@)!% km]a'c | /L jif{ % c+s ^*
bfb'/fsf] kl5Nnf] k|sf]k
!& /fHosf !$! afnaflnsf k|efljt ut l8;]Da/b]lv cd]l/sfdf b]vfk/]sf] bfb'/f (Measles) sf] k|sf]k !& /fHo / /fhwfgL jfl;+u6g l8;L;Dd b]lvPsf] 5 . l8;]Da/ @* b]lv km]a|'c/L !^ ;Dddf ! ;o $! hgf k|efljt ePsf] ;]G6;{ km/ l8lhh sG6«f]n PG8 lk|e]G;g (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CDC) n] hgfPsf] 5 .
;+:yfsf cg';f/ bfb'/f ;a}– eGbf w]/} Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf 5 eg] g]a|f:sf, Pl/hf]gf, jfl;+u6g, sf]nf]/f8f], cf]/]ug, 8]nfj/, Olngf]o, ldl;ug, ldg];f]6f, Go'h;L{, Go'of]s{, g]ef8f, k]G;ne]lgof, ;fpy 8sf]6f, 6]S;;, o'6f cflb /fHodf b]lvPsf] 5 . sxfFaf6 cfof] <
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à bfb'/fsf] k|sf]k======================! (Measles outbreak)
à 8n/ :6f]/df s] lsGg] < =======# (What to buy in Dollar store ?)
à gful/s k|Zg–pQ/ *(=============$ (Civic Test - Q/A no. 89)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb #^=========$ (Most common Eng. words 36)
cd]l/sfaf6 bfb'/f ;g\ @))) d} pGd'ng eO– ;s]sf] xf] . t/ o;k6ssf] bfb'/f lkmlnlkG;af6 3'Dg cfPsf JolQmaf6 km}lnPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] lsg klg eg] cd]l/sfdf b] lvPsf] bfb'/f / ;g\ @)!$ df lkmlnlkG;df b]lvPsf] bfb'/f lrlsT;lso b[li6n] p:t} 5 . uPsf ^ dlxgfdf of] k|sf/sf] bfb'/f ljZjsf !$ b]zdf klg
ΩΩ
bfb'/f ;g\ @))) df cd]l/sfaf6 pGd'ng ePsf] xf] . ΩΩ
b]lvPsf] lyof] . s;/L lrGg] <
bfb'/fsf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] & b]lv !$ lbgdf o;sf nIf0f b]vfkg{ yfN5g\ . efO/; (virus)÷ljiff0f'sf sf/0f x'g] bfb'/f ;fdfGotM o:tf nIf0f;lxt z'? x'G5M à pRr Hj/f],
b'O{ jf tLg lbgdf d'vleq b]lvg] ;]tf yf]Knfx¿
vf]sL, à l;+ufg aUg' (coryza), / à cfFvf /ftf, /l;nf x'g' (conjunctivitis) . oL nIf0fx? z'? ePsf] @ jf # lbgdf d'vleq ;]tf yf]Knfx? (Koplik spots) b]vf– k5{g\ . nIf0fx? b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] # b]lv % lbgdf z/L/df vl6/f b]vfk5{g\ . z'?df oL vl6/f /ftf 6f6fx? x'G5g\, h'g lgwf/ / skfnsf] aLr efudf b]lvG5g\ . To;kl5 z/L/sf] tnlt/ b]vfk5{g\, 3fF6L, hLp x'Fb} kfv'/f, lt3|f÷lk8f}nf, / v'§fdf b]lvG5g\ . vl6/fsf] aLrdf 6';'Ss ;fgf] efu p7]sf] x'G5 . oL vl6/f 6fpsf] / z/L/sf] cGo efudf 5'§f5'§} jf hf]l8Psf x'g afFsL k[i7 @ df à
@ @)!% km]a'|c/L, jif{ % c+s ^*
le6fldg …PÚ gkfPsf, PrcfO{eL÷P8\; / cGo /f]usf sf/0faf6 k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf / kl/jf/ ;+Vof w]/} ePsf 7fp“df x's]{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ nfU5 . Psk6s bfb'/f nfu]/ lgsf] ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ hLjge/ bfb'/flj?4sf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 . arfpg] s;/L <
;S5g\ . vl6/f k"/fgf x'Fb} hfFbf Hj/f] a9]/ !)$ l8u|L kmx/]gxfO6;Dd k'U5 . cln lbgkl5 Hj/f] 36\5 / vl6/f d;fª\lu|G5g\ .
o;sf ljiff0f' c? hgfj/sf sf/0f ;b}{g . s;/L ;fx|f] kf5{ <
vf]k gkfPsf % jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfx?, ljz]ifu/L s;/L ;5{ < ! jif{d'lgsf lzz' bfb'/fsf] /f]uLsf] gfs tyf 3f“6Laf6 hl6ntfsf] hf]lvddf kg'{sf lg:sg] t/n kbfy{ -l;+ufg ;fy} d[To';d]t x'g;S5 . jf ¥ofn_ sf] ;Dks{df cfpFbf, bfb'/faf6 ;+qmldt lzz'df xfR5o"“ ubf{, / vf]Sbf o;sf s8fvfnsf] ´f8f nfu]/ ljiff0f' -efO/;_ xfjfdf hn ljof]hg -z/L/df km}nG5g\ / bfb'/f ;5{ . o;sf kfgL sd_ x'g ljiff0f' xfR5o"F jf vf]s]sf] b'O{ hfG5 . afnaflnsfdf 306f;Dd xfjfdf hLljt /xg sfg kfSg] (Otitis Me;S5g\ . dia) tyf s8f vfnsf] la/fdLn] km]/]sf] ;f;sf] Zjf;–k|Zjf;sf] ;+qmd0f ;Dks{df cfpFbf jf 5f]Psf] -lgdf]lgof_ x'G5 . ;+qmldt 7fpF 5f]P/ gfs, cfFvf bfb'/f nfu]/ d[To' x'g] jf d'v 5'gfn] /f]u ;5{ . d'Vo sf/0f lgdf]lgof of] /f]u afnaflnsf hDdf xf] . bfb'/fsf] ljiff0f'n] x'g] jf le8 x'g] :yfgdf k|lt/f]wfTds IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ ;lhn};“u ;g{ ;S5, h:t}M kfl/lbgfn] o:tf] ePsf] xf] . ljBfno, c:ktfn cflb . lgdf]lgof bfb'/fsf] ljiff0f' jf vl6/f b]Vg' $ lbgcl3 / cGo lhjf0f'sf] ;+qmd0faf6 vl6/f b]vfk/]sf] $ lbgkl5 x'G5 . bfb'/fsf sf/0f slxn]– bfb'/fsf la/fdLn] ladf/ sflxF dl:tisdf s8f vfnsf] c?nfO{ ;fg{ ;S5g\ . ;'hg (inflammation) eO{ bfb'/f dflg;sf] /f]u xf], dl:tisHj/ (encephalitis) klg cfpg ;S5 . s8fvfnsf] bfb'/f vf; u/L s'kf]lift, rflxg] dfqfdf
bfb'/f ;+qmd0f ePsf] tLg lbgdf z/L/df b]lvg] vl6/fx¿
bfb'/flj?4sf] vf]kn] bfb'/f /f]uaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . bfb'/f clt;+qmldt /f]u ePsfn] o; /f]usf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf sd ePsf afnaflnsf /f]uLsf] ;Dks{df cfPdf bfb'/faf6 ;+qmldt x'G5g\ . bfb'/f ;g]{ vt/f sd ug{ c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf tyf bfb'/flj?4 vf]k glnPsf
gfgLx?nfO{ bfb'/flj?4 vf]k lbg'k5{ . To:tf afnaflnsfsf afa'–cfdfnfO{ gfgLn] vf]k kfPsf] yfxf geP bfb'/flj?4 vf]k lbg'k5{ . bfb'/fsf] vf]knfO{ PdPdcf/ (MMR) elgG5, o;n] bfb'/f, xfF8], / hd{g bfb'/f÷?a]nf (measles, mumps, and rubella
