lsg af]Ng] b'O{ efiff < lj1fg eG5– tLI0f agfpF5 lsg cfkm" hxfF k'u] klg cfkm\gf] efiff sIff rnfpg hf]8 <
cIfl/sf
@)!& hgj/L jif{ & c+s (!
g]kfnafx]s cGo d'n'sdf a:g]
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à lsg b'O{ efiff af]Ng] <==============! (Why we need two languages?)
à s'g /fHodf Hofnf a9\of] <=====# (Where wages increased)
à d x'FM xjfO /fHo========================$ (I am state of Hawaii)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb %&==========$ (Most common Eng. words 57)
g]kfnL–efifL lsg gfgLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] efiff l;sfpg rfxG5g\ < g]kfnL–efifL dfqn] of] hfFu/ rnfPsf x'g\ < xf]Ogg\, g]kfnL dfq xf]Og, c? efifLn] klg of] sfd u5{g\ . of] sfdn] efiff dfq ;+/If0f x'Fb}g . o;sf c? w]/} kmfObf klg 5g\ . ljZjsf] sl/a cfwf hg;+Vof bf];|f] efiff klg
af]N5 eg] ;+;f/sf] csf]{ kf6f]df dflg; c+u|]hLafx]s af]Nb}gg\ . cd]l/sfdf ;of}+ efiff af]lnG5g\ . oxfFsf Go'of]s{, Soflnkmf]lg{of h:tf /fHodf w]/} efiff af]lnG5g\ eg] s]xL pQ/L /fHox?df sd efiff af]lnG5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] @! k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;+Vof 3/df bf];|f] efiff af]N5 . tL @! k|ltztdf Ps–
ltxfO{ dflg; l7s} jf /fd|/L c+u|]hL af]N5g\ . Pp6f cgf}krfl/s tYofª\s eG5, …g]kfnLafx]s g]kfnsf c? Ps bh{geGbf a9L efiff klg cd]l/sfdf af]lnG5g\ .Ú b'O{ efiff hfGg]nfO{ c+u|]hLdf afOlnª\Ujn (Bilingual) elgG5, h;sf] cy{ låefifL xf] . PseGbf a9L hfGg]nfO{ ax'efifL, c+u|]hLdf yk k[i7 @ df
@ @)!& hgj/L, jif{ & c+s (!
dlG6lnª\Ujn (multilingual) elgG5 . dflg;sf] lrgf/L x'G5 . p s;/L lrlgG5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf efiff klg cfpF5 . To;afx]s cfˆgf] efiff hflg– /xFbf x'g] kmfObf o:tf 5g\M à kl/roM k|To]s efiff leGg x'G5g\ . To;sf] ;+/If0f Tolx efiff af]Ng] dflg;n] dfq ug{ ;S5 . ;+/If0f u¥of] eg] ToxL efiffn] p;nfO{ lrgfpF5 . à ljZjdf nfvf}+ dflg; bf];|f] efiff hfg]s} cfwf/df afFr]sf 5g\ . o;}nfO{ k]zf agfpg ;lsG5 . à sn]hdf lbOg] 5fqj[lQ -:sf]n/l;k_ df w]]/} 7fpFdf efiffsf] 1fg eP ;'ljwf al9 kfOg] ;+efjgf klg x'G5 . j}1flgsx? eG5g\, …b'O{ jf a9L efiff hfGg]x? sfddf ;Gt'ng /fVg ;S5g\ / w]/} sfd tfnd]n ldnfP/ ug{ ;S5g\ .Ú j}1flgsx?n] u/]sf] Pp6f cg';Gwfg eG5, …b'O{ jf a9L efiff hfGg] dfG5]nfO{ a'9];sfndf x'g] e|ddf kg]{ vfnsf] /f]u (Dementia) l9nf] x'G5 . t/ Pp6f efiff dfq hfGg]nfO{ Tof]eGbf kfFr jif{ rfF8f] x'G5 .Ú of] ;fIf/ jf lg/If/ x'g'df e/ gk/L efiff hfGg jf ghfGg;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . efiffdf l;kfn'x? r':t, :j:y, hl6n ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg], cfkm"nfO{ Jo:t /fVg ;Sg] vfnsf, / ;f]Rg] Ifdtf nlrnf] ePsf x'G5g\ .
s;/L l;sfpg] < gofF afl;Gbfsf ?kdf cd]l/sf cfpg] hf]sf]xLnfO{
aLaL;L g]kfnL–;]jf
lsg <
aLaL;L g]kfnL ;]jfsf] ljb]zdf g]kfnL–efiff lzIf0faf/] l/kf]6{ …cfˆgf] 3/df cfˆgf] efiff af]Ng g5f8\g'xf];\ x}Ú eGg] ul/G5 . xfdLn] 3/af6} of] sfd z'? ug{;S5f}+ . ljb]lzPsf] kl/jf/df afa'– cfdf hlt dft[efiff hfGg] sf]xL x'Fb}g . To;}n] pxfFx?n] gfgLx?nfO{ efiff l;sfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . dft[efiffsf nflu 3/ jf ;dfhsf] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . efiff lzIf0fsf lj1x?sf] ;'emfj o:tf] 5M à lstfa k9]/ ;'gfpg] / To;sf] cy{ atfpg] . à cfkm"nfO{ d'vfu| ePsf syf, sljtf, uLt ;'gfpg] . à cfˆgf] efiffdf cx|fpg] . à sfd l;sfpg] .
gfgLx?n] ;lhn} l;S5g\ pd]/cg';f/ efiff l;Sg] Ifdtf km/s x'G5 . of] k9\g]– n]Vg] sfd h:t} xf] . ;fgfn] hlt ;lhn} ;S5g\, 7"nfnfO{ ufx|f] x'G5 . b'O{ efiff l;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ ljleGg efudf
afFl9Psf] 5 . dflg;sf] dl:tisdf b'O{ efu x'G5g\ . efiff jf cGo gofF s'/f l;Sbf gfgLx?sf dl:tisdf b'O{ efu plQs} ;lqmo x'G5g\ . o; a]nfsf] IfdtfnfO{ of}lus låefifL (compound bilingual) elgG5 . lszf]/ x'Fbf oL b'j} efu plQs} ;lqmo x'Fb}gg\ . o:tf] a]nfsf] IfdtfnfO{ ;dfof]hg låefifL (co-ordinate bilingual) elgG5 . lszf]/fj:yf s6]kl5 efiffsf nflu b]a|] efu dfq ;lqmo x'G5 . of] uf}0f låefifL (subordinate bilingual) xf] . lrlsT;s eG5g\, …gfgLsf] af}l4s ljsf; ;fdfGo gxF'bf efiff l;sfpg] sfd g/f]Sbf x'G5 . af}l4s ljsf; / efiff l;Sg] sfd km/s x'g\ .Ú efiff l;sfpFbf ;Sbf] rfF8f] yfNg'xf];\ . ;fg}df …tf tf t' t'Ú ub}{ efiff l;s]sf] /fd|f] x'g] efifflj1x?sf] ;'emfj 5 . ;|f]tM ljleGg j]a;fO6
@)!& hgj/L, jif{ & c+s (!
#
sxfF a9\of], kfl/>lds < !( /fHodf a9\of], @ /fHodf a9\b} ;g\ @)!& sf] cf/De;Fu} !( cd]l/sL /fHon] Ps 3G6fsf] kfl/>lds a9fP . ca @( /fHo tyf /fhwfgL l8;Ldf Go'gtd -&=@% 8n/_ eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 -xfn} j[l4 ePsf] kfl/>lds ;Fu}sf] tflnsfdf x]g'{xf];\_ . o; tflnsfdWo] d]l/Nof08, / cf]/]ugsf] eg] h'nfO{ ! b]lv a9\g] xf] .
sd Hofnf ePsf /fHo b'O{ /fHodf ;+3Lo Go'gtd– eGbf sd Hofnf kfOG5 . tL x'g\, à hlh{of (Georgia), / à jfof]ldª\ (Wyoming) . oL b'j} /fHodf Go'gtd Hofnf % 8n/ !% ;]G6;\ 5 .
Hofnf gtf]lsPsf /fHo Go'gtd Hofnf gtf]lsPsf kfFr /fHo x'g\M à cnfafdf (Alabama), à n'Olhofgf (Louisiana), à ldl;l;kL (Mississippi), à ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf (South Carolina), / à 6]g];L (Tennessee) .
;+3Lo Hofnfa/fa/ rf}w /fHodf ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] Go'gtd Hofnf 5 . of] Hofnf eGgfn] & 8n/ @% ;]G6\; eGg] a'lemG5 . tL /fHo x'g\M à cfof]jf (Iowa), à cfO8fxf] (Idaho), à OlG8ofgf (Indiana), à sG;f; (Kansas), à s]G6sL (Kentucky), à gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf (North Carolina),
à à
à à
Go' XofD;/
(New Hampshire), à cf]Snfxfdf (Oklahoma), à
6]S;; (Texas), o'6f (Utah), à elh{lgof (Virginia), / à lj:sfG;g (Wisconsin) .
gy{ 8sf]6f (North Dakota),
k]G;ne]lgof (Pennsylvania),
;|f]tM l8kf6{d]G6 ckm n]a/, o'P;P 6'8] / ljleGg j]a;fO6
$ @)!& hgj/L, jif{ & c+s (!
xjfO{
(Hawaii) d xjfO{ /fHo x'F . xjfO{sf] /fhwfgL xf]gf]n'n' (Honolulu) xf] . xjfO{ blIf0f– klZrd 6fk'l:yt /fHo xf] . cd]l/sL e"ldaf6 cnUu} 5. /fHo xf] . nnn
nnn
xjfO{ k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] dWo efudf 5. nnn
ko{6gsf nflu of] /fHo rlr{t 5. nnn
w]/} 6'qmf 6fk'x?sf] ;d"x g} xjfO{ xf] . nnn
xjfO{, ;g\ !(%( df cd]l/sfsf] Ps /fHo ag]sf] xf]. o; lx;fan] of] clGtd tyf %) cf}+ /fHo xf] . xjfO{ cd]l/sfsf] * cf}+ ;fgf] /fHo xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn @* xjfO{nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf xhf/ # ;o !! ju{ lsnf] ld6/ -!) xhf/ ( ;o #! hgfpg PrcfO{ (HI) n]lvG5. ju{ dfOn_ 5 . of] km}nfj6df bf];|f] oxfFsf] hg;+Vof 7"nf] /fHo xf] . xjfO{ sl/a !$ nfv ! xhf/ % ;o @# #@ xhf/ 5 . yf]/} dfOn km}lnPsf] 5. hg;+Vof ePsf /fHodf of] !! cf}+ nnn
nnn
nnn
nnn
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 57 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 ;GtfpGgf}+ ;"rL -efu %&_ • crisp:
lqmof– 3'd|fpg' -s]z_, s'?ds'?d x'g] u/L tfg'{ . gfd– v/f], tf/]sf] cfn'sf] rfgf, tLj|, km'lt{nf], r':t, s'?ds'?d .
rgf;DaGwL, ;dfnf]rgfTds, cfnf]rgfjfbL . • criticism:
gfd– ;dfnf]rgf, ;dLIff, u'0f– bf]if ljj]rgf, cfnf]rgf, s'/f sf6\g' .
stg'{, v's{g', cGg kmNg', afnL nfUg' . • cross:
lqmof– sf6\g', sfl6lbg', lj/f]w ug'{, kf/ ug'{, /]vf sf]g'{, l5rf]Ng', 6]l9g', lrGx nufpg', • criterion: • criticize: hfFRg', 5n]/ hfg' . gfd– dfkb08, hfFr, l;4fGt, lqmof– s'/f sf6\g', cfnf]rgf ljz]if0f– lh2L, ck|;Gg, cN6f], cfbz{, nIf0f, klxrfg, dfgs . ug{', ljj]rgf ug{', u'0f–bf]if 6]9f], l/;fPsf], k|lts"n, t];f]{, • critical: v'6\ofpg', g/fd|f] s'/f ug{' . lj?4 . gfd– r/d, gfh's, l7s, ;fx|}, • crop: gfd– O{;fO{ wd{sf] lrGx rsf]{, r'8fGt, ;dLIffTds, gfd– afnL, km;n, pkh, v]tL, -qm;_, lrGx, afª\uf]–6]9f], cfnf]rgfo'Qm, cfnf]rgf– 3f]uf . l7Dd/÷ vRr8, z"n, b'O{ w;f{ Tds, ljj]rgfTds, ;+s6k"0f{, lqmof– /f]Kg', 5f]6f] kfg'{, 5fF6\g', sfl6Pkl5 aGg] lrGx . ;+s6do, ;"Id, ;dfnf]– afnL nufpg', s]z stg'{, sqg', qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ efiffsf] cfzf cfkm" hGd]sf] df6f] 5f8] jf 5f8\g' k/]kl5 Tof] df6f]sf] dfof nfU5 . la/fgf] b]zdf efiffsf] dfof nfU5 . k/b]zsf] efiff af]Ng g;Sbf cfˆgf] efiff emg} Kof/f] nfU5 . dfG5] xf], wd{ p;sf] clwsf/ . n'uf ;w}+ Pp6} x'Fb}g . km]nf{ . wd{ km]nf{ . /fhgLlt unf{ / bn km]nf{ . wd{, /fhgLlt, n'ufn] p;nfO{ lrgfPg eg] efiffn] lrgfpF5 . Kof/f] nfU5, efiff . lha|f] km]l/Gg . efiff km]l/Gg . To;}n] t Tof] gkm]l/g] efiffsf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ . wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire, 510 Chestnut Street, Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com