@)!^ dfr{ jif{ ^ c+s *!
3/ vr{ s;/L 36fpg] < of]hgf agfpg' /fd|f]
s/ bflvnf;Fu} of]hgfsf] vfsf tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 lsGg] ;fdfg sxfF ;:tf] k5{ eg]/ OG6/g]6 (internet) df vf]Hg] dflg; *) k|ltzt x'G5g\. o;/L vf]Hbf lskmf– otdf ;fdfg e]l6G5, / ;fdfg ultnf] xf] jf xf]Og eg]/ klg hfGg ;lsG5. sdfP/ dfq sxfF k'U5 < arfpg ;Sg' 7"nf] snf xf]. of] snf l;Sg h?/L 5.
art s] ug{ ;lsG5<
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à art pkfo ================================!
oir
ala
(Ways of saving)
ush ka K
à d x'FM sf]nf]/f8f]===========================#
An
(I am state of Colorado)
à c:ktfn tof/L===========================# (Hospital appointment’s checklists)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb $(==========$ à à
‘8fOk/ sxfF ;:tf] knf{ <Ú
eg]/ Psk6s OG6/g]6df c+u|]hL Jofs/0f lbj;===============$ vf]Hg'xf];\, tkfO{n] ;aeGbf ;:tf] …PDofhf]g 86 sdÚ (English Grammar Day) j;Gt Ct'sf] klxnf] lbg==========$ (amazon.com) jf …8fOk;{ 86 sdÚ (diapers.com) df kfpg' (First day of Spring) (Most common Eng. words 49)
art ug]{ dflg;n] km/s tl/sf hfg]sf x'G5g\. o;} ug'{k5{ eGbf klg slxn] sfxLF …OGb|sf cuf8L :ju{sf aftÚ h:tf] x'G5. t} klg ahf/;DaGwL lj1x? artsf o:tf pkfon] atfpF5g\M à lsGg] ;fdfgsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg]{ afgL /fd|f] xf] . o:tf] ;"rLnfO{ r'Dassf] ;xfotfn] /]lk|mlh/]6/df 6fF:g] / x'G5. oxfF ;a} ;fdfg ;:tf ;fdfgsf] gfd yKb} hfg'k5{. x'G5g\ eGg ;lsb}g. To;}n] t/ ;"rLsf ;fdfgdWo] s'g lskmfotdf ;fdfg kfpg] 7fpF h?/L x'g\ / s'g xf]Ogg\ vf]Hg ;lsG5. dflg;x? o;/L ljrf/ ug'{k5{. ;fdfg sxfF ;:tf] x'G5 eg]/ à 6]lnlehgdf w]/} Rofgn OG6/g]6df vf]H5g\. cfkm"n] lnFbf vrf{n' x'G5. o;sf
@ ;]jf, sDKo'6/ vl/bdf 5'6, sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf aGg] ;fdfg lskmfot d"Nodf kfpg] ;'ljwf cflb. à 3/fo;L ;fdfg lau|] eg] OG6/g]6df agfpg] pkfox? e]6\g ;lsG5, t/sf/L NofP/ lk|mh/df h:tf]M Eofs'd lSng/ (Vac/fVof] eg] s]xL dlxgf;Dd uum cleaner) rNg 5f8\of] vfg ;lsG5. eg] To;sf] a|zdf hf]l8g] à ;fdfg vl/bdf s'kgx¿ lkmQf rF'l8Psf] x'g;S5, k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. lkmQf ahf/df lsGg kfOG5 à qm]l86 sf8{ (credit card) / ;lhn} km]g{ ;lsG5. af6 ;fdfg lsGb}lkR5] /l;b à sfddf hfg]n] lbpF;f]sf] /fVg], 8fo/Ldf l6Kg] afgL vfgf (lunch) 3/af6 /fd|f] xf]. clg ;dodf k};f n}hfg ;lsG5. lsGbf % ltg]{ afgL ;aeGbf /fd|f]. 8n/ nfU5 eg] 3/sf] @ sf8{sf] k};f ltg]{ 8n/d} tof/ x'G5. a]nfdf cfkm"n] ltg]{ /sd / à v'b|f ar]sf l;Ssf Pp6f sDKo'6/df b]vfPsf] /sd efF8f]df e]nf kfbf{ s'g} lbg bfFHg ;lsG5. sf8{sf] k};f o;n] vfFrf] 6fg{ ;S5g\. lt/]kl5 /l;bx? ˆofFs] à Pp6} 7fpFdf w]/} hgf sfd x'G5. ug{ hfg] u/]sf] eP, Pp6f à dlxgf nfUg'cl3 cfˆgf] sf/df hfgfn] t]n art cg'dflgt cfDbfgL / vr{sf] x'G5. sfdglhs} a;f]af; n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5. ubf{ klg art x'G5. sf]xL–sf]xL gofF jif{ à k};f gePsf] vftfsf] r]s nfUg'cl3 / sf]xL clk|n !% (check) gsf6\g'xf];\. ;Dddf s/–bflvnf (tax hl/jfgf ltg'{k5{. filing) ug]{ ;do;Fu} o:tf] à Pl6Pd (ATM) jf 8]la6 cg'dfg tof/ kf5{g\. sf8{ (debit card) af6 k};f à xtf/df s]xL klg lsGg' lgsfNbf csf{] a}+ssf] x'Gg. To;df dxFuf ;fdfg d]l;gaf6 glgsfNg'xf];\. xtf/df k6Ss} lsGg'x'Gg. z'Ns ltg'{k5{. à bfFtsf] :jf:Yo tGb'?:t à uf8L ^) dfOn k|lt3G6f /fVg'k5{, h:tf]M bfFt a9L ultdf s'bfpgfn] t]n ;/;kmfO{. bfFtsf] pkrf/ a9L vr{ x'G5. lgs} dxFuf] x'G5. cGTodf, à gfdrn]sf sDkgLeGbf ;fgf oLafx]s tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] sDkgLsf pxL ;fdfg alnof tl/sfn] art ul//x]sf] / ;:tf x'g;S5g\. x'g;S5. artsf] lgs} ultnf à gofF nQf–sk8fx? tl/sf ;fyLefO{;Fu ukmufkmaf6 cfp6n]6 (outlet) x?df yfxf x'g;S5 . ;Nnfx lng lsGbf ;:tf kg{ ;S5g\. klg ;lsG5. c?sf] cg'ej à cfkm" sfd ug]{ 7fpFaf6 tkfO{+nfO{ dGq x'g;S5. kfOg] ;x'lnot k|of]u o:tf tl/sf s] ;fyLefO{nfO{ ug'{k5{, h:tf]M kmf]gsf] l;sfpg ;Sg'x'Gg t<
@)!^ dfr{, jif{ ^ c+s *!
nflu PG6]gf (antena) af6 :yfgLo -nf]sn_ Rofgn dfq x]gf{n] vr{ aR5. PG6]gf PskN6 lsg] k'U5. PG6]gf geP /f]s' (Roku), PDofhg kmfo/ (Amazon fire), g]6lˆnS; (Netflix), x'n' (hulu), o' 6\o'a (Youtube) cflb dgf]/~hgsf ;:tf pkfo x'g\. à cd]l/sf, Sofg8fleq kmf]g ug{ ldNg] 3/df /fVg] lskmfotL kmf]g kfOG5g\. a]l;s 6s (Basic Talk), ef]Gofh (Vonage) cflb gfdsf kmf]g ;:tf x'G5g\. à lah'nLsf lrd -aNa_ eGbf l;PkmPn (CFL) n] sd lah'nL vfG5g\ . l;PkmPneGbf klg sd lah'nL vfg] n]8 nfO6 (LED light) aNa x'g\. à 3/leqsf] tftf] jf lr;f] 36a9 x'g glbg 9f]sf / ‰ofnsf] cGt/s'Gt/df hfFRg / 6fNg ;lsG5. o;sf] vr{ 36fpg ;lsG5. à uf8Lsf] rSsfdf xfjf ;w}+ l7Ss /fVgfn] t]n -UofF;_ sd vkt x'G5. à uf8Lsf] t]n ;:tf] sxfF 5 eg]/ klg OG6/g]6df vf]Hg jf Uof;a8\8L (GasBuddy. com) df x]g{ ;lsG5. à :ofD; Sna (Sam’s Club), lah] (BJ’s) h:tf yf]s laqm]tfsf] sf8{ agfpgfn] lskmfotdf ;fdfg lsg]/ art ug{ ;lsG5. o:tf sf8{ agfpFbf b'O{ jf a9L kl/jf/ ldNg ;lsG5. yf]sdf ;fdfg lsg]/ afF9\g] / lansf] vr{ efu nufP/ ltg{ ;lsG5. à :yfgLo t/sf/L–af/Ldf t/sf/L lsg]/ ;:tf] t/sf/L kfpg ;lsG5. o:tf
@)!^ dfr{, jif{ ^ c+s *!
#
sf]nf]/f8f]
(Colorado) d sf]nf]/f8f] /fHo x'F . d cd]l/sfsf] Ps klZrdL /fHo x'F . sf]nf]/f8f]sf] /fhwfgL 8]ge/ (Denver) xf] . nnn
sf]nf]/f8f] ;g\ !*&^ cu:t ! df cd]l/sfsf] /fHo ag]sf] xf] . nnn
sf]nf]/f8f]sf] pQ/df jfof]ldª sf]nf]/f8f]sf] (Wyoming), pQ/–k"j{df If]qkmn ! nfv $ xhf/ ($ g] a |f:sf (Nebraska), k"j{df blIf0f–klZrd s'gfdf ju{ dfOn -@ nfv ^( xhf/ sG;f; (Kansas), cl/hf] gf (Arizona) 5g\ . * ;o #& ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ blIf0f–k" j d { f cf] S nxfdf 5 . of] cfsf/df cf7f}+ 7"nf] (Oklahoma), blIf0fdf Go' sf]nf]/f8f]sf] cfˆgf] em08f / /fHo xf] . d]lS;sf] (New Mexico), lgzfgf 5fk 5 . klZrddf o'6f (Utah), / oxfFsf] hg;+Vof %$ nfv %^ xhf/ 5 . hg;+Vofdf of] of] /fHo cg]s vfnsf e"– @@ cf}+ /fHo xf] . agf]6sf nflu kl/lrt 5 . oxfF lxpFn] 9fs]sf kxf8, d¿e"dL, gbLgfnfn] agfPsf ulx/f /ftf 8fF8fsf uN5]8f ;a} b]Vg kfOG5 . nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
c:ktfnsf] cKjfOG6d]G6df hf“bf s] n}hfg] < != ladfsf] sf8{ (Insurance card) . @= cfkm" a;]sf] 7]ufgf . #= cfˆgf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ . $= tl:a/;lxtsf] kl/ro–kq -ladf sf8{ x'Fbf grflxg ;S5 ._ /, of] klg sfd nfUg ;S5M $= cfkm"nfO{ k9\g ufx|f] eP vfFb} u/]sf cf}ifwL jf gfd . %= gfgLsf] cKjfOG6d]G6 xf] eg] p;sf] vfgfM b"w, cflb . ^= kv{g'kg]{ eP, k9\g] lstfa, cfOKof8, lsG8n cflb . &= gofF c:ktfndf ;]jf lng hfg'ePsf] xf] eg] klxn]sf] c:ktfnsf sfuh–kq, ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{, lu|gsf8{ cflb . *= la/fdL eP, ladf/sf nIf0fx? sfuhdf n]v]/ nfg'xf];\ .
$ @)!^ dfr{, jif{ ^ c+s *!
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 49 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 pgGrf;f}+ ;"rL -efu $(_ • consider :
• construction :
lqmof– ljrf/ ug{', dgg ug'{, Wofgdf /fVg', ;f]Rg', ljrf/ ljdz{ ug'{, /fo sfod /fVg', ;Demg', dfGg', 7x/fpg', 7fGg', dfkm ug'{ .
gfd– /rgf, agf}6, agfj6, lgdf{0f, ;+/rgf, JofVof, lgld{t j:t', cy{, Jofs/0fdf zAb ljGof; .
Jofs/0f lbj;
(Grammar Day)
• considerable :
ljz]if0f– lgSs}, Hofb}, dxÎjk"0f{, 7"nf], ljrf/0fLo, lrGtgLo, kof{Kt, oy]i6 . • consideration :
gfd– vflt/, n]xfh, gh/, ljrf/, efp, ;'ema'em, Vofn, ljj]s, jf:tf, bofdfof, Wofg, k|of]hg, p2]Zo, ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/, k|ltkmn, k'/:sf/, -cfly{s_ nfe, dfg, ;f]rgLo, dfkmLof]Uo . • consist :
lqmof– /xg', x'g', -ldn]/_ aGg', lgld{t x'g', ;lDdlnt x'g', cg's"n x'g', Psdt x'g' . gfd– agfj6, cg';f/sf] . • consist of :
lqmof– af6 aGg', /x]/ aGg' .
c+u|]hL efiffsf lzIfs, lzIffyL{ tyf o;;DaGwL JolStn] dfr{ $ tfl/vdf /fli6«o Jofs/0f lbj; (National Grammar Day) dgfpF5g\ . of] lbj; dfyf{ a|f]sga|' (Martha Brockenbrough) n] ;g\ @))* df dgfpg yfNg'– ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] ;f];fO6L km/ b k|f]df];g ckm u'8 u|fd/ (Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar; SPOGG)
:yfkgf ug'{ePsf] xf] . Jofs/0fsf lgoddf hf]8 lbg of] lbj; dgfOG5 .
j;Gt Ct'sf] klxnf] lbg (First Day of Spring)
• consult :
gfd– ;Nnfx, k/fdz{, ljrf/– ljdz{ . lqmof– ;Nnfx ug{', vf]Hg', x]g{', /fo÷k/fdz{ lng', ljrf/ljdz{ ug'{, hfgsf/L jf ;dfrf/ lng', ;dfrf/ jf ;Nnfx -k':tsaf6_ lemSg', dGqg', d+q0ff ug{', PsfGt ug{' . • consumer :
gfd– pkef]Stf, u|fxs, vkt ug]{ JolSt jf j:t', ;]jfu|fxL . • contact :
gfd– :kz{, ;Dks{, 5'jfO, 5'jf5't, n;k;, nf6n'6, nufp, kx'Fr, ;fOgf], 5't5ft, ;+;u{, -tf/sf]_ hf]8fO . lqmof– ;Dks{ :yflkt ug'{, :kz{ ug'{, 5'g', ;+;u{ ug'{, e]63f6 ug'{, hf]8\g', e]6g' .
• consonant :
• contain :
gfd– Jo~hg -Jofs/0fsf]_, ;+jfbL :j/, Jo~hg;Fu ldn]/ kb agfpg] . ljz]if0f– cg'¿k, ;ª\ut, ldnfgsf], d]nvfg], pko'St, ;';ª\ut .
lqmof– /fVg', wf/0f ug{', yfDg', c6fpg', vfDg', k}7g', ;dfj]z ug{' jf x'g', ;+oldt eP/ a:g', /f]Sg', cGtlj{i6 x'g' jf ug'{, bafpg', a/fa/ x'g' .
• constitution :
gfd– ljwfg, /rgf, :yfkgf, zf;g Joj:yf, ;+:yfkg, /fHo sfF6, ;+ljwfg, k|s[lt÷:jefj, ldhf;, agfj6, zf/Ll/s agfj6÷u7g . • construct :
gfd– dgdg} ljrf/ u/]/ agfPsf] j:t' . lqmof– /rgf ug{', lgdf{0f ug{', agfpg', tof/ kfg'{, v8f ug'{, jfSo agfpg' .
;g\ @)!^ sf] j;Gt Ct'sf] klxnf] lbg dfr{ @) xf] . oxfF !@ dlxgfdWo] #–# j6fsf $ j6f Ct' (Season) x'G5g\M à j;Gt -Spring; l:k|ª\_ M dfr{ clk|n, / d] à u[id -Summer; ;d/_ M h'g, h'nfO{, / cu:t à z/b -Fall/Autumn; kmn÷cf6d_ M ;]K6]Da/, cS6f]a/, / gf]e]Da/ à lxpFb -Winter; ljG6/_ M l8;]Da/, hgj/L, / km]a|'c/L .
• container :
gfd– efF8f], kfq, Jofkf/Lsf ;fdfg lgsf;L k}7f/L ug{ k|of]u ug]{ 7"nf] afs;, sG6]g/, xltof/ af]Sg] 7"nf] afs;, wf/s, leml6efF8f] . • contemporary :
gfd– ;dsfnLg JolSt÷klqsf . ljz]if0f– ;dsfnLg, ;+;[i6, bf}+t/L, ;djo:s, ;jof, pd]/ ldNbf], ;dfg jo, cfw'lgs, Ps} ;do÷sfn÷pd]/sf] . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ s]xL gofF / s]xL k'/fgf] cIfl/sfsf] ofqf *) c+saf6 cl3a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] c+sdf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ :tDenfO{ sl/a– sl/a ;s]sf 5f}+ . gful/stf kfpgsf nflu lbg'kg]{ k/LIffsf] k':ts cg'jfb …sl/a– sl/aÚ ;Sof}+ . o;nfO{ k':tssf] cfsf/ lbg] k|of;df 5f}+ . bf];|f], z/L/sf k|0ffnLsf] hfgsf/L …sl/a–sl/aÚ ;lsPsf] 5 . …sl/a–sl/aÚ eGg'sf] cy{ clxn] nfO{ ;lsPsf] 5, /, tL ljifodf yk n]Vg'k/] n]Vg]5f}+ . o; c+saf6 ;"qsf] kfgf …h'lStÚ ylkPsf] 5 . of] k9\g ;lhnf] 5, / hfGg h¿/L . /fHolkR5] k|To]s c+sdf Pp6f /fHosf] hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; klxn] u/]sf lyof}+ . b]zsf] e"uf]n hfGg cln ;lhnf] 5}g . cfˆgf] /fHoaf/] hfGof] . l5d]sLsf] hfGof] / clnk/sf] hfGb} uof] . o;/L b]zaf/] hfGg ;lhnf] xf]nf . gofF / k'/fgf :tDeaf/] k|ltlqmof kfpg] cfzf;lxt . wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire, 510 Chestnut Street, Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com