lgoGq0fdf /fV5 . of] vf]kaf6 (# k|ltztsf] /Iff ;+ej 5 . bfb'/f nfu]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ kf]lifnf] vfgf / ´f]lnnf] vfg]– s'/f h?/L x'G5 . sfg kfSg] ΩΩ / s8f Zjf;–k|Zjf; /f]usf] bfb'/f !% cf}+ hGdlbg pkrf/sf nflu dfq k|lth}ljs dgfpg'cl3 gfgLx¿nfO{ a9L (antibiotics) cf}ifwL lbg'k5{ . x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . ΩΩ
;fdu|L tyf tl:a/x¿M
cdc.gov
wGojfb cIfl/sfsf] k|sfzg ;+:yf …cIfl/sfÚ n] k/b]z -vf;u/L pQ/ cd]l/sf_ df a:g] g]kfnL–efifL gfgLx¿sf nflu kf7\oqmd agfpg] of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnL–efifL dftf–lktfdfem s]xL k|Zg /fv]sf] lyof] . pSt k|Zgx¿sf] ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL ePsf ;a}nfO{ wGojfb . tkfO{+sf ;'emfj xfd|f nflu cd'No 5g\ . 1fgHof]lt s]Gb| Go' XofD;/
@)!% km]a'c | /L, jif{ % c+s ^*
#
Rajesh
*n/ :^f]/df s] lsGg] <
8n/ :6f]/eGbf 3/5]pdf h:tf]
s] glsGg] <
k;n 5, To;df ;fdfg lsGbf 8n/ :6f]/df o:tf ;fdfg dx“uf] k5{ . ;fdfg lsgL/xg] / glsGbf /fd|f]M ahf/sf af/]df hfGg]x¿n] s:tf à tf}lnof ;fdfg 8n/ :6f]/df lsGbf à gfgLsf v]nf}gfx? cfˆgf] art x'G5 eg]/ ;'´fj à :ofDk' / slG8;g/ lbPsf 5g\ . k};f arfpg] of] à vfg]s'/f / k]okbfy{ Pp6f pkfo x'g;S5 M à gofF ;fn :s"n hfFbf rflxg] kj{cg';f/ ;hfj6 ;fdu|Lx? . s;}nfO{ pkxf/ lbg' 5 . s] lsGg] / s] glsGg] lg0f{o /+uLg sfuh, af“Wg] l/ag, l:6s/ ubf{ ahf/–efp t'ngf ug'{ rflxof] eg] 8n/ :6f]/ ;:tf] /fd|f] x'G5 . k5{ . o:tf cj;/ jif{lbgdf k6sk6s cfp“5g\ . o:tf j:t' ;:t} kfOG5g\, h:tf]M snf;DaGwL ;fdfg :s"ndf gfgLx?n] ;hfj6sf ;kmfO ubf{ xftdf nufpg] kGhf, ljleGg ;fdu|L jf cGo snfTds k'5\g] sk8f, ef8f df‰g] :kGh j:t' agfpg l;S5g\ . lrq g} -u2f_ . agfpg] ljrf/ unf{g\ . o:tf] lu|l6ª sf8{x¿ s'g} a]nf Pp6f sf8{ lsGbf cj:yfdf rflxg] ;fdfgx?M /+u, rlDsnf] kfp8/ -lUn6/_, %–^ 8n/;Dd kYof]{ . 8n/ dfnfsf bfgf cflb 8n/ :6f]/– :6f]/df clxn] k|foMh;f] Ps x?df ;:tf]df kfOG5g\ . oL 8n/df b'O6f sf8{ kfOG5g\, ;fdfg l6sfp x'g h?/L gx'g] Tof] klg vfd;lxt . hxfF 5fGg ePsfn] 8n/ :6f]/df lsGg' klg kfOG5 . s'g} sf8{df cIf/ 5flkPsf x'G5g\ t s'g} s]xL kmfObf x'G5 . gn]lvPsf -vfnL jf ;fbf_ ;/;kmfOsf ;fdfg 3/ ;kmf ug]{ ;a} pTkfbgdf x'G5g\ . Ps} vfnsf /;fog x'G5g\ . df]hf df]hf hlxn] klg lahf]8f gfd rn]sf pTkfbg lsGbf x' G 5g\ , x/fp“5g\, RofltG5g\ . dx“uf x'G5g\ . 8n/ :6f]/df
clg lsg kf] dx“uf lsGg' < 8n/ :6f]/df Ps 8n/df w]/} hf]/;Dd kfpg ;lsG5 .
