5jflif{sf]T;j cf}+
cfk|jf;Lsf rlr{t cd]l/sL sDkgL
Source: Sergey Brin’s GooglePlus page
@)!% ;]K6]Da/ jif{ ^ c+s &%
u'un (Google) sf Ps ;+:yfks ;uL{ la|g (Sergey Brin), pgL ¿;af6 cd]l/sf cfPsf x'g\
cfk|jf;L tL JolQmx¿ x'g\, hf]
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à cfk|jf;Lsf rlr{t sDkgL=========! (Popular companies of immigrants)
à gful/s k/LIffsf] c+u|]hL !=======# (English section of Civic Test 1)
à :gfo' k|0ffnLsf c+u==================$ (Organs of nervous system)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb $#==========$ (Most common Eng. words 43)
cfˆgf] / cfˆgf gfgLx¿sf] pHHjn eljiosf] vf]hLdf csf]{ b]zdf a;fOF ;5{g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 (UNO) sf cg';f/ ;+;f/df clxn] @# s/f]8 @) nfv cfk|jf;L (migrants) 5g\, h;n] cd]l/sf / cGo b]zsf] cy{tGqdf xfdLn] ;f]r]eGbf w]/} 7"nf] nfe k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
o;sf s]xL k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 . s]xL tYoM à xfe{8{ lalhg]; :s"n (Harvard Business School) sf] Ps cWoog k|ltj]bg eG5, …oxfFsf /}yfg] cd]l/sLeGbf a9L cfk|jf;Ln] oxfF cfljisf/– sf] k"0f{ clwsf/ btf{ (patents) u5{g\ .Ú à cfk|jf;Ln] !) dWo] # gofF sDkgLx¿ z'¿ u/]sf 5g\ .
cfk|jf;Ln] w]/} :jrflnt oGq tyf PKk;\ (Apps) x¿sf] cfljisf/ tyf ljsf; u/]sf 5g\, hf] ;+;f/e/ rnfOG5 . à
HjnGt pbfx/0fx¿
rlr{t s]xL sDkgL / kmfObfhgs Jofkf/sf] z'¿jft cfk|jf;Ln] u/]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] PKknsf ;x–;+:yfks l:6e hA;\ (Steve Jobs) nfO{ la;{g' x'Gg, hf] l;l/ofnL
@
cfk|jf;Lsf ;'k'q x'g'– x'GYof] . Png d:s (Elon Musk), hf] blIf0f clk|msfsf x'g'x'G5, 6]:nf df]6;{ (Tesla Motors) sf ;+:yfksdWo] Ps xf] . u'unsf ;x–;+:yfks ;uL{ la|g ¿;L d"nsf x'g'x'G5 . Pl6Pg6L (AT&T) gfds ;'ljVoft 6]lnkmf]g sDkgLsf] Oltxf; s]nfpFbf ;g\ !*&%
lyof]8f]/ 8:rDofg (Theodore Deutschmann) / ldN6g 8:rDofg (Milton Deutschmann) n] ;g\ !(@! df af]:6g, Dof;fRo';]6;\df :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] xf] . sf]xN; (Kohl’s) gfds
sk8f cflb a]Rg] sDkgLsf] :yfkgf kf]NofG8af6 cfPsf DofS;j]n sf]xn (Maxwell Kohl) n] ;g\ !(#) sf] df k'luG5, hlta]nf bzsdf ug'{ePsf] xf] . cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxd a]n (Alexansdsf:6 (COMCAST) der Graham Bell) n] 6]lnkmf]g kQfnufpg' ePsf] lyof] / To;sf] ;jf{lwsf/ k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfF :s6Nof08 (Scotland) af6 sf] :yfkgf 8\oflgon P/f]g cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . (Daniel Aaron) n] ug'{ePsf] uf]N8Dofg :ofS; (Goldman xf] . hd{g d"nsf kqsf/sf Sachs) gfds jLlQo sDkgLsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ P/f]gn] s]a'n sDkgLsf] ;dfrf/ tof/ kfbf{ o;sf] wf/0ff kfPsf x'g\ . lau n6\; (Big Lots!) :yfkgf hd{gLaf6 cfPsf dfs{; uf]N8Dofg (Marcus Goldman) n] ;g\ !*^( df Go'of]s{df ug'{ePsf] lyof] . of] kfOg l:6«6sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . O–a] (eBay) gfds Jofkfl/s sDkgLsf] :yfkgf k|mfG;]nL
d"nsf lko/ cf]ld8of/ (Pierre Omidyar) n] ug{'ePsf] xf] . /]l8of]:ofs (RadioShack) gfds ljB'tLo pks/0fx?sf]
v'b|f–laqm]tfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(^& df df]6/sf kf6{;\ a]Rg] k;nsf ?kdf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;f]n z]Gs (Sol Shenk) n] ug'{ePsf] xf] . pxfF ?;L d"nsf x'g'x'G5 . ofx' Û (Yahoo!) gfds rlr{t
OG6/g]6 sDkgL tfOjfg (Taiwan) sf h]/L ofª (Jerry Yang) n] ug'{ePsf] xf] . pxfF !) jif{sf] x'Fbf;Dd c+u|]hLdf
h'Qf (shoe) eGg hfGg'x'GYof] . gf]8{:6«d (Nordstrom) gfds sk8f cflbsf] laqm]tf hf]g P=
gf]8{:6«d (John W. Nordstrom) x'g'x'G5 . pxfF :jL8]g (Sweden) sf x'g'x'GYof] / To; sDkgLsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !**& df ug'{ePsf] xf], To;a]nf pxfF !^ jif{sf x'g'x'GYof] / uf]hLdf % 8n/ lyof] . sf]nu]6 (Colgate) gfds sDkgL ;a}n] lrg]sf] xf], h;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !*)^
df a]nfotsf ljlnod sf]nu]6 (William Colgate) n] ug'{ePsf] xf] . kmnkm"naf6 /; agfpg] klxnf] ljB'tLo An]G8/ (electric blender) agfpg] JolQm l:6km]g kf]Knfj:sL (Stephen Poplawski), hf] kf]Nof08 (Poland) x'g'x'G5 . An]G8/sf] Jofkf/ &* s/f]8 $) nfv 8n/ 5 . z'¿jftL le8Lof] u]D; (video games) sf hGdbftf hd{gLsf /fNkm a]o/ (Ralph Baer) x'g'x'G5 . le8Lof] u]D;sf] Jofkf/ ^^ ca{ 8n/ 5. /, o:tf c? w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ . dft[e"dLnfO{ ;DemG5g\
cfk|jf;Ln] dft[e"dLnfO{ 7"nf] of]ubfg lbG5g\ . w]/}n] k};f sdfP/ dft[e"dL k7fpF5g\ . of] /sd ljZje/sf] j}b]lzs cfly{s ;xfotfeGbf w]/} u'0ff a9L xf] . cd]l/sL hg;+Vof #! s/f]8 &) nfv 5, h;df $ s/f]8 !) nfv jf !) dWo] ! eGbf a9L cfk|jf;L 5g\ .
@)!% ;]K6]Da/, jif{ ^ c+s &%
Jofkfl/s sDkgL a]nfotLx?n] :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] xf] . of]
@)!% ;]K6]Da/, jif{ ^ c+s &%
#
c+u|]hL–efêfsf] k/LIff,
gful/stf k/LIff
(Civic Test)
df ;xefuL x'Fbf tkfO{+;Fu c+u|]hL–efiffsf] 1fg s] slt 5 eg]/ klg hfFlrG5 . c+u|]hL–efiff1fgsf] tof/Lsf nflu cIfl/sfn] o; c+sb]lv gful/stf k/LIffsf] k':tsaf6 c+u|]hL hfFr (English Test) sf] c+z cg'jfb ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ljleGg c+sdf lb+b} hfg]5f}+ .
c+u|]hL hfFr
(English Test) ••
o; k/LIffdf tLg c+z 5g\M jfrg (speaking), k7g (reading), / n]vg (writing) . k/LIffsf nflu agfOPsf] sfg'gcg';f/ k/LIffyL{n], …c+u|]hLsf] n]vg, jfrg / k7g;lxt ===== ;fdfGo zAb (word) tyf jfSof+zx¿ (phrases) ======= c+u|]hL efiffsf] ;fdfGo k|of]u ==== ;lxt c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g'k5{Ú . o;sf] cy{ xf], gful/s agfpg] k|lqmof (naturalization) sf nflu of]Uo x'g tkfO{+n] c+u|]hLdf n]vg, jfrg / k7gsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg xfl;n u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . s]xL ckjfbafx]s cfj]bssf ?kdf tkfO{+n] oL tLg} k|sf/– sf k/LIffx¿ pQL0f{ -kf;_ ug{'k5{, tL ckjfb oL x'g\M %) jif{eGbf a9L pd]/sf JolQm
efu !
czQm k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] JolQm . jfrgsf] efu
(Speaking Portion)
o'P;l;cfOP; (USCIS; United States Citizenship and Immigration Services) sf sd{rf/Ln] tkfO{+n] gful/s agfpg] k|lqmof cfj]bg, kmf/d g+= $)) lbPkl5 gful/s x'g] of]Uotf hfFRg lng] tyf gful/s agfpg] k|lqmofsf] cGtjf{tf{af6 tkfO{+sf] c+u|]hL jfrg Ifdtf lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . cfj]bg, kmf/d g+= $)) (Application for Naturalization, k7gsf] efu Form - 400) a'emfpg] a]nf;Dd (Reading Portion) slDtdf @) jif{ :yfoL tkfO{+nfO{ k9\g lbOg] a;f]jf; u/]sf] JolQm, %% x/]s c+zdf tLg -#_ eGbf w]/} jif{sf] pd]/ ePsf] jf gful/s jfSox¿ x'g] 5}gg\ . tkfO{+n] agfpg] cfj]bg, kmf/d g+= $)) tL tLg -#_ dWo]af6 c+u|]hLdf a'emfpg] ;do;Dd slDtdf !% cfˆgf] k9\g] bIftf b]vfpg jif{ :yfoL a;f]jf; sd;]sd Pp6f -!_ jfSo u/]sf] JolQm jf, / s'g} JolQm k9\g}k5{ . tkfO{+nfO{ tof/Ldf hf] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf jf pkrf/ ;xfotf ug{ o'P;l;cfOP;af6 åf/f ePsf] czQmtfsf nflu k|sflzt gful/s agfpg] d]l8sn k|df0f–kq kmf/d g+= k|lqmofsf] k/LIffsf] c+u|]hL ^$* (Medical Certification k9\g] efusf nflu rflxg] ;a} for Disability Exceptions, zAbx¿sf] ;"rL tn lbOPsf] Form N-648) åf/f zf/Ll/s 5 . ljifoj:t' gful/s zf:q tyf pkrf/ k|lqmofsf sf/0f (civics) / Oltxf; (History) ;Fu ;DalGwt x'g]5 . dflg;x¿ (People) ▪ ca|fxd lnÍg (Abraham Lincoln)
▪ hh{ jfl;Ë6g
(George Washington)
qmdzM
$ @)!% ;]K6]Da/, jif{ ^ c+s &%
lrlsT;sLo zAbx¿
:gfo' k|0ffnL
z/L/sf :gfo' sf]if tyf /]zfx?sf] ;~hfnnfO{ :gfo' k|0ffnL (Nervous System) elgG5, h;n] :gfo'sf rfn÷;+j]bgfx?nfO{ z/L/sf ljleGg c+udf k'¥ofpF5 . o;k6s o;sf d'Vo efusf gfd lbOPsf] 5M à s]lGb|o :gfo' k|0ffnL (central nervous system) . à kl/lw:y :gfo' k|0ffnL (Peripheral nervous system) . à dl:tis (Brain) . à ;'if'Dgf gf8L (Spinal Cord) . à ;+j]bL :gfo'x? (Sensory Nerves). à k|]/s :gfo'x? (Motor Nerves) .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 43 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 lqrfnL;f}+ ;"rL -efu $#_ • comment :
gfd– 6Lsf, l6Kk0fL, JofVof, 6Lsf l6Kk0fL, rrf{, ;dfnf]rgf, syg, /fo, dt, ljrf/, ;dLIff, ljj]rgf . lqmof– 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ug'{, ljrf/ /fVg', rrf{ ug{', dt k|s6 ug'{, ;dfnf]rgf ug'{, JofVof ug'{, dGtJo lbg', efio lbg' . • commercial :
ljz]if0f– Jofkfl/s, jfl0flHos, jfl0fHo;DaGwL, Jofkf/;DaGwL, ;fwf/0f, ljz]if Wofg lbP/ gagfPsf], u'0fnfO{ Wofg glbPsf] . gfd– /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehgdf ul/g] Jofkfl/s lj1fkg . • commission :
gfd– cfof]u, lgof]u, sfo{ef/, cf1f, ljz]if sfo{ ug{ lbPsf] clwsf/, ;'lDkPsf] sfd, st{Jo, ;]gfdf lgo'lStsf] cfb]z, lgo'lSt kq, b:t'/L, bnfnL . lqmof– clwsf/ lbg', cfo'St agfpg' jf aGg', sf/vfgf rfn' ug'{ jf x'g', s'g} sfd
ug{ cfjZos cfb]z lbg', sfd ;'lDkg' . • commit :
lqmof– a'emfpg', ug{' -vf;u/L ck/fw, v/fa s'/f_, cfefl/t ug{', rnfg ug{' -d'2fsf] lglDt_, kIf lng', -s]xL s'/f]– df_ cfkm"nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg', ;'Dkg', ;dfb]z lbg', lhDdf lbg', jrga4 x'g' jf u/fpg', cGtu{t ug'{ . • commitment :
gfd– jrga4tf, jrgaGwg, ;'k'b{uL, s}bsf] cfb]z, ug{ c7f]6 u/]sf] s'/f, lu/ˆtf/L, s/f/gfdf, bfloTj, cg'dflgt Joo . • committee :
gfd– ;ldlt, sld6L . • common :
gfd– ;fj{hlgs, ;femf, ;fbf, ef/]e'/], ;dfg, peolgi7, n/t/f], rfgr'g, dfd'nL, ;'ne, ;defuL, v}/ft], ;fwf/0f, ;fd"lxs, dfd'nL, ;dfg ?kdf ljBdfg, ;j{lgi7, ;femfsf], rfn', k|rlnt, e/df/ .
ljz]if0f– ;fj{hlgs :yn, 5fqfjf; cflbdf 7"nf] hdftnfO{ agfOPsf] ;fwf/0f vfgf . • commonly :
ljz]if0f– ;fwf/0ftof, ;fdfGo ?kn], ;dfGotM, lgDgtM, ;dfg tl/sfaf6 . • communicate :
lqmof– va/ lbg', atfpg', n]lvk7fpg', ;Gb]z lbg', n]vfk9L ug{', ;Dks{ /fVg', ;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{, ;~rf/ ug'{, efjgf JoSt ug'{, kqfrf/ ug'{ . • communication :
gfd– ;+jfb, ;~rf/, ;+;"rgf, va/, ;"rgf, ;~rf/0f, x's"d, ;+jfbjxg, kq Jojxf/, ;Gb]z, k/:k/ ;~rf/, cfjudg, oftfoft, ;dfb]z . • community :
gfd– ;dfh, ;d'bfo, :jefjsf] P]So, ;fd"lxs k|e'Tj, ju{ ;Dk|bfo, uf]i7L, ;dfgtf . ljz]if0f– juL{o, ;fDk|bflos . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ gofF cleefjs of] c+sb]lv cIfl/sfn] gofF cleefjs kfPsf] 5 . o;sf] syf o:tf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf a:g] g]kfnL–efifL– nfO{ lzIff, hfgsf/L, xf};nf lbg] / ;Ifd agfpg] p2]]Zo;lxt k|sfzg yflnPsf] cIfl/sf P;= PG8 6L= sDo'lgs];G;, Dofgr]:6/ -Go' XofD;/_ n] :jo+;]jL k|of;sf ?kdf !%–!% lbgdf k|sflzt ub{Yof] . ;g\ @)!) cu:tdf o;sf] klxnf] c+s lgl:sof] . ;g\ @)!! cS6f]a/b]lv o;nfO{ dlxgf–dlxgfdf lgsfNg yflnof] . ;g\ @)!! l8;]Da/ df …1fg Hof]lt s]Gb|Ú :yfkgf ePkl5 o;sf] k|sfzg / ljt/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L pSt s]Gb|n] lnof] . of] kfFr jif{sf] cjlwdf k'Ubf gk'Ub} ;g\ @)!% cu:taf6 gofF cleefjs kfPsf] 5, e"6\lgh sDo'lg6L ckm Go' XofD;/ . h'g 5ftf cf]8] klg p2]Zo ablnPsf] 5}g . tkfO{+nfO{ la;]{sf] 5}g . wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire, 510 Chestnut Street, Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com