@)!% h"g jif{ % c+s &@
cfofltt vfBfGgsf] 8/
DofuL rfprfpdf ln8
(Lead;
lzzf) kfOPsf] ;dfrf/n] lgs} rrf{ kfof] . ef/tdf ag]sf] of] rfprfp cd]l/sfdf klg a]Rg] ul/G5 . xfd|f w]/} efG;fdf klg of] kfSg] u/]sf] 5 . ef/tLo ;/sf/n] o;df ln8 ePsf] atfof] . lalqm aGb u¥of] . g]kfndf klg o;sf] lalqm aGb ul/of] .
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à cfofltt vfBfGg========================! (Imported foods)
à gful/s k|Zg–pQ/ (^ / (&===# (Civic Test - Q/A no. 96 and 97)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb $)=========$ (Most common Eng. words 40)
à d"q k|0ffnLsf c+ux¿==============$ (Organs of urinary system)
sxfFaf6 cfof], ln8 <
rfprfpsf] sRrfkbfy{ d}bf, g'g, kfgL cflbdWo] d}bf g} ln8sf] ;|f]t xf] . Pl;of dxfb]zdf dfq} $) k|ltzt ux'F rfprfp agfpg k|of]u x'G5 . s] xf] ln8 <
/f;folgs ¿kdf ln8÷lzzf Ps wft' xf], h;nfO{ vfB
ΩΩ
Ps cd]l/sLn] jif{sf] cf};t @ ;o ^) kfpG8 cfofltt vfBfGg vfG5 . of] eg]sf] p;sf] s"n vfgfsf] sl/a !# k|ltzt xf] . cd]l/sfdf ljZjsf ! ;o &) b]zaf6 vfBfGg cfpF5 . oxfF cfpg] vfBfGgsf] dfqf k|To]s jif{ a9\bf] 5 . ahf/df hfg'cl3 ;/sf/n] vfB hfFRg] sfd klg ul//xG5 . ΩΩ
j}1flgsx¿n] ux|f}+ wft' (Heavy metal; x]eL d]6n_ sf] vt/gfs ;d"xsf Sof8\dLod (Cadmium), ds{/L (Mercury), cf;]{lgs (Arsenic) cflb;Fu} /fv]sf 5g\ . of] wft' jftfj/0fdf slxNo} gf; x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fM ln8 ldl;Psf] t/sf/L hgfj/n] vfG5, / pSt hgfj/sf] df;' dfG5]n] vfPdf :jf:Yodf xflg k'¥ofpF5 . /, hgfj/ x'Fb} dfG5]df clg d[To'kl5 km]l/ hdLgd} lagf–gf]S;fg lzzf 3'ld/xG5 . xfd|f] z/L/df lbdfu, sn]hf], lduf}{nf, xf8df ln8 a:g] x'Fbf /ut tyf bL3{sfnLg c;/ x]g{ bfFt jf xf8df ln8sf] k/LIf0f ul/G5 . cd]l/sfdf eg] ;g\ !(&)
@ hLjsf] df;'sf] vkt a9]sf] tYofª\s klg kfOG5 .
cd]l/sfdf cfpg] vfBfGg
Drug Administration, FDA)
Ps cd]l/sLn] jif{sf] cf};t @ ;o ^) kfpG8 cfofltt vfBfGg vfG5 . of] eg]sf] p;sf] s"n vfgfsf] sl/a !# k|ltzt xf] . cd]l/sfdf ljZjsf ! ;o &) b]zaf6 vfBfGg cfpF5 . oxfF cfpg] vfBfGgsf] dfqf k|To]s jif{ a9\bf] 5 . kl5Nnf] tYof+s x]g]{ xf] eg] cd]l/sfnfO{ rflxn] vfBfGgdWo] *^ k|ltzt ;d'b|af6 kfOg] vfg]s'/f -df5f cflb_, %) k|ltzt kmnkm"n / @) k|ltzt t/sf/L cGo d'n'saf6 cfpF5 . cGo b]zdf dhb"/L vr{ sd nfUgfn] cGoqaf6 leœofpg' ;:tf] k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu oxfF :ofp kmnfpg'eGbf cGo b]zaf6 Nofpg' w]/} ;:tf] k5{ .
s;n] lgu/fgL u5{ <
cGo b]zaf6 leœofOg] vfBfGgsf] u'0f:t/ lgu/fgL ug]{ sfd vfB tyf cf}ifwL k|zf;g (Food and
dGqfnon] lrgfPsf] s[lif dGqfnon] g} sof}+ ljb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ vfg of]Uo eg]/ cfˆgf] gfd lbg] u/]sf] 5 . o:t} pbfx/0fdf dfly tl:a/ ePsf] Pp6f lrof ef/tdf ag]sf] xf] . o;nfO{ s[lif dGqfno (USDA) n] cUof{lgs (Organic) xf] eg]sf] 5 .
n] u5{ . To;}n] cd]l/sf Nofpg] tof/L ubf{ g} o;sf] k"j{ hfgsf/L pSt lgsfonfO{ lbPsf] x'g'k5{ . /ftf] df;', s'v'/fsf] df;' / c08f h'g b]zaf6 Nofpg] eP klg cd]l/sL dfkb08cg';f/ x'g'k5{ . vfBfGgsf oL ;d:of
vfBfGgsf o:tf ;d:ofx? af/Daf/ cfO/xG5g\ . lsgeg] oxfFsf] ;/sf/n] o:tf x'g] hn–hLj t caf}{+ 8n/ vfBfGgdfly lg/Gt/ hfFrsf] sf] cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . rLgdf ;Sbf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 . Jofkf/sf nflu klg df5f olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg :ofpsf] cflbsf] pTkfbg w]/} x'g] h';df cf;]{lgs, gfgLx?nfO{ u/]sf] 5 . v'jfpg] kmd"{nfdf d]nfdfOg tfhf kmnkm"n / ;'sfOPsf (Melamine), rfdndf kmnkm"n -5f]s8f, ls;ld;, Sof8\dLod, ;'Fu'/sf] df;'df sfh', bfnlrgL cflb_ rLg– afx]s sf]:6fl/sf / d]lS;sf]– af]/]S; (Borax), Rofpdf lAnr (Bleach), e6\df; cflb ld;fP/ ;a}eGbf a9L sxfFaf6 cfpF5 < af6 cfpF5 . of] jif]{lg a9\bf] aflx/af6 cfpg] vfB ;d"xdf 5 . o;afx]s o:tf ;'sfOPsf agfPsf] ;f]of ;; (Soy sauce) kmnkm"n clk|msf, ef/t, leotf– df cf;]{lgs kfOPsfn] rLgaf6 tfhf df5f, vk6fdf x'g] gfd, blIf0f cd]l/sL b]zx?af6 o:tf vfB Nofpg /f]s hn–hLj, kmnkm"n / ;'s]sf kmnkm"n, u'lnof] vfBfGg, jfOg cfpF5 . tfhf kmnkm"nx? eg] nufOPsf pbfx/0f 5g\ . s] ug]{ < Sofg8f, d]lS;sf], lrnL, k]? / lao/ k5{g\ . e"–dWo /]vf cflb b]zaf6 cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . à vfB tyf cf}ifwL k|zf;g j/k/sf :yfgdf pAhg] (FDA) sf] j]a;fO6 x]g]{ . t/sf/Lx? w]/} k7fpg]df ;a}h;f] vfB zt k|ltzt à ;dfrf/ k9\g], ;'Gg] jf d]lS;sf] k5{ . To;kl5 aflx/af6 cfpF5g\ . egf}+ g x]g]{ afgL ug]{ . Sofg8f, k]? cflb b]z k5{g\ . slkm, rsn]6 cflb agfpFbf à ;fyLefO, Oi6ldq cflb;Fu /ftf] df;' c? b]zaf6 klg rflxg] sf]sf]cf (Cocoa), ukmufkm ug]{ afgLn] o:tf lrof zt k|ltzt cGo b]zaf6 cfpF5 . ufO{sf] df;' k7fpg]df hfgsf/L kfOG5 . Sofg8f cuf8L 5 . To;kl5 cfpF5 . o:tf lrhsf] oxfF à tof/L vfBfGgM a§f, Go'lhNof08, p?Uj], / ci6«]lnof pTkfbg z'Go a/fa/ 5 . y}nf], kf]sf] cflbsf k|zf]lwt rLgaf6 dfq df5f, vk6fdf k5{g\ . kl5Nnf jif{x?df cGo vfgfdf cvfB x'g] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . tfhf vfg]s'/f :j:y x'G5g\ . -cd]l/sfdf ln8÷lzzfsf] ljiffSttfaf/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu …cIfl/sfÚsf] ;g\ @)!@ cu:t c+s x]g'{xf];\ ._
@)!% h"g, jif{ % c+s &@
eGbf cl3 ag]sf 3/x? /+ufpg k|of]u ePsf /+udf lzzf k|of]u ePsfn] o:tf 3/df a:g] gfgLx? k|efljt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . of] lzzfn] kfFr jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf gfgLnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ u5{ .
@)!% h"g, jif{ % c+s &@
#
cd]l/sfsf] em08fsf t]x| kftf / krf; tf/f
sf] chusetts), ;fpy lstfasf] k|Zg gDa/ (^ tyf Sof/f]nfOgf (South Carolina), Go' XofD;/ (New Hampshire), (& / ltgsf pQ/M elh{lgof (Virginia), Go'of]s{ à cd]l/sfsf] em08fdf lsg !# kftf 5g\ < (Why does the flag (New York), gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf (North Carolina), / /f]8 have 13 stripes?) – lsgeg] oxfF !# j6f d"n a:tL cfONofG8 (Rhode Island) lyP (because there were 13 x'g\ . To;}n] xfdL cd]l/sL original colonies) em08fnfO{ …tf/fx¿ / kftfx¿Ú – lsgeg] oL kftfn] z'?sf a:tL sf] eG5f}+ . hgfpF5g\ (because the stripes cd]l/sf :jtGq d'n's ag]sf] represent the original !* jif{;Dd em08fdf !# kftf colonies) . lyP . ;g\ !&($ df • • s]G6sL (Kentucky) / ed{G6 (Vermont) gofF /fHosf ¿kdf cd]l/sL em08fdf gLnf], k|j]z u/], clg b'O{ kftf /ftf] / ;]tf] /+u k|of]u ePsf] ylkP . ;g\ !*!* df s+u|];n] 5 . s'gfsf] rf/kf6] gLnf] k[i7e"lddf %) tf/f 5g\ . oL em08fdf kftf ;w}+ !# g} x'g'k5{ eGg] lg0f{o u¥of] . pQm %) tf/fn] %) cd]l/sL /fHo lg0f{osf] cfzo !# kftfn] hgfpF5g\ . dflyaf6 tntkm{ d'n's :jtGq x'Fbfsf a]nfotL !# j6f t];f{ kftf 5g\ . oL ;]tf / /ftf kftfn] cd]l/sfsf pklgj]zsf !# /fHosf] ;Ddfg u5{ eGg] xf] . z'?df !# /fHo hgfpF5g\ . tL /fHoM 8]nfj/ (Delaware), à cd]l/sfsf] em08fdf lsg %) k]G;ne]lgof (Pennsylvania), tf/f 5g\ < (Why does the flag Go'h;L{ (New Jersey), hlh{of have 50 stars?) – lsgeg] Pp6f /fHosf nflu (Georgia), sg]l6s6 (ConPp6f tf/f xf] (because there necticut), d]l/Nof08 (Maryis one star for each state) land), df;fr';]6\; (Massa-
gful/s k/LIff
(Civic Test)
– lsgeg] k|To]s tf/fn] Pp6f /fHo hgfpF5g\ (because each star represents a state) . – lsgeg] oxfF %) /fHo 5g\ (because there are 50 states) . ••
cd]l/sL em08fsf] s'gfsf] rf/kf6] gLnf] k[i7e"lddf %) tf/f 5g\ . k|To]s %) tf/fn] %) /fHo hgfpF5g\ . sfnf– Gt/df cd]l/sL em08fdf ePsf !# tf/f a9]/ %) k'u]sf x'g\ . ;g\ !(%( df cd]l/sL em08fdf tf/fsf] ;+Vof %) k'u]sf] xf], ha xjfO{ (Hawaii) cd]l/sfsf] %) cf}+ /fHo aGof] . ;g\ !&&& df bf];|f] dxfb]lzo s+u|];n] em08f;DaGwL klxnf] P]g Nofof], To;df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, …kfl/t eof], cd]l/sfsf] of] em08fdf t]x| j6f Pskl5 csf]{ /ftf] / ;]tf] ub}{ kftf x'g]5g\, h;df ;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ gLnf] k[i7e"dLdf ;]tf t]x| tf/fx¿sf] x'g]5g\, To;n] gofF tf/fd08n hgfpF5 .
$ @)!% h"g, jif{ % c+s &@
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 40 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 $) cf}+ ;"rL -efu $)_ • client :
gfd– sfg"gL jf cGo Joj;foLaf6 ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ JolSt, emul8of, u|fxs, ;]jfu|fxL, sfof{yL{, cfl>t, d'jlSsn, SnfoG6 . • climate :
gfd– xfjfkfgL, hnjfo', cfjxjf, l:ylt, jftfj/0f, nIf0f, ;d'bfo jf hdfgfsf] k|j[lQ cyjf efj .
7Kk ug'{, lrlDng', ;dfKt ug'{ jf x'g', k"/f ug'{ . gfd÷ljz]if0f– aGb, 7Kk, xKk, u'lD;Psf], u'Kt, 3gf, cj;fg, glhs, j/, ;fFv'Nn], ;fy, lgs6, ;lGgs6, 3lgi7, lgolGqt, uf9f, ;dflKt, k|fKt ug{ sl7g, nueu . • closely :
9flsg', ;+lbUw x'g', clgi6 ;"rs x'g', ck;u'gL x'g', 9fSg', ?Flbg', w'lDdg', abnL x'g', afblng', cFWof/f] x'g', pbf; x'g', aflkmg' . gfd– ?Fb, afbn, d]3, hnjfx, s6f, cDa'w/, s'g} rLhsf] Ps} tkm{ rNg] ;xdlt . • club :
ljz]if0f– Wofg lbP/, u'Kt ?kn], ;fjwfgLn], ;"Idtfåf/f, bQlrQ eP/ .
lqmof– lk6\g', 8G8fn] xfGg', ldNg', ;femf x'g', ubfn] xfGg', • climb : nf7f]n] lk6\g', Ps 7fpFdf lqmof– pSng', r9\g', dfly • closer : hDdf x'g', Sna agfpg' . hfg', pFef] nfUg', cf/f]x0f ug'{, gfd– cem glhs, cem 5]p . gfd– ubf, n6\7L, nf7f], d]ns, psfnf] nfUg' . • closet : d08n, uf]i7L, uf]nf -kmnfd]_ gfd– pSnfO, r9fO, cf/f]x0f, lqmof– s;};Fu uf]Ko s'/f] ug'{, . c8\8f, Sna, ;ef . psfnf] . gfd– ;fgf] sf]7f, uf]Ko s'/f– • cm : • clock : sfgL ug]{ sIf, b/fh÷cfndf/L . gfd– ;]lG6ld6/ (centimeter) lqmof– ;do cjlw k~hLs[t sf] 5f]6s/L . ljz]if0f– PsfGtdf a;]/ sfd ug'{, ;do n]Vg' jf /]s8{ ug'{ . ug]{, ;}4flGts, uf]Ko ?kaf6 • coach : gfd– 7"nf] 38L, uf]nLufF7f]sf] lqmof– v]n l;sfpg', cltl/St sfo{ ug]{ . efudf /flvPsf] a'§f . k9fOg' . • cloth/ clothing : • close : gfd– n'uf, sk8f, j:q, kf]zfs, gfd– /fhsLo ;jf/L, /]nsf] lqmof– aGb ug'{ jf x'g' -lasf]{, cfj/0f, n'ufkmf6f] . 8Aaf, a; -nfdf] ofqfsf]_, lghL 9f]sf, sf]7f, ;8s, k;n, sf/f] • cloud : df:6/, v]n lzIfs . af/ cflb_ y'Gg', 6fNg', nfpg', lqmof– d]3n] 9fSg', d]3af6 qmdzM
lrlsT;sLo zAbx¿
d"q k|0ffnL lk;fa agfpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ d"q k|0ffnL (Urinary system) elgG5 . o;df of}g c+ux? klg x'G5g\ . o; k|0ffnLsf c+usf gfd lbOPsf] 5M à d[uf}nf (Kidney): /utaf6 v/fa tÎjx? cnu u/]/ lk;fasf ?kdf aflx/ k7fpg] z/L/leq d]?b08sf] tNnf] efusf] bfofF afofF /xg] hf]8L cjoj . à d"qaflxgL÷gnL (Ureter): lk;fanfO{ d"qfzo;Dd jf aflx/ k'¥ofpg] d[uf}nfaf6
lg:sg] gnL . à d"qfzo÷d"qy}nL÷lk;fa y}nL (Bladder): d"qdfu{af6 lk;faaflx/ lg:sg'cl3 hDdf
x'g] y}nL . à d"qdfu{ (Urethra): d"qfzoaf6 lk;fa aflx/ hfg] c+u . k'?ifsf] z/L/af6 jLo{ klg aflx/ lg:sG5 . d"qdfu{n] k'?ifsf] d"qfª\u÷lnª\u (Penis) ;Fu ldn]/ sfd u5{ . à d"q lj1fg (Urology): d"qlj1fg, lk;faaf/] j}1flgs ?kdf cWoog ug]{ lrlsT;f lj1fgsf] zfvf . à d"q/f]u ljz]if1 (Urologist): d"q/f]uaf/] hfGg] JolSt .
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ cfF ug]{ d'vnfO{ of] cfF ug]{ d'v / slxNo} gel/g] k]6nfO{ slt yf]s rflxg] < To;}n] xf]nf d'v / k]6sf s'/f w]/ x'G5g\ . x]/f}+ g pvfg, æclgsfnsf] eft vfg 7'nf] d'v cfF u/Æ, ævfg] d'vnfO{ h'Fufn] 5]Sb}gÆ, ælrKnf d'vsf], wldnf] k]6Æ, æltqfsf] d'v} a}/LÆ, æxflQsf] d'vdf lh/fÆ, æ;:tf] a];fxf k]6 nfuL d/Æ cflb cflb . dfG5] d'v / k]6 dfq lnP/ hGdb}g . cfFvf, sfg, gfs lnP/ hGdG5 . h;nfO{ cfFvf, sfg, gfsn] ;fy lb+b}gg\ . ljj]sn] sfd ubf]{ xf] . kl/jf/, Oi6ldq, ;dfh, b]zn] sfd ubf{ x'g\ . To;}n] cfkm"n] vfg] vfBaf/] hfGg vf]Hg' w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . sf]lz; u/] s] lau|G5 /< wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya