cd]l/sL ;kgf
3/lalqmdf k|lt:kwL{ :yfg
/fh]z sf]O/fnf
@)!% d] jif{ % c+s &!
lzif{ !) laqm]tfsf ahf/M
;fg xf];] (San Jose), Soflnkmf]lg{of à ;fg k|mflG;:sf] (San Francisco), Soflnkmf]lg{of à 8]ge/ (Denver), sf]nf]/f8f] à l;of6n (Seattle), jfl;+u6g à 8fn;–kmf]6{ jy{ (Dallas-Fort Worth), 6]S;; à n; PGhn; (Los Angeles), Soflnkmf]lg{of à kf]6{NofG8 (Portland), cf]/]ug à :ofqmd]G6f] (Sacramento), Soflnkmf]lg{of à Gof;len (Nashville), 6]g;L à af]:6g (Boston), Dof;fRo';]6\; à
3/sf] df]ntf]n ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à 3/–lalqmM sd / a9L==============! (Home buyer & seller towns)
à z/0ffyL{ lbj; @)!%===============@ (Refugee Day 2015)
à gful/s k|Zg–pQ/ (!==============# (Civic Test - Q/A no. 91)
à lzz'sf] hGd / /fHo================# (Baby birth and states)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb #(=========$ (Most common Eng. words 39)
à lrlsT;f zAbx¿=======================$ (Medical terms/ body parts)
cfof] eg] a]Rg]sf nflu ;fg k|mflG;:sf] a] Pl/of (San Francisco Bay Area) /fd|f] ePsf] 5 eg] lsGg]sf nflu lkmnf8]lNkmof (Philadelphia) pQd 7x/]sf] 5 . of] ljZn]if0f lhnf] (Zillow) gfds 3/–hUufsf] j]a;fO6sf] xf] . vl/b–lalqmsf] cj:yf
olta]nf 3/–lalqmdf dflyNnf] :yfg lng] 7fpFx?df Soflnkmf]lg{of (California) sf] ;fg xf];] (San Jose), tyf ;fg k|mflG;:sf] / jfl;+u6g (Washington) /fHosf] l;of6n (Seattle) k5{g\ . cln ck|lt:kwL{ ahf/ ePsf 7fpFx?df eg] k]G;ne]lgof (Pennsylvania) /fHosf] lkmnf8]lNkmof,
lzif{ !) qm]tfsf ahf/M
lkmnf8]lNkmof (Philadelphia), k]G;ne]lgof à l;sfuf] (Chicago), Olngf]o à lSnjNof08 (Cleveland), cf]xfof] à dfofdL–kmf]6{ nf}8/8]n (MiamiFort Lauderdale), ˆnf]l/8f à k|f]le8]G; (Providence), /f]8 cfONof08 à 8]6«f]o6 (Detroit), ldl;ug à 6]Dkf (Tempa), ˆnf]l/8f à l;gl;Gof6L (Cincinnati), cf]xfof] à lk6\;ju{ (Pittsburgh), k]G;ne]lgof à cf]Nof{G8f] (Orlando), ˆnf]l/8f à
Olngf]o /fHo (Illinois) sf] l;sfuf] (Chicago) / cf]xfof] (Ohio) /fHosf] lSnjNof08 (Cleveland) ;lxt k"jL{ /fHo tyf dWo–klZrdsf :yfgx? k5{g\ . lhnf]sf cg';f/ ut jif{sf klxnf] tLg dlxgfsf t'ngfdf o; jif{sf tLg dlxgfdf 3/– lalqm #=( k|ltzt / 3/–ef8f #=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cf};t 3/sf] d"No ! nfv &* xhf/ $ ;o 8n/ 5 . csf]{ jif{ 3/sf] efp @ k|ltzt a9\g] cg'dfg 5 . ;g\ @))& df Psbd pRrtd lalqmdf k'u]sf] 3/– lalqm PSsf;L 36\of] . of] qmd ;g\ @)!! sf] cGt;Dd /Xof] / clxn] al9/x]sf] 5 .
