@)!% l8;]Da/ jif{ ^ c+s &*
ljB'tLo kmf]xf]/sf] ;d:of sxf“ kmfNg'k5{ t < 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, lk|G6/
(What is inside ?) à ljB'tLo kmf]xf]/=============================! (e-Waste)
à à
ljB'tLo ;fdu|L / kmf]xf]/ leGg
tkfO{+sf] /fHodf o:tf ;fdfg kmf]xf]/df ˆofFSg ldNg] eP (English section of Civic Test 4) klg k'/fgf ljB'tLo ;fdfg df+;k]zL k|0ffnL==========================$ jf Aofl6«x? c? kmf]xf]/;Fu} (Muscular system) gˆofFSg'xf];\ . o:tf ;fdfgdf rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb $^==========$ ePsf ljiffn' /;fog c? (Most common Eng. words 46)
à gful/s k/LIffsf] c+u|]hL $=======#
Anushka Koirala
o; c+sdf s] s] <
/ oL;Fu ;DalGwt tyf o:tf ljB'tLo ;fdu|L, h;nfO{ oyf]lrt Joj:yfkg gubf{ jftfj/l0fo tyf :jf:Yo ;d:of lgDTofpF5g\, nfO{ O–j]:6 (e-Waste) elgG5 . o:tf pks/0fdf k|z:t dfqfdf xfd|f] :jf:Yodf c;/ ug]{ /;fogM lz;f, kf/f] (Mercury) / x]S;fe]n]G6 qmf]ldod (Hexavalent Chromium) cflb x'G5g\ . o:tf ;fdu|Lsf] oyf]lrt lj;h{g ug{ ;lsPg eg] To:tf /;fogn] hldg x'Fb} hldgd'lgsf] kfgL / jfo'nfO{ c;/ ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+ k'/fgf ljB'tLo ;fdu|L (electronic equipment) x?sf] k|of]u ug{ rfxg'x'Gg jf rNg g;Sg] eP eg] o;f] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5M kmf]xf]/ ˆofFSg] 7fpFsf nflu xf]Ogg\ . ;Dej eP;Dd bfg ug'{xf];\
;fdfg k'/fgf] dfq xf], t/ rN5 eg] cln ljZjfl;nf] sDkgLnfO{ bfgsf ?kdf
lbg'xf];\ . pgLx?n] c?nfO lbg' kbf{ lau|]÷eTs]sf] lbFb}– gg\ . agfP/ dfq lbG5g\ . o:tf ;+:yfx?df g];gn lqml:6gf kmfpG8];g -National Cristina Founda-
@
x'g\ . To;}n] ;Dej eP;Dd bfg lbg'xf];\ . k'gM k|of]u ug]{ lgsfo
/fHosf] k'gM k|of]u ug]{ lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf÷lgsfo vf]Hg'xf];\ . c+u|]hLdf o;nfO{ O–:6]jf8{ (e-Steward) elgG5, h;sf] cy{ ljB'tLo ;fdfgsf] k|aGws xf] . o:tf lgsfo jf Joj;foLn] k'/fgf ;fdfg– sf] Joj:yfkg u5{g\ . s'g} ljB'tLo ;fdfg Tolt k'/fgf] klg ePsf] 5}g jf lau|]– eTs]sf] klg 5}g eg]
v'b|f bf]sfgx?n] lnG5g\ ls < h:tf] M :6]kN; (Staples) n] ljB'tLo ;fdfg lkmtf{ lnG5, h:tf]M PrkL (HP) gfds sDKo'6/ sDklg;Fu ldn]/ PrkLsf pTkfbg lkmtf{ lnG5 . :6]kN;n] 6]lnlehg jf uLt ahfpFbf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfg lnFb}g . Pshgf u|fxsn] lbgdf ^ j6f;Dd ;fdfg lkmtf{ ug{ ;S5g\ . :6]kN; klg Pp6f O–:6]jf8{ xf] . a]:6 afO{ (Best Buy) n] cfˆgf ;a} zfvfdf #@ OGr;Ddsf 6]lnlehg– nufotsf pks/0fx? lkmtf{
lnG5 . o:tf ;fdfgx?df eg] efG;fdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f lkmtf{ x'Fb}gg\ . df]afOn kmf]gsf] k'gM k|of]u
df]afOn kmf]gsf] k'gM k|of]u ;lhnf] 5 . k'gMk|of]u ug]{ w]/} ;+:yfn] x'nfsdfkm{t o:tf ;fdfg lnG5g\, h:tf]M SkfK:6g jfo/n]; (Capstone Wireless) nfO{ k'/fgf kmf]g o'lkP; (UPS) dfkm{t k7fpFbf k};f kb}{g . tkfO{+sf] df]afOn /fd|f] /x]5 eg] k};f klg kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . To:t} sn6'l/;fOsn (Call2Recycle)
Aksharica
ΩΩ
lxpFsf] y'k|f]dfly yf]qf 6]lnlehg . s;sf] lhDd]jf/L < O–:6]jf8{ vf]Hg'xf];\ . b]ze/sf O–:6]jf8{sf] ;+:yf x'G5 / pgLx?sf] lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfd u5{g\ . pgLx?n] o:tf ;fdfgsf] k'gMk|of]u u5{g\ / aGg ;Sg] ;fdfg t agfP/ a]R5g\ . /fHodf O–:6]jf8{ 5}gg\
/fHodf O–:6]jf8{ 5}gg\ eg] ;fdfg agfpg] sDkgLn] lkmtf{ lng] sfo{qmdcGtu{t lkmtf{ k7fpg'xf];\ . sltkon] lkmtf{ lnG5g\ eGg] yfxf gx'g ;S5 . s;}n] lkmtf{ dfq lnG5g\ eg] s;}n] k};f g} lbG5g\ . ;lhn} lhDdf lng] sf]xL ePg
olt ubf{ klg s'g} lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf km]nf k/]g eg] :yfgLo
k'/fgf kmf]g a]Rg ;lsG5 df]afOn kmf]g lkmtf{ lnP/ k};f lbg] s]xL a]j;fO6 oL x'g\M != u]hn 86 sd (Gazelle. com),
@= dfO6«f]lgS; 86 sd (MyTronics.com),
#= u]hn 86 sd (NextWorth.com),
$= PDofhf]g 6«]8–Og (Amazon Trade-in) cflb . o:tf j]a;fO6df cfˆgf] ;fdfgsf] ;xL cj:yf n]Vg'xf];\ . #) ;]s]G8df slt k};f kfOG5 yfxf x'G5 .
k'/fgf sDKo'6/ cflb ;fdfg hxfFtxLF kmfNg' /fd|f] xf]Og . lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf vf]Hg' /fd|f] xf] . t/ sDKo'6/ ofFSbf o;df ePsf ;fdu|LM sfuhft, kmf]6f cflb csf]{df ;fg]{ / k'/} cfkm\gf] sDKo'6/ d]6\g eg] gla;{g'xf];\ . ΩΩ
n] rfh{ ug{ ldNg] Aofl6« / k'/fgf df]afOn kmf]g lkmtf{ lnG5 . cfkm" a;]glhs} o;sf] zfvf sxfF 5g\ sDKo'6/sf dfWodn] km]nf kfg{ ;lsG5 . ljz]if sfo{qmd
s'g} /fHon] s'g} vf; lbg tf]s]sf] 7fpFdf o:tf ljB'tLo pks/0fx? ˆofFSg ;"rgf u5{g\ . o:tf ;"rgf l;6L -gu/_ jf ufpF -6fpg_ clkm;n] hf/L u5{g\ . Wofg lbg'xf];\ . sDKo'6/, Sofd/f, df]afOn ˆofFSbf o;df ePsf ;fdu|LM sfuhft, kmf]6f cflb csf]{df sDKo'6/ jf l8:sdf ;fg]{ / cfˆgf] sDKo'6/ k"/} d]6\g eg] gla;{g'xf];\ .
@)!% l8;]Da/, jif{ ^ c+s &*
tion_, jN8{ sDKo'6/ PS:r]Gh -World Computer Exchange_
@)!% l8;]Da/, jif{ ^ c+s &*
#
c+u|]hL–efêfsf] k/LIff,
gful/stf k/LIff
efu $
▪ clwsf/
(Civic
Test)
df ;xefuL x'Fbf tkfO{+;Fu c+u|]hL–efiffsf] 1fg s] slt 5 eg]/ hfFlrG5 . c+u|]hL–efiff1fgsf nflu cIfl/sfn] gful/stf lng]] k/LIffsf] k':tsaf6 c+u|]hL hfFr (English Test) sf] c+z cg'jfb ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; c+sdf xfd|f] rf}yf] c+zM ••
n]vgsf] efu
(Writing Portion)
x/]s n]Vg] hfFrdf tkfO{+n] tLg -#_ eGbf w]/} jfSo n]Vg'kg]{ 5}g . c+u|]hLdf n]Vg ;Sg] Ifdtf b]vfpg tLg -#_ dWo] tkfO{+n] Ps -!_ jfSo z'4 n]v]/ b]vfpg'k5{ . tkfO{+nfO{ gful/stf k/LIffsf] n]vg c+zsf nflu ;xfotf k'uf];\ eg]/ o'P;l;cfOP;n] ;a} zAbsf] ;"rL lgsfn]sf] 5 . ljifoj:t' gful/s–zf:q (civics) / Oltxf; (history) df s]lGb|t 5g\ . dflg;x¿
(right)
▪ dflyNnf] ;bgsf ;b:ox¿, l;g]6/x? (Senators)
jflzË6g gful/s zf:q (Civics)
▪ cd]l/sg OlG8ogx¿
▪ /fHo÷/fHox¿ (state/states)
▪ XjfO6xfp;
(White House)
▪ /fhwfgL
7fpFx¿ (Places) ▪ cnf:sf
▪ gful/sx¿
▪ Soflnkmf]lg{of
▪ u[xo'4
▪ Sofg8f
▪ s+u|];
▪ 8]nfj/
▪ xfd|f] b]zsf /fi6«lktf
▪ d]lS;sf]
▪ em08f
▪ Go'of]s{ l;6L
(American Indians) (capital)
(citizens)
(Civil War) (Congress)
(Father of Our Country) (Flag)
▪ d'Qm, :jtGq
(Alaska)
(California) (Canada) (Delaware) (Mexico)
(New York City)
(Free)
▪ jfs :jtGqtf
(freedom of speech)
▪ /fi6«klt
(President)
Go'of]s{ l;6L
(People)
▪ P8D;
▪ ;+o'Qm /fHo
▪ lnÍg
▪ jflzË6g
(Adams)
(United States)
(Lincoln)
▪ jflzË6g
(Washington)
(Washington)
/fi6«kltsf] lgzfgf 5fk
▪ jflzË6g, l8=;L=
(Washington, D.C.)
qmdzM
$ @)!% l8;]Da/, jif{ ^ c+s &*
lrlsT;sLo zAbx¿
df+zk]zL k|0ffnL df+;k]zL (muscle) sf tx x'G5g\ . oL df+;k]zL tGt'x?sf ;d"xnfO{ 6]G8g (tendon) n] xf8 (bone) ;Fu hf]8\5g\ . df+;k]zLn] xft / uf]8f, cg'xf/ / a+uf/f, 3fF6L / lt3|f rnfpg d2t u5{g\ . xfdLn] rfx]sf a]nf rnfpg ;Sg] / rnfpg' kg]{ df+;k]zLnfO{ OR5fwLg df+;k]zL (voluntary muscle) elgG5 . df+;k]zLx? Ps–cfk;df ldn]/ sfd u5{g\ . Pp6f df+;k]zL v'lDrof] eg] p;sf] hf]8f df+;k]zL tGsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tkfO{+sf kfv'/f tGsfpg' / v'Drfpg' kbf{ lålz/o'St df+;k]zL÷ afO;]K; (biceps) / tLg lz/o'St df+;k]zL÷6«fO;]K; (triceps) n] ldn]/ sfd u5{g\ . kfv'/f v'DrfpFbf afO;]K; df+;k]zL v'DrG5, / Tolt g} a]nf 6«fO;]K; df+;k]zL tGsG5 . clg kfv'/f tGsfpFbf afO;]K; df+;k]zL tGsG5, / Tolt g} a]nf 6«fO;]K; df+;k]zL v'DrG5 .
Anushka Koirala
xfd|f] 5fnfsf] txeGbf d'lg
6fpsfsf] df+;k]zL
df+;k]zLx¿ cfsf/– k|sf/df km/s x'G5g\ . s'g} sl7g sfd ug{sf nflu ag]sf x'G5g\ eg] s'g} 7"nf tyf ef/L vfnsf x'G5g\ . v'§fsf alnof df+;k]zL bf}8g / pk|mg k|of]u x'G5g\ . c¿ df+;k]zL lgs} ;fgf x'G5g\ . uf]nf cfsf/sf df+;k]zLn] xfd|f cfFvf, d'v tyf gfsnfO{ 3]/]sf x'G5g\ . tL uf]nf df+;k]zLn] xfdLnfO{ cfFvf lemdlemd kfg{, d'v afpg, tyf af]Ng d2t u5{g\ . csf{y/L df+;k]zLnfO{ cg}lR5s df+;k]zL (involuntary muscle) elgG5 . tL df+;k]zL ;w}+ rln/x]sf x'G5g\,
tkfO{+ ;'t]sf a]nf klg . Ps k|sf/sf] To:tf] df+;k]zL tkfO{+sf] d'6'df x'G5 . d'6' lbgdf Ps nfveGbf a9L k6s 9's9's u5{ . o; ju{sf c¿ df+;k]zLn] tkfO{+ ;f; km]g{, vfgfnfO{ kfrg k|0ffnLdf n}hfg / z/L/df /utsf] k|jfx u/fpg d2t u5{g\ . o; k|0ffnLsf d'Vo efu oL x'g\M à cg'xf/sf df+;k]zL (face muscles)
3fF6Lsf df+;k]zL (neck muscles) . à sfFwsf] df+;k]zL (shoulder muscle) . à 5ftLsf df+;k]zL (chest muscles) . à lålz/o'St df+;k]zL÷ afO;]K; (biceps) . à tLg lz/o'St df+;k]zL÷ 6«fO;]K; (triceps) . à k]+6sf df+;k]zL (abdominal muscles) . à rf/ lz/o'St df+;k]zL÷ Sjfl8«;]K; (quadriceps) . à 5]kf/Lsf df+;k]zL (calf muscles) . à
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 46 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 5ofnL;f}+ ;"rL -efu $^_ • concern :
• concert :
gfd– jf:tf, rf;f], vfFrf], ;DaGw, nufp, k|;+u, lrGtf, lbnr:kL, k/jfx, lkmqmL, ;'tf{, 6]/k'R5/, kl/k|]Io, kL/, ;Dks{, ;/f]sf/, dtna, sf/f]jf/ . lqmof– jf:tf ug'{, rf;f] lng', ;l/s x'g', ;DalGwt x'g', ;/f]sf/ /fVg', ;+;u{ /fVg', lbnr:kL /fVg', ;jfn x'g' .
gfd– ldnf]dtf], hn;f, d]n, tfn, ;+uLt, aGbf]a:t, ;Ddlt, ;xsfl/Tj, ;xdlt, ;df/f]x, ;+uLtuf]i7L . lqmof– ldn]/ sfd ug'{, ;xdltdf sfo{ ug'{, ;Demf}tfdf ;d:of lgK6\ofpg', ;dfof]lht ug'{, qmda4 ug'{, qmd ldnfP/ /fVg', ;f]r]/ of]hgf lgsfNg' .
• conclude :
lqmof– cGt ug{÷' x'g', ;dfKt ug'{÷x'g', 6'Ëofpg', l;Wofpg', 6'Ëf] nfpg', pk;+xf/ ug'{÷x'g', lgisif{df k'Ug', kl/0ffd lgsfNg', lglZrt ug'{, aGbf]a:t ug{' . • conclusion :
gfd– 6'Ëf], lgisif{, 7x/, a}7fg, lg0f{o, kl/0ffd, ;dflKt . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ lhDd]jf/ lhDd]jf/L lbgx¿ laTb} hfG5g\ . ;lhnf klg x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . lj1fgnfO{ wGojfb Û hLjg ;lhnf] dfq ePsf] 5}g, Ps cy{df lhDd]jf/ aGg'kg]{ klg ePsf] 5 . cfw'lgstfnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ug]{n] cfw'lgs o'usf] dflg;sf] Jojxf/ klg k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . g]kfnL pvfg 5, …b]z– cg';f/sf] e]ifÚ . e]if t ;lhnf] 5 . lsGof] nufof] . s'/f oltdf dfq ;Lldt /x]g . e]ifsf] cy{ oxfF w]/} 5 . e]ifsf] cy{ 7fpFcg';f/sf] x'g hfGg' klg xf] . cfw'lgstfdf /xg /x/ ug]{n] cfw'lgs ;fdfgsf] lj;h{g ug{ hfGg' klg k5{ . cfw'lgstf eGgfn] lj1fgsf pkh jf pks/0f klg x'g\ . To:tf ;fdfg rnfpg t ;lsPnf . t/ grNg] ePkl5 jf k'/fgf ePkl5 s] ug]{ < hfGg h?/L 5 . k'/fgf 6]ln– lehg, sDKo'6/, lk|G6/, Sofd/f, df]afOn / oL;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdfgn] /fd|f] labf kfpg . ;asf] enf] o;}df 5 Û wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire, 510 Chestnut Street, Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com