@)!% h'nfO{ jif{ % c+s &#
d ejfgLM d e/f];f ;f+s]lts efiff l;s]+
g]kfnsf] uf]nwfk z/0ffyL{ lzlj/df a:bf d}n] alx/f tyf >j0f zlSt gePsf JolQmx?sf] /fli6«o ;+:yf
Julia Freeman-Woolpert
(The National Association of the Deaf & Hard of Hearing; NADH) dfkm{t g]kfnL
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à d ejfgL, d e/f];f==================! (I am Bhawani, I am help ) (Civic Test - Q/A no. 99)
à
d]/f] gfd ejfgL b+ufn xf] . d
e"6fgsf] nnfO{ eGg] 7fpFdf hGd]sf] x'F . c? e"6fgL h:t} rd{ -Tjrf_ k|0ffnLsf c+u=======$ xfd|f] kl/jf/ e"6fgaf6 (Organs of urinary system) nv]l6Psf] xf] . xfdL ef/t x'Fb} rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb $!=========$ g]kfn cfPsf xf}+ . d g]kfndf
à gful/s k|Zg–pQ/ ((==============# à
Go' ÅofD;/sf] s+s8{ afl;Gbf d ejfgL cfˆgL >Ldlt / 5f]/f;Fu
(Most common Eng. words 41)
x's]{sf] x'F . d]/f] syf c?sf] eGbf leGg 5 . d sfg ;'lGbgF . d ( jif{sf] ePkl5 sfg ;'Gg 5f8]sf] x'F . To;cl3 d l7s} lyPF . ;'Gy]+ .
;f+s]lts efiff l;s]sf] x'F . lzlj/df ;]e b lrN8«]g–o's] (SC-UK) tyf sfl/tf; g]kfn (CARITAS Nepal) sf] ;xof]un] ubf{ d}n] ;f] efiff l;Sg] cj;/ kfPsf] lyPF . d}n] xfd|f] lzlj/leq /x]sf alx/f, ;':t >j0f tyf cGo ckfË JolQmsf nflu sfd u/]+ . d}n] # jif{;Dd z/0ffyL{ lzlj/df ckfË sfo{qmd s]Gb|df /x]/ ;f+s]lts efiff l;sfpg'sf ;fy} ckf+utf ;+:yfdf ;xfos -Pl;:6]G;_ kbdf /x]/ sfd u/]+ . d}n] g]kfnd} sIff !@ ;Dd k9]+ . clg d cd]l/sf cfPF
;g\ @)!! cS6f]a/ dlxgfdf d cd]l/sf cfPsf] x'F . oxfF klg l;Sg] sfd /f]lsg . d Go' XofD;/sf] s+s8{ cfPF, d}n] gofF hLjgdf ;kmntf xft kfg{ PP;Pn l;Sg cfjZos 5 eGg] dx;'; u/]+ . d}n]
@
Rajesh Koirala
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Go' ÅofD;/sf] s+s8{af6 k|sflzt x'g] ‘b s+s8{ Og;fO8/’ sf] ;g\ @)!% dfr{ c+sdf k|sflztM ;aeGbf w]/} cfsif{s JolStx¿dWo] Ps / ;g\ @)!% clk|n–h"gdf Dofgr]:6/df ePsf] bf]efif] tflnddf . gy{O:6 8]km PG8 xf8{ ckm x]ol/ª ;le{;]; (Northeast Deaf & Hard of Hearing Services; NDHHS) tyf alx/f
:jo+;]jsaf6 cd]l/sL ;f+s]lts efiff l;s] . g]kfnL ;f+s]lts efiffnfO{ PgP;Pn (NSL) elgG5 eg] cd]l/sLnfO{ cd]l/sL ;f+s]lts efiff, PP;Pn (American Sign Language; ASL)
elgG5 . PgP;Pn / PP;Pn w]/} km/s 5g\, PgP;Pnsf] e"6fgL z/0ffyL{afx]s Psbd} yf]/} k|of]ustf{ 5g\ . o;f] egf}+ g g]kfnL– efifLn] g]kfnL ;f+s]lts efiff, PgP;Pndf dnfO{ ;+s]t ug'{x'G5 / d c+u|]hL–efifLnfO{ cd]l/sL ;f+s]lts efiff, PP;Pndf ;+s]t u5'{ . oxfF d}n] z/0ffyL{ lzlj/– af6 cfPsf xfdLh:tf cGo ;b:onfO{ pSt efiff l;sfPF . c?nfO{ l;sfpg t z'¿df cln ufx|f] eof] . t/ l;sfpFb} hfFbf ;lhnf] x'Fb} uof] .