skfnsf ;fdfg
gfgLx?n] ;fdfg x/fO– /xG5g\, skfn l;+ufg{ rflxg] ltg}dWo]sf ;fdfg x'g\ . lSnk, skfn afFWg] Onfl:6s, sfOFof], yfqmf], cflb ;:tf k5{g\ . oL ;fdfg c? :6f]/df kfOg] dxFuf ;fdfg h:tf x'G5g\ . =
kf6L{ ubf{ rflxg] ;fdfg
kf6L{ ubf{ rflxg] ;fdfg, To;df klg gfgLx?sf] kf6L{sf nflu ljz]if . kf6L{sf nflu rflxg] Kn]6, g]klsg, rDrf, sf“6f ;:tf]df kfOG5g\ . To;}– u/L kf6L{sf ;hfj6sf ;fdfg ;:tf] k5{g\ .
>[+uf/sf ;fdfg
;fwf/0f :jf:Yo tyf >[+uf/– sf ;fdfgx? oxf“ ;:tf] k5{g\ . :jf:Yo ;fdu|Lsf] s'/f ubf{M ue{wf/0f u/] jf gu/] sf] hf“Rg] j:t'x?, dnxdx?, k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdfg, bfx|L sf6\bf rflxg] lqmd, d'v w'g] -dfpy jf;_, xft–v'§fdf nufpg] lqmd cflb . slxn]sfxL t gfd– rn]sf pTkfbg ;:tf]df a]lrPsf] e]l6G5 .
$ @)!% km]a'c | /L, jif{ % c+s ^*
cd]l/sfsf] klZrddf k|zfGt dxf;fu/ gful/s k/LIff
(Civic Test)
sf] lstfasf] k|Zg gDa/ *( / pQ/M à ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf] klZrd lsgf/f -;d'b|L–t6_ df s'g dxf;fu/ 5 < (What ocean cfrfo{ kl/jf/
is on the West Coast of the United States?)
– k|zfGt dxf;fu/ (Pacific Ocean) . ••
cd]l/sf / k|zfGt dxf;fu/ hf]l8Psf] Soflnkmf]lg{of /fHosf b[Zox¿
cd]l/sfsf] klZrd lsgf/fdf k|zfGt dxf;fu/ 5 . of] k[YjLsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] dxf;fu/ xf] / o;n] k[YjLsf] Ps–ltxfO If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . k|zfGt dxf;fu/n] cd]l/sL cy{tGqdf dxTjk"0f{ e"dLsf v]n]sf] 5, vf;u/L of] df5f h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]t xf] . o'/f]k]nLx?n] k|zfGt dxf– ;fu/af/] !^ cf}+ ztfAbLdf yfxf kfPsf lyP . :k]gL
vf]hstf{ ef:sf] g'g]h 8] afNaf]cf (Vasco Núñez de Balboa) ;g\ !%!$ df of] dxf;fu/df k'u]sf lyP, ha pgn] kfgfdf (Panama) sf] O:yd; (Isthmus) kf/ u/] . kl5 d;nfsf] vf]hLdf lx+8]sf kml8{gfG8 dhfn]g (Ferdinand Magellan) n] k|zfGt dxf;fu/ l5rf]n] . dhfn]gn] g} c+u|]hL gfd Kofl;lkms /fv]sf lyP . Kofl;lkmssf]
cy{ …zflGtk"0f{Ú jf …l:y/Ú x'G5 . pgsf] ofqfdf s'g} cfFwL cfPg . ;lhn} ofqf ;kmn ePsfn] pgn] Kofl;lkms gfd lbPsf lyP . k|zfGt dxf;fu/;Fu cd]l/sfsf cnf:sf (Alaska), jfl;+u6g (Washington), cf]/]ug (Oregon), Soflnkmf]lg{of (California) / xjfO{ (Hawaii) u/L % /fHosf ;Ldf hf]l8G5g\ .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 36 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 5}+tL;f}+ ;"rL -efu #^_ • cheer :
gfd– efj, ef]hg, k|f]T;fxgsf] af]nL, pQ]hgf, xif{, k|]/0ff, k|;Ggtf, v'zL, xif{Wjlg, hohosf/, s/tn Wjlg . lqmof– k|]/0ff lbg', k|f]T;flxt ug'{, 9f8; lbg', k|;Gg kfg'{, cfglGbt t'Nofpg', xif{Wjlg lbg', hohosf/ ug'{ . • cheese :
gfd– klg/, 5]gf, 5'kL{, lrh . lqmof– aGb ug'{ .
• chemist : gfd– cf}ifwL ljqm]tf, cf}iflw k;n], /;fogzf:qL, /;fog– ljb\ .
• Chicago :
• chemistry :
• chicken :
gfd– /;fogzf:q, /;foglj1fg, /;fogljBf .
gfd– s'v'/f, df;' vfg] s'v'/f, rNnfx? . lqmof– 8/fpg', sfFtl/g' .
• chest :
gfd– 5ftL, jIf, jIf:yn, alnof] ;Gb's, afs;, . • chew :
gfd– rkfO, rj{0f, rkfpg] sfd, rkfOPsf] j:t' . gfd– /f;folgs, /;fog;DaGwL, lqmof– rkfpg', rj{0f ug'{, lrGtg ug'{, dgg ug'{, ;f]Rg' . /f;folgs . • chemical :
gfd– l;sfuf], hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df cd]l/sfsf] t];|f] 7"nf] zx/, hf] Olngf]o /fHodf 5 .
• chief :
gfd– d'lvof, d'Vo JolQm, gfOs], 7fn", ;/bf/, cWoIf . ljz]if0f– d'Vo, k|wfg, k|d'v, ;jf]{Rr, ljz]if, dxTjk"0f{, cu|0fL . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ bfb'/fk|lt ;ts{ cd]l/sf cfkm}+n] eg] ;g\ @))) df bfb'/f pGd'ngsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] xf] . pGd'ng eg]sf] nuftf/ !@ dlxgf bfb'/f g;g'{ eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . t/ w]/} ;+Vofdf gofF cfk|jf;L / ko{6s cfpg] d'n'sdf bfb'/fn] a]nf avt 8/ eg] b]vfO/xG5 . o;k6s o:t} ePsf] 5 . Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] l8Hg] NofG8af6 km}lnPsf] bfb'/f Ps– ltxfO{ /fHodf b]lvPsf] 5 . bfb'/f /f]usf nIf0fdf b]lvb}+df 8/fpg' kb}{g . lsg klg eg] oxfF pkrf/sf pkfo k|z:t 5g\ . s]jn xfdL ;ts{ x'g cfjZos 5 . bfb'/flj?4sf] vf]kaf6 afnaflnsfsf] /Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . vf]k lbg 5'6fpg' ePg . slx+ st} s;}nfO{ o;sf nIf0f b]lvP, c:ktfn n}hfg'k5{ . ;ts{tf olx xf] . wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya