African Women' s Decade 2010-2020: Ten Years On, Where Are We?

Page 142

Make Every Woman Count

4.2.2. Policy and Institutional Reforms Increasingly, countries in this region have adopted special or affirmative action measures on women’s inclusion in decision-making in the legislature. By 2020, four SADC countries had exceeded the threshold of 40% women in Parliament: South Africa (46.6%), Namibia (43.3%), Mozambique (42%) and Zimbabwe in its upper house (43.8%).916 Mozambique’s representation rose from 39% in 2010 to 42% in 2019 while Angola’s fell from 39% in 2010 to 30% in 2019.917 Eswatini has had the lowest percentage of female members of parliament in the region, although the percentage rose from 6.1% in 2015 to 9.6% in 2020.918 As of 2019, seven countries had female speakers (Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe).919 South Africa has had a long-standing voluntary gender quota within the ruling party: the African National Congress (ANC) party has had a gender quota of 50% women for national elections since 2009.920 Women’s representation has been increasing steadily, going from 43.5% in 2011 to 46.6% in 2020.921 Furthermore, by 2018, all speakers in the national and provincial legislatures were women.922 Following the 2019 elections, 50/50 representation of women in South Africa’s Cabinet was reached, marking a first in Southern Africa.923 Many countries have instituted gender focal points in ministries

924

in order to mainstream gender objectives and priorities, but their

Figure 13 Southern Africa: Percentage of Women MPs (% of members of parliament, 2020)

effectiveness is sometimes impaired. In Malawi, the junior nature of the officers excludes them from influencing decision-making and policy changes at higher levels.925 In Mozambique, gender units are often, with a few exceptions, placed within human resources

South Africa 46.75%

Namibia 43.27%

Mozambique 42.40%

Zimbabwe 31.85%

Angola 30.00%

Lesotho 23.33%

Malawi 22.92%

Zambia 16.77%

Botswana 10.77%

divisions, thereby promoting gender as part of the institution internally but not in external activities.926 Further, the staff of gender focal points often change, which means the skills built in personnel are lost. Only South Africa has achieved 50% gender parity in the Cabinet to date.927 In 2015, South Africa had the highest share of females in the Cabinet, at 40.5%, followed by Zambia at 25.9%, with Botswana at 16.7% and Malawi and Zimbabwe at 15% at the lower ends.928 In 2019, South Africa was still leading, with 50% women ministers. Other countries that met the SADC minimum threshold of 30% women in the Cabinet in 2019 included Namibia (38%), Angola

Eswatini 9.59%

(34.4%) and Zambia (30%), while at the lower end are Botswana (15.8%) and Lesotho (14.8%).

Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union.

4.3. Challenges and Gaps Aside from cultural impediments, educational and monetary barriers exist that hinder gender parity in politics in the region. A core cause of the under-representation of women is the “institutionalised patriarchy.”929 In order to mitigate the gender disparities resulting from funding, the Malawi Electoral Commission stipulated in 2014 that, while the fees for presidential candidates would stay the same for both women and men candidates, women would pay a lower sum in order to run as a parliamentary candidate and in local government elections.930 Women also paid 25% lower fees to register as parliamentary candidates in the 2019 elections.931 In Malawi, the Political Party’s Rules and Regulations of 2018 eliminate hand-outs during campaigns, which previously constituted an obstacle for women.932 Although gender quotas can be powerful tools for gender equality, they have not been universally successful. Eswatini’s gender quotas, for instance, have failed to be realised in practice. Eswatini passed the Election of Women Act in 2018, which requires the House of Assembly to elect four women if the constitutional quota of 30% representation is not met.933 Despite this, following

142

> back to contents


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook

Articles inside

9.1. Issue Analysis

3min
pages 269-270

Miss Geek Africa – Promoting Girls in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths 9. YOUNG WOMEN’S MOVEMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 269

4min
pages 267-268

8.2. Trends in Constitutional, Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 262-263

Equal Education Rights for Pregnant Girls and Women in Sierra Leone

2min
page 266

8.3. Challenges and Gaps CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 266

5min
pages 264-265

8.1. Issue Analysis

1min
page 261

Kwataniza Women Farmers Group Fighting Climate Change 8. EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 261

4min
pages 259-260

7.4. Challenges and Gaps CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 258

2min
page 257

Young Women’s Movement: Fridays for Future, Uganda Chapter

2min
page 258

Equal Land Rights for Women in Botswana 7. ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ........................................................................................................................................ 251

3min
page 250

7.1. Issue Analysis

5min
pages 251-253

Mama Ardhi Alliance: Securing Land Rights for Women in Tanzania

3min
page 249

6.4. Challenges and Gaps CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 249

5min
pages 247-248

6.3. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

7min
pages 245-246

6.2. Constitutional Provisions

2min
page 244

6.1. Issue Analysis

1min
page 243

Advancing Women’s Peace and Security in the Great Lakes Region: Case Study of Burundi Crisis of 2015 6. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY ........................................................................................................................................... 243

8min
pages 240-242

Uniting in Diversity: The Women Initiative for Sustainable Community Development in Plateau State, Nigeria

2min
page 239

5.3. Challenges and Gaps B. CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 239

3min
page 238

4.3. Challenges and Gaps 5. WEST AFRICA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 235

7min
pages 232-234

2.3. Challenges and Gaps 3. NORTH AFRICA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 228

2min
page 227

1.3. Challenges and Gaps 2. EAST AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 225

5min
pages 223-224

1.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 221-222

1.1. Constitutional Provisions

1min
page 220

5.2. Laws, Policies, Strategies/National Action Plans A. REGIONAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 219

3min
pages 218-219

5.1. Issue Analysis

6min
pages 214-217

The African Union Campaign to End Child Marriage 5. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY ..................................................................................................................................................... 214

2min
page 213

The Criminalisation of Female Genital Mutilation in Sudan

3min
page 212

5.3. Challenges and Gaps B. CASE STUDIES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 212

6min
pages 210-211

5.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 208-209

4.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 204-205

5.1. Constitutional Provisions

1min
page 207

4.3. Challenges and Gaps 5. WEST AFRICA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 207

1min
page 206

3.3. Challenges and Gaps 4. SOUTHERN AFRICA .............................................................................................................................................................................. 203

4min
pages 201-202

3.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 200

3.1. Constitutional Provisions

1min
page 199

2.3. Challenges and Gaps 3. NORTH AFRICA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 199

4min
pages 197-198

2.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 195-196

2.1. Constitutional Provisions

1min
page 194

1.3. Challenges and Gaps 2. EAST AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 194

5min
pages 192-193

1.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 190-191

4.1. Issue Analysis

4min
pages 181-183

4.2. Laws, Policies, Strategies/National Action Plans A. REGIONAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 188

7min
pages 184-188

The Power of Grandmothers to Treat Depression and Anxiety: The Friendship Benches 4. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND HARMFUL PRACTICES .................................................................................................... 181

5min
pages 179-180

Landmark Petition Gives Maternal Health Rights Their Place in the Ugandan Constitution

2min
page 178

5.3. Challenges and Gaps

5min
pages 176-177

4.3. Challenges and Gaps 5. WEST AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 174

5min
pages 172-173

4.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

10min
pages 169-171

5.2. Trends in legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 175

3.2. Trends in legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

2min
page 166

3.3. Challenges and Gaps 4. SOUTHERN AFRICA .............................................................................................................................................................................. 168

3min
page 167

2.3. Challenges and Gaps 3. NORTH AFRICA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 165

3min
page 164

1.3. Challenges and Gaps 2. EAST AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 162

3min
page 161

3.2. Laws, Policies, Strategies/National Action Plans A. REGIONAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 157

6min
pages 154-157

3.1. Issue Analysis

6min
pages 151-153

5.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 145

The Women’s Situation Room

5min
pages 149-150

5.3. Challenges and Gaps B. CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 148

6min
pages 146-147

Senegal’s Campaign for Parity and Successful Adoption of the Law on Parity 2010

2min
page 148

5.1. Constitutional Provisions

1min
page 144

4.3. Challenges and Gaps 5. WEST AFRICA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 144

4min
pages 142-143

1.3. Challenges and Gaps 2. EAST AFRICA ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 133

5min
pages 131-132

3.3. Challenges and Gaps 4. SOUTHERN AFRICA .............................................................................................................................................................................. 140

3min
page 139

4.1. Constitutional Provisions

2min
page 140

2.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 134

4.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 141

3.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 138

2.3. Challenges and Gaps 3. NORTH AFRICA ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 137

4min
pages 135-136

2.1. Constitutional Provisions

2min
page 133

1.1. Constitutional Provisions

1min
page 129

2.2. Laws, Policies, Strategies/National Action Plans

4min
pages 126-128

2.1. Issue Analysis

3min
pages 124-125

1.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

2min
page 130

Promotion of Women Living with Disabilities’ Right to Work in Madagascar 2. GOVERNANCE, LEGAL PROTECTION AND WOMEN IN DECISION-MAKING ................................................................... 124

2min
page 123

4.3 Challenges and Gaps 5. WEST AFRICA ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 117

4min
pages 115-116

3.3 Challenges and Gaps 4. SOUTHERN AFRICA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 112

3min
page 111

Gender-Responsive Budgeting in Uganda: the Certificate for Gender and Equity

4min
pages 121-122

3.2 Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 110

4.2 Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 113-114

3.1 Constitutional Provisions

0
page 109

5.3 Challenges and Gaps B. CASE STUDIES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 121

3min
page 120

2.2 Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

6min
pages 106-107

2.3 Challenges and Gaps 3. NORTH AFRICA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 109

3min
page 108

1.3. Challenges and Gaps 2. EAST AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 105

5min
pages 103-104

1.2. Trends in Legal, Policy and Institutional Reform

3min
page 102

1.2. Laws, Policies, Strategies/National Action Plans A. REGIONAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 100

8min
pages 97-100

1.1. Constitutional Provisions

1min
page 101

1.1. Issue Analysis

3min
pages 95-96

COMESA

3min
page 90

7.3. Strengths, Challenges and Gaps

1min
page 83

8.2. Women’s Rights Mechanisms (Treaties, Laws, Policies, Strategies, Campaigns

3min
page 85

4.3. Strengths, Challenges and Gaps 5. ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES ....................................................................................................... 76

3min
page 75

6.3. Strengths, Challenges and Gaps 7. INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................ 81

3min
page 80

4.2. Women’s Rights Mechanisms (Treaties, Laws, Policies, Strategies, Campaigns

3min
page 74

6.2. Women’s Rights Mechanisms (Treaties, Laws, Policies, Strategies, Campaigns

3min
page 79

7.2. Women’s Rights Mechanisms (Treaties, Laws, Policies, Strategies, Campaigns

3min
page 82

3.3. Strengths, Challenges and Gaps 4. EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY .............................................................................................................................................................. 73

2min
page 72

3.2. Women’s Rights Mechanisms (Treaties, Laws, Policies, Strategies, Campaigns

3min
page 71

2.4. AU Campaign on Ending Female Genital Mutilation

3min
page 54

Solidarity for African Women’s Rights Campaign ........................................................................................................................ 47 1.3. Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa Gender Is My Agenda Campaign .......................................................................................................................................................... 51

11min
pages 48-51

2.1. Brief History (Mission, Members etc

1min
page 68

2.1. Africa Women’s Decade 2010–2020

1min
page 52

1.1. Brief History (Mission, Members etc

1min
page 66

1.2. The Maputo Plan of Action

6min
pages 45-47

1.1. The Maputo Protocol

1min
page 39

5.11. Regional Economic Communities 6. SETTING THE CONTEXT/BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................ 26

7min
pages 25-28

7.7. COVID-19 Further Endangering Women in Crisis Zones

3min
page 33

7.10. National Responses in Support of Women

6min
pages 36-38

7.1. Constitutional, Legislative and Policy Framework

3min
page 29

7.9. African Women’s Leadership in the Fight Against COVID-19

3min
page 35

7.8. Best Practices

3min
page 34

Gender Budgeting (financial inclusion

1min
page 21

7.2. COVID-19 and Impacts on Women’s Economic Empowerment

3min
page 30
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.