@ @)!% d], jif{ % c+s &!
z/0ffyL{ lbj; @)!% bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] sxfnLnfUbf] cj:yf w]/} b]z / If]qx¿n] cfˆg} z/0ffyL{ lbj; lbgf}+ jf xKtf}+ dgfpF5g\ . To;dWo] w]/} k|rlnt rfxL+ clk|msf z/0ffyL{ lbj; (Africa Refugee Day) xf], hf] w]/} b]zdf h"g dlxgfsf] @) tfl/vdf dgfOG5 . /fi6«;+3af6 kfl/t
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;fwf/0f ;efn] ;g\ @))) l8;]Da/ $ df z/0ffyL{ lbj; dgfpg] k|:tfj %%÷&^ /fVof] . ;+of]u lyof], ;g\ @))! df ;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{;DaGwL k|:tfj kfl/t ePsf] %)cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j k'Ub} . cu{gfOh];g ckm clk|msg o'lg6L (Organization of African Unity; OAU)
n] clk|msL z/0ffyL{ lbj;;Fu cGt/f{li6«o lbj; h'w] klg s]xL gx'g] atfof] . pSt ;efn] h"g @) df ljZj z/0ffyL{ lbj; (World Refugee Day) dgfpg] lg0f{o u¥of], / klxnf]k6s ;g\ @))! df lbj; dgfOof] .
Go' ≈ofD;/sf] x'S;]6l:yt a'af–cfdfsf] lbjf–;]jf ug]{ ‘d]G6]lgª\u OlG8k]G8]G;’ gfds ;+:yfdf z/0ffyL{ lbj; tyf kmfb;{ 8] . tl:a/M s[i0f g]kfn
dfgj lj:yfkgsf] jif{ eg]sf] 5 . z/0ffyL{ ;+VofnfO{ o:tf] lrq0f ug{ yflnPsf] gofF xf]Og . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z/0ffyL{ pRrfof]u (United Nations
;g\ @)!@ km]a|'c/L;Dd cd]l/sfn] #) nfv a;f]af; u/fof] . cd]l/sfsf] hg;+Vof #! s/f]8sf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . cd]l/sfn] z/0ffyL{nfO{ gofF hLjg, gofF cfjf; / gofF High Commissioner for Refu;d'bfo k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; jif{sf] gf/f gees; UNHCR) eG5, …;+ ; f/e/ ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf o; jif{sf] z/0ffyL{ lbj;sf] ^ s/f] 8 z/0ffyL{ , To;df cfwf leotgfd , nfcf] tyf ;f]leot gf/f …lxDdtsf ;fy xfdL ;a} ;+3 -clxn]sf] ¿; tyf cGo Ps xf}+Ú (With Courage Let us dlxnf / afn–aflnsf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!$ df ! s/f]8 $) ljeflht d'n's_ af6 z/0ffyL{ all Combine) eGg] /Xof] . nfv z/0ffyL{ ag] .Ú cd]l/sf NofOGy] . xfnsf] cj:yf cd] l /sfdf z/0ffyL{ ;g\ !(() bzsdf k"j{– z/0ffyL{ ljZjsf x/]s cd] l /sfn] ljleGg d' n s ' af6 o' u f]:nfleofdf o'4 ePkl5 w]/} s'gfdf 5g\ . Kofn]l:6gLx? jif]{lg a9Ldf *) xhf/ af]l:gofnL z/0ffyL{ cd]l/sf k':tf}+ z/0ffyL{ 5g\ . olt– z/0ffyL{ a;f]af; u/fpF5 . of] cfP . @! ztfAbL z'¿ ePkl5 a]nf l;l/of, lnlaof, o'qm]gsf adf{, e"6fg, O/fg, O/fs / o'4af6 nfvf}+ lj:yflkt 5g\ . l;df z'?df lyPg, s'g} jif{ @ nfv / s' g } !( xhf/dfq ;f]dflnofaf6 z/0ffyL{ NofP/ kl5Nnf lbgdf adf{ -DofGdf_ / k' g :yf{ l kt u/] s f] kfOG5 . ;g\ k'g:yf{lkt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . a+unfb]zaf6 /f]lxª\Uof (Roh!(&% cd]l/sfn] z/0ffyL{sf] ingya) ylkPsf 5g\ . cd]l/sfdf e"6fgL Pdg]l:6 OG6/g]zgn (Am- k'g:yf{kgf yfn]sf] xf] . cd]l/sfdf ;g\ @)!% d] nesty International) n] xfnsf] #! ;Dd *! xhf/ ^ ;o @! z/0ffyL{sf] cj:yfnfO{ bf];|f] e"6fgL k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] ljZjo'4kl5sf] sxfnL–nfUbf] 5.
cd]l/sfsf k'gjf{; ;+:yf à
rr{ jN8{ ;le{; (Church
à
Oyf]lkog sDo'lg6L 8]e]nk– d]G6 sfplG;n (Ethiopian
World Service)
Community Development Council) à
Olk:sf]kn dfOu|];g ldlgl:6«h (Episcopal Mi-
à
lxa|" Oldu|]G6 P8 ;f];fO6L
gration Ministries) (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) à
OG6/g];gn /]:So" sldl6 (International Rescue Committee)
à
n'y/g Oldu|];g PG8 /]ˆo'hL ;le{; (Lutheran Immigra-
à
o'P; sld6L km/ /]ˆo'hLh PG8 Oldu|]G6;\ (U.S. Com-
tion and Refugee Service)
mittee for Refugees and Immigrants) à jN8{ l/lnkm (World Relief)
cd]l/sfsf k|b]zx? gful/s k/LIff
(Civic Test)
sf] lstfasf] k|Zg gDa/ (! / pQ/M à cd]l/sfsf] Ps k|b]z -e"–efu_ sf] gfd eGg'xf];\ . < (Name one U.S. territory)
– k'c6f]{ l/sf] (Puerto Rico) .
– cd]l/sg ;df]cf (American Samoa) .
– gb{g{ Dofl/ofgf cfONofG8\;
www.bja.gov
@)!% d], jif{ % c+s &!
#
(Northern Mariana Islands) .
– u'cfd (Guam) . eg]sf cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] – o'P; elh{g cfONofG8\; clwsf/–If]qcGtu{t cf+lzs (U.S. Virgin Islands) . ¿kdf :jzf;g ePsf e"ld • • x'g\ . oL cd]l/sfsf /fHox¿ cd]l/sfsf d'Vo kfFr e"–efu xf]Ogg\, t/ klg ToxfFaf6 s+u|]; (Congress) df k|ltlglwTj 5g\, cd]l/sg ;df]cf, u'cfd, x'G5 . ;a} e"ldnfO{ k|ltlglw– gb{g{ Dofl/ofgf cfONofG8\;, ;ef (House of Representak'c6f]{ l/sf] / o'P; elh{g tive) df Ps k|ltlglw k7fpg] cfONofG8\; . clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . s'g} klg cd]l/sL e"–efu
cd]l/sg ;df]cfsf afl;GbfnfO{ cd]l/sL /fli6«o -gful/s;/x, Nationals) elgG5 eg] c¿ e"–efudf a:g]nfO{ cd]l/sL gful/s (Citizens) elgG5 . oxfFsf afl;Gbfn] /fi6«kltsf] k|fylds lgjf{rgdf dt v;fN5g\, t/ /fi6«klt cfdlgjf{rgdf dt lbg kfpFb}gg\ .
aRrf hGdfpg ;lhnf /fHo ;'ljwfsf] k|;+u
gful/s k/LIff jfn]6xa 86 sd (WalletHub.com) gfds j]a;fO6n] aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu /fd|f /fHox¿ Pp6f ;"rL lgsfn]sf] 5 . hGd x'Fbf nfUg] vr{, ;'ne :jf:Yo–;]jf, ;'Ts]/LnfO{ lbOg] labfsf] ;do, / slt lbgsf nflu lzz'–:ofxf/ v'N5g\ eGg] h:tf tYo t'ngf u/]/ of] ;"rL tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . cd]l/sfsf %) /fHo / /fhwfgL jfl;+u6g l8;L (Washington DC) dWo] /fd|f bz /fHo oL x'g\M
Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf gfgL hGd]kl5 cleefjsn] labf /fd|f] kfpF5g\ . • gy{ 8sf]6fdf c:ktfndf aRrf k|fs[lts hGDof] eg] lgs} sd vr{ nfU5 . à ck/]zg u/]/ aRrf hGdfpg' k¥of] eg] d]l/NofG8 ;:tf] 5 . • /fhwfgL jfl;+u6g l8;Ldf k|;'lt–lrlsT;s, g;{, ;'F8]gL, / afn–lrlsT;s w]/} 5g\ . à
!= @= #= $=
ed{G6 (Vermont) d]g (Maine) cf]/]ug (Oregon) sg]6Ls6 (Connecticut)
%= Go' XofD;/ (New Hampshire)
^= jfof]ldª (Wyoming)
&= cfof]jf (Iowa) *= Dof;fRo';]6\; (Masschusetts)
(= cnf:sf (Alaska) !)= o'6fx (Utah)
$ @)!% d], jif{ % c+s &!
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 39 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 #( cf}+ ;"rL -efu #(_
• clap :
• claw :
lqmof– r8\sg', tfnL ahfpg', yk8L dfg'{, wfk dfg'{, hf]8n] s;}nfO{ jf s'g} rLhnfO{ sxLF /fVg', kv]6f km6km6 rnfpg' . gfd– yk8L, tfn, tfnL, s/tfn, r6\ofË, d]3 uh{g .
lqmof– lryf]g'{, gªu|fn] RofTg', gªu|fn] ufFHg', hf]8n] ;dfTg' . gfd– kGhf, gª, gªu|fÙ dl;gf v'§f .
• clash :
lqmof– af‰g', 7Ss/ vfg', 6s/fpg', h'Wg', le8Gt x'g', gfd– 6Ss/, le8Gt, dNn o'4, ;Fu|fnf], n8fOF, vnan, ljjfb, gfd~h/L, a]d]n, c;xdlt .
• clay :
gfd– df6f], b'd6 df6f], d[lQsf, dl;gf] df6f] . • clean :
lqmof– ju{÷>]0fLdf /fVg', >]l0fj4 jf >]0fL ljeSt ug'{ . gfd– lsl;d, >]0fL, lsQf, ju{, ;d"x .
lqmof– ;kmf ug'{, ;kmf x'g', df‰g', ljz'4 kfg'{ . gfd– ;kmf, :ki6, ;'U3/, lgbf]{if, lgikfk, ;kmfl;lgQ, ;kmfr6, ;'lsnf], lagf emGem6, jf 6G6f, lg/k/fw, a]s;"/, kl/z'4 . ljz]if0f– k"/f ?kn], k"0f{tof, lans'n, ;/f;/ .
• classic :
• clear :
gfd÷ljz]if0f– pTs[i6, cTo'Qd, pRrsf]6Lsf], clehft, cgnª\s[t, ;Gt'lnt, ;/n, ;';ª\ut, pRrsf]6Lsf] snf jf snfsf/;DaGwL, zf:qLo .
lqmof– v'nfpg', vf]Ng', k|i6\ofpg', :ki6 kfg'{, ;kmf ug'{, kmfF8g', km5of}{6 ug'{, p3|g', pwf/f] x'g' . gfd– ;ª\nf], ;kmf, ;fkm, ;'Uw/, rf]vf, :ki6, k|i6, v'nf;f, ;'af]w, v'n:t, JoQm, 5n{Ë,
• class :
• classroom :
gfd– sIffsf]7f .
kf/bzL{, k"/f . ljz]if0f– :ki6tof, :ki6tM, ;fkm–;fkm . • clearly :
ljz]if0f– :ki6tof, :ki6 ?kn], :ki6tM, ;fkm–;fkm . • clergy :
gfd– kfb/L ;d"x, kfb/L ju{, kfb/L, SnhL{ . • clerk :
gfd– kfb/L, sfo{ ;xfos, k+l8t, sfl/Gbf, n]vGbf;, gf}l;Gbf, n]vfkfn . • clever :
gfd– af7f], 6f7f]af7f], rt'/, 56\6', lj1, s'zn, rnfs, l;kfn', laTkft], 3f38fg, k|jL0f, xf]lzof/ d]wfjL, bIf, k|ltefzfnL, k|ltef ;DkGg . • click :
lqmof– cfˆgf] nIo e]§fpg', Sof§ cfjfh lbg', ;xdt x'g', PsfPs :ki6 x'g', 1ft x'g', 3lgi6 ldq aGg' . gfd– lSns, Sof§ . qmdzM
lrlsT;sLo zAbx¿
cl:yk~h/ k|0ffnL– @÷
cg'xf/sf xf8x¿
ufnfsf tNnf xf8 cyf{t\ DoflS;nf (Maxilla): @ j6f à ufnfsf dflyNnf xf8 cyf{t\ hfOuf]Dofl6s af]g (Zygomatic bone): @ j6f à lrpF8f]sf] xf8 cyf{t\ DoflG8an (Mandible): ! j6f à cfFvf–gfssf dflyNnf xf8 cyf{t\ Noflqmdn af]g (Lacrimal bone): @ j6f à tfn'sf xf8 cyf{t\ Kofnf6fOg af]g (Palatine bone): @ j6f r]x/fsf] ¿k lbg] !$ j6f xf8x? x'G5g\ . à gfssf] tNnf] xf8 cyf{t\ OGkm]l/o/ ghn tLgsf] gfd / ;+Vof oxfF lbOPsf] 5M sf]Grf (Inferior nasal concha): @ j6f à gfl;sfl:y cyf{t\ ghn af]g (Nasal bone): à gfssf] tNnf] k5f8Lsf] xf8 cyf{t\ ef]d/ @ j6f (Vomer): ! j6f à
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ km/s k|flKt ;f9] ;ft jif{ ePsf] 5, k'g:yf{kgf z'¿ ePsf] . sof}+sf nflu ;d:ofx¿ hxLFsf txLF 5g\ . sfd==== sfd ====/, sfd . sfd gx'g', sfd x'g', sfd u'Dg' cflb cflb . a]km';{lbnf lbg . sfd oxfFsf] hLjgsf] kof{o xf] . z/L/n] ;s'~h]n of] t ;w}+ /xG5 g} . csf]{ d'Vo ljifo gful/stfsf] 5 . of] ;dodf xhf/f}+n] gful/stf lnO;Sg'ePsf] 5 . To;f] t xhf/f}+ afFsL klg x'g'x'G5 . cfly{s ?kdf /fd|f] aGb} uPsf kl/jf/x¿n] 3/ lsGg] sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . o; c+ssf] d'Vo ljifo klg 3/–lalqmsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eg]/ atfpg' xf] . …cd]l/sL ;kgfÚ -cd]l/sg l8«d_ k"/f x'g' eg]sf] Pp6f 3/ x'g' xf] . s] tkfO{+sf] ;kgf k"/f ePsf] 5 t < x'Fb}5 < jf ;kgf a'Gbf rgfvf] eP/ 3/–lalqmsf] ahf/ x]b}{ ubf{ lgs} d2t k'U5 . wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya