Capitolo campione - Gateway (Lingue SS2) by Mondadori Education

Gateway Capitolo campione

8 FRIENDLY ADVICE

VOCABULARY in context

Are you dating an algorithm? 1

VIDEO

142 Watch the video and answer

the questions. 1 What new thing did Alice decide to try? 2 Why did she like Jeffrey? 3 What did Alice suggest they do? 4 What did Alice discover about Jeffrey?

F EELINGS 2 Do these words refer to positive or negative feelings? Complete the table. Use a dictionary if necessary. 143

afraid • anger • angry • bored • boredom • confused • confusion • delight • delighted • disappointed • disappointment • embarrassed • embarrassment • excited • excitement • fear • happiness • happy • loneliness • lonely • pride • proud • relief • relieved • sad • sadness • upset

Adjective

Noun

3 What feeling(s) do you associate with each situation? 1 You thought you were going to fail an exam but you passed. relief, happiness ... 2 You have nothing to do, and no one to see. 3 You thought you were going out with your best friends tonight but they call to say they can’t come. 4 Your school has chosen you to represent them in a competition. 100

UNIT 8

• Vocabulary video • Vocabulary extension • Audio

LISTENING

144 Listen to four people

describing a situation. Choose the correct feeling. 1 Adam felt bored/lonely/upset. 2 Ruby felt excited/confused/embarrassed. 3 Dan feels afraid/excited/disappointed. 4 Ella feels relieved/afraid/proud.

SPEAKING Choose four of the feelings in 2. Talk about the last time you felt that way. What was the situation?

The last time I felt proud was last week when I did a presentation in front of the class. It went very well!

FRIENDSHIPS 6 Complete the text with the correct form of these words or phrases. Use each one only once. 145

circle of friends • classmate • close (adj.) • fall out (with) • get on well (with) • hang out (with) • have arguments (with) • have in common (with) • make up • see eye to eye (with) • through thick and thin • ups and downs

BFF BEST FRIENDS FOREVER I have a great (1) ................... – there are about eight of us. I’m very good friends with a few of my (2) ................... . I often (3) ................... them at my house after school, or at the park or shopping centre. Apart from my classmates, I have one really (4) ................... friend called Leo, who I spend a lot of time with. Leo’s also a friend of my cousin. In fact, I met him at my cousin’s house. The first time I chatted to Leo, we found that we have similar opinions and (5) ................... on lots of things. There are many things that we (6) ................... , for example, we like the same sports, school subjects and TV series ... Maybe that’s no surprise, because I have a good relationship with my cousin, too – I’ve always (7) ................... with him. Leo and I have our good moments and bad moments, our (8) ................... . But we rarely get angry with each other or (9) ................... . We’ve never seriously (10) ................... , you know, stopped being friends. But if we had a serious argument one day, I know we would (11) ................... very quickly and become friends again. That’s what true friendship is about, staying together (12) ................... , in even the most difficult situations. Vocabulary extension • video and worksheet

146 Listen and check your answers.

8 Match the phrases (1-6) to the correct meanings (a-f). 1 2 3

see eye to eye with fall out with get on well with

4 5 6

make up with have in common with hang out with

a spend time with b have the same interests as another person c have an argument with somebody and no longer be friends d have the same views and opinions as another person e have a good relationship with f end an argument and become friends again

9 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1 I don’t have a big circle .................. friends – I just have two close friends. 2 Jodie had an argument .................. Kate. But now she’s really sorry and wants to make .................. with her again. 3 At first Alex and Amy were really good friends, then they fell .................. . 4 I get .................. really well with my brother. We’re lucky because we have a lot .................. common. 5 Which people in your life stay with you .................... thick and thin?

10 SPEAKING In pairs, ask and answer the questions. 1 Do you think it’s important to have close friends? Why?/Why not? 2 Is it normal to have ups and downs in a relationship? Explain why. 3 Why is it important that a good friend is with you through thick and thin?

11 TOWARDS DEBATING In pairs or small groups,make some notes on what you think about the statement below. In order to be good friends, you have to have things in common. Say why you agree or disagree and try to give some examples. You can use these words or your own ideas. interests – culture – values – opposites – personality – trust – acceptance Now listen to the other groups. Don’t interrupt your classmates. Allow them to express their opinions. Listen and say why you agree or disagree. UNIT 8

101

READING AN INFORMATION TEXT 3 �� One of the reasons why experts are worried is because young 30 people might believe that robots are people, not machines. It may seem strange that we can feel an emotional connection with a 35 machine, but just think of all the friendly robots that already exist in fiction, from WALL-E to R2-D2. Could close relationships with a robot confuse children? 25

CAN YOUR BF BE A

ROBOT? a Until recently, it used to be common 1 �� to think of robots as just workers, machines designed to build cars or do the housework. In fact, the word ‘robot’ comes from the Czech word robota, which means ‘forced labour’. But since then a robot revolution has occurred. Robots and products with artificial intelligence (AI) are everywhere, including in medicine, education and entertainment. You can learn things from vocal assistants, for example, and they can help you to relax. There are fun and affordable robot toys for children that are very popular. But some parents and experts are worried about the effects of friendships between robots and children.

2 �� In 1940, Isaac Asimov wrote a story called Robbie, in which a robot was a child’s best friend. In the story, the child’s mother had been worried about their friendship until the robot saved the child’s life at the end of the story. More recently, in the science-fiction TV series Lost in Space, Will Robinson forms a close friendship with an alien robot. Initially Will’s family are concerned. In real life, there are also divided opinions about humans ‘hanging out’ with robots.

4 �� In the past, children would play with 40 inanimate toys or objects. But today’s robot toys

are designed to express feelings and emotions in a human way, and some are capable of real interaction with children. When a child says he doesn’t want to play, the robot can show sadness 45 or disappointment. Some robots are designed to get upset if they lose in games or if you shake them. Also, a few robots have facial features which are similar to humans; this makes children trust them more.

5 �� There are robot toys that can modify their behaviour as they learn about their owner and their surroundings. That’s the case of PARO, a Japanese robot in the form of a seal. PARO is helping people suffering from dementia to feel 55 less lonely. The robot responds to the person’s voice and touch by moving and making sounds. Unlike a human being, it never has arguments with you. It’s the perfect companion, bringing enjoyment to people. 50

6 �� However, there’s a real danger that humans sometimes forget that robots are not living beings. In an experiment, researchers from different universities in Germany asked 89 adults to interact with a robot. When they had 65 finished the interaction, the robot begged half of the people not to switch it off. These people hesitated before they did so, and 13 people actually refused to switch it off! Robots may make good companions for certain people. But let’s not 70 forget – they aren’t living REAL ENGLISH beings and they don’t have feelings. At least, not yet. • BF = best friend 60

SPEAKING Look at the photos and the title of the text. Think of arguments for and against humans being friends with robots. Make two lists.

2 Read the text quickly. Does it include any of the arguments in your list in 1? 102

UNIT 8

Audio

Learn new words

INVALSI

6 We usually go the cinema in the shopping centre. It’s half price on Mondays so that makes it very ................................. .

147 Read and listen to the text.

Choose the correct question (a-h) for each paragraph (1-6). There are two extra questions that you should not use. a How have robots changed in recent years? b How do robots actually work? c How have we used robots to assist vulnerable humans? d What evidence is there that people can form an emotional connection with a robot? e How might modern robotic toys confuse children? f What are the differences between robots and humanoids? g Are there friendships between young people and robots in fiction? h Why are people concerned about children forming relationships with robots?

B1 PRELIMINARY

148 Listen again, and complete

the sentences with 1-2 words or a number. 1 Rob thinks using Google AssistantTM is ........................................ than typing words into a traditional search engine. 2 Japan is already using robot pets in ........................................ with young children. 3 Humans have had dogs as pets for more than ........................................ years. 4 Jake thinks when an inanimate object has ........................................ , we care about it. 5 He used AI on a ........................................ not long ago. 6 Jake thinks robot pets might be good for ........................................ and full-time workers.

4 Answer the questions. 1 Why does the writer say that there has been a robot revolution? 2 How did the mother in the story Robbie feel about robots? 3 Why does the writer mention the examples of WALL-E and R2-D2? 4 Why is it possible that a child could confuse a robot with a real person? 5 What makes PARO a good companion for people suffering from dementia? 6 What did the people have to do in the experiment mentioned in the last paragraph? 7 What did the experiment show about how humans see robots?

LISTENING 148 Listen to a man conducting a street survey. How many people does he interview and how many questions about robots and AI does he ask?

SPEAKING In pairs, discuss these questions.

1 Are there any robots in your home? If so, what sort of things do they do? 2 Have you ever used any apps on your phone or websites that use AI? If so, how was it? 3 If you were a parent, would you buy a robot as a companion for your child? Why/Why not?

Gateway to CULTURE

VOCABULARY What do the underlined

words and phrases in the text mean? Guess and then check in your dictionary.

6 Now complete the sentences with some of the underlined words and phrases. 1 Some animals can look similar to their ................................. so it’s quite difficult to see them. 2 Lucy explained that she was having problems at school but she ................................. me not to tell anyone. 3 Harry is ................................. about the science exam next week because there are a lot of topics he still doesn’t understand very well. 4 I wasn’t sure if I wanted to go to the fancy dress party, that’s why I ................................. before accepting the invitation. 5 Be careful, this package is fragile, so don’t ................................. it or drop it.

Meet the Ambassador Naomi Argawal Artificial Intelligence project manager 10 VIDEO Watch the video and and answer the questions. 1 Who is Naomi’s AI project aimed at? 2 What two things are important to manage a start-up? 3 How does Naomi’s chatbot help customers?

UNIT 8

103

GRAMMAR in context

• Flipped Grammar videos • Audio

P ast perfect 1 A Look at the sentences. Which actions

1 B Choose the correct alternative.

happened first, the green or the red? 1 The child’s mother had been worried about the robot until it saved the child’s life at the end of the story. 2 The robot begged half of the people not to switch it off when they had finished the interaction.

We use the past perfect to talk about an activity in the past which happened before/after another activity in the past.

1 C Complete the rule. To make the past perfect, we use the past of .......................... + the ......................................... of the

main verb. Grammar Reference page 236

2 In each sentence, there is one verb in the past

4 Complete the sentences in a logical way using

perfect and one in the past simple. Decide which action came first then choose the correct alternative.

the past perfect.

1 When I put/had put my shoes on, I left/had left the house. 2 The teacher corrected/had corrected the exercise when all of us did/had done it. 3 We finished/had finished our meal, so we asked/had asked for the bill. 4 Sara and Ella fell/had fallen out last week because Ella told/had told everyone Sara’s secret. 5 I wasn’t/hadn’t been able to open the door because I lost/had lost my keys.

2 I was feeling proud because ...

1 They were disappointed because Mr Yates had cancelled the school trip. 3 They were delighted because ... 4 I was bored because ... 5 They were angry because ... 6 They were feeling upset because ... 7 Yesterday I was excited because ... 8 I was lonely because ...

3 Complete the text with the past perfect or past simple form of the verbs given. Use the full form.

6 Write sentences saying by which age you had done these things. If you haven’t done one thing, write a sentence in the present perfect with yet.

A MAN’S BEST FRIEND IS ...

A GRIZZLY

BEAR!

n 2002, Casey Anderson adopted a bear cub who (1) .................................... (be) alone because his mother (2) .................................... (die) a short time earlier. He decided to take the cub home and to call him Brutus. Casey (3) .................................... (know) how to look after Brutus because before these events he (4) .................................... (train) to be a professional animal trainer. Casey and Brutus became best friends. Brutus (5) .................................... (be) at Casey’s wedding because Casey (6) .................................... (invite) him to be his ‘best man’. When a photo (7) .................................... (appear) of Brutus eating a Thanksgiving meal at the dinner table, people thought that somebody (8) ....................................... (manipulate) the photo. But it was real! Another strange thing about their story is that Casey (9) .................................... (have) a dream about having a bear cub called Brutus before he (10) .................................... (meet) him!

104

UNIT 8

SPEAKING Say the end of one of your sentences to the class. Can they guess which sentence it is?

1 learn to use a computer I’d learned to use a computer by the age of six. 2 travel by plane I haven’t travelled by plane yet. 3 learn to read 4 swim in the sea 5 start to ride a bike 6 go on holiday without my parents 7 meet my current best friend 8 do a part-time job

SPEAKING In pairs, compare your sentences in 6. Who had been the first to do each thing?

I’d learned to use a computer by the age of six. And you? I think I’d learned by the age of eight.

VOCABULARY 4 Read the text and choose the correct alternative.

OUN SUFFIXES -NESS, N -SHIP, -DOM 1

from 2.

In South Africa, Tatjana Buisson had an idea to transmit (1) happy/ happiness to other people. The simple idea was to send postcards with a positive message. She began by sending postcards to a (2) friend/friendship who was having a hard time. She realised that everybody needs some (3) bright/brightness in their day. So she started the Postcard Happiness blog where people could send postcards to others with an (4) ill/illness or other problems. In the US, 24-year-old Hannah Brencher moved to New York. She suffered from (5) lonely/ loneliness. She wanted to connect with other people. So she decided to send letters and leave them in public places for people to discover. Her letters weren’t (6) sad/sadness. They were very positive. She began a project called The World Needs More Love Letters, where people could send positive messages and be kind to people that they had no special (7) relation/relationship with.

1 I bought these trainers for 200 euros in a moment of ............................................. !

5 Complete the questions with the correct

Look at these words and check that you understand them. Use a dictionary if necessary. aware • bored • bright • citizen • dark • free • friend • kind • king • leader • lonely • mad • member • partner • relation • star • weak • wise

149 Which suffix -ness, -ship or -dom can we add to the words in 1 to form abstract nouns? Put the words in the correct column of the table. Change the spelling if necessary. Then listen and check.

-NESS

-SHIP

-DOM

awareness

3 Complete each sentence with an abstract noun

POSITIVE MESSAGES

2 To have good ............................................. skills you must be communicative, creative and be able to inspire others.

noun suffix.

3 To beat the other team, we need to find their ............................................. . There must be something that they aren’t very good at.

2 Do you think your parents give you enough free............. ?

4 He loves the ............................................. of being able to do what he likes, when he likes.

4 Do you have good leader............. skills?

1 How do you create a strong partner............. between two people?

3 How important is friend............. to you? 5 Do you think young people have sufficient aware............. of the need to stay safe online?

5 They took out my ............................................. teeth when I was twenty.

6 Have you ever experienced loneli............. in a room full of people?

6 There’s nothing to do in this town – sometimes the ............................................. I feel is terrible.

7 Do you think there is a relation............. between bore............. and creativity?

7 To obtain British ............................................. you have to take a test about British history. 8 I didn’t join that gym in the end because the ............................................. was too expensive. 9 The United ................................... is the collective name of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 10 Extreme fear of the night, or ............................................. is called nyctophobia.

8 Can you remember a special moment of kind............. from your family or friends?

SPEAKING In pairs, each of you can choose three questions in 5 to answer. Then ask and answer your questions.

Do you have good leadership skills? Yes, I think so. Do you remember when I was captain of the volleyball team? UNIT 8

105

LISTENING

GRAMMAR in context

A PODCAST 1

G erunds and infinitives

SPEAKING Look at these statements about friendship. Do you agree or disagree with them? Why?

1 A Look at the sentences. 1 Sometimes we both go shopping and other times we go running.

1 To be really good friends, you have to have the same interests and like doing the same things. 2 Having a few close friends is more important than having a large circle of friends. 3 Social media is bad for friendships and causes loneliness.

LISTENING

2 You enjoy doing completely different things. 3 Having a few close friends is more important. 4 I’m not interested in counting my friends. 5 It would be difficult to keep those relationships alive.

150 Listen to three students

talking about the statements in 1 and answer the questions. 1 Does each speaker generally agree, disagree or both agree and disagree with the statement they talk about? 2 Do they mention any of your ideas in 1? If so, which?

B1 PRELIMINARY

150 Listen again and choose

6 You’ll never want to spend time together. 7 I mainly use social media to stay in touch with old friends.

1 B Complete the table with rules a-g. WE USE THE GERUND WE USE THE INFINITIVE a

the correct alternative. 1 Sally thinks that ... a it’s not good for you and your friend to have very different interests. b it’s natural for you and your friend to like some different things. c it’s important to want to do exactly the same activities as your friend. 2 Sally thinks it’s important to ... a learn to love your friend’s hobbies. b introduce friends to new activities. c make compromises in a friendship. 3 Mark doesn’t agree with myth 2 because ... a he hasn’t got many friends. b he has too many friends to count. c he doesn’t really understand what it means. 4 Mark believes the important thing is to ... a chat to as many people as possible. b get on with everybody you spend time with. c enjoy being with the people around you. 5 Maya thinks a problem with social media is that ... a people act differently online. b people don’t always read what their friends write. c people say too much. 6 Maya thinks being in contact with people on social media ... a is a waste of time. b is great in some circumstances. c makes most people feel very lonely.

106

a .... as the subject of a sentence. b .... to explain why somebody does something. c .... immediately after adjectives. d .... after certain verbs such as want. e .... with go to talk about physical activities. f

.... after prepositions.

g .... after verbs that express likes/dislikes. Grammar Reference page 236

2 Look at the sentences. Which rule in 1B applies to each one? 1 It’s hard to say no if someone needs help.

c .....

2 At the weekend I enjoy making cakes.

.....

3 They’re going to the library to study for the test.

.....

4 Claire always wants to decide where we go and what we do.

.....

5 I’m better at drawing animals than people.

.....

6 William hates being late.

.....

7 When I have a problem, I relax and go cycling.

.....

8 We think it’s useful to talk about our problems.

.....

SPEAKING In your opinion, to be good

9 Telling lies is unforgivable, in my opinion.

.....

friends, how important is it to spend ‘face to face’ time with friends?

10 Do you think you can make your problems disappear by not thinking about them?

.....

UNIT 8

• Flipped Grammar videos • Audio

3 Choose the correct alternative.

6 Read the text and decide if the gerunds and infinitives in bold are correct or incorrect. Correct any mistakes.

1 I think it’s easy making/to make friends. 2 I’m not afraid saying/to say what I think. 3 I enjoy giving/to give people surprises. 4 I listen to music relaxing/to relax. 5 When I go shopping/to shop, I don’t usually buy anything. 6 Doing/To do sport makes me feel less stressed. 7 I’m good at listening/listen to others. 8 I think talking/to talk about your feelings is really important.

SPEAKING In pairs, guess which sentences in 3

are true for your partner. Then compare your ideas. You listen to music to relax.

That’s right.

5 Complete the text with the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs given.

THE LONELIEST

Competitors, rivals ... and friends

Professional sport is obviously very competitive. (1) To get to the top, you have to work incredibly hard. But it’s important (2) remembering that it’s still just sport. Everybody wants (3) winning, of course. But, winning isn’t everything. So, in the world of tennis, it’s been great to see that top players like Serena Williams and Caroline Wozniacki could be rivals on the court, but friends when the match finished. (4) To have respect for your rival is the important thing. It’s normal (5) to have occasional differences and arguments, but at the end of the match you need to forget these. Many young people enjoy (6) to watch sport and they admire sports stars. By watching some of the top tennis players they can learn that rivals don’t have to be enemies.

SCHOOLBOY

1 �� 2 �� 3 �� 4 �� 5 �� 6 ��

IN BRITAIN?

2015, a 10-year-old boy called Aron Anderson was in the news. They called him the loneliest schoolboy in Britain. Aron was living on a group of islands called Out Skerries, between Scotland and Norway. He enjoyed (1) .............................. (live) on the island because he could go (2) .............................. (swim) and (3) .............................. (cycle) and be loved (4) .............................. (spend) time with his two dogs. But he was the only boy in the school on the island, as his older brothers had already left (5) .............................. (go) to secondary school. (6) .............................. (study) alone in class can be quite lonely. An Internet user called Ross McMahon found out about Aron and was keen on (7) .............................. (let) the world know about his story. He wanted (8) .............................. (help) Aron feel less lonely. So, he asked people to write him letters or cards at Christmas. Aron received over 2,000! (9) .............................. (get) so many letters, and lots of presents too, was an amazing experience for him and his parents. He even ended up (10) .............................. (appear) on national news and he travelled to London. Aron loved the city and even thought about (11) .............................. (stay) there!

7 Complete these questions using a gerund or an infinitive. making new friends ? 1 Are you good at �� 2 Do you enjoy �� ? 3 One day do you want �� ? 4 Do you ever go �� ? 5 Do you find it easy �� ? 6 Is it important for you �� ? 7 Do you hate �� ? 8 Why do you go �� ? 9 Do you think �� is a good idea? 10 Are you excited about �� ?

SPEAKING In pairs, ask and answer the questions

in 7. Are you good at making new friends? No, I find making new friends quite difficult. UNIT 8

107

SPEAKING R EPORTING A PAST EVENT

• Karaoke • Audio

3 What amusing thing happened at the festival? 4 Look at the Communication Bank. Tick (√) the expressions that are in the dialogue in 2.

COMMUNICATION BANK

152

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO TELL AND REACT TO AN ACCOUNT OF EVENTS Giving an account

SPEAKING Look at the photo. What kind of event

is it? Do you enjoy going to this sort of event?

151 Read and listen to a conversation

about the event in 1. Complete the dialogue with the missing words. Then listen again and do the KARAOKE. JAYDEN: Hi, Emma. How’s things? Did you have

a good weekend? EMMA: Hey, Jayden. Yes, my weekend was (1) .................... . JAYDEN: Where did you go? EMMA: I went to the Fusion Festival. JAYDEN: The (2) .................... music festival? I don’t believe it! What was it like? EMMA: Believe me, it was amazing! JAYDEN: Who did you go with? EMMA: With my (3) .................... , and Lily and Ryan came with us, too. JAYDEN: How many people were there? Was it big? EMMA: Yeah, it was massive. That was the only bad part, getting in took (4) .................... . JAYDEN: That sounds awful! But you were lucky to get tickets. EMMA: I know. My dad had heard about the festival ages ago, you see. So he bought the tickets back in (5) .......................... . JAYDEN: Who played at the festival? Anybody famous? EMMA: Yeah, Shawn Mendes! He was brilliant. You’ll never guess. JAYDEN: What? EMMA: When we were getting a drink, we saw Jack and Claire. It was really embarrassing because Claire and I were wearing exactly the same (6) .................... ! JAYDEN: Oh, no! That’s so funny! What time did it end? EMMA: At about 10 p.m. After that, we all went for a pizza. Anyway, the music was so good that I’m really glad I went.

108

UNIT 8

• We use Last weekend/Six years ago ... and When/While (I was) ... to set the scene.

• We use after that, eventually, finally, and in the end to show sequence. • We use Believe me, Can you imagine it? You’ll never guess and … you see to speak to the audience. Reacting

• We use Oh, no! and That sounds awful! to show sympathy. • We use That’s so funny! and That sounds hilarious! to show amusement. • We use I don’t believe it! and You’re joking! to show surprise.

5 Think of an event that you went to with your friends or family. Prepare to talk about it by looking at the questions Jayden asks in 2 and adding any other important information. Make notes but do not write complete sentences.

SPEAKING TASK

6 Do this role-play. Use the dialogue in 2, your notes from 5 and the Communication Bank to help you. Student A: Tell your partner about an event that you went to with your friends or family. Tell them: • what the event was and what you did there; • your opinion of the event, giving reasons; • a funny or surprising thing that happened. Student B: Listen to your partner’s story, ask them questions, if necessary, and react to their account of events.

WRITING A N EMAIL OF ADVICE 1

153 Read and listen to this email. What

problem(s) does the person have? Make brief notes.

To: Lisa Dear Lisa, I’m writing to you because I need some advice. Do you remember Ed? We’ve been best friends since primary school. But recently I’ve realised that I don’t have anything in common with him anymore. Maybe it’s because I play in a basketball team now and I spend a lot of time hanging out with my teammates. When I’m with my friends at basketball practice, we always talk about sport and Ed isn’t really interested in that. So, when he asks if he can come with us, I always have to invent reasons why he can’t. I feel bad about lying to him. I know he’s having a hard time at his new school. What should I do? Please write back soon, Neil

5 Find words in Lisa’s email to complete the second part of the Communication Bank.

COMMUNICATION BANK

155

USEFUL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO GIVE ADVICE AND ORDER YOUR IDEAS Giving advice

• If I were you, I’d … • You should/shouldn’t (tell) • Why don’t you (try) …?

• How about (trying) …? • I suggest (explaining) • It would be a good idea (to spend) …

Ordering your ideas

• First, • Firstly, • (1) ........................................ , • Then,

• (2) ........................................ , • (3) ........................................ , • Finally, • (4) ........................................ ,

WRITING TASK

6 Write a reply to Ellie’s email below. You must include three pieces of advice. Use the email in 3 as a model, and the Communication Bank to help you.

SPEAKING In pairs, what advice would you give

Neil?

• Audio

154 Read and listen to Lisa’s reply to Neil. Is her advice similar to yours? Is it good advice? Why?

To: Neil Dear Neil, It was good to hear from you, but I’m sorry to hear about your problem. Here’s my advice. First of all, if I were you, I’d sit down and talk to Ed. You should tell him the truth, that you’ve got a new hobby and new friends. Next, explain that it’s difficult because your new friends don’t have much in common with him. So, I suggest spending some time alone with Ed but say that you also need time alone with your new friends. After that, I would tell him that this new situation isn’t his fault or your fault. Who knows? Maybe one day in the future you’ll both have more in common again. Lastly, you should tell Ed that you’re sure he’ll find a new group of friends soon, just like you have. Anyway, I hope you find this advice useful! Lisa

To: … Dear …, I hope you’re well. I’ve got a bit of a problem at the moment and I wanted to ask you for help. One of my best friends is acting really strangely. We’ve been friends for years. Before, we’d go everywhere together and we always used to see eye to eye. People even thought we were sisters! But then she started playing the guitar in a band and now I never see her. I don’t mind her spending time with her new friends in the band, but I miss her and feel lonely without her. I ask her if I can hang out with them but she always gives me some excuse why I can’t. If you were me, what would you do? Please write back soon and tell me what you think. All the best, Ellie

7 Compare emails with other students.

4 Look at Lisa’s email again. She uses commands to give some of her advice (explain, suggest). What two other ways does she use to give advice? UNIT 8

109

THINK GL BAL ACT LOCAL 1

Here are the words you will need for this lesson. Look them up in a dictionary if you don’t know them. WORDPOWER

156

NOT SO SOCIAL MEDIA

inadequacy • eye contact • unplug • self-esteem • meaningful relationship • hope • time • restrict • surveillance • edit • well-being

BEFORE VIEWING Imagine that a child at primary

school is feeling lonely. What could these people do to help? 1 a teacher 2 other children

3 the child him /herself 4 the child’s parents

WHILE VIEWING 157 Watch or listen to the video. What plan does it show to help lonely primary school children? Is it working?

AFTER VIEWING 157 Watch or listen again. Complete the sentences with one or two words or a number.

1 The other name for Buddy Benches is .......................... benches. 2 A child explains that you can wait on a bench for somebody to ask you if you want to .......................... with them. 3 They are trying to do different things with Buddy Benches in .......................... . 4 In the video .......................... schools have already got a bench. 5 The school uses the benches to talk about well-being and the importance of being aware of people’s .......................... . 6 They discovered that .......................... % of children had used the benches. 7 More than .......................... % of children said they would talk to a person sitting on the bench. 110

UNIT 8 Think Global Act local

If you have ever experienced loneliness, you are not alone. According to a recent survey from the US, 46% of Americans sometimes feel alone. But how can you feel disconnected from others when you are constantly able to connect with them through social media? The answer is complicated. It depends on how you interact with the Internet. Using social media apps to keep in touch with friends can add vitality to your life. But if you are using them for hours every day as a substitute for real connection, your feelings of loneliness and inadequacy will probably worsen. We’ve all been in a public place, waiting for a friend to arrive or simply sitting alone, and opened an app to avoid eye contact with those around us. It is also common for people to open social media apps in order to feel temporarily some connection to others. But when they unplug, the feeling of connection they had felt is no longer there. Besides, frequently viewing nice pictures of other people’s lives can give social media users the impression that everyone else has a better life, lowering their self-esteem. Social media can create a false sense of connection and belonging. Online interactions do not have the same value as spending time with someone faceto-face. Real social interaction makes people feel emotionally close to one another and therefore makes the relationship more meaningful. But there is hope! Here are a couple of strategies to help you to overcome feelings of loneliness resulting from too much social media.

HOW OFTEN DO YOU FEEL LONELY?

Teenagers spend approximately an hour less per day socialising with their peers compared to teenagers who grew up in the 1980s and 1990s. And those adolescents who report fewer in-person social interactions and more online interactions feel most lonely and isolated.

• Documentary video • Audio

158 Read and listen to the text and answer the questions.

READING

1 According to the article, does social media always have a negative impact on people’s psychological well-being? 2 In what ways can social media negatively affect your self-esteem? 3 Why is limiting your use of social media probably a good idea? 4 What is the phenomenon of ‘social surveillance’?

1. Limit your social media use

Yes, it’s easier said than done. But the benefits of timing and limiting your social media usage can be huge. In one study, people who had visited social media accounts 50 or more times per week over the previous months were three times more likely to feel lonely than those who had gone online fewer than nine times a week. So, it’s probably a good idea to use social media no more than 30 minutes per day: doing so can significantly reduce feelings of loneliness and depression.

1 Isolation is a feeling of sadness. T 2 Isolation is objective but loneliness subjective. T 3 The vast majority of people living in isolation feel lonely. T 4 You can always overcome loneliness by making new connections. T 5 Dr. Gupta’s patient was a student who felt lonely. T 6 In the end she decided to change her course of study. T

authentic, 2. Be don’t worry about social validation The constant need to present a perfect image on social media and get as many likes as possible can lead to the phenomenon of ‘social surveillance’, where users not only carefully select and edit their own posts, but also closely monitor the content on other people’s profiles and pages. This can have a negative impact on individuals’ mental health, as it encourages them to chase after popularity rather than being true to themselves. Remember: social media is just a tool to connect you with others. Focus on building real-world friendships through your online presence and you will feel less lonely! REAL ENGLISH • keep in touch = tenersi in contatto • easier said than done = più facile a dirsi che a farsi • chase after = rincorrere • be true to yourself = essere fedeli a se stessi

159 Listen to a radio interview with a psychologist. Decide if each statement is true (T) or false (F) or if the information is not mentioned (NM).

LISTENING

ACT LOCAL!

F NM F NM F NM F NM F NM F NM

In pairs, look at the poster and

discuss it.

• What kind of poster is this? Who is it for? • What advice about loneliness does it offer? • Do you already do any of the things it suggests? Is there anything else that you do to avoid feeling lonely? • Create a similar poster for your school, with advice for its students.

HOW TO BEAT LONELINESS AT UNIVERSITY 1 TALK to friends and 4 GET OUTDOORS relatives and tell them spending time how you are feeling. outside reduces stress levels and 2 PLAN events to aids mental health. socialise with other people each week. 5 ASK for support from your tutor or a 3 EXERCISE is a good counselling service way to improve your mood if necessary. and meet new people.

The Buddy Bench is a great example of teaching even very young children to show empathy and kindness. Would it be different, learning these qualities at different ages in life? Why? SEL

UNIT 8 Think Global Act local

111

SELF -CHECK

Units 1-8 5 Write the nouns which describe these feelings.

VOCABULARY 1

Complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs. apply • earn • get • save • waste • work 1 You can .................. a lot of money if you’re a dentist and .................. hard. 2 Don’t .................. for that job. You won’t .................. a good salary. 3 It’s terrible – we .................. a lot of energy in our house! We need to .................. more! ........ / 6

2 Complete the sentences with words or prefixes. 1 Ryan doesn’t earn much. He’s ....................-paid and ....................happy. 2 We need to use clean .................... energy and not dirty fossil .................... . 3 There’s a lot of paper.................... in this job! It’s terrible! 4 Global ........................... is causing droughts. 5 You need to be ..................-working to do this job. ........ / 5

3 Complete the adjectives. 1 Aidan enjoys looking after other people. He’s very c .......................... . 2 Sarah worries, she always stays c.......................... . 3 My brother loves going out and meeting other people. He’s very s.......................... . 4 I can depend on Luke to do everything he says. He’s totally r.......................... . 5 Zoe expected to get 90% in her test, but she only got 40%. She’s d.......................... . 6 Hugo fell from a tree and now his leg is b.......................... ! 8 I was so sad at the end of the film that I cried. It was a very m.......................... film. ........ / 8

4 Complete the sentences with the correct words or phrases. 1 My parents have a big .......................... of friends. 2 My best friend and I had an argument, but now we’ve .......................... up. 3 I try to .......................... with Tom, but he’s annoying! 4 Jack isn’t going to Ben’s party because he’s .......................... with him. ........ / 4

UNITS 1-8 Self-check

........ / 5

6 Write the nouns we can make from these words. 1 excited 2 relation 3 free 4 leader 5 improve 6 embarrass 7 enjoy 8 explain

................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ........ / 8

GRAMMAR 7 Complete the sentences with the second conditional of the verbs given. 1 If my sister .......................... (come) home late, my parents .......................... (get) angry. 2 Sally .......................... (go) to university if she .......................... (get) the right grades in her exams next month. 3 My dad .......................... (not work) in an office even if you .......................... (pay) him an enormous salary! 4 If you ....................... (not have) a job, you ....................... (sit) at home and play video games all day. 5 It’s Mum’s birthday next month. If I ............................. (organise) a surprise party, ................................................. (you/help) me? ........ / 10

8 Complete the sentences with the correct form

7 Jess has got a cold and a s.......................... throat.

112

1 the feeling when you aren’t happy 2 the feeling when nobody is with you 3 the feeling when you are afraid of something 4 the feeling when you’ve got nothing to do 5 the feeling when you are very annoyed

of should, must, have to, will or might. 1 I .......................... apply for university by the end of next week, because it’s the closing date. However, I don’t know which subject I .......................... choose. 2 It .......................... rain later so you .......................... take an umbrella just in case. 3 If I don’t get this job, I don’t know what .......................... happen. My dad thinks I .......................... worry, but I do! 4 You .......................... be late again or you .......................... definitely lose your job. 5 I see my dad more often now because he .......................... travel a lot in his new job. ........ / 9

• HUB Test

9 Decide which action happened first. Then complete the sentences using the past simple and the past perfect. 1 Clara got up/Clara made her breakfast After �� . 2 I finished my lunch/I wasn’t hungry When �� . 3 James sent the email/James wrote the email As soon as �� . 4 She got out of the swimming pool/She swam a kilometre When �� . ........ / 8

10 Complete the sentences with the correct

7 I love ..................... (eat) in the garden in June. 8 We ........................................................... (have) a picnic this afternoon, but it depends on the weather. 9 By the time the email ..................... (arrive), he had already called. 10 If I ......................... (be) you, I’d follow her advice. ........ / 10

CUMULATIVE UNITS 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12

13 Read Jenny’s email. Choose the correct alternative.

form of these verbs. catch • cycle • do • have • try • watch • work 1 ......................... sport is good for you. 2 It’s important ......................... to help your friends. 3 My sister enjoys ..................... cartoons and dramas. 4 We got up early ......................... the train. 5 Are you good at ......................... out puzzles? 6 Do you want ......................... another piece of cake? 7 How often do you go ......................... ? ........ / 7

11 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given. 1 My mother loves ................ (cook) for our parties, even if she doesn’t normally like ................ (cook). 2 She promised ................ (come), but at the last minute she phoned and said she couldn’t. 3 She keeps on ................ (ask) the same things. It’s very annoying. 4 Lucy offered ................ (help) Tom but he prefers to work on his own. ........ / 5

12 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given. Sometimes a modal verb is necessary. 1 My advice is that you ............................................................... (always help) people in difficulty. 2 My grandmother ......................................... (live) in Bath all her life, if she could. 3 We’ve got very little bread. ............................................... (you/buy) some today? 4 You .............................................. (go) to bed late the day before an exam. It isn’t a good idea. 5 If I were you, I ................................................ (not go out) in this weather. 6 You ................................................ (not phone) now because it’s lunch time.

Hi Tom, I promised to tell you about my present job at the summer camp, so here I am! You know how much I love (1) work/working outdoors, so I’m in the right place! Here I also get a chance (2) to develop/developing my leadership skills. Obviously, I (3) have to/could be very responsible with the kids I oversee, so I (4) cannot/ shouldn’t be fully relaxed when we are on an outing, particularly when we go (5) climbing or canoeing/to climb or canoe. Luckily, they are a nice bunch of children, and I (6) don’t have to/ mustn’t shout (7) to get/getting their attention. For sure, this job is not well-paid, but when I applied for it, I (8) already realised/had already realised that money was not my priority. Of course, if I (9) were/’d be already at college, what I get (10) wouldn’t be/ wasn’t enough to cover my expenses. Anyway, (11) being/to be a summer camp assistant is a great experience and if I (12) got/’d get a better salary, it (13) ’d be/were my ideal summer job. Anyway, all in all I (14) could/can definitely say I’m satisfied with it and my advice for you is that you (15) should/must consider a similar experience next summer. All the best, Jenny ........ / 15 ........ / 100

KEYS pages 302-303 PUNTEGGIO

CHE COSA PUOI FARE

tra 1 e 50 punti

esercitati con le attività di HUB test

tra 51 e 100 punti

affronta la sfida finale con gli esercizi B1 Preliminary alle pagine 286-297 UNITS 1-8 Self-check

113

8 FRIENDLY ADVICE GRAMMAR REFERENCE PAST PERFECT Forma affermativa

soggetto + had/'d + participio passato

I/You/He/She/It/We/They had/'d argued.

Forma negativa

soggetto + had not/hadn’t + participio passato

I/You/He/She/It/We/They had not/hadn’t argued.

Forma interrogativa Had + soggetto + participio passato + ?

Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they argued?

Risposte brevi

Yes, soggetto + had.

Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they had.

No, soggetto + hadn’t.

No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn’t.

Form • Il past perfect si forma con il passato dell’ausiliare have seguito dal participio passato del verbo. È uguale per tutte le persone. – I verbi regolari formano il participio passato aggiungendo -ed alla forma base come per il past simple e anche per le variazioni ortografiche seguono le stesse regole (vedi p. 176). – Il participio passato dei verbi irregolari deve essere imparato a memoria (vedi p. 304).

Use • Il past perfect si usa per parlare di azioni accadute prima di altre azioni passate espresse al past simple e spesso introdotte da when, by the time, before.

• Il past perfect può essere accompagnato da avverbi come already o just. By the time Mary phoned to apologise I had already decided to forgive her. (prima ho deciso di perdonare Mary e poi lei ha telefonato per scusarsi) • Il past perfect si trova anche in frasi secondarie introdotte da after, as, as soon as, when, because, since. Since John had fallen out with Susan, he didn’t want to invite her to his party. After/As soon as I had joined the class chat, I started feeling less lonely.

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Form • Il gerund (che corrisponde in italiano al gerundio, al participio presente o all’infinito) si forma aggiungendo -ing alla forma base del verbo. Per le variazioni ortografiche vedi p. 166. • L’infinitive è la forma base del verbo preceduta da to.

Use • Il gerund usa: come soggetto di una frase

Meeting friends is great.

dopo i verbi di preferenza (like, love, enjoy, can’t stand, don’t mind, hate)

I hate feeling embarrassed.

dopo il verbo go con verbi che indicano sport, attività all’aperto o di movimento (running, cycling, shopping, swimming, camping, fishing ...)

I always go camping in August.

dopo le preposizioni

I’m interested in singing in a band.

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UNIT 8 Workbook

• L’infinitive si usa: per spiegare la ragione di qualcosa

‘Why did he join the school club?’ ‘To please his teacher.'

dopo gli aggettivi e i sostantivi spesso introdotti da it + verbo be

It’s not easy to make up after an argument. It was the right thing to do.

dopo verbi come want, learn, agree, offer, plan, wait, decide, expect, seem, try, would like

I want to join my friends in the new project.

Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives • Questi sono i verbi comunemente seguiti dal gerund: admit (ammettere), avoid (evitare), be busy (essere occupato/impegnato), can’t help (non poter fare a meno), can’t stand (non sopportare), consider (prendere in considerazione), delay (ritardare), deny (negare), enjoy (piacere, divertirsi), fancy (piacere), feel like (avere voglia, sentirsi), finish (finire), give up (smettere, rinunciare), imagine (immaginare), involve (coinvolgere), mind (dispiacere), miss (avere nostalgia), practise (esercitarsi), put off (rimandare), risk (rischiare), succeed in (riuscire), think of (pensare di). • Questi sono i verbi comunemente seguiti dall’infinitive: afford (permettersi), agree (essere d’accordo), arrange (organizzare), ask (chiedere), choose (scegliere), decide (decidere), demand (pretendere), fail (fallire, non superare), forget (dimenticare), help (aiutare), hope (sperare), intend (avere intenzione di), learn (imparare), manage (riuscire), mean (= intend) (avere intenzione di, volere), need (aver bisogno), offer (offrire), plan (progettare), pretend (fingere), promise (promettere), refuse (rifiutare), want (volere).

• Alcuni verbi cambiano significato a seconda che siano seguiti dal gerund o dall’infinitive. – I verbi che indicano inizio/fine o continuazione di un’azione, come begin, start, go on, keep on, continue, stop sono seguiti dal gerund di un verbo che descrive un’azione o un comportamento che continua nel tempo. Sono invece seguiti dall’infinitive se il verbo che segue esprime un cambiamento di azione, un’azione momentanea o uno scopo He stopped complaining after a while, but went on telling us about the argument he had had with his friend. When he starts talking, you can hardly stop him. On the way he stopped to make a phone call. Tim was nervous when he started to give his presentation. When he had finished he went on to explain the reasons for his choices. – I verbi hate, like, love, prefer sono normalmente seguiti dal gerund se si riferiscono ad attività in generale. Se invece indicano un’occasione specifica e/o si intende dire che si trova corretto/ giusto o scorretto/ingiusto fare qualcosa, si usa l’infinitive. I like cooking. (mi piace cucinare in generale) I hate to cook for people who don’t appreciate my recipes. (odio cucinare in questa circostanza) • Però would like, would love, would hate, would prefer sono sempre seguiti dall’infinitive. I would like to be able to swim. She would prefer to have lunch with us.

UNIT 8 Workbook

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LEARNING ORGANISER MAP YOUR GRAMMAR 1

PAST PERFECT Complete the map with the missing words.

AFFIRMATIVE I/You/He/She/It/We/They had/’d finished the exercise. I/You/He/She/It/We/They had/’d felt lonely.

QUESTIONS Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they (3) .......................... the exercise? (4) .......................... I/you/he/she/it/we/ they felt lonely? PAST PERFECT SHORT ANSWERS Yes, I/he/she/it/you/we/they (5) .......................... . No, I/he/she/it/you/we/they (6) .......................... .

NEGATIVE I/You/He/She/It/We/They had not/ (1) .......................... finished the exercise. I/You/He/She/It/We/They had not/ hadn’t (2) .......................... lonely.

2 Tick (√) the correct tense for each rule. PAST PERFECT

PAST SIMPLE

1 For an action that happened at a specific time in the past. 2 For actions that happened at an earlier time to another past action. 3 In secondary clauses with when, after, as, as soon as, because, since. 4 With time expressions such as yesterday, two weeks ago, last year, in 1899.

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Complete the map with these uses.

after adjectives and nouns • after prepositions • after verbs of liking or disliking • as the subject of a sentence • to explain why we do an action • with go to talk about physical activities • with the verbs: fancy, feel like, miss, imagine • with the verbs: want, agree, learn, promise

1 ��

GERUND (base form + -ing)

5 ��

2 ��

3 ��

4 ��

6 ��

INFINITIVE (to + base form)

8 ��

7 �� 238

UNIT 8 Workbook

MAP YOUR VOCABULARY 1

FEELINGS Complete the table with the nouns or adjectives to describe feelings.

ADJECTIVE

NOUN

ADJECTIVE

NOUN

afraid

(1) ....................................................

excited

(6) ....................................................

(2) ....................................................

anger

(7) ....................................................

happiness

bored

(3) ....................................................

lonely

loneliness

confused

confusion

(8) ....................................................

pride

(4) ....................................................

delight

(9) ....................................................

relief

disappointed

disappointment

sad

(10) ..................................................

(5) ....................................................

embarrassment

FRIENDSHIPS

Complete the map with these expressions.

fall out (with) • get on well (with) • hang out (with) • have arguments (with) • have in common (with) • make up • see eye to eye (with) • through thick and thin • ups and downs

Negative

Positive get on well (with) ��

Both

fall out (with) ��

��

NOUN SUFFIXES -NESS, -SHIP, -DOM For each adjective write the corresponding abstract noun in the correct column. Be careful of changes to spelling.

-NESS 1 member

-SHIP

-DOM

membership

2 wise 3 mad 4 king 5 free 6 kind 7 citizen 8 dark UNIT 8 Workbook

239

VOCABULARY in context F EELINGS

Complete the texts with the correct words. Lucas is my best friend. We hang (1) ....................... together a lot. Basically, we (2) ....................... on really well together.

I had a really good friend but I recently (7) ....................... out with her and it makes

Amina

me sad because I haven’t got a large circle of (8) ....................... . I see her every day at school because she’s a (9) ....................... of mine. That doesn’t make the situation easier!

John

In the last three or four years I’ve made lots of ‘friends’ online but the people who really help me are my oldest friends. They’ve been with me through (10) ....................... and thin since I was quite young. I’ve had my ups and (11) ....................... with some of my oldest friends, but that’s all part of true friendship!

Write the noun form of the words. 1 angry �� 2 sad �� 3 proud �� 4 bored �� 5 relieved �� 6 disappointed �� 7 embarrassed �� 8 excited �� 9 lonely �� 10 happy ��

Charlotte

My closest friend is Zoe. We have a lot in (3) ....................... but sometimes we (4) ....................... arguments because we don’t always (5) ....................... eye to eye! But we always make it (6) ....................... quickly.

Choose the correct alternative. 1 Don’t be afraid/fear! My dog won’t bite! 2 In the middle of all the confused/confusion, the thief escaped. 3 Sarah couldn’t control her delighted/delight when she heard the good news. 4 I was very upset/sadness when I failed the exam. 5 They say that lonely/loneliness is one of the biggest problems nowadays.

Chris

I mean, what more do you want from a friend?

VOCABULARY EXTENSION

Write the nouns for these adjectives. 1 relaxed

.......................................................

2 stressed

.......................................................

A: I’m going to the big match tonight with my

3 worried

.......................................................

dad! I’m so (1) e..................................... ! B: I hope your team wins. But will you be (2) u..................................... if they lose? A: Of course! It’ll be a big (3) d..................................... ! B: Well, I’m (4) d..................................... that I’m not going with you. I really don’t like football!

4 amazed

.......................................................

5 tired

.......................................................

6 optimistic

.......................................................

Complete the dialogue with the correct adjectives and nouns.

Complete the sentences with nouns or adjectives in 6.

F RIENDSHIPS

1 Clara’s got a lot of ............................... at the moment, she’s got too much to do!

Write if the friendship expressions are positive (+) or negative (-).

2 Julie was ............................... when she did well in the exam because she didn’t revise for it.

1 get on well with somebody 2 have an argument with somebody 3 have something in common 4 make up 5 fall out with somebody 6 see eye to eye with somebody

3 My dad’s favourite form of ............................... is to have a long bath.

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UNIT 8 Workbook

4 After walking 30 kilometres, we were extremely ............................... . 5 I’m so glad you’re here. I was ............................... that you had had an accident.

READING

very morning Ray Dalio sits comfortably, closes his eyes and repeats the same couple of words for 20 minutes. While he’s doing this activity, he focuses completely on it. He’s done this for over 40 years.

There’s another thing about Mr Dalio that you should know: he’s one of the richest people in the world. He says that practising this simple exercise has probably been the most important reason for his success. It helps him to slow down so that he can act calmly, even in situations of great stress. Almost none of us are billionaires like Mr Dalio. However, we all have one thing in common with him: stress in our lives. Perhaps, for you, it’s caused by the pressure of exams or, sometimes, by having a row with your parents. However, doing simple exercises like Mr Dalio can help us to reduce this stress. The good news is that schools are beginning to teach these techniques. In several countries, including the US and the UK, some primary and secondary schools are starting to teach what is called ‘mindfulness’. When we are in a mindful state, we are calm and our mind is not full of a thousand different thoughts. We concentrate on what is happening in the present moment: for example, on our breathing or on some words. We can also practise mindfulness when we do everyday activities. For example, when we are eating, we can focus on how the food tastes.

Read the article quickly and choose the best title (1-4).

4 Can mindfulness change the emotions we have? ��

1 Why teenagers are more stressed than before

5 How would mindfulness help people study better? ��

2 Ray Dalio: the billionaire who meditates 3 A short history of ‘mindfulness’ 4 Is this the new school subject of the 21st century?

Mindfulness won’t help us control all the thoughts and emotions that come into our head. But it can help us to stop these emotions from controlling us. When we are mindful, we can create a space between the emotion (for example, anger or, even worse, rage) and how we respond to it. Through mindfulness, we can also learn to focus better. This helps us to do all kinds of activities more efficiently. In one school in Denver, Colorado, they analysed the results of a mindfulness programme. The students who had received mindfulness training were 250% better at dealing with their emotions than their classmates who hadn’t been on the programme, and their exam grades were 550% better! These results are so spectacular that we have to ask a very simple question: why aren’t we teaching mindfulness in all our schools?

Read the article and answer the questions using a maximum of four words. INVALSI

1 Why has meditation been so important for Ray Dalio? ��

2 What do we all share with Ray Dalio? ��

6 What was the biggest improvement that the students in the mindfulness programme saw? ��

7 What is the author’s conclusion? ��

3 Read the definitions of the underlined words in the text and choose the correct alternative. 1 pressure: results/stress 2 row: conversation/big argument 3 mind: brain/face

3 How do we know when we are feeling mindful?

4 rage: embarrassment/extreme anger

��

5 dealing with: responding to/stopping UNIT 8 Workbook

241

GRAMMAR in context PAST PERFECT

Complete the text with the verbs given in the past simple or past perfect. Use the contracted form where possible.

Match the halves to make sentences. Then underline the actions which happened first. 1 2 3 4 5

We had had lots of arguments, I sent a message to apologise Tim and Beth hadn’t eaten all day Camila didn’t go swimming They had a party

a because they had won the final. b but this one was really serious. c because she had forgotten her towel. d so they ordered a big pizza. e because I hadn’t been very nice.

Write sentences in the past perfect about Simon’s life. 1 2013 – finish secondary school By 2013 he had/’d finished secondary school. �� 2 2017 – not graduate yet ��

STRANGE, BUT TRUE!

1979, Jim Lewis (1) ................................ (meet) Jim Springer. They (2) ................................ (not see) each other for 39 years, when they (3) ................................ (be) four weeks old. They (4) ................................ (live) apart all their lives but they were identical twins! When they (5) ................................ (start) to talk, they (6) ................................ (discover) that they (7) ................................ (have) a lot of things in common. The couples who (8) ................................ (adopt) each of them (9) ................................ (decide) to call them James. Later on in their lives, both Lewis and Springer (10) ................................ (marry) women called Linda. Both of them (11) ................................ (get) divorced and (12) .................................. (marry) for a second time – to women called Betty! They also (13) ................................ (find) out that they (14) ................................ (drive) the same make of car and, every year, they (15) ................................ (spend) their holidays at exactly the same place in Florida!

3 2019 – decide to move abroad ��

4 2021 – not find a full-time job yet ��

5 2023 – start feeling homesick ��

6 2024 – come back to his hometown ��

Look at the underlined words and correct the mistakes with tenses. Two of the sentences are correct. 1 We made up because we had an argument the day before. 2 Tom and I felt sad because we hadn’t got on well all holiday. 3 Until he got his new job, my dad didn’t earn a good salary. 4 Our friendship had got toxic by the time that we decided to end it. 5 I started to feel ill as soon as we finished lunch. 6 They translated the menu very badly, so it was very funny to read.

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UNIT 8 Workbook

GRAMMAR CHALLENGE

Find and correct ten mistakes in the story.

Rhys and Mason are good friends. They are playing basketball every Saturday. Last Saturday, they started playing at 12 o’clock and, by 5:30, they played two whole games. After they were finished, Rhys had a shower and then he was going home. However, his back and neck had really hurt. He was a bit worried. Maybe he injured his back during the basketball games. But this never happened before. Rhys decided to have a hot bath. Then he went to bed. Luckily, when he had got up the next morning, he discovered that his pain went. It wasn’t anything serious after all.

TRANSLATION

Translate these sentences

into English. 1 Non sono andata a trovare Sara perché l’avevo incontrata la scorsa settimana. 2 ‘Sembri sconvolta. Che è successo?‘ ‘Ho appena litigato con la mia migliore amica. Non era mai capitato prima.’ 3 Sono preoccupata. Giorgio non è ancora arrivato. Ieri a quest’ora era a casa e aveva già fatto la doccia. 4 Era molto delusa perché poche persone sono andate alla sua festa. Aveva addobbato la stanza in modo molto creativo e aveva organizzato dei giochi molto divertenti. 5 Avevamo litigato il giorno prima ma quando John mi ha telefonato abbiamo fatto pace.

VOCABULARY and LISTENING N OUN SUFFIXES -NESS, -SHIP, -DOM

Make nouns by adding suffixes -ness, -ship or -dom to the words.

1 kind

��

2 wise

��

3 mad

��

4 relation

��

5 citizen

��

6 partner

��

7 aware

��

Listen to two friends speaking. Is it a friendly conversation or an argument? 254

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3 What are the people like at Aidan’s new school? a Very friendly. c A bit hostile. b Very hostile. d Not very friendly. 4 For Aidan, it’s ..... to make new friends. a easy c not important b hard d necessary 5 Where did Aidan play football for his school team? a Old Trafford. b The Thomas Telford School. c His new school. d Didsbury.

DID YOU KNOW THAT ...?

LISTENING

Listen again to Aidan and Sam and choose the best answers. INVALSI

2 Aidan had ..... good friends in Telford. a few c a lot of b a few d no

bright • citizen • dark • free • king • leader • member • star

• Audio

1 Where is Aidan living now? a Telford. b The centre of Manchester. c Didsbury. d None of these.

Complete the text with the correct form of these words.

◗ The United (1) .................................... is one country but it also contains four different countries. ◗ Scientists say that complete (2) .................................... doesn’t exist. There is always some light. ◗ Before he achieved (3) .................................... as an actor, one of Brad Pitt’s jobs was to dress as a chicken to advertise restaurants! ◗ The sun’s (4) .................................... is 400,000 times stronger than the moon’s. ◗ Under the (5) .................................... of Alexander the Great, the Greek Empire extended as far as the west of India. ◗ A man in the US was in prison for 69 years before he obtained his (6) .................................... . ◗ Spain obtained its (7) .................................... of the European Union at the same time as Portugal. (8) .................................... is a formal status that is not ◗ necessarily based on where one was born.

• Vocabulary list

6 Aidan thinks Sam’s advice is ..... . a ridiculous b bad c not realistic d good

VOCABULARY EXTENSION

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 I had a feeling of .................................. (empty) after I had fallen out with my best friend. 2 What’s the secret to a good .................................. (friend)? 3 Despite her .................................. (tired), Claire completed the marathon. 4 What’s your excuse this time for your .................................. (late)? 5 My father’s family was poor and suffered great .................................. (hard). 6 I really admire Sarah’s .................................. (open). That’s why she gets on with so many different people.

UNIT 8 Workbook

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GRAMMAR in context GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Complete the text with the verbs given in the correct form.

Choose the correct alternative. 1 Max is good at to do/doing jigsaw puzzles. 2 My dad loves to have/having a dog in the house. 3 My sister wants to go/going out with her friends tonight. 4 We couldn’t go to shop/shopping in the end. 5 We went to Rachel’s house to see/seeing if she was OK. 6 To do/Doing homework isn’t my favourite activity! 7 It isn’t easy to get/getting on with your family all the time.

Match the halves to make sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Teenagers should enjoy Yesterday my class went to the museum For my sister, winning competitions For shy people it’s important If you need a holiday and don’t have much money, you can It isn’t wise

a to have supportive friends. b to accept a date with someone you don’t know well. c go camping. d is more important than having a boyfriend. e to see an exhibition. f hanging out with friends.

JACK’S PLACE

Friends and arguments! April 13th ■ By Jack Hello, again! I’m delighted (1) ...................... (say) that I’ve got a great circle of friends. We enjoy (2) ...................... (do) lots of things together. For example, at the weekends some of us usually meet in the park (3) ...................... (go) (4) ...................... (run). It’s great fun! (5) ...................... (have) good relationships with my friends is very important for me. Of course, we don’t always see eye to eye and I don’t mind (6) ...................... (have) disagreements with them from time to time. But I’m certainly not interested in (7) ...................... (have) big arguments! When that happens, I always try (8) ...................... (make) it up. In my opinion, it’s often best (9) ...................... (agree) (10) ............................ (disagree)! What do you think?

GRAMMAR CHALLENGE

Every Saturday my friends go into town for to watch football. To watch sports isn’t exactly my favourite activity, so I usually study in the library while they’re at the stadium or sometimes I go to swim. However, last Saturday, I decided to go with them because it was an important match. When we had arrived, the atmosphere was great and I was really excited be there. Unfortunately, it soon started to rain and we didn’t bring our umbrellas. It was terrible! Next week, I think I’ll going to the library. I’m not interested in to go to another football match!

Complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs. be • contact • cycle • do • have • make • read 1 What do your mum and dad love .............................. at the weekend? 2 How often do you go .............................. ? 3 .............................. very popular isn’t important for me. 4 We’re interested in .............................. students at another school. 5 How do you feel about .............................. in English? 6 We don’t want .............................. sausages again for lunch. 7 Do you find it easy ..............................

new friends? 244

UNIT 8 Workbook

Find and correct eight mistakes in the text.

TRANSLATION Translate these sentences

into English. 1 Mi piacerebbe avere più amici. 2 È importante andare d’accordo con i propri compagni di classe. 3 Sarà difficile convincere John a fare la pace con Rob. 4 Smettila di preoccuparti per me. 5 Mi piace andare ai concerti e restare fuori fino a tardi.

INVALSI TRAINING

• Audio

READING impossible to see what is going on in their heads. They may get jealous or imagine that people are doing things behind their back. They turn against you for irrelevant reasons and accuse you of things that leave you shocked and speechless. And you are at a loss. Suddenly you realise you cannot trust this person any longer. They have hurt you, wounded you so deeply that an apology cannot make it up. You find yourself cut out. It is over. Once it’s finished, you wonder if you hadn’t wasted years thinking that the friendship would never end. Maybe you had been right to think like that at the time. Maybe that had been the right attitude and maybe you were right to think that the friendship might have lasted for ever. But life changes all the time and that thought may be a comfort to you. You may have reached a level of maturity your friend cannot understand, and they may have left you alone just for that reason. However, you will find someone to replace them. Somewhere, someone has just gone through the same troubles, and they are just as confused as you are. You may find comfort in each other and welcome the birth of a new friendship. The change that comes with growing up is something that cannot be stopped.

THE ENDING OF A

FRIENDSHIP Just like the end of so many good things, the end of a good friendship can come out of nowhere. Sometimes you haven’t much of a choice, circumstances change and there is nothing that you can do. An older friend graduates, goes to college in another city and it will never be quite the same again. Sometimes a friend, even a best friend, changes into a person you don’t seem to recognise anymore, a complete stranger. And all of a sudden, the friendship loses its meaning as if all the things you used to share had never happened. Sometimes friends become so caught up in themselves and their own personal problems that it is

Read a student’s essay about the end of a friendship. Match the beginnings of the sentences (1-5) with the sentence endings (A-H). There are two sentence endings that you should not use. The first one (0) has been done for you. 0 A good friendship 1 You may lose a friend 2 Sometimes a friendship ends because your friend gets 3 All of a sudden you are accused 4 These unjust accusations 5 You may find a person A can end suddenly and unexpectedly. B because you are more mature. C who has just experienced the same disillusionment. D of betraying them. E self-absorbed and unable to think of anybody else. F leave you astonished. G after they get a degree. H with time.

LISTENING

255 Listen to an interview with an expert talking about how emotions are perceived in different cultures. While listening, match the questions (A-G) to the answers (1-5). There is one extra question that you should not use. The first one (0) has been done for you.

A Can we group emotions into universal categories? B Can you provide an example of such variations? C In what countries are emotions considered a form of fragility? D Have you experienced any cultural differences? E And what about anger? F Do emotions vary in different cultures? G What about embarrassment in different cultures? 0

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