ΩΩ
g]kfnL–efifLn] g]kfnL ;f+s]lts efiff, PgP;Pndf dnfO{ ;+s]t ug'{x'G5 / clg d c+u|]hL–efifLnfO{ cd]l/sL ;f+s]lts efiff, PP;Pndf ;+s]t u5'{ . o;/L d]/f] bf]efifsf] sfd x'G5 . PgP;Pn / PP;Pn w]/} km/s 5g\ .
ΩΩ ;f+s]lts u'? / bf]efif]
xfn d ;f+s]lts efiffsf] bf]efif] 5' . ;fy} cd]l/sL ;f+s]lts efiff l;sfpF5' . d s+s8{ / Dofgr]:6/df ;f+s]lts efiff l;sfpF5' . cGo ;dodf xfd|f] /fHosf alx/f tyf ;':t–>j0f ePsfnfO{ k/]sf] sfddf d2t u5{' . d cd]l/sf cfPsf xfd|f] b]z jf cGo b]zaf6 cfPsf cfkm" h:tf sfg g;'Gg]nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f cfgf s'/f
d]/f] kl/jf/ oxfF 7"nf] 5 . t/ xfdL ;/sf/L 3/df
a;]sfn] 5'§f5'§} a;]sf 5f}+ . klxnf g]kfndf Ps} kl/jf/ lyof] . clxn] rfxL+ xfdL rf/ hgf, h;df b'O{ 5f]/f, Pp6f & jif{sf] / csf]{ @) dlxgfsf] / >Ldlt u/L $ hgf 5f}+ . d #) jif{sf] ePF . d g]kfnL, c+u|]hL n]Vg tyf g]kfnL af]Ng ;S5' . dnfO{ xfd|f] k/Dk/f wd{cg';f/ dgfpFb} cfPsf] bz}+ / ltxf/ dg k5{ . cGTodf wGojfb
cd]l/sfdf o'cf/ ef]s];gn l/xflan];g tyf gy{O:6 8]km PG8 xf8{ ckm x]ol/ª ;le{;];n] ;xof]u u¥of] . d oL ;+:yf– afx]s e"6\lgh sDo'lg6L ckm Go' XofD;/ (Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire; BCNH), l8;Plaln6L /fO6\; ;]G6/ (Disability Rights Center; DRC) / u|]gfO6 :6]6 OlG8k]G8]G6 lnleª (Granite State Independent Living; GSIL) nfO{ wGojfb lbg
rfxG5' .
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#
h'nfO{ $ M ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtf lbj;
gful/s k/LIff
(Civic Test)
cd]l/sL em08f kmx/fpg], df;' kf]nL vfg], d]nf–pT;j ug]{, jgef]h hfg], ;+uLt sfo{qmd cflb ul/G5 . sl/a @%) jif{cl3 ebrate Independence Day?) cd]l/sfdf a]nfotL zf;g – h'nfO{ $ (July 4) . lyof] . a]nfotL sfg'g • • lje]bk"0f{ lyof] . o:t} Jojxf/n] cd]l/sLnfO{ a]nfotL zf;g cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtf lbj; dgk/]sf] lyPg . olx h'nfO{ $ df k5{ . oxL lbg qmddf ;g\ !&&$ df hlh{of cd]l/sfsf] hGd ePsf] (Georgia) afx]s !# dWo] !@ xf] . :jtGqtf lbj;sf] lbg pklgj]zsf k|ltlglw ;+3Lo -;fj{hlgs_ labf xf] . k]G;neflgof (Pennsylvania) :jtGqtf lbj;nfO{ kmf]y{ ckm sf] lkmnf8]lNkmof (Philadelh'nfO{ (Fourth of July) jf h'nfO{ kmf]y{ klg elgG5 . ;g\ phia) df e]nf eP . oL pklgj]z a]nfotlj?4 n8\g !&&^ h'nfO{ $ df a]nfot– rfxGy] . a]nfotlj?4 o'4 z'? af6 cd]l/sf :jtGq ePsf] ;+:d/0fdf of] lbj; dgfOG5 . eof] . ;g\ !&&% df s+u|]; (Congress) a:bf o'4 o; lbg ljleGg sfo{qmd eO/x]sf] lyof] . s+u|];n] yf]d; ul/G5g\ . o;nfO{ /fli6«o kj{sf ?kdf dgfOG5 . k6fsf h]km/;g (Thomas Jefferson) k6\sfpg], lem/lem/] afNg], / cGo lj4fgnfO{ …:jtGqtfsf] sjfh ug]{, v'nf 7fpFdf 3f]if0ff–kqÚ (Declaration sf] lstfasf] k|Zg gDa/ (( / pQ/M à xfdL slxn] :jtGqtf lbj; dgfpF5f}+ < (When do we cel-
of Independence) tof/
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbof] . 3f]if0ff–kq tof/ ePkl5 hf]g P8D;\ (John Adams), a]Ghfldg k|moflª\ng (Benjamin Franklin) ;lxtsf] ;ldltnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug{ lbOof] . pQm ;ldltn] 3f]if0ff–kqdf s]xL ;+zf]wg u¥of] . o;nfO{ s+u|];df k9]/ ;'gfOof] . tL pklgj]zn] ;g\ !&&^ h'nfO{ $ df pQm 3f]if0ff u|x0f u/] . P8D;n] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff–kqdf x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 cfˆgL >LdltnfO{ o:tf] n]Vg'eof], …dnfO{ nfU5 cfpFbf] k':tfn] o;nfO{ Pp6f a[xt\ jflif{sf]T;jsf ¿kdf dgfpg]5g\ .… h]km/;gn] pSt …3f]if0ff–kqÚ df lsg pklgj]zn] a]nfotL zf;g rfx]gg\ / leGg x'g rfx] JofVof ug{'ePsf] 5 .
$ @)!% h'nfO{, jif{ % c+s &#
lrlsT;sLo zAbx¿
rd{ -5fnf_ k|0ffnL z/L/sf] aflx/L efu, 5fnfdf x'g] k|0ffnLnfO{ rd{÷Tjrf k|0ffnL (Integumentary system ) elgG5 . o; k|0ffnLdf /f}+, g+u, kl;gf / s]xL afXo u|GyL x'G5g\ . o;sf c+usf gfd lbOPsf] 5M à afXoTjrf (Epidermis) . à leqL Tjrf (Dermis) . à af];] tGt' (Fatty Tissue) . à /f}+ pd|g] sf]if (Follicle) . à kl;gf u|GyL (Sweat Gland). à t]n u|GyL (Oil Gland) .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 41 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 Psrfln;f}+ ;"rL -efu $!_ • coal :
lqmof– sf]Onf Nofpg', afn]/ cFuf/ agfpg', hxfhdf sf]Onf xfNg', sf]Onf pknAw ug'{ . gfd– sf]Onf, vlgh sf]Onf, cFuf/ . • coalition :
gfd– u7aGwg, ;xldng, ;lDdng, ;ª\36g, ldnh'n . • coast :
gfd– lsgf/f, t6, ;d'b|t6 . lqmof– lsgf/faf6 hxfh jf gfp rnfpg', le/fnf]df kfpbfg grfnL ;fOsn cf]x|fNg', t6Lo Jofkf/ ug'{, u'?Tjfsif{0fsf cfwf/df u'8fpg' . • coat :
gfd– sf]6, tx, n]k, cfj/0f, pmg, kz'sf] /f}+, e'Tnf, /+usf] dflyNnf] tx . lqmof– sf]6 nufpg', s'g} rLhn] n]Kg', cfj/0f nufpg', s'g} rLhn] 5f]Kg' .
s"6zAb, ;+s]t lnlk, ;}lgs ;+s]tsf] k4lt, cIf/ jf zAbk'~h h;nfO{ u'KtLsf nflu tf/df Jojxf/ ul/G5 . lqmof– kfN;L s'/f, ;Gb]znfO{ u'KtL -sf]8_ zAbdf xfNg', u'Ktn]vdf xfNg', O+lut ug'{, ;+lxtf tof/ kfg'{, ;+s]t efiffdf n]Vg', ;+s]ta4 ug'{ . • coffee :
gfd– slkm, slkmsf] af]6, slkmsf] laofF . • coin :
gfd– l;Ssf, /]rsL, 6s, d'b|f, wft'sf] d'b|f . lqmof– 6s 5fKg', d'b|f 5fKg', sNkgf ug'{, l;h{gf÷/rgf ug'{, agfpg', zAbsf] cfljisf/ ug'{ .
• coldly :
ljz]if0f– ?vf]kgn], pbfl;gtfk"j{s . • collapse :
gfd– ;fx; / zlQmsf] x|f; . lqmof– n8\g', crfgs v'lDrg', :gfo'sf] jf zf/Ll/s ansf] x|f;af6 czQm x'g', dfgl;s zlQm u'dfpg' . • colleague :
gfd– ;fyL, Ps} cf]xbf ;DxfNg] Ps b'O{ jf a9L JolQmx?, Jofkf/df ;xof]uL jf c+lzof/, dltof/, ;Fu} sfd ug]{ JolSt . lqmof– ;xof]u lbg', ;lDdlnt x'g', Ps eP/ sfd ug'{ . • collect :
lqmof– hf]g'{, hf]/hfd ug'{, hDdf ug'{, ;Fu]Ng', Pslqt kfg'{ jf kg'{, u'6d'6\ofpg', s'DNofpg', • cold : ;FufNg', ;fFRg', h'6fpg', e]nf ljz]if0f– 7G8f, zLtn, hf8f], l7lx/f], lr;f], zLt, zLtfË, ?3f, x'g' jf ug'{, h'6\g', ;+u|x ug'{, lgisif{ lgsfNg' . cf];, lxpFb, lg?T;fx, sfdf] • code : • collection : Q]hgf gePsf], gL/;, ;'/fs gfd– ljwfg, ;+lxtf, d'n'sL Go'g ePsf], sd uGw cfpg] . gfd– ;Fufnf], ;+ro, ;l~rlt, P]g, lgodfjnL, s'g} ;dfh jf gfd– z}To, ;bL{, ?3f, cf];, ;+sng, ;+u|x, c;'nL, p7tL, ju{sf] l;4fGt, ;Ddfgsf] lgod, zLt, zLttf . rGbf, ;d"x, eL8 . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ km/s JolStut cg'ej of] jif{sf] clk|nb]lv h"g dlxgfsf d+unaf/ / laxLaf/ km/s cg'ejsf ;fy lat] . Go' XofD;/sf] Dofgr]:6/df bf]efif] tflnd lyof] . xfdL 5 hgf g]kfnL–efifLdWo] ejfgL km/s tl/sfn] l;Sb} x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf nflu c+u|]hL ;f+s]lts efiffsf bf]efif] ;w}+ vl6Gy] . Go' XofD;/sf ;f+s]lts efiffdf ;+jfb ug]{x¿sf nflu bf]efif]sf] uhf]{ 6fg]{ cfzfdf ejfgL tflnddf x'g'x'GYof] . ejfgL;Fu tflnddf a:g kfpFbf d}n] cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf] efUodfgL 7fg]+ . d}n] ;dfhsf] 7"nf] ;xof]uL b]v]+ . Pp6f rlDsnf] tf/f b]v]+ . Pp6f ejfgL b]v]+, Pp6f e/kbf]{ e/f];f b]v]+ . wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya