ePsf] lyof] . clg ;g\ @)!$ cS6f]a/df z'? cf=j= sf ^ dlxgfdf @ xhf/ % ;o @# hgf k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5 . cd]l/sL cfly{s jif{ cS6f]a/ ! df z'? eP/ csf]{ jif{sf] ;]K6]Da/ #! df ;lsG5 . ;g\ @)!$÷)!% sf ^ dlxgfdf k'g:yf{lktsf] ;+Vof sf]nf]/f8f]sf] c/f]/f zx/l:yt sf]nf]/f8f] cfWoflTds lbjf;]jf s]Gb| (Colorado x]bf{ / cf=a= e/df % xhf/ eGbf s]xL a9L dfq k'g:yf{lkt Daycare Spirit) df ;g\ @)!% sf] /fd gjdL dgfpFb} g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgLx¿ .
a9L / sd tyf k'g:yf{kgf gul/Psf /fHox¿ a9L ;+Vofdf k'g:yf{lkt % /fHo != @= #= $= %=
k]G;ne]lgof ........ * xhf/ ( ;o ^$ 6]S;f; ................ & xhf/ % ;o &# Go'of]s{ ................ ^ xhf/ * ;o @( cf]xfof] ................ ^ xhf/ $ ;o #! hlh{of ................... % xhf/ $ ;o (
sd ;+Vofdf k'g:yf{lkt % /fHo != cs{G;f;........................# @= n'lhofgf......................$! #= ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf........%) $= OlG8ofgf.....................!@% %= Go' d]lS;sf]................!@*
k'g:yf{lkt gul/Psf gf} /fHo oL gf} /fHodf k'g:yf{lkt ul/Psf] 5}g M != cnfafdf (Alabama) @= 8]nfj/ (Delaware) #= xjfO{ (Hawaii) $= d]g (Maine) %= ldl;l;kL (Mississippi) ^= df]G6fgf (Montana) &= cf]Snxfdf (Oklahoma) *= j]:6 elh{lgof (West Virginia)
(= jfof]ldª (Wyoming)
lji0f' j:tL
;g\ @)!% dfr{df g]kfnL–efifL
x'g] b]lvG5 .
@)!$÷)!% sf ^ dlxgfM slxn], slt < ;g\ )!$÷!% sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf k'g:yf{lktsf] ;+VofM à cS6f]a/, @)!$ ========== #&) à gf]e]Da/, @)!$ ========== %)) à l8;]Da/, @)!$ ========== $@( à hgj/L, @)!% ========== #$@ à km]a|'c/L, @)!% ========== $@& à dfr{, @)!% =============== $%% –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– hDdf =============================== @,%@#
;g\ @))* otf slxn] / slt k'g:yf{lkt <
c¿ /fHodf sxf“, slt <M
k'g:yf{kgf gul/Psf tyf a9L / sd k'g:yf{lkt ePsfafx]ssf] cGo /fHoM cnf:sfM !#* =================== Pl/hf]gfM @()& Soflnkmf]lg{ofM !#$) ===== sf]nf]/f8f]M #)() sg]6Ls6M @^^ ================ ˆnf]l/8fM ^^* cfO8fxf]M !$)* ============== Olngf]oM @$@) cfof]jfM &^& =================== sG;f;M ^!! s]G6sLM @!)( =============== d]/LNof08M !*(^ Dof;fr';]6\;M @^^^ ========== ldl;ugM !&^# ldg];f]6fM (^& =============== ldh'/LM !@^! g]a|f:sfM !!^* ================= g]ef8fM @*% Go' XofD;/M @!)) ========= Go'h;L{M #^! gy{ Sof/f]nfOgfM #)@@======== gy{ 8sf]6fM !**@ cf]/]ugM *&$ ================== /f]8 cfONof08M @&^ ;fpy 8sf]6fM !@@! ========= 6]g;LM !^&^ o'6fxM !#&! ================== ed{G6M !^!) elh{lgofM @^$% ============== jfl;+u6gM @^$@ lj:sfG;gM ###
s'g jif{ slt hgf < jif{ -;g\df_================= ;+Vof ;g\ @))&÷))* ======== %,#@) ;g\ @))*÷))( ======= !#,$%@ ;g\ @))(÷)!) ======== !@,#^# ;g\ @)!)÷)!! ======== !$,((( ;g\ @)!!÷)!@ ======== !%,)&) ;g\ @)!@÷@)!# ======= (,!#$ ;g\ @)!#÷@)!$ ======= *,$#$ )!$ cS6f]a/kl5 ====== @,%@# –––––––––––––––––––––––––––– hDdf =================*!,@(@
@)!% clk|n, jif{ % c+s &)
e"6fgL k'g:Yff{kgfsf] ;ft jif{ cd]l/sfdf *! xhf/ @ ;o (%
cd]l/sfsf] k"j{df cfGw| dxf;fu/
cIfl/sf tl:a/ a}+s
@)!% clk|n, jif{ % c+s &)
#
:jtGqtfsf] k|ltd"lt{, lxpF, /ftf ?vx¿, cfln{ª\6gsf] :df/s, ndtGg ;8ssf ;fy b[Zo / km"nsf] cfsif{0fM cfGw| dxf;fu/;Fu hf]l8Psf k"j{sf cd]l/sL /fHo .
gful/s k/LIff
(Civic Test)
sf] lstfasf] k|Zg gDa/ () / pQ/M à ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ lsgf/f -;d'b|L–t6_ df s'g dxf;fu/ 5 < (What ocean is on the East Coast of the United States?)
– cfGw| dxf;fu/ (Atlantic Ocean) . ••
cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ lsgf/fdf cfGw| dxf;fu/ 5 . of] dxf;fu/ ;+;f/sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] dxf;fu/ xf] . of] dxf;fu/ kfgLhxfhx?sf] d'Vo hndfu{ xf] . of] ;+;f/ df w]/} ofqf ul/g] dxf;fu/dWo] Ps xf] . of] dxf;fu/ cg]sf} k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] ;|f]t klg xf] . o; dxf;fu/sf] gfd lu|s kf}/fl0fs syg (Greek mythology) df pNn]v eLdsfo kfq …P6\n;Ú (Atlas) gfdaf6 /flvPsf] xf] . of]
of] dxf;fu/;“u lgDg !$ cd]l/sL /fHo hf]l8Psf 5g\M • sg]6Ls6 (Connecticut; CT), • 8]nfj/ (Delaware, DE), • ˆnf]l/8f (Florida; FL), • hlh{of (Georgia, GA), • d]g (Maine; ME), • d]/LNof08 (Maryland, MD), • Dof;fr';]6\; (Massachusetts; MA), • Go' XofD;/ dxf;fu/ pQ/ cd]l/sL (North (New Hampshire, NH), America) / o'/f]k (Europe) • Go' h;L{ dxfb]zx?sf] ljefhgaf6 nfvf}+ (New Jersey; NJ), jif{cl3 ag]sf] xf] . • Go'of]s{ of] dxf;fu/n] k[YjLsf] kf“r (New York; NY), efudf Ps efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . • gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf of] dxf;fu/sf] dWo–efudf (North Carolina, NC), dWo–cfGw| kxf8 (Mid• /f]8 cfONofG8 Atlantic Ridge) 5, of] (Rhode Island, RI), kfgLd'lgsf] kj{t >[+vnf cfGw| • ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf dxf;fu/ hlts} nfdf] 5 / of] (South Carolina; SC), / Hjfnfd'lvo ultljlwsf nflu • elh{lgof lrlgG5 . (Virginia; VA) .
$ @)!% clk|n, jif{ % c+s &)
sf/, b'#{^gf / vr{ sf/, ofqf cd]l/sL hLjgsf c+u
/fh]z sf]O/fnf
x'g\ . o;af/] w]/} /dfOnf tYo kfOG5g\ . ofqfdf xf]z gk'¥ofpFbf x'g] b'3{6gfaf6 xfdLn] 7"nf] Iflt a]xf]g'{k5{ . vr{ k5{ . vr{ a9\5 . o;k6s To:t} s]xL /f]rs tYoM à ;8sdf hlt w]/} /f]s, x]/ / hfpsf] lrGx (STOP) x'G5g\, rfnsn] lgod pNn3+g ug]{ ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . à /ftf] aQL 5n]/ efUg] rfnsn] zx/L If]qdf a9L b'3{6gf u/fpF5g\ . à %% dfOn k|lt306f elgPsf] ;8seGbf *) dfOn
k|lt306f elgPsf] ;8sdf u'l8/x]sf sd uf8L c6\5g\ . à sfof{no v'Ng] lbg -;f]daf/–z'qmaf/_ sf sfof{no–;doeGbf zlgaf/ lbpF;f] ! ah] ;8sdf a9L uf8L x'G5g\ . à k'/fgfeGbf ;8sdf gofF sf/ a9L 7f]lSsG5g\ . à sf/ 7f]lSsP/ x'g] b'3{6gf df};d ;kmf ePsf lbg -3fd nfu]sf], ;kmf cfsfz ePsf], jf ;'vf lbg_ df a9L x'G5 . à b'3{6gfkl5sf] vr{ sf/, rfnssf] pd]/, ladf cflbdf e/ k5{ .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 38 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 c7\tL;f}+ ;"rL -efu #*_ • choose :
lqmof– 5fGg', r'Gg', rog ug'{, 5fglag ug'{, s]nfpg', /f]Hg', j/0f ug'{, 7Ls ;Demg', lg0f{o ug'{, lgZro ug'{ . • chop :
gfd– s6fO, sf6]sf] df;'sf] xf8;d]tsf] 6'qmf÷rf}6f jf o; 6'qmfaf6 agfOPsf] vfgf, u'0f lrGx, dfsf{, l;n . lqmof– 6'qm\ofpg', sf6\g', 6'qmf– 6'qmf kfg'{, 5\ofs–5\ofs kfg'{, y'ª\g', lbzf abNg', ljlgdo ug'{ kl/jt{g ug'{ . • Christmas :
gfd– lh;; qmfO:6sf] hGdlbg dgfOg] O;fO{ wdf{jnDaLsf] ;df/f]x -l8;]Da/ @% df k5{_, lqm;d; . • church :
gfd– O;fO{x?sf] k"hfkf7 ug]{ ;fj{hlgs u[x, rr{, luhf{3/, O;fO{sf] wd{ dlGb/ . lqmof– rr{df nu]/ k|fy{gf
u/fpg' -k|;jkl5 ;'Ts]/LnfO{_ . • citizen : gfd– gful/s, gu/lgjf;L, • cigarette : b]zjf;L, k'/jf;L, u}/;}lgs gfd– l;u/]6, r'/f]6, ;'Nkmf . JolSt . • cinema : gfd– rnlrq, rnlrq k|bz{g • city : gfd– gu/, zx/, k'/L, k'/d . ug]{ u[x, rnlrq lgdf{0f sf} • civil : zn, l;g]df . gfd– gful/sx?;DaGwL, zx/L, • circle : b]jfgL, lghfdtL, ;Eo, ;'zLn, gfd– 3]/f, j[Q, rqm, d08n, lzi6, gd|, ljgLt, c;}lgs . bfo/f, uf]nfsf/, k|blIf0ff, kl/lw, hdft, ;dfh, ju{, If]q, • civil rights : gfd– gful/s clwsf/ . ;d'bfo, -/f}+sf]_ e'd/L . • civilian : lqmof– 3]g'{, l/ªg', 3'Dg', k|blIf0ff ug'{, uf]nsf/ nufpg' . gfd– c;}lgs clwsf/L . • circumstance :
• claim :
gfd– bfaL, xs, clwsf/, dfu, bfaL u/]/ dfu]sf] j:t', bfjf, b}of, ;Qf, /sd, k]jf, afFemf], clwsf/, kfjgf, -vfgL_ tf]lsPsf] hdLg • circus : gfd– ;/s;, s;/t ;lxtsf] lqmof– bfaL ug'{, xs bfaL ug'{, v]n -dflg; / hgfj/sf]_, v]n :jTj clwsf/ b]vfpg', xsbf/ k|bz{g, qmL8f/ª\u, w]/} ;8sx? aGg', dfu ug'{, d]/f] xf] eGg', kl/0ffd x'g' . qmdzM hf]l8Psf] v'nf rf]s . gfd– 36gf, tYo, kl/l:ylt, cj:yf, j:t'l:ylt, kl/aGb, xfnt, -JolStsf]_ cfly{s cj:yf .
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ b]Vof} t eGnfg pxL u'¿ lwdfnsf s'/f . sl/a–sl/a k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu s]xL xhf/sf] t];|f] /fi6« hfg] a]nf ePsf] 5 . u'? lwdfnsf] k|;+un] k'g:yf{kgfdf sfd ug]{nfO{ Psk6s emNof:; kfg]{ eof] . k'g:yf{kgfdf hfg v'§f p7fO;s]sfnfO{ cK7\of/f] kg{ ;S5 . w]/} k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg ;S5g\ . :jf:Yo cj:yfdfly a9L vf]hL ug{ ;lsG5 . of] 36gfsf sf/0fx¿ a'‰g] JolStsf nflu ;lhnf] xf]nf . t/ 36gf dfq ;'Gg] / sf/0f ga'‰g]nfO{ kg]{ klxnf] em6\sf 36gf g} x'G5 . efiff, j]ze"iff, ;+:s[ltsf sf/0f wkfOPsf g]kfnL–efifL– dfly e"6fgL ;/sf/n] logLx¿ c? g} sf/0fn] wkfOPsf x'g\ eGg] df}sf kfpg ;S5 . c?n] cf}+nf p7fpg kfpg] cj:yf cfpg glbg' ;a}sf] lxtdf x'g]5 . o:tf 36gf gbf]xf]l/x'g\ eGgsf nflu sxfF s] ug'{k5{, ;asf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . ;j{hg lxtfo, ;j{hg ;'vfo Û
wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya