Bulletin 02/2017 by MyChicJungle

SPE SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS

ITALIAN SECTION TECHNICAL BULLETIN 2 / 2017 THREE DAYS AT THE 13TH OFFSHORE MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION

A NEW EXPERIENCE FOR SPE ITALY AT THE INTERNATIONAL VALVE SUMMIT

AN IMAGINARY (BUT NOT ENTIRELY) CONVERSATION WITH MARK ZUCKERBERG

C O N T E N T S TECHNICAL BULLETIN 2 / 2017

CHAIRMAN’S PAGE

Why being an SPE member Alessandro Tiani - Eni S.p.A. SPE Italian Section Chairman

YP CHAIRMAN’S PAGE

A new Experience for SPE Italy at the International Valve Summit Luca Cadei - Eni S.p.A. New SPE Italian Section YP Chairman

SECTION LIFE

YPS Strength: TEAMWORK!

Politecnico di Milano Student Chapter: The beginning of a journey

Andrea Tondelli - Eni S.p.A. Past SPE Italian Section YP Chairman

Antonio Vinciguerra - Politecnico di Milano Student Chapter

A journey started 1 year ago, ready for the next step Luca Cadei - Eni S.p.A. New SPE Italian Section YP Chairman

Maria Rosaria Termite - Politecnico di Milano Student Chapter

SPE Polito Student Chapter meets Matthias Meister

Helium detection at wellsite: a powerful geochemical tool Andrea Lamberti - Eni S.p.A. SPE Italian Section Reservoir Technical Director

HISTORY TELLING

The golden age of natural gas Ferdinado Marfella - Eni S.p.A. SPE Italian Section Secretary

SECTION ACTIVITIES

Business Visit at Fincantieri Stefano Maronese - Eni S.p.A.

Mohamed Amr - Politecnico di Torino Student Chapter President

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS

Umberto Perna - Eni S.p.A.

Ferdinado Marfella - Eni S.p.A. SPE Italian Section Secretary

Continuous Circulation Drilling: moving steps toward excellence and industry routine application

MOBILIS IN MOBILI Two plus two equals five

SECTION PROGRAM

Alberto Amuzzoni - Drillmec S.p.A. Francesco Colaianni - Drillmec S.p.A.

Section Program Ruben Visintin SPE Italian Section Program Chairperson

SPECIAL FOCUS

Three days at the 13 Offshore Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition th

Salvatore Marco Mercuri - Eni S.p.A.

APVE – SPE Italian Section: a fruitful alliance

An imaginary (but not entirely) conversation with Mark Zuckerberg on the topic of ‘purpose and community’. Davide Scotti - Saipem S.p.A. SPE Italian Section HSE Technical Director

Human Factors in Barrier Thinking

Business Visit to the Eni Donegani Labs Umberto Perna - Eni S.p.A.

SECTION BOARD

SPE Italian Section Board 2016 - 2017

ITALIAN SECTION DASHBOARD

Report as of 20 June 2017

Mapping Big Data players in Upstream sector: a business intelligence approach Giovanni Crimi - Medea Master Students, Eni Laura Lambertucci - Medea Master Students, Eni Sara Luis Carlos - Medea Master Students, Eni Luis Escamado Nhamue - Medea Master Students, Eni

Giovanni Cuomo - Eni S.p.A.

The Bulletin is printed in 900 copies and is being sent to all Italian Section Members, to Oil and Service companies operating in the area, to Italian Government bodies related to the petroleum industry and to the main newspapers

TECHNICAL BULLETIN 2 / 2017

For any information concerning advertising on this bulletin you are kindly invited to contact: Ugo Ormezzano: Ph: +39 02 89288953 Cell: +39 348 3505226 uormezzano@tetratec.com

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CHAIRMAN’S PAGE

WHY BEING AN SPE MEMBER Dear colleagues,

ALESSANDRO TIANI Eni S.p.A. SPE Italian Section Chairman

during the past few months many events involved our Section Life and you find a broad overview in this bulletin. Let me just mention our exclusive (imaginary) interview with Marc Zuckerberg, the presence at OMC and IVS conferences, the visit at Fincantieri shipyard, with a glance view of the future Overdrill 50,000. We had also the election of the new YP chairperson and finally we present in this bulletin a big dive into Big Data use with a work from MEDEA Students analyzing trends in Social Networks of major and service companies of oil & gas sector. Now, let me take the opportunity with this number to draw a short balance of SPE Italian Section’s activity of the past 2 years. In fact, as you will soon know, I am passing my Chairman seat to Alberto Di Lullo who will be running the Section and this first page from the next bulletin. In the past two years, I spent much time volunteering for SPE and worked together with excellent people. Two years ago, I wrote my first Chairman’s page of this bulletin saying to be honored of being appointed such a responsibility. Today I feel honored I could spend my time meeting with a lot of great people and working with them, volunteering in SPE with energy, passion and timeless effort. I got much more than I could imagine and I learned a lot from all of them.

First of all, I should thank Loris Tealdi for throwing me, one more time in fact, in the SPE playground. In his brilliant style, he recruited me twice, firstly as a P&O Director and then as Chairman. He is a real talent and recognizes people at glance throwing them in the arena of the future, able to motivate and move everyone to do their best. I must then really thank our “founders” Giovanni Paccaloni and Maurizio Senese. They were like the “wise wizard” looking at the young boy riding the bicycle. Their words and their advices, sometimes unheard, kept floating in my mind while time and experience moved on and I could see those words emerging in their truth: thanks for being so patient with me. My mind goes firstly to great events we organized and the wonderful experience it was. ENERGY ENGINEERING EVOLUTION, joint event with Confindustria Giovani. It was conceived and managed by Stephan Conte: a charismatic person, enough visionary and idealist to succeed in organizing an outstanding meeting for our Section, changing paradigm towards a new level of engagement. On the other side with Giordano Pinarello, another guru I would spend weeks talking with, put his competence on OPEN INNOVATION conferences, creating unique events and platforms for sharing ideas and promoting startups. Moving on the YPs: they are an incredible force in our section, proving that change

CHAIRMAN’S PAGE

Fig.1: SPE Italian Section welcoming the SPEI president, Nathan Meehan, in September 2016

and innovation could are easier by giving power to their hands. Paolo Murmura and Andrea Tondelli were incredible YP chairman. YP’s just elected their new Chairman, Luca Cadei, winning elections against Giovanni Cuomo another emerging talent of our Section. Coming from YP’s I met Adele Vacca, Valerio Parasiliti and Gianna Giudicati who stepped forward in Senior Board and are today a backbone of our Section. Adele in particular is one of the key person in having this bulletin brand new, with larger size and new format. Valerio and Gianna shall be specially rewarded for all their support in organizing everything, from a simple board meeting to a larger event. I am also proud that during the past two years we got back to active service in the section life the invaluable support of two senior persons like Maurizio Rampoldi, our Vice-Chairman, and Alberto Di Lullo. Alberto came back with curiosity to section life and gradually broke through with his ideas, his politeness, clean thinking and underlying energy. Alberto received two awards in the past two years, Section’s Award in 2016 and Regional Award in 2017, and I am very happy to have Alberto as the incoming Chairman of SPE Italian Section 2017-18. Alberto and I are working to refresh the forces in the team of the Section Board and the pool of Volunteers that make great things possible. Talking about Awards three people in our Section received a regional award in 2016, assigned to Annamaria Petrone for HSE, Claudio Molaschi for Drilling and Sandra Cobianco for Service. This year 2017 we

just received 3 more Regional Awards: I already mentioned Alberto Di Lullo, for Project & Facilities, then we have Edoardo Dellarole for Service and Adele Vacca for YP’s, while Turin Student Chapter was recognized the Gold Standard medal. Am I missing someone? Sure, I cannot forget my friends, who got caught in my web when I became Chairman and then emerged with all their light and talent: Claudia Porretta, that hides behind a humble personality great force and character. Andrea Lamberti, a real frontman, able of being granted trust and leadership after just a single speech. Claudia and Andrea made a great job to initiate the POLIMI Student chapter and they succeeded after many years of attempts. Claudia also organized a SPE Students Conference via web, connecting more than 6 universities and securing 80+ new student members practically overnight. The story is not over. Another inspirational leader I am proud to be working with is Davide Scotti. Davide was already an “institution” before joining SPE as HSE Technical Director. Davide is an HSE evangelist and president of LHS (Leadership in Health and Safety) foundation. We spoke a lot of culture, behavior, motivation, inspiration. He is a man that knows that the best way to move people to improve is not passing though rules and best practices but has his root in culture. I also have a copy of his book autographed for me, you should read it. Another book writer and great personality is Paolo Allara, Director D&C, but I will

let you discover yourself. On the other side Ferdinando Marfella I am betting will be soon writing his own book: apart the busy work of Section Secretary he also runs two editorials in our bulletin. He is a true believer. Finally, when it comes to publications, there is a pillar: Arrigo Vienna run his role as “editor in chief” of bulletin with huge passion and professionalism. A person you would trust in the storm. I am sure I forgot many and apologize in advance. Let me just pull from the long list Alberto Maliardi, long track past Director D&C, Marco Rotondi, Ugo Ormezzano, Dario Viberti, Edoardo Dellarole, Andrea Intieri, Lorenzo Carollo, Giuseppe Carpineta, Lorenzo Savioli, Ruben Visintin, Eleonora Azzarone, Gianpaolo Somaschini, Fernando Morales and Antonella Godi. Sorry for this long list. I know that it might not be significant to many of you and to many other only part of the story is clear: the fact is that I felt that this part of the story is important. We made during this two years a SPE Italian Section Video, to celebrate 30th anniversary of the Section, and I got struck by the emotion in the words of the past Chairmen, Officers and Volunteers of the Section, sometimes people in their 70’s or more, telling their part of the story. Yet I am still struggling with a question I am not sure I can answer effectively: why a professional in the O&G industry should NOT join SPE?

YP CHAIRMAN’S PAGE

YPS STRENGTH: TEAMWORK! A year has passed already since I became SPE YP chairman and I am so satisfied with this special year at SPE Young Professional Italian Section. When we started last year, I was one of the active YPs with the highest SPE seniority; still we were all at the beginning in our SPE career. We started our first meeting last July with ANDREA TONDELLI a brainstorming where plenty of ideas Eni S.p.A. Past SPE Italian Section for the following year poured out. To YP Chairman me that was the match that lighted up the group for the whole year. In that situation, I realized that the team was energetic, with various skills and a strong willing to do! I have to confess that I was not sure on how many of the activities we talked about would have seen the light, but I promised myself I would have given them all a shot, keeping in mind one simple red thread for all our activities: enhance the membership value. As YPs we participated in two ways: supporting the organization of our section’s major events and creating our YP programs fostering periodic activities for small groups. Two programs were born: the Membership Opportunity Program and the Business Visits Program. Both were members only, the first focused to reduce the gap with our Senior Professionals and the second aimed to discover our industry from the inside, offering a unique point of view. Both programs have been successful, thanks to the prestigious industries we visited and the participation of high level Senior professional in our MOP. Moreover, this year we collaborated with APVE, an association of O&G veterans. They are willing to share with us the passion that drove them during their working life and on our side, we shared with them our computer skills. All YPs tutors participating went home with a genuinely positive attitude while APVE students became an affiliated group, participating to an every Thursdays class. YPs also setup and handled SPE Italy presence in the two international fairs

held in Italy during 2017: OMC in Ravenna and IVS in Bergamo. Our participation to these international events got us in touch with many professionals from different O&G family areas. This is a great benefit for all of our members: increasing members diversity improves our association network value. This year WE, as a team, achieved great activity results in terms of participation, quality and membership value. WE created three recurrent programs and WE have plans for a brand new one next year. WE used social media more and more to communicate with you. WE used our website to record events participations and simplify our communication channels. WE got closer to universities organizing joint events and supporting theirs. WE contribute and collaborate intensely with the Italian Section in every bulletin edition. All of these “WE” have been possible not thanks to one person but thanks to a wonderful YPs team that I had the honor to work with. This team has proposed, discussed, organized and worked so much behind the scenes in order to make reality most of our initial ideas. I want to say a big thank you to this team of colleagues and friends, and share with you our successes. Congratulations to everyone that has participated in our YPs team. For the next year, Luca Cadei will take the chairmanship. We shared many ideas and he will take the lead with fresh solutions and energy. He will have on his side most of the same YP team we began with and the same team that achieved such a great result this year. I believe he will do great, thanks to him and the team that he will lead. Again, thank you YPs team.

YP CHAIRMAN’S PAGE

A JOURNEY STARTED 1 YEAR AGO, READY FOR THE NEXT STEP One year ago, I started my SPE adventure with a quite big group of friends rather than simple colleagues. Maybe we were not completely aware of the responsibility and the involvement required by the roles that we were taking on in the YP board, mainly due to our little experience in the job market and most probably to LUCA CADEI our low seniority in the association. Eni S.p.A. New SPE Italian Section YP The main article issued in the first Chairman 2016/2017 bulletin YP Section was named the “YP wind of change” meaning that a great transition was taking place within the young professionals organization. I was really worried about the possibility to miss our targets due to our little experience, but, after one year I can say that I was completely wrong. Thanks to our passion, the driving force of the teamwork and the great coordination granted by Andrea, the former YP chairman, we achieved amazing results, in many aspects. I am thinking about the partnership with APVE and the Student Chapters of Turin and Milan, the Business visits, the coaching session with SPE Senior board members, the conferences, all events that gave to SPE members the amazing opportunity to improve their soft skills, their technical background and most important, to make an experience that can boost up their personal development. The next year will represent not only the fundamental continuation of the positive momentum achieved in the last 12 months, but also the necessary evolution for our association to face the tasks imposed by the new petroleum industry scenario. The offered SPE opportunities will be focused on the challenges of YP personal and professional growth, the enhancing of SPE member connections together with the diffusion of the values of our association. The YP program will be structured in six main milestones, which are unavoidable for the leaders of tomorrow: Technical excellence; Teamwork; Initiative; Ethics and Altruism; Internationalization; Passion. The core of the program will

be represented by the greatest activities developed last year, already mentioned above. The offer, improved with dedicated seminars and workshops, ranging in the whole domain of energy and petroleum engineering. In order to improve the engagement of new YP, periodical open-board and thematic aperitifs will be held, so as speech contests stimulating the soft skills of the new generations of professionals. The fundamental motivation and resilience of YP will play a central role, being encouraged by senior SPE members, knowledge-owners and external associations. One of the other main targets will be our social commitment: “being an example and following the examples”, involving talented professionals not only within the Petroleum industry. Finally, the link with international YP section will be re-established and reinforced through the organization of specific brainstorming and plenary session discussing about our point of view on our industry. As you can see, the year that is going to start will be demanding, full of appointments and events, packed into a challenging program. The strength of our YP board has been the energy and the passion shown by the group, which will continue to supervise the activities with the same solid ambitions. Hence, I am confident that 2017/2018 YP SPE year will achieve (reach) great results, giving to our members, outstanding opportunities and satisfaction. My final suggestion is: stay tuned and be ready for the new YP season on the launching pad! Luca Cadei Luca Cadei joined Eni’s Operation Department in 2015, as a Production Engineer; he got his BSc and MSc in Energy & Petroleum Engineering cum laude at Politecnico di Milano, integrating these with a period of study abroad, in Norway and Netherlands, and with an internship in ENI E&P. After graduation, he was hired by ExxonMobil, as a field Process Engineer, but the chance to get back to the Upstream sector, drove him to accept the ENI job offer. Currently he is involved in production optimization and troubleshooting of ENI assets worldwide, with a particular focus on the application of innovative advanced technologies.

MOBILIS IN MOBILI

TWO PLUS TWO EQUALS FIVE The great philosopher Socrates was sitting outside the city gates of Athens when a man came up to him. The man said: “I am thinking of moving to Athens. What is it like living here?” FERDINANDO MARFELLA Socrates looked up and asked him: “I Eni S.p.A. would gladly tell you but, please, anSPE Italian Section Secretary swer me one question: what is it like where you live now?” The man replied: “A terrible place! People are back-stabbers and thieves. I will leave no friends behind me – only enemies.” Socrates frowned and replied, “Well, you will do better to resume your journey and leave this place because you will only find the same kind of people here in Athens.” Later, a second man who was considering moving to Athens approached the philosopher. Once again, the old philosopher asked him about his experience of his hometown. The man smiled and said, “In the town where I come from, people work together and help each other. Kindness is ever y where and you are always treated with respect.” “Welcome to Athens”, smiled Socrates, “you will find the same kind of people here.” Socrates knew that our mindset determines our experience of the world and he recognized that both men would carry their habitual attitudes, perceptions and ways of interacting with them. The way they processed information and biased in their thinking were likely to dictate the quality of their lives just as much as the nature of their surroundings. Someone who see all things being black, someone who see all things being pink and blue. In SPE Italian Section, we are all experiencing this sort of bifurcation. We are all proud of our young members supporting our association with great enthusiasm and competence. As an example, the Polytechnic of Turin Student Chapter has been

awarded the Gold Standard designation for 2017 from SPE International, in recognition of its exceptional programs in industry engagement, operations and events planning, community involvement, professional development and innovation. Another excellent example, Young Professional, YP, members are the engine of many interesting initiatives reported in the pages of this bulletin. YP members organized so many social initiatives, business visits and interesting lectures, but what about the higher senior members’ participation to the life of the association? Like Garibaldi who fought for unity of Italy, as ever, we need volunteers to reinforce the sense of unity of the section. SPE has been extremely valuable to several members not only in developing engineering and leadership skills, but also in developing personal networks and connections throughout the industry and across companies and countries. Several members have been inspired in the past by commitment and service of very experienced senior colleagues in the oil and gas industry, to unleash their passion to help SPE in different capacities. This behaviour helps us to build our character and definitely adds value both personally and professionally. Because in high performing teams two plus two equals five. That is, the sum of the team as a whole is greater than the individual components. This is team synergy. Only a mix of special ingredients can enable a team to work synergistically; these are a number of actions that brilliant people can take helping to improve team working and maximizing all our collective performance. Being an active SPE volunteer is for us a privilege and a wonderful way to serve the community. We encourage members to take advantage of SPE’s volunteer opportunities and share their time, knowledge, and experiences with others. We encourage members to have a gratifying and enriching experience as an SPE volunteer. You can be an important part of our team belonging to one of the largest non-profit

MOBILIS IN MOBILI organizations in the energy industry. Within the Italian Section, we have organized academic, cross-fertilization, and networking events to develop soft and technical skills but also to implement key values such as responsibility, integrity, and teamwork within our members. There is a town in Puerto Rico called Arecibo that houses the world’s largest single-dish radio telescope. It is an astronomical observatory, which is one of the world’s most powerful radar-radio telescopes. This wonderful instrument collects data coming from the stars for scientists around the world. It is very popular because both it was featured in some movies (e.g. 007 GoldenEye, 1995, Contact 1997) and it conducts some searches for intelligent life in the universe, called SETI project. Someone sits behind a monitor looking for technologically advanced civilizations living somewhere beyond the sky. In 1961, the American astronomer Frank Drake wrote a probabilistic equation to arrive at an estimate of the number of active, communicative extra-terrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy. He wrote the equation not for purposes of stimulating scientific dialogue at the first scientific meeting of SETI Project. The equation summarizes the main concepts that scientists must contemplate when consider ing the question of other radio-communicative life. The famous Italian physicist Enrico Fermi suggested in the 1950s that if technologically advanced civilizations are common in the universe, then they should be detectable in one way or another. The Fermi paradox is understood commonly as asking why extra-terrestrials have not visited Earth but the same reasoning applies to the question of why signals from extra-terrestrials have not been heard! We need to collect knowledge from everywhere to improve our actual level of civilization, although it is already considerable. We have to fly with ever-higher thoughts as Richard Back’s gull Jonathan Livingstone did. “The gull sees farthest who flies highest”. Obviously, this is not a wish for an alien abduction, but only a metaphor, useful for our thoughts: we need also your hand and your

mind to build something of great. A fundamental activity for learning and understanding membership habits and beliefs must be taken in place on our side. In SPE Italian Section Board, for each of us is of cardinal importance to understand how to give the best of ourselves. Why a change? Change for the sake of change makes no sense. It is easy to know why change is necessary. Apart from death and taxes, change is the one certainty in all our lives. It is always hard to manage a change. There are three reasons for changing: to solve some problem, to improve the status quo, to exploit the opportunity to empower a strong network useful for your profession. Whether focusing on change within our team or across section organizational horizon, the ability to manage successfully this change is the hallmark of becoming even more a great association. Our main goal is to flourish an outstanding section. We all nowadays rely on some communication strategies in order to keep high the interest of all you members. We want to keep high the reputation both in the eyes of international sections and in your eyes. To do this, SPE Italian Section also relies on members volunteering. Your energy, your ideas, your vision needs to be collected and melt with that of each one of us as a beekeeper collects a honeycomb. Therefore, it is honey. It is important because it allows understanding where we are going and where we want to go, allowing us to forecast future events that are more suitable for you and being acknowledged of the human performance of our association. We truly want to empower a high-performing team; our aim is to be in touch with great people into our team as you are. It is never too late to volunteer. So what are you waiting for? Get involved, join our team! Be All You Can Be! Let us all make this change together! Contact us and we will build a milky way of opportunities to enjoy together! Two plus two equals five.

SECTION PROGRAM DATE

TITLE

SPE MEMBERS ONLY / OPEN/WEBINAR

20 JUL, 2017

Summer SPE Italian Section Social Dinner

OPEN

26 JUL, 2017

New YP Chairman Day

OPEN

SEP, 2017

Business visit @ t.b.d.

MEMBERS

5 SEP, 2017

Aperitif and Speech/Contest: open discussion of a O&G topic led by YPs

OPEN

21 SEP, 2017

Talented Members Dinner

OPEN

4 OCT, 2017

Company Technology Day – HI-FORCE: Presentation of technology and know-how

MEMBERS

17 OCT, 2017

SPEIT Induction program – Negotiation

MEMBERS

19 OCT, 2017

SPEIT Induction program – Negotiation

MEMBERS

7 NOV, 2017

Business visit @ t.b.d.

MEMBERS

14 NOV, 2017 21 NOV, 2017

Membership Opportunity Program with Andrea Lamberti Aperitif and Speech/Contest: open discussion of a O&G topic led by YPs

MEMBERS OPEN

22 NOV, 2017

Student Chapter Coordination meeting

MEMBERS/WEBINAR

7 DEC, 2017

Business visit @ t.b.d.

MEMBERS

13 DEC, 2017

Distinguished Lecture - Muhammad Khakwani

MEMBERS/WEBINAR

13 DEC, 2017

Winter SPE Italian Section Social Dinner and Sclocchi Awards celebration

OPEN

19 DEC, 2017

Membership Opportunity Program with Antonella Godi

MEMBERS

JAN, 2018 JAN, 2018 FEB, 2018

Membership Opportunity Program with Maria Calabrese Aperitif and Speech/Contest: open discussion of a O&G topic led by YPs Business visit @ t.b.d.

MEMBERS OPEN MEMBERS

DATE

TITLE

SPE MEMBERS ONLY / OPEN/WEBINAR

MAR, 2018

YP International Day

MEMBERS/WEBINAR

MAR, 2018

Membership Opportunity Program with Ilaria De Santo

MEMBERS

13 MAR, 2018

Distinguished Lecture - Dave Stern

MEMBERS/WEBINAR

APR, 2018

Aperitif and Speech/Contest: open discussion of a O&G topic led by YPs

OPEN

APR, 2018

Company Technology Day – t.b.d

MEMBERS

APR, 2018

Business visit @ t.b.d.

MEMBERS

RUBEN VISINTIN SPE Italian Section Program Chairperson

Sharing to empower! This is the cornerstone of our section, and what we believe in. Sharing experiences, sharing ideas, sharing the paths we went through to solve the problems we faced. Our members are truly passionate people who, after their daily work, still want to invest part of their free time in other people. Throughout the past year, we did it with enthusiasm, participating in numerous events involving many people. Moments in which we could exchange experiences, opinions, different ways of thinking. We have a lot to the enthusiasm of our Young Professionals who have organized three strands of very important activities: the Membership Opportunity Program, where senior members meet YPs in an informal approach to share work experience, hint and tips. The Technical Business Visits, to share the experiences from other industries, from O&G to energy sector, from manufacturing to renewable energies. And the Mentoring of Veterans, where YPs teach to O&G veterans how to “grow up” in the digital era, getting back the memories of a past that should not be dispersed. This year we want to continue with new energy and we are open and receptive to all your ideas: do not hesitate to let us know and we will develop them together. For the next months, we are planning a long list of activities that you can find in the following table.

Some of them still do not have a fixed date but you will receive a timely invitation. Keep anyway the table in mind and focus on the events that are more attractive for you! In particular, we can confirm two Distinguished Lectures: � on December, 13th, Muhammad Khakwani will present “Essential PreRequisites for Maximizing Success from Big Data”. Big Data is an emerging technology in Information Management that holds promising returns on investment, as it can provide advanced analytics capabilities. It offers, in fact, a chance to move beyond simply gathering data to analyzing, mining, and correlating results for insights that translate into business solutions. � on March, 13th 2018, Dave Stern will introduce “Creating Geologically Realistic Models Used for Reservoir Management”. To make sensible reservoir management decisions, it is necessary to predict future reservoir performance. This allows testing and optimization of reservoir management strategies before making large investments. This presentation describes how reservoir models are used in making reservoir management decisions, and outlines a strategy for creating realistic reservoir models. Stay tuned: a lot of news will come!

SPECIAL FOCUS

THREE DAYS AT THE 13TH OFFSHORE MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION The Offshore Mediterranean Conference & Exhibition is a biannual event, taking place in Ravenna and is the largest oil & gas exhibition in Italy. With its first edition in 1993, OMC has achieved an International status through the years, becoming the major Oil & Gas event in the Mediterranean region. The last edition (29÷31 March SALVATORE MARCO 2017) focused on the theme “Transition MERCURI Eni S.p.A. to a sustainable energy mix: the contribution of the Oil & Gas industry”; it hosted a record 20,000 participants, 634 companies from 30 nations, governmental delegations and national oil and gas companies. Energy transition and the central role of the Mediterranean region as an energy hub, bridging Europe and North Africa, have been discussed in the Opening Plenary Session of the conference. The undersecretary of the Ministry of Economic Development, Ivan Scalfarotto, underlined that natural gas is compatible with renewable energy sources in responding to the challenge of energy security; moreover, he also stated that the institution of an integrated gas market in which Italy will play the role of an international hub, evidently requires constructive dialogue at transnational level. Natural gas also has a great potential to further contribute to the decarbonisation pathway agreed at COP-21, noted Remi Eriksen (CEO DNV GL), by penetrating the transportation via LNG and displacing carbon intensive liquid fuels: the final goal is to make natural gas even greener, by widely deploying Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technologies and exploiting the opportunities for biomethane production. Wilfried Maas (Technical Development Leader CCS, Shell), advocated the importance of CCS in a low carbon economy

particularly in the future exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits. If widely implemented, such technologies can potentially deliver 12% of the required GHG mitigation by 2050. Shell’s experience in Quest Project, the largest demonstration CCS project to date, has proven its viability, with over 1.5 million tonnes of CO2 injected in 16 months. Eni’s three-point action plan, (reduced emissions, optimized costs, and reduced gas consumption in producing countries), was presented by Claudio Descalzi (CEO Eni) as part of the company’s blueprint for developing renewables in its activities, focusing on Eni’s new model of leveraging existing infrastructures to produce renewable electricity in a cost effective way. As pointed out by Mr Descalzi, the large gas discoveries made by Eni in Egypt (mainly Zohr and Nooros) provide a glaring opportunity for the creation of a gas hub in the Mediterranean region while satisfying the domestic demand. Egypt’s oil minister, Tarek EL-Molla, while declaring his nation’s ambition of becoming the region’s hub not only for gas but for oil and oil products, also disclosed plans to re-commence LNG exports by 2019. These statements clearly illustrate the huge

Fig.1: The Mayor of Ravenna, Mr. de Pascale, inaugurating OMC2017, with H.E.Tarek El-Molla, Egyptian Oil Minister (left), and Mr. Innocenzo Titone, Chairman OMC2017 and Mr. Marc Benayoun, CEO Edison (both on the right)

SPECIAL FOCUS potential impact of the Zohr field on the economic future of the nation ushering in a new era. The use of existing infrastructures such as LNG plants in the region and the Arab gas pipeline could be a viable starting point since the construction of new trans-continental connections will require the political support of various states, as well as material sources, to justify the massive investment required. The cooperation among the countries involved, will be key to the development of the East Mediterranean as a gas hub, and Tarek El-Molla confirmed that his country is looking to build a strategic integration with neighbouring states, through a dialogue with Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. The issue of how the Oil & Gas industry can enhance its ability to withstand external shocks, such as the price volatility, was also discussed in the Panel “The resilient Oil & Gas industry: staying competitive at low oil prices”. Judson Jacobs (Senior Director Upstream, IHS Markit) has discussed the industry’s outlook in coming years. A common viewpoint expressed by many experts is the expectation that oil prices will remain at current levels in the near future implying an extended period of difficulty for regions who are unable to bring their production costs below the current market prices. Eni’s response to the market downturn by cost optimization was discussed by Rita Marino (EVP Procurement, Eni), with a focus on how insourcing engineering skills has led to a reduction in contractors contingencies by internalizing design phases that in the past were included in the EPC contracts. Standardization of design and design-to-cost have allowed additional substantial savings. In addition, the great potential of digitalization, collaborative environments and standardization in improving contractors productivity while decreasing overall project costs was highlighted by both Antonio Careddu (Director Strategies, Innovation & ICT, Saipem) and Paolo Ruggeri (General Manager for Turbomachinery Solutions, GE Europe). The unique strengths of the Oil and Gas industry and its capacity to act as a catalyst to promote and even accelerate the diffusion of renewables, was the message of Luca Cosentino (EVP Energy Solutions, Eni). These stenghts include global presence, large portfolio of industrial assets, relationships and reputation in host countries, know-how in managing complex and hybrid projects. Finally, Robert C. Armstrong (Director, MIT Energy Initiative) pointed out how much progress in terms of renewables deployment is being made in referring to the >40% new capacity additions recorded in the last decade by wind and solar energy sources. In the past five years the competitiveness of utility-scale PV has improved dramatically in the US with prices of power purchase agreements falling by 70% or more. With increasing photovoltaics (PV) penetration of the market, challenges rise for grid operation, particularly regarding capacity and ramping; for this reason the future success of PV will be dependent on storage. The future for very low-cost PV technologies lies with material systems that simultaneously reduce module and Balance of System costs, such as organic photovoltaics on which progress is being made at MIT. SPE participated in the OMC with a program dedicated to young people, with four prizes for the Student Paper Contest “Today’s Students, Tomorrow’s Professionals”.

Fig.2: Giovanni Paccaloni, former President SPE International, during his speech about “Intrinsic Motivation: A Business Imperative”

The initiative, saw the 7 finalists selected over the past few weeks to present their work on Oil & Gas topic to an audience that included some of the world’s largest oil industry players. Here are the names of the four winners: Best Presentation – PhD Category: Edris Joonaki; Best Presentation - MSc Category: Nicolò Scapin; Best Speech, two equally placed: Vincenzo La Bruna and PooryaSaadati. In addition to the Student Paper Competition, students and young professionals were able to attend at the seminar held by Giovanni Paccaloni, former President SPE International titled “Intrinsic Motivation: A Business Imperative”, addressing key areas of soft skills essential for a successful transition from formal education at school to life at work.

Fig.3: The SPE Chairman, Mr. Alessandro Tiani, with three winners of student paper contest* (from the left: Andrea Tondelli, Dario Viberti, Edris Joonaki*, Vincenzo La Bruna*, Alessandro Tiani with Claudio Antonellini, Nicolò Scapin* and Andrea Lamberti)

Confirming the trend of previous editions, the OMC offered a deep insight on the future of Oil & Gas industry; and we look forward to receiving you again at the next biannual edition scheduled for 29-31 March 2019 in Ravenna.

Salvatore Marco Mercuri Salvatore joined Eni’s Logistics Department in 2015; he graduated from University of Bologna (2012) with a degree in Environmental Engineering specializing in earth resources. After a solar greenhouse project in China, he attended a master’s program in Petroleum Engineering and Operations, promoted by Eni Upstream and Technical Services in association with Politecnico di Torino (2014). He has been dealing with logistics transportation service and multidisciplinary projects related to the application of new Technologies in O&G industry.

SPECIAL FOCUS

APVE – SPE ITALIAN SECTION: A FRUITFUL ALLIANCE

GIOVANNI CUOMO Eni S.p.A.

On 27th October 2016, the APVE (Eni Pioneers and Veterans Association) and the youth of SPE Italian Section sowed the seeds for a strong and fruitful collaboration. The day was chosen not by chance: it was the 54th anniversary of the tragic death of Enrico Mattei, a man who built an energy holding leveraging on his expertise, passion, integrity and pragmatism. These values are shared by the two associations and are at the basis of a liaison aimed at consolidating Oil&Gas industry reputation. The main topic of that day was the Collaboration between generations: overcoming barriers to create new opportunities. The discussion led by Giovanni Paccaloni (APVE president), Giambattista De Ghetto (APVE representative), Valerio Parasiliti and Gianna Giudicati (SPE representatives), ended with the presentation of the first joint SPE-APVE initiative: the program “Soci APVE in rete”. The project’s goal was to spread and to facilitate the use of the computer among APVE members.

Fig.1: APVE-SPE collaboration during the meeting held on March, the 6th

The “Soci APVE in rete” pilot project was launched this year in San Donato Milanese at APVE Sections’ facilities and lasted from February to April. The course was organized in nine modules in order to meet the needs of the audience,

who had heterogeneous IT skills. The lesson’s format was planned to facilitate interactions with “students”: exercises were designed to put in practice the theory and questions were encouraged. Two SPE Young Professionals prepared and held each lesson, a two-hours meeting on weekly basis. The nine lessons were: 1) Use of pc and IT language 2) Internet 3) Microsoft Word 4) Microsoft Excel 5) Internet Banking 6) On-line shopping 7) Facebook 8) Skype 9) On-line booking The course counted 135 cumulative attendances (an average of 15 people per module): all the participants proved to be very enthusiastic and proactive. Special thanks are due to all people who contributed to put into practice the idea: in particular to Lucio Deluchi (San Donato Milanese APVE Section President), Giovanni Paccaloni (APVE President), Harry Paradiso (San Donato Milanese APVE section) for their help in the organization and for having always believed in the project. Among the SPE YP representatives, special mentions

SPECIAL FOCUS are due to Andrea Adelmo Asci, Fulvio Baio, Ivan Bergamo, Luca Cadei, Maria Giulia De Donno, Giuseppe Di Marzo, Angelo Esposito, Luca Garofalo, Fabiana Rotelli, Marco Spagnuolo for their time, teaching skills, availability and enthusiasm. “Soci APVE in rete” recorded a good success as far as the number of APVE members using e-mail: there was an average national increase of +3%, with a peak of +30%. The great interest showed towards the project, makes it possible to think about rescheduling it for next year in San Donato Milanese APVE Section and spreading it to other sections. On 6th June 2017, the strong collaboration between APVE and SPE Italian Section was formalized during the APVE Annual General Meeting at Eni Conference Room in San Donato Milanese. The APVE members agreed on strengthening this partnership. As a representative of the

Fig.2: The author while speaking at the APVE General Meeting

SPE Young Professionals, I presented a new joint project: “Enrico Mattei: un ritratto interattivo”. The goal is to keep Mattei’s values still alive and to teach them to the young. San Donato Milanese town council and San Donato Milanese high schools have been involved in the project. Further details will follow in the next bulletin. Some APVE members such as Giovanni Paccaloni and Maurizio Senese are also serving in the SPE Italian Section Board, and in this capacity they make sure that the values of both organizations are kept alive through joint initiatives and programs. APVE - SPE Italian Section close liaison is the perfect example of how SPE can provide opportunities for professionals to enhance their technical and professional competence: young people can inherit values from veterans, such as enthusiasm, professionalism and work commitment.

Giovanni Cuomo Giovanni Cuomo graduated with honors in Civil Engineering at Federico II in Naples and holds a Master in Petroleum Engineering and Operations from the Politecnico di Torino. Passionate about innovation in the Oil&Gas industry and eager to learn. Currently working at EniSpA.

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View of the IVS reception hall at Fiera di Bergamo. The International Valve Summit has come to the second edition, this year

A NEW EXPERIENCE FOR SPE ITALY AT THE INTERNATIONAL VALVE SUMMIT The International Valve Summit (IVS), a two-years event taking place in Bergamo, just ended its second edition with great success. This event, held on the 23rd and 24th May 2017 in the Center provided by Fiera di Bergamo, very well represents the excellence reached in the valve sector, with a special focus on the Oil and Gas sector LUCA CADEI applications. The location confirms Eni S.p.A. the central role of Northern Italy in the international oil and gas valve market. The event was organized by Confindustria Bergamo and Promoberg, with the support of BusinessMed, Confindustria Assafrica e Mediterraneo, ANIMA (Federazione delle Associazioni Nazionali dell’Industria Meccanica Varia e Affini), Confindustria Lombardia, Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia, ESA (European Sealing Association), GISI (Associazione Imprese Italiane di Strumentazione), IIS (Istituto Italiano della Saldatura), Nace (National Association of Corrosion Engineer) and for the first time SPE Italy. The International Valve Summit is the main initiative in the Italian valve industry scenario and it is also becoming a reference as international fair of the sector. The program of the event was composed by three main parts identifying the nature of the IVS itself: • Commercial and exhibition, involving companies from all over the world; • Conference, including the presentation of the most innovative technologies available; • Specialist round table, dealing with the evolution of the industry considering the new Oil and Gas scenario;

Looking to the key numbers of the IVS, the total attendees to the exhibition have been 7900, +39% from the previous edition, confirming above all the participation of professional figures operating in the valve industry including both technical, commercial and management audiences. The 10,000 m2 exhibition center has been animated by more than 200 industrial exhibitors. The international character was confirmed by the significant involvement of foreign countries (20% of the total number of the participants), such as United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Korea, Japan, France, Canada, USA and Iraq. Great results have been achieved in the conference section, with 320 delegates and 13 discussing sessions.

The plenary session going on, discussing the main aspects of the oil and gas valve market

The plenary debate focused on the Oil and Gas future scenario, a theme that was widely discussed also in another event attended by SPE Italy during this year, the “Offshore Mediterranean Conference 2017”. The current crucial point that oil & gas industry is facing, involves the transition towards a new energy market. The

SPECIAL FOCUS

The SPE Italian Section Expository space at the IVS 2017

attention focused on the business structure and the competitive Finally, thanks to the creation of new contacts in a completely positioning of the Italian Oil and Gas Valve industry, composed by new area of the petroleum industry, the IVS support should 303 enterprises, which represent 42% of the production of value become a new booster for SPE activities and main goals to be in the Italian industry of taps and valves, for a total production achieved in the following years. value of 8.4 billion Euro. Nearly 90% of the Italian production is See you at the next edition that will be held in Bergamo on May concentrated in a 100 km area around Bergamo and involves the 24Ăˇ25 2019! highest revenues in this industrial sector that is worth around 11.7 million of Euro. Looking at the European Union, despite the oil market conjuncture, Italy is the leader in oil and gas valves production, representing 31% of the sold production value of the continent. The high level of quality and excellence of the Italian products is granted by the strong technical skill and expertise of the national manufacturer sector: national production plants manufacture the 89% of the turnover created by Italian companies. The dynamic structure of the Italian valve industry helps facing the new challenges imposed by the oil market, and Italy represents today the 3rd world exporter just after China and Germany. Finally, the attention shifted to the unexpressed full potential of the Italian export, which is a bit behind when considering the growth of the The valve worldwide market conditions and the current leading countries export in the worldwide market of the main valves. Without this export gap, Italian export incomes would have increased by over 300 million of Euros each Luca Cadei year, which means a potential 1.2 billion growth in 4 years. Luca Cadei joined Eniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Operation Department in 2015, as a The IVS represented a great occasion for SPE, which for the first time had the chance of creating a link with one of the main excellence in the Italian Industrial sector, also active within the Oil and Gas market. We gained the possibility to build a new partnership with other associations and to spread our professional network, collecting several contacts with technical specialists and managers working in many different companies.

Production Engineer; he got his BSc and MSc in Energy & Petroleum Engineering cum laude at Politecnico di Milano, integrating these with a period of study abroad, in Norway and Netherlands, and with an internship in ENI e&p. After graduation, he was hired by ExxonMobil, as a field Process Engineer, but the chance to get back to the Upstream sector, drove him to accept the ENI job offer. Currently he is involved in production optimization and troubleshooting of ENI assets worldwide, with a particular focus on the application of innovative advanced technologies.

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Politecnico di Milano Student Chapter on parade

POLITECNICO DI MILANO STUDENT CHAPTER: THE BEGINNING OF A JOURNEY More than a year ago we met SPE in one of the many networking event organised by Young Professionals, and we have all been fascinated by the opportunity of meeting people who already are part of the close – yet still distant – professional world where, one day, we will all be players. From the first time, we recognised the ANTONIO VINCIGUERRA opportunity to assimilate professional Politecnico di Milano Student Chapter and soft skills, complementary to our academic preparation and vital to our careers success. SPE is a source of technical activities and scholarships. Right after our enrolment, we were immediately given a lot of tools to better ourselves; OnePetro and the JPT journal are always the first sources of information that we employ when writing assignments or researching MARIA ROSARIA TERMITE petroleum related topics. Politecnico di Milano Student Chapter A matter of great interest and novelty, being so absorbed with the university, was finding out that SPE is not just work: we were regularly invited to social and outdoor events, where we had the opportunity to get acquainted with other members and network within the industry professionals, at all levels! The HSE Outdoor adventure, Flowserve Business Visit and Costacurta Technology Day are some of the events in which we took part but the one that we valued the most is the 30th SPE Italian Section Anniversary where we had our official Kick-Off. On September 14th 2016, we had the opportunity to formally present our Student Chapter at presence of former SPE President Nathan Meehan, whom we have been honored to host in our Aula Magna at Politecnico di Milano. The Kick-Off engaged and gathered professors, students and

graduates, as well as small delegations from Rome and Turin. The latters, during the past year, have been a source of help and development of skills. Therefore, we would like to take this chance to thank the outgoing Executive Board and wish the entering one the best of luck. We had the occasion to meet the Turin Student Chapter during the OMC held in Ravenna the last March, where we were lucky enough to join that wonderful melting pot of 55 nationalities and hundreds of ideas. After the Kick-Off, as a new-born Chapter, we focused our efforts in organising events of both social and academic value, to spur professional growth, to join team-building challenges, to cement old relationships and create new ones. Among these events, the technical lectures by Professor Martin Blunt from Imperial College of London, Martina Siena (2014 Eni Award winner) and the Gustavo Sclocchi Award stand out the most. In thanking all the speakers that took time to share their knowledge with us, we would like to direct special thanks to our Professor and Faculty Advisor Alberto Guadagnini, along with the Young Professionals, who mentored and supported us through all the stages of the Student Chapter. We are aware that SPE is a great resource, and our hope – as members of the Executive Board – is to be a good starting point for the development of a strong and unified Student Chapter with dynamic and open-minded people. Antonio Vnciguerra Graduated in energy engineering at Politecnico di Milano, Antonio is currently a Master of Science student in Oil and Gas Engineering in the same university. He is Persident and co-founder of the SPE Politecnico di Milano Chapter since May 2016. Maria Rosaria Termite Maria is a Master degree student at Politecnico di Milano where she studies energy engineering, oil and gas fields track. She is an active member and co-founder of SPE Politecnico di Milano Chapter.

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Mr. Matthias Meister, SPE Regional Director East, South & Central Europe during his meeting with SPE Polito chapter Board members, faculty advisor and YP Italian Section representatives.

SPE POLITO STUDENT CHAPTER MEETS MATTHIAS MEISTER Winning the SPE Gold Standard Award is a prestigious achievement for SPE Polito Student chapter that strongly indicates all the efforts that have been put into the previous academic year by the chapter members. This past year, SPE Polito has put in a professional level of volunteering work in many different disciplines, including MOHAMED AMR academic, social, and even cultural. SPE â&#x20AC;&#x153;Politecnico di Torinoâ&#x20AC;? Student In continuance with the successful path Chapter President and mission of SPE, the new elected board for the 2017/2018 academic year has organized an SPE Professional gathering with the presence of Mr. Matthias Meister, SPE Regional Director for South, East & Central Europe, and Mr. Luca Cadei, SPE YP Chairman, and Mr. Selvaggio Pietro, SPE YP professional events supervisor. Such an event was the perfect opportunity to address a few questions to Mr. Meister, who started his career as a Mechanical Engineer and now he is a technical advisor with Baker Hughes.

helped me foster my career.

Thank you Mr. Matthias for accepting our invitation, we would like to know about your professional background and how your SPE journey began?

The oil industry, as of right now, is on a downturn and there is no doubt about it. It all depends on the supply and demand that determine the oil price. So, we are all depending on the oil industry and what the companies are able to do with that oil price. For sure we will have some projects that would be shut down as we see today. On the other hand, if demand is increasing, because any reservoir has a declining curve, the supply will decrease and the price might increase again. I doubt that this would happen quickly because of the oversupply that we currently have and the ability for shale oil to go online very quickly (within six months you can drill and put a shale oil well online). It really depends on how Supply & Demand will be managed, how the OPEC will decrease and cut down the production, and how the shale oil will take over

As I have mentioned, I am a mechanical engineer working in the petroleum industry, in mechanical design and trying to work my way up in the company, to be responsible for different projects. I had to change my career and my technical knowledge several times. The experience in SPE was useful because it gave me tools (such as One Petro, papers) that helped me a lot whenever I decided to change my career in order to be prepared for the new job. Besides that, being an active in SPE member, gave me the possibility to establish my network and gain visibility, which

What exactly made you stay in the Oil and Gas industry and not trying to approach another area related to mechanical engineering? In these times of rapid technological advance, the petroleum industry is very interesting since it makes you work on - and with - multiple technologies. I stayed in the oil & gas industry because I could work on developments and projects that I could not find in any other industry. That is what kept my interest and kept me inside the industry otherwise I would have changed it. In instance, I could have landed in the car manufacturing industry, Volkswagen that is close by where I am living. I could have designed 103 version of the door lock, but this thing I did not want to do. So, I would rather be more challenged and be in the oil industry working on different technologies. Noticing the current situation of the industry, could you give us your vision of the future of the oil and gas Industry?

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Mr. Matthias with Polito Petroleum Engineering Master Students

when the price is up again. In my opinion, we will live a longer period of low oil price; but in general the oil industry will still be very interesting to me because 50-60 % of the primary energy is still oil and gas. It is now your job to make sure that we supply this demand safely as well as reliably. In 2040, we would have 2 more billion people on the planet, how would we, as an industry, satisfy this energy demand?

of SPE PoliTo, because this would be helpful for the students. Reaching other departments and including them is very useful as this industry needs them as well.

What advice would you give students to be able to survive the current crisis and be qualified to start their professional careers? If you are in a Bachelor degree, eventually continue with your Master. If you are in a Master degree, I suggest continuing with a PhD. If you are done with the PhD, then you can put yourself in a place related to the industry. Companies usually do not like to hire the old people, they always look to hire young people with new perspective and fresh point of views to be able to educate them. You can also bring a lot of knowledge to the table as well through many steps: • Look at the big picture of the industry, SPE would help a lot. • Work on your soft skills. • Work with your student chapter where you can participate in some workshops and trainings to prepare yourself for an easy entrance in the oil and gas industry. • On top of that, be active in SPE volunteering work. It gives you visibility for easy job opportunities. As SPE Regional director for SPE East, South & Central Europe, what advice would you give to SPE Chapter with for the next year? I do think that the Italian section is very active and well organized, with many technical projects. As a student chapter, try to align to this and participate in these events. Try to be visible and publish your work in the Bulletin. Try to achieve your vision of expanding

Mr. Matthias Meister during his interview with Mohamed Amr, SPE Polito Chapter President

Mohamed Amr Mohamed is the SPE Polito Student Chapter President, he is a student of Alta Scuola Politecnica and he is a part of the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI). Mohamed started his SPE envolvement 5 years ago back in Egypt through different leadership positions in SPE Suez Chapter.

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS

CONTINUOUS CIRCULATION DRILLING: MOVING STEPS TOWARD EXCELLENCE AND INDUSTRY ROUTINE APPLICATION

ALBERTO AMUZZONI Drillmec S.p.A.

FRANCESCO COLAIANNI Drillmec S.p.A.

Fig.1: Advanced continuous circulation system integrated in the rig packages: clamp equipped with fully automated handling system

The continuous circulation of drilling fluids offers many benefits, including the control of bottom hole pressure along with enhanced wellbore cleaning and stability. In the current oil market scenario, these features become crucial requirements for personnel safety, operational efficiency and cost reduction, particularly in drilling environments with very narrow margins and more extreme deep-water, highpressure/high-temperature situations. An advanced Continuous Circulation System has been developed and patented in which an automated control system provides mudflow switching between the top drive and a side port integrated in each continuous circulation valve (subs) that are made-up on top of drilling stands before starting the drilling phase. A remotely controlled and fully automated clamp provides the opening and closing of the sub side port in a â&#x20AC;&#x153;hands-offâ&#x20AC;? operation. When a new stand is added to the drilling string, a sub connected to a stand already drilled into the well is positioned in the rotary table, and the clamp carrying a side flowline is engaged to it. Once the hydraulic clamp arms are safely connected to the sub,

the rig floor crew can move away from the red zone area and manage the rest of the operative sequence from a remote control panel. Acting on the clamp commands on the control panel, the operator opens the external plug of the sub side port, which remains inside the clamp body during the entire sequence. When the control system confirms the open status of the external plug, the mud flow can be redirected from the top drive to the side port before breaking the top drive connection; mud flow is also switched back to the top drive after adding the new stand. The flow rate to the well remains always constant during the entire connection sequence, keeping a dynamic condition in the well characterized by constant bottom hole pressure and continuous BHA cleaning. This Continuous Circulation System can be used during the drilling and tripping phases in an identical way. Some important considerations made during the design process were to prioritize a high level of personnel and equipment safety, convenience in rig integration and the ability to minimize the downtime through the integration of a maintenance management with the control systems. All the system components are

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS

components in real time from the remote control panel. The connection sequence can be performed with a fully automated routine or step by step. In both cases, the control system acquires and elaborates signals from sensors integrated in the main system components, reducing human errors with help text messages and warnings. The software also includes a CMMS “computerized maintenance management system”, helping to keep an historical record of working parameters of each component of the system, schedule and track of maintenance tasks, and print of operation reports. Maintenance database is also remotely accessible.

Fig.2: Clamp engaged to continuous circulation sub, top drive breaking after the mud flow has been redirected from the top drive to the side port.

designed in accordance to applicable API standards for a working pressure rating of 7,500 psi and a maximum flow rate during the connection of 1,000 gpm. The sub’s design guarantees a double safety barrier to be in place between the pressure inside the drilling string and the outside during connections on the rig floor as well as in the well. Both the barriers are independent and tested to one and a half times the working pressure rating.

entirely computer-controlled from a safe area on the rig floor or directly from the driller’s control cabin. Rig hands are only required to engage and remove the clamp, but the clamp and its flexible hose are not pressurized at that time. A fully automated handling system for the clamp has been developed and it is available for brand new rigs, where the advanced Continuous Circulation System can be integrated in the rig packages.

The new Continuous Circulation System is designed for onshore and offshore rigs with the diverter manifold, the HPU and the control system integrated in the same skid having a small footprint. This feature ensures complete flexibility during its installation and safe and fast rig-up operations without the necessity for an expensive mud loop upgrade. The typical installation layout isolates the diverter manifold from the mud pump system during the standard drilling phase. Consequently, the pressure drops added to the mud circuit are minimized and the manifold valves’ lifetime can be drastically increased. Furthermore, with the diverter manifold not being pressurized during drilling, checks and routine maintenance tasks can be carried out avoiding system downtime. The operation during connections is

The embedded software allows a complete remote control of the operative sequences as well as provides the status of the system

After the successful completion of strict testing programs related to pressure and functionality, the Continuous Circulation System has recently completed a field application in a deep onshore reservoir appraisal well in Europe. In details, the HoD® Continuous Circulation System has been used to drill the 12 inch 1/4 phase to keep ECD “equivalent circulation density” constant during connections, to improve bottom hole assembly cleaning and hole stability during drilling and pull-out of hole. For this application, “tailor made” subs for H2S containing environment, characterized by very high levels of tensile and torsional strength were studied and built. The entire package has shown excellent results in terms of component functionality and reliability in hard working conditions, represented by heavy mud and high hydraulic parameters. Connections have been made with a maximum stand pipe pressure of 4,200 psi and a maximum flow rate of 750 gpm in a complete safe manner.

Alberto Amuzzoni Graduated in Mechanical Engineer at Politecnico di Milano with a MSc in Automated Production Systems, Alberto Amuzzoni developed his MSc experimental thesis work on “Predictive methods applied to the roulette game based on a mathematical physical model”. In 2013, he joined Drillmec R&D team and since 2016, he is in charge of the HoD Department. Alberto strongly believes in the continuous improvement of automation applied to the Oil&Gas equipment as a key to reach high HSE standards and operating efficiency. Francesco Colaianni Francesco Colaianni graduated with honors in Mechanical Engineer with MSc in Energy Systems Engineering at University of L’Aquila, he developed his MSc thesis work on Energy Saving in Refinery at Eni’s San Donato Milanese Laboratories. He is currently working in the R&D team at Drillmec S.p.A where since 2016 he is in charge of Well Technology Engineering. Francesco has been specializing in Oil & Gas market segment with a particular focus on innovative drilling technologies aimed to enhance HSE standards as well as operating performance.

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS

AN IMAGINARY (BUT NOT ENTIRELY) CONVERSATION WITH MARK ZUCKERBERG ON THE TOPIC OF ‘PURPOSE AND COMMUNITY’. Based on his Graduation speech at Harvard

DAVIDE SCOTTI Saipem S.p.A. SPE Italian Section HSE Technical Director

Mark Zuckerberg delivering his speech at Harvard during the ‘rainy’ graduation cerimony.

Hi Mark! No need to introduce you to our readers! Well, first of all thanks a lot for accepting the invitation to this very unique and ‘imaginary’ conversation which to my knowledge has never been attempted before. I’m honored to be with you today because, let’s face it, you accomplished something I never could. Right. You are the one who inspired the entire world including me with the idea to share contents and connecting people. So the idea of this unconventional conversation, we can say, it came through your influence. And I am sure you have a lot of content to share with us. I’m an unlikely speaker, but today I want to share what I’ve learned about our generation and the world we’re building together. Fantastic. Let’s start from the beginning. Every great story has its original spark, and I guess that studying at Harvard was for you a blessing. How did you feel when you received that email saying that you got accepted into Harvard? I was at home playing a game and I ran

downstairs, got my dad, and for some reason, his reaction was to video me opening the email. That could have been a really sad video. I swear getting into Harvard is still the thing my parents are most proud of me for. And do you actually remember your first lecture at Harvard? Yes, it was Computer Science 121. I was late so I threw on a t-shirt and didn’t realize until afterwards it was inside out and backwards with my tag sticking out the front. I couldn’t figure out why no one would talk to me — except one guy, KX Jin, he just went with it. We ended up doing our problem sets together, and now he runs a big part of Facebook. And that is why you should be nice to people. Absolutely! Thanks for sharing this. It’s a great advice that I believe applies to any aspect of our life, especially professionally. We are all absorbed by our problems and what goes on inside our phones, that we forget the opportunities of human interactions for ourselves and our organizations. I like to think to real leaders as those who genuinely connect to the heart of people. What else you reckon is key in

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Mark Zuckerberg

shaping a real leader in the millennials generation? I want to talk about purpose. But finding your purpose isn’t enough. The challenge for our generation is creating a world where everyone has a sense of purpose. One of my favorite stories is when John F Kennedy visited the NASA space center, he saw a janitor carrying a broom and he walked over and asked what he was doing. The janitor responded: “Mr. President, I’m helping put a man on the moon”. Purpose is that sense that we are part of something bigger than ourselves, that we are needed, that we have something better ahead to work for. Purpose is what creates true happiness. The NASA anecdote is really good and it reminds the importance of sharing a long term vision, also in the area of my work. I think our readers, all professionals in the oil and gas industry and especially those who joined the SPE community, have a deep sense of purpose. You don’t work in this industry just to accomplish your daily tasks but to contribute to something much bigger, such as to provide the world’s 7 billion people with their vital daily energy needs. However, in the 16 years since I have been into this sector I noticed an inevitable loss of competency and talents. The social changes and the market crises certainly made an impact, not only in our industry. How can we overcome this general challenge? When our parents graduated, purpose

reliably came from your job, your church, your community. But today, technology and automation are eliminating many jobs. Membership in communities is declining. Many people feel disconnected and depressed, and are trying to fill a void. To keep our society moving forward, we have a generational challenge — to not only create new jobs, but create a renewed sense of purpose. I remember the night I launched Facebook from my little dorm in Kirkland House. I went to Noch’s with my friend KX. I remember telling him I was excited to connect the Harvard community, but one day someone would connect the whole world. The thing is, it never even occurred to me that someone might be us. We were just college kids. We didn’t know anything about that. There were all these big technology companies with resources. I just assumed one of them would do it. But this idea was so clear to us — that all people want to connect. So we just kept moving forward, day by day. I can see that. And role models like you today are inspiring this generation to think bigger, always moving ahead, and pursuing innovation. I have a poster in my office saying “every great journey begins with the first step” and I do agree when you say that sometimes a change in the world seems so clear that we may think that someone else will do it. But they won’t. You will, with the right level of focus and purpose. But it’s not enough to have purpose

yourself. You have to create a sense of purpose for others. Sure, go on. I am taking notes. I found that out the hard way. You see, my hope was never to build a company, but to make an impact. And as all these people started joining us, I just assumed that’s what they cared about too, so I never explained what I hoped we’d build. A couple years in, some big companies wanted to buy us. I didn’t want to sell. I wanted to see if we could connect more people. Nearly everyone else wanted to sell. Without a sense of higher purpose, this was the startup dream come true. It tore our company apart. After one tense argument, an advisor told me if I didn’t agree to sell, I would regret the decision for the rest of my life. Relationships were so frayed that within a year or so every single person on the management team was gone. That was my hardest time leading Facebook. I believed in what we were doing, but I felt alone. And worse, it was my fault. I am sure many people have been through the same mistake. Surely I did. Now, years later, I understand that this is how things work with no sense of higher purpose. It’s up to us to create it so we can all keep moving forward together. Higher purpose, this is the key. And looking at my area of work, very often we fall into the illusion that rules and

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procedures are enough to keep people protected from hazards. But we know that this is not sufficient. If we only treat health & safety from a mandatory perspective, without a higher sense of meaning, we miss the opportunity to engage people into the deep and intrinsic value of safety. But the creation of strong culture where everyone is involved is a fundamental challenge in any field. What are in your experience the golden rules to achieve that? I want to talk about three ways to create a world where everyone has a sense of purpose: 1) taking on big meaningful projects together, 2) redefining equality so everyone has the freedom to pursue purpose, and 3) building communities across the world. First, let’s take on big meaningful projects. Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like selfdriving cars and trucks. But we have the potential to do so much more together. Every generation has its defining works. More than 300,000 people worked to put a man on the moon – including that janitor. Millions of volunteers immunized children around the world against polio. Millions of more people built the Hoover dam and other great projects. These projects didn’t just provide purpose for the people doing those jobs, they gave our whole country a sense of pride that we could do great things. Now it’s our turn to do great things. Let me tell you a secret: Ideas don’t come out fully formed. They only become clear as you work on them. You just have to get started. If I had to understand everything about connecting people before I began, I never would have started Facebook. Movies and pop culture get this all wrong. The idea of a single eureka moment is a dangerous lie. It makes us feel inadequate since we haven’t had ours. It prevents people with seeds of good ideas from getting started. It’s good to be idealistic. But be prepared to be misunderstood. Anyone working on a big vision will get called crazy, even if you end up right. Anyone working on a complex problem will get blamed for not fully understanding the challenge, even though it’s impossible to know everything upfront. Anyone taking initiative will get criticized for moving too fast, because there’s always someone who wants to slow you down. I like a lot what you are saying as it applies also to my personal experience. In the past somebody criticized my ideas and vison for a more modern safety

approach, but I did it anyway following the precious advise to “fly high” given to me by a very wise man, a senior manager of this Industry. And this still drives my actions. In our society, we often don’t do big things because we’re so afraid of making mistakes that we ignore all the things wrong today if we do nothing. The reality is, anything we do will have issues in the future. But that can’t keep us from starting. So where should we focus on? It’s time for our generation-defining public works. How about stopping climate change before we destroy the planet and getting millions of people involved manufacturing and installing solar panels? How about curing all diseases and asking volunteers to track their health data and share their genomes? Today we spend 50x more treating people who are sick than we spend finding cures so people don’t get sick in the first place. That makes no sense. We can fix this. How about modernizing democracy so everyone can vote online, and personalizing education so everyone can learn? These achievements are within our reach. Let’s do them all in a way that gives everyone in our society a role. Let’s do big things, not only to create progress, but to create purpose. Absolutely and this is exactly what is needed in the field of health & safety: we need to address big things such as stopping 10 families every single day in Europe from suffering the devastating impact of the loss at work of their beloved. Any professional should be aware that taking on meaningful projects is the first thing they can do to create a world, or even an organization, where everyone has a sense of purpose. But let’s be honest, to have the freedom to pursue purpose is not so easy when organizationally it comes to deal with internal politics and fear to fail, and very often this ‘fear to fail’ is what disables innovation. Many of our parents had stable jobs throughout their careers. Now we’re all entrepreneurial, whether we’re starting projects or finding a role. And that’s great. Our culture of entrepreneurship is how we create so much progress. Now, an entrepreneurial culture thrives when it’s easy to try lots of new ideas. Facebook wasn’t the first thing I built. I also built games, chat systems, study tools and music players. The greatest

successes come from having the freedom to fail. When you don’t have the freedom to take your idea and turn it into a historic enterprise, we all lose. Right now our society is way over-indexed on rewarding success and we don’t do nearly enough to make it easy for everyone to take lots of shots. So Mark, in order to generate purpose you say that we should create an organization where there is freedom to take on meaningful projects with a culture that supports failure. And you mentioned also another point: the need to build communities. Purpose doesn’t only come from work. The third way we can create a sense of purpose for everyone is by building community. And when our generation says “everyone”, we mean everyone in the world. Every generation expands the circle of people we consider “one of us”. For us, it now encompasses the entire world. We understand the great arc of human history bends towards people coming together in ever greater numbers — from tribes to cities to nations — to achieve things we couldn’t on our own. We get that our greatest opportunities are now global — we can be the generation that ends poverty, that ends disease. We get that our greatest challenges need global responses too — no country can fight climate change alone or prevent pandemics. Progress now requires coming together not just as cities or nations, but also as a global community. But we live in an unstable time. There are people left behind by globalization across the world. It’s hard to care about people in other places if we don’t feel good about our lives here at home. There’s pressure to turn inwards. In our industry we are all exposed to international challenges, assignments that are often in difficult and tough areas where the value of life is cheaper than in other places; where instability led to war, social conflicts and delayed progress. We have a duty to help these people grow, and this idea leads many sustainability strategies of key Oil & Gas players. Equally, to be exposed to so many different culture and ways of life it’s a great opportunity for our personal growth. It’s a major challenge of course, but very rewarding. This is the struggle of our time. The forces of freedom, openness and global community against the forces of authoritarianism,

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS isolationism and nationalism. Forces for the flow of knowledge, trade and immigration against those who would slow them down. This is not a battle of nations, it’s a battle of ideas. There are people in every country for global connection and good people against it. This isn’t going to be decided at the UN either. It’s going to happen at the local level, when enough of us feel a sense of purpose and stability in our own lives that we can open up and start caring about everyone. The best way to do that is to start building local communities right now. We all get meaning from our communities. Whether our communities are houses or sports teams, churches or music groups, they give us that sense we are part of something bigger, that we are not alone; they give us the strength to expand our horizons. Absolutely, and the SPE community is an example of that. It offers opportunities for knowledge sharing, personal development and networking. However, although SPE is still strong with 165K

members, and its fast growing Young Professionals community, I have noticed that in the last few years many associations have suffered a reduction in affiliates. How it comes? It’s so striking that for decades, membership in all kinds of groups has declined as much as one-quarter. That’s a lot of people who now need to find purpose somewhere else. But I know we can rebuild our communities and start new ones because many of you already are. This is my story too. A student in a dorm room, connecting one community at a time, and keeping at it until one day we connect the whole world. Change starts local. Even global changes start small — with people like us. In our generation, the struggle of whether we connect more, whether we achieve our biggest opportunities, comes down to this — your ability to build communities and create a world where every single person has a sense of purpose. Certainly anyone can create its community, in any aspect of our society. Sometimes it is just a matter

of being inspired to take the first step. Finally, Mark, there are many young professionals who read our magazine. What’s your last advice for them? I am reminded of a prayer, Mi Shebeirach, that I say whenever I face a challenge and that I sing to my daughter thinking about her future when I tuck her into bed. It goes: “May the source of strength, who blessed the ones before us, help us find the courage to make our lives a blessing.” I hope you also find the courage to make your life a blessing. Thanks a lot Mark for taking part to this unusual conversation. And dear readers I am glad we all had the fantasy and the opportunity to imagine this interview based on his real words at his graduation speech at Harvard after receiving an honorary degree on May 25th 2017.

Please find the complete version of the speech of Mark Zuckemberg at the Harvard University website: www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/05/ mark-zuckerbergs-speech-as-written-forharvards-class-of-2017/

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MAPPING BIG DATA PLAYERS IN UPSTREAM SECTOR: A BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE APPROACH Introduction

GIOVANNI CRIMI LAURA LAMBERTUCCI SARA LUIS CARLOS LUIS ESCAMADO NHAMUE Medea Master Students, Eni

Over the last few years businesses in every industry are dealing with an increasing number of sources and available data and their improved accessibility are key factors to be managed. A better use of this data can be useful in order to improve decision making process in technical and non-technical activities, to optimize operational efficiency, reduce costs and minimize risks. The application of advanced analytics to the ever-growing amount of digital information that every firm has to deal with is referred to as Big Data methods; these technologies allow to economically extract value from large quantities of data, by enabling high velocity capture, storage and analysis. Big Data is increasingly applied in the O&G industry due to the huge amount of data produced by the different activities, through the use of real time sensors, seismic acquisition technologies, Radio Frequency IDentification Tools (RFIDs), visualization tools and so on. This project focuses solely on the Upstream, divided for the sake of clarity in the following 4 sectors: Drilling, Reservoir, Exploration and Operations.

The purpose of the research is to gather knowledge of the current situation in the market regarding Big Data applications and collaborations among O&G companies and service providers (service companies, Universities, start-ups, etc.), in order to evaluate the technological development level. Since this kind of analysis cannot be done in an explicit way by simply counting R&D projects in Big Data publicly disclosed (the indirect connections between actors being very strict), we use Social Network Analysis (hereafter called also SNA), that proves to be very useful in the process of investigating social structures through the use of networks and graph theory. As a matter of fact, SNA shows the sources and distribution of power and suggests that the power of individual actors is not an individual attribute, but arises from their relations with others. We do think that this method, being widely applicable, might be imported as a standard Business Intelligence tool to investigate structures and relations. Methodology As said before, the aim of the research is to assess the current technological

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS level of O&G industry, concerning the Big Data field. The first step is to map the main players active in the market. The basic assumption is that the papers published on the matter and/or the information released on Big Data projects developed are the main criteria to identify the companies that play a significant role. The research has been exploited both through specialized O&G websites and companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s websites. The second step is to identify the specific technological level of the single actor. Indeed, the majority of raw data, does not offer a lot of value if not properly processed. There are mainly four types of analytics (Big Data Analytics) that companies can use to extract meaning from the huge volumes of data: 1) Descriptive Analytics represent the basic level as they concern the analysis of past data to make it more interpretable. A vast majority of statistics used by firms fall in this category (i.e. reports with historical insights); 2) Predictive Analytics allow to provide estimates on the future, based on historical data. These analytics apply statistical models and algorithms to capture relationships between the various data sets; 3) Prescriptive Analytics go beyond descriptive and predictive analytics by advising firms on possible future outcomes (before decisions are made) through the use of different tools such as refined data mining algorithms, machine learning and modelling procedures; 4) Cognitive Analytics represent the highest technological level as they apply cognitive computing technologies in the decision-making process. The third step relates the application of the Social Network Analysis (in its powerful, open source implementation in R language) for each O&G process in order to assess status of the whole market. To do this, all the informations gathered so far have been summarized in a square symmetric adjacency matrix in order to trace also the interconnections among the different players. The elements of the matrix (cells) record information about the ties between each pair for companies, that is the number of connections founded. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to highlight that the columns represent the source of directed ties, and the rows the targets. In this specific

context, the source is the company that is supposed to support the project. For example, if a connection is found between an O&G company and a service company it is supposed the O&G firm invests the money in the service company to develop the project. The analysis has been exploited through different network visualization and analysis tools. Starting from simple graph suited to visualize the adjacency matrix information in a meaningful way, then the analysis has been deepened through different network metrics: a) The individual level metrics are used in order to better understand the relative importance of the nodes (companies) inside the network. Taking into account the research question, four main measures have been used: - Degree centrality, that is the number of connection for a given node; - Strength centrality, that is the sum of the weights of all the connections for a given node; - Betweenness, that measures the number of shortest paths between nodes in the network that go through the node in question; - Eigenvector centrality, defined as the values of the principal eigenvector for the network when represented as a matrix.

b) The network level metrics allow to capture more information about the structure and the relationship inside the overall network. According to the purpose of the project the centralization method has been used, in order understand at what extent social interactions are centred on the most central node in the network. Results The following section presents the main results for each of the Upstream sectors. Exploration For the Exploration process the Social Network Analysis highlights that the key actors are, in order, IBM and Statoil. Indeed, they represents the strongest, and the more central nodes with the highest number of connections. In particular IBM, that represents also the more influent company in the network, uses mainly predictive and prescriptive Big Data Analytics, especially Machine Learning, Cloud, and Clustering tools. The same holds for Statoil, that mainly uses data management tools (data warehouse, data sharing). The other more connected players are the University of Texas at Austin, Eni, Total, Shell and Oracle. Among these, it should be pointed out that Oracle, Shell and University of Texas at Austin lye on

Fig.1: Example of Degree of Centrality network metrics, as appears using a network visualization and analysis tools: the graph shows which companies are central players in Big Data arena and the related relationships, as applied to the Drilling sector.

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Fig.2: Another example of Degree of Centrality network metrics, elaborated through a network visualization and analysis tool: this graph, even in its rough IT appearance, describes the structure and relationships, as applied to Reservoir sector.

the shortest path (secondarily to IBM and Statoil) and so they are also able to channel the flow in the network. By analysing the weighted number of connections also Schlumberger seems to play an important role inside the network. Schlumberger mainly uses predictive and prescriptive analytics, such as Pattern Recognition, Data Analytics and Knowledge-Based Engineering. Finally, Universities and Secondary service companies appear not to be really connected in the Social Network Analysis as they seem to develop projects mainly on their own. Drilling The SNA shows there are few important companies that play a key role in the Big Data applications applied to drilling (Fig. 1). Among a quite big number of players, the strongest and more central nodes with the highest number of connections are, in order, Schlumberger and Saudi

Aramco. Moreover, they represent also the most influent ones. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to point out that both companies employ predictive and prescriptive Big Data Analytics. Schlumberger, on its side, uses real-time drilling and machine learning statistics while Saudi Aramco mainly realtime drilling and intelligent field tools. These companies are the main players as they appear to have the highest number of connections, to be the strongest and the main central nodes. Among the others firms, it should be pointed out that Chevron, Shell and Maana represent the more connected actors that lye on the shortest path and thus, are able to channel the network. In particular, the central position of Maana is mainly due to the fact that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an affiliated start-up of Chevron Technology Ventures, Frost Data Capital, GE Ventures, Intel Capital, Saudi Aramco Energy Ventures, and Shell Technology Ventures. Maana is a Big Data start-up that has developed an advanced analytics platform that operationalizes

Big Data insights into line-of-business applications. The other more connected companies are mainly service companies such as Siemens, IBM, Halliburton and GE but also O&G firms such as ENI, BP, Exxon, and Petrobras. In general, all of these companies mainly uses predictive and prescriptive Big Data Analytics, through Data Mining, Machine Learning, Neural Networks and Optimization tools. Universities and secondary service companies worked mainly on their own and thus appear not really connected in the network graph. Reservoir The reservoirâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; SNA figures out that the main players exploiting Big Data are Shell and Schlumberger as they have the higher number of collaborations, and they represent the more central and influent nodes able to channel the network (Fig. 2). Both of the two main actors employ mainly

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS prescriptive and predictive analytics; in detail, the Shell uses modelling and data driven tools and Schlumberger employs data mining as well as prescriptive optimization analytics. In addition to those two companies, SNA shows that the other important O&G companies which have a significant role in the network (even if with a lower weight) are Saudi Aramco, Eni and BP. In particular, while Saudi Aramco uses mainly prescriptive optimization tools as well as Eni, BP employs predictive and prescriptive analytics (statistics and data mining). Secondarily to Schlumberger, the other most important service companies are IBM and Halliburton which use, respectively, machine learning and predictive modelling analytics. Finally, it must be highlighted that HeriotWatt University lyes on the shortest path as well as Shell, and thus it represents one of the easier way to get in touch to the network. Secondarily, the other university able to channel the network is the Texas A&M University. While the Herriot-Watt University focuses on innovative reservoir modelling and simulation, Texas A&M University uses prescriptive optimization tools. Finally, it is to notice that inside the network exists some isolated companies that form separated clusters which develop Big Data only internally and they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t collaborate with the rest of the players.

Operations

networks with other companies.

For the Operations, the SNA shows that the main players are Schlumberger, Shell and Saudi Aramco, due to the fact that they are more central in the network, meaning that they have more connections, they are enablers and more influential and thus could pose an issue if removed from the network. Schlumberger pursues together with its collaborators projects of different characteristics, using mainly predictive and prescriptive Big Data Analytics, such as neural networks, advanced streaming data, real-time, data mining as well as machine learning. Moreover, it can be highlighted that also the other O&G companies (ENI, Chevron, Total, BPâ&#x20AC;Ś) mainly employ predictive and prescriptive analytics, such as deep machine learning and pattern recognition. Most of the projects undertaken in Operations arena together with the Universities refer to the use of neural networks tools (prescriptive analytics), with the Stanford University coming on top. At last, it is possible to see a wave of small non-major operating companies that have isolated projects with other small startups, with the example of Devon Energy, Endurance Resources, Northern Rock Resources which can have an impact to Big Data even though the majority of these companies are disconnected from the

Conclusion

Summarizing, the Social Network Analysis highlights a fragmented scenario (Fig. 3). Indeed, there are a lot of players active in the Big Data applications for Upstream O&G. However, only few companies developed several projects also with external collaborations. The overwhelming number of actors (i.e. universities, service companies etc.) seems to work in their own by developing few projects. Finally, taken into account the main hypothesis explained in the methodology, it can be pointed out that currently the main players with the highest technological level in the market are Schlumberger, Shell, Saudi Aramco, IBM and Statoil. All of these companies mainly uses predictive and prescriptive Big Data Analytics in order to exploit their decision-making process. The cognitive analytics are mostly being taken only by the higher rank of IT companies, like IBM (i.e. through the platform IBM Watson). References www.worldoil.com www.onepetro.org www.oilandgasbigdata.com www.geoexpro.com

Fig.3: Histograms showing the distributions of the different network metrics (Degree of Centrality, Strength, Betweenness, Eigenvector Centrality) along a selected asset (Reservoir).

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HELIUM DETECTION AT WELLSITE: A POWERFUL GEOCHEMICAL TOOL Dear members,

ANDREA LAMBERTI Eni S.p.A. SPE Italian Section Reservoir Technical Director

Fig.1: Bianca Cecconi (Geolog International), Best Paper for Technical Content at OMC 2017

O&G industry is fighting to fit a 50$/bbl era: almost all the IOC are continuously pushing to minimize costs to make projects economically robust. Data collection is one of the most common sacrificial victim, often cut from project budgets to lift the NPVs. As reservoir engineers, we suffer the lack of data, especially during the first development phase of a project, to support decision making and tune our models. It can be frustrating when bosses ask for robust predictions without investing enough in data

Fig.2: Radioactive decay chain for Uranium-238.

collection: â&#x20AC;&#x153;There is no free lunch!â&#x20AC;? Therefore, we have to find out solutions to maximize the value of already available information: mud logging is one possibility, providing representative information about the lithology and fluid content of the formation while drilling and on site. Indeed, new developments are providing mud logging analyses with more and more information about our reservoir that can support real-time decision making with a relatively limited investment. The following text is an adaptation of a bigger work presented at OMC2017

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written by Bianca Cecconi and Isaac Easow (both working for Geolog International). HELIUM DETECTION AT WELLSITE: A POWERFUL GEOCHEMICAL TOOL Noble gases are precious markers for natural fluid characterization. The common feature amongst all these gases is their chemical inertness; as they are generated, only physical processes govern their migration and isotopic fractionation (Fig.1). This article focuses on wellsite detection of the smallest noble gas, i.e. helium, in the isotopic form of 4He. The main challenge of helium measurement is to find a compromise between having analytically reliable results at wellsite and using robust instruments, capable of working in non-standard situations such as a mud logging laboratory. The origin on the Earth’s crust of Helium-4 is related to the radioactive decay process of some elements, such as Uranium and Thorium, for example fig.2 shows the decay chain for Uranium-238 that involves the emission of several α particles, Helium-4 atoms, indicated by orange arrows. The main interest in Uranium logging is related to the oxygen-free conditions in which it precipitates in the redox state of Uranium (IV). Such anoxic conditions are also the necessary environment for organic matter deposition and transformation to give hydrocarbons. As helium is generated from uranium radioactive decay, its presence is indirectly correlated to the possible presence of organic matter and for that reason it is considered a proxy for hydrocarbons. At the same time, being helium the smallest gas present in a formation, its concentration can be correlated to permeability and fracture presence (Fig.2). The main advantage of having wellsite analyses relies on the representativeness and density of samples that can be recorded: the mud gas composition is the closest to the real concentration of the gas coming from the drilled formation and the sampling interval is related only to the turnover time of the instrument resulting in highly detailed logs. If samples need to be collected and shipped in laboratories far away from the rig, there are issues arising in the collection, storage and shipping procedures that can introduce errors and potential leaks. Moreover, the time response could rise till weeks or months after reaching TD, ruling out any use of such measurements

Fig.3: Helium logs comparison between TCD and MS readings.

in real-time decision making. The article illustrates first the field performance comparison of two technologies for helium detection and then the case histories regarding the use of helium logs in integrated interpretations for permeability/fracture patterns identification and possible hydrocarbon proxy (presence) in unconventional fields. TWO TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FIELD: µTCD AND MASS SPECTROMETER

Straightforward-to-use and difficultto-fail instruments are at the basis of a winning solution to get reliable results from wellsite analysis. Two technologies have been compared on the field introducing the helium detectors on the mud gas line of a standard mud logging unit: single quadruple mass spectrometer and μTCD (thermal conductivity detector). According to the instrumental specifications as tested in the laboratory, the performances in

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS An interpretation model can be built by integrating the results from the downhole Image Log and other surface logging data as helium trends in mud gas, mineral composition of drill cuttings and drilling mud flow monitoring, that can be used to predict the occurrence of open natural fractures in future wells by running mud logging only for effective cost savings. â&#x20AC;˘ Hydrocarbon proxy

Fig.4: Schematic representation of fracture and permeability patterns and helium trends.

helium detection were likely to be similar. The two instruments have been tested on a field where the expected helium levels were in the range of 10-50 ppm, thus quite close to the instrumental limits of detection set in the laboratory. The results of the two instruments are plotted with a cut-off of 15 ppm in fig. 3 together with the C1-C5 readings, ROP intervals and cuttings description. As it can be deduced from figure 3, there is a very good match between the two results, suggesting that both the technologies are fulfilling the parameters for good and reliable helium detection, necessary for a correct log interpretation. Not only the main helium shows are correctly matching, i.e. xxx04-xxx07, but also when concentration is lower such as in the case of xxx01-xxx02 and xxx07xxx09. HELIUM IN FORMATION EVALUATION A careful interpretation of helium concentrations passes through the integration with other logs such as mud gas, geochemical and image logs, in order to confirm hypotheses and avoid misleading conclusions (Fig.3). In conventional fields, changes in formation fluids nature and compartmentalization can be correlated to helium trends, while in

unconventional plays helium distribution is directly connected to the presence and abundance of radiogenic minerals. As migration is largely limited, in these tight rocks and self-sourcing environment, the helium levels can be correlated to the organic rich and frackable formations. Two case histories will be now illustrated for unconventional fields. â&#x20AC;˘ Fracture and permeability pattern detection During the exploration of an unconventional well in the United States, helium levels have been correlated to Image Logs from downhole equipment for identification of fractures (Fig.4). In the study, the abundance of fractures has been correlated to increases or decreases in helium levels, resulting in a good match with the fractures detected through Image Log. If the abundance of fractures from Image Log is compared to the helium concentration trends, it can be deduced that high fracture frequency is associated to higher concentration of helium, while when tight layers are present the helium content is low. As a confirmation of the observed trend, an intermediate number of fractures is validated by average levels of helium, as schematically illustrated in fig.4.

Helium concentration can also be used as a proxy for presence of organic matter in unconventional wells. While drilling a horizontal well targeting the Wolfcamp formation, a well-known source rock in the Permian basin of Texas, United States, the helium peaks have been related to the presence and abundance of hydrocarbon gases, confirming that less tight formations are associated with higher ROP and higher levels of total gas and helium (fig. 5). A good correspondence between the gas shows (noble and hydrocarbon) and the lithological description is evident when comparing the two logs. For example, the xxx01-xxx02, xxx06-xxx08 and xxx10 intervals are richer in hydrocarbon gases and helium, while the xxx02-xxx06 interval shows a drop that can be correlated to the limestone abundance, as confirmed by the calcium behaviour from XRF (fig. 5). It is of great importance that the helium peaks are positioned in the hydrocarbon rich zones and in the expected lithology, confirming the strength of the correlation and the expectation of having the organic content higher in the shaly and radioactive elements rich intervals. CONCLUSIONS The illustrated study on helium detection highlighted the potential use at wellsite of this noble gas. Two analytical techniques have been positively tested and their field performance compared in detail, confirming the robustness and reliability for wellsite analyses for both instrumental solutions. Once the analytical reliability has

TECHNICAL DIRECTORS been assessed, the role of helium measurements in formation evaluation has been described. In unconventional fields, helium logs can be associated to two aspects: • Changes in helium concentration have been correlated to the fracture patterns measured by downhole image logging. An interpretation model for a series of wells can be developed by integrating the helium logs to other data coming from the mud logging unit, such as the mud flow changes while drilling, or the variation in inorganic proxy concentration in the drill cuttings. This approach can lead to fracture pattern identification from mud logging when downhole logging tools are unavailable;

• Changes in helium have been also correlated to the lithological changes and are directly correlated to the presence of organic matter and hydrocarbons in the formation as migration could be limited within the self-sourcing rock. References: � Prinzhofer A., “Noble gas in oil and gas accumulations”, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, The Noble Gases as Geochemical Tracers, 225. � Erzinger J., Wiersberg T., Zimmer M., “Real-time

mud gas logging and sampling during drilling”, 2006, Geofluids, 6. 225. � Mainali P., Yemidale G., Hankins B., Matson C.C., “Formation evaluation of multiple pay zones within an unconventional reservoir (Permian Basin): An integrated interpretation using elemental, mineralogical, programmed pyrolysis, and mud gas data”, 2015, SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium. � Gawankar, G., Pate, C., Easow I., Cameron N., “Cost-effective reservoir characterization from advanced surface logging technologies in unconventional reservoirs”, 2016, URTeC Unconventional Resources Technology Conference.

Bianca Cecconi Bianca Cecconi graduated in Organic Chemistry at the University of Florence and got the PhD title in Material Science at the University of Milan Bicocca. She joined the R&D team of Geolog in Milan headquarter on March 2016 with the role of R&D Specialist. She is involved in both the development and optimization of new analytical instruments and the improvement of data interpretation. She is author of 7 articles published on peer-reviewed journals and member of the EAOG, the European Association of Organic Geochemists.

Fig.5: ROP, TG, C1, Helium and some XRF logs together with the lithological description of cuttings.

HISTORY TELLING

THE GOLDEN AGE OF NATURAL GAS

FERDINANDO MARFELLA Eni S.p.A. SPE Italian Section Secretary

Energy often suggests good stories to tell. This bulletin section is a mean for sharing and interpreting experiences of the past, reflected across the perspectives of our contemporary world, to find the paths between past, present and future. It is a creative way to investigate and rework cultural knowledge and values of our cultures networks. Always someone regrets the past. Talking to older colleagues at a coffee machine, a nostalgic sense of the past takes possession of their eyes and minds. A golden age manifests itself in the eyes of the adventurers: a period of primordial peace, harmony, stability, and prosperity for all workers, full of rights and privileges.

developed this myth of golden age, using it for political purposes. Virgil used it to cheer the Emperor Augustus, seen in the fourth Eclogue as the proponent of a new age of gold. He lived along being an old courtesan who died for a blow, after a trip to Greece. He was buried with great honours in Naples and was dreamed by Dante Alighieri to become a tourist guide in the afterlife. Ovid instead was very imprudent and used this myth to criticize him. Ovid died in exile after ten years spent in a distant wilderness, in a foreign country. More closely to our times, the myth of the golden age could maybe refer to the

The myth of golden age comes from Greek mythology, particularly invented by the poet Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five ages, gold being the first.

Fig.1: A poster by Folon for the promotion of natural gas in Italy (from internet)

During this age, peace and harmony prevailed; people did not have to work to feed themselves, for the earth provided food in abundance. They lived to a very old age with a youthful appearance and they retired at a very early age. The Roman poets Virgil and Ovid

Fig.2: Well n.2 at Caviaga (from the photo collection of Darfani Restaurant in Caviaga)

HISTORY TELLING Italian society of the last century and it is close to the history of Agip. Long before the coffee machines were invented. Our story starts when energy became important to build an industrialized country after years of backwardness. After a twenty-year regime of dictatorship, Italy had lost the World War II and entered into the sphere of Western influence. Italy had been victim of heavy human and material losses, with its future made difficult by uncertainties about State institution. The productive apparatus was in serious difficulty. The defeat in the war was the bottom from which to emerge. United States of America wanted to export a model of prosperity, freedom and democracy, free market and progress, in opposition to Fascist and Nazi model. Anyway, they were the winners imposing a control structure to build a “national model” useful for US interests. In such a difficult time, the economic literature and the consequent historiography tell that winners imposed a “limited sovereignty”, in many ways, limiting the hydrocarbon sector. It should be remembered that the centre of the welfare model that Italy tended to adopt was based on oil. It was a primary source of exaggerated “national interest” in the USA, controlled and developed globally by an oligopoly, the Seven Sisters. In this area the will of national emancipation had as principal interpreter Enrico Mattei who, coming from Resistance, saw not only an economic necessity in the reconstruction process. He recognized in natural gas the new element (and indeed it was) of a European energy policy, adopted several years in advance in the USA.

The 1946 was the year of the advent of methane in Italy. The natural gas was here so pure that it was called directly methane. The need for a large-scale use of natural gas arises and the gradual transition of gas-to-gas distribution starts.

A golden age for the Italian economy started, growing along an increased exploitation of natural gas, copying the golden age of oil, having its limits from 1948 to 1973, more or less from Marshall Plan to the big oil shock.

In 1946, Enrico Mattei had been named vice president of Agip, with a mandate for liquidating the state oil company created by fascist regime in 1926. Yet, between 1947 and 1949, while a heated debate raged in Italy over the future of its oil industry and the legislation related to hydrocarbons extraction, Agip made a series of important discoveries of natural gas in the Po valley, in the north of the country. Mattei immediately took advantage of the situation and objected to the liquidation of the company, proposing, to the contrary, to set up a full-fledged state entity responsible for the full cycle of production, refining, and marketing of hydrocarbons; Mattei, first, invented the gas market in Italy, a new engine able to empower Italian industry in a critical historical phase.

This golden age of our economy is kept well in mind of our parents and of our grannies. It was a sparkling time for mechanical industry as automotive sector, with millions of cars being produced in the industrialized West, supported by low cost of materials and commodities. Mattei has been one of the most important figure of the post-war period in Italy and not only, because today he really represents a myth for all of us.

A beautiful movie reports an interview with Enrico Mattei in which he tells the parable of a small hungry and weak kitten. On the return of a hunting trip, Mattei dined at his two hunting dogs. As soon as the kitten came close to the dogs’ soup, it was kicked off and killed. That incident shook Mattei and he reflected on the fact that the dogs represented, as a metaphor, the Seven Sisters and the weak cat was the growing Agip. The natural gas has been a key for this emancipation process.

During the 1950s, the number of methane distributing companies largely increased due to the development of new categories of use, in particular domestic heating. The 1960s saw a strong technological evolution in production, thanks to the fields of the centre and south of the peninsula, the massive methane finds in North Africa, and more and more capillary distribution of gas in the cities. Exceptional sources of natural gas in the Dutch and North Sea subsoil and increasing availability of methane thanks to two important initiatives by Snam: the import of natural gas from Libya and the Soviet Union. On October 27, 1962, Enrico Mattei died in an aircraft accident in Bascapè (PV). A great protagonist of the Italian twentieth century has disappeared. This is a complex story to tell. Investigations have continued

To understand the “gas phenomenon” we must remember the fervour of initiatives at all levels: from the national government that had to worry about giving a job to forty-six million Italians, to the initiatives of far-sighted individual positions in key positions. The gas industry was involved in reconstruction and industrial re-settling after the destruction and damage of the war period. At that time, the gas supplied was generally obtained through the fossil coal distillation, whose supply was largely managed by private companies.

Fig.3: Enrico Mattei and natural gas: the pioneering era

HISTORY TELLING

until today. It does not seem to have been an accident, but this is another story. In the 1970s, methane availability showed massive use of natural gas in the chemical and steel industry with a widespread use of this energy source in the civilian market. In 1973 there were 1090 municipalities served by the gas against 175 of 1969. The process of methanization of southern Italy started. At the end of the decade thanks also to the advanced installation of the Snam offshore gas pipelines for the transportation of the Algerian natural gas - it enters the solving phase with regard to the design, construction and operation of the plants. A long economic crisis characterizes the early part of the 1980s: a crisis that draws its origins from a fierce international competition and a gigantic technological innovation process that will deeply change the structure of the world of work. The eighties opened with the concrete launch of the southern Italy methanization. With the activation of an intense program of using natural gas in the residential and tertiary thermal power plants, “methane gives you a hand”, the Italian gas industry contributes more and more to the implementation of the fundamental objective of the Energy Plans adopted by the various Governments: the reduction of the dependence on oil.

In the second half of the 1990s, the gas market in Europe, and particularly in Italy, entered a historical phase of major changes. The European Electricity and Gas Directives outline the European energy market in 2000 and accelerate with precise timeliness - the evolutionary phases, targeting them - more efficiency, lower costs and lower prices - and modifying corporate structures, public policies and business strategies in the industry. So is the golden age something old? As Virgil taught in the fourth Eclogue, at the time of Emperor Augustus: the age of gold has yet to arrive indeed, it is coming! Natural gas is the bridge to the future of energy. Energy engineers well know that electric power plants fuelled with natural gas emit far less greenhouse gas (GHG) than coal-fired plants. Reduction estimates tend to be quite consistent, ranging from 37% to 54%, depending on the age and efficiency of the plants being compared. So, natural gas clearly does reduce power plant GHG emissions. US carbon emissions from power plants have fallen to 25-year lows. No country is reducing its emissions faster. This remarkable achievement is not only the product of a “green revolution.” Yes, they are subsidizing and building wind and solar power. Nevertheless, despite billions in taxpayer funds, these two power sources still generate less than 7 percent of US

electricity. Rather, natural gas leads the charge in emissions and cost reduction efforts. Basically, all want an all-renewable energy future. But greater use of natural gas isn’t an impediment to renewables, it’s actually helping integrate them onto the electrical grid. New research from scientists in USA, Italy and France shows that adding more natural gas to the electric grid is actually an “enabling factor” for adoption of wind and solar power, since fast-acting backup power is needed when the wind is not blowing nor the sun shining. Natural gas power plants provide this back-up faster than any other energy source. It is in practice the perfect complement to renewables. Actually, also in Italy a greater use of natural gas is proving critically important to our climate goals. It is helping us reduce emissions while lowering energy costs. And natural gas is also helping us to integrate more wind and solar onto our grid. In conclusion, the value of life in its broadest sense, and therefore of the environment and the Earth which is our home, must be given pride of place. The natural gas is still opening up a new era of gold. Most likely Enrico Mattei would be proud of it.

Fig.4: The sales of the new IVECO “Stralis” truck fueled by Natural Gas (CNG/LNG) are skyrocketing in Europe

SECTION ACTIVITIES

BUSINESS VISIT AT FINCANTIERI

STEFANO MARONESE Eni S.p.A.

Fig.1: SPE delegation at Fincantieri HQ

The Business Visits Program carried on by SPE YP has brought a group of young professionals to visit, on April 10, the first western shipbuilder: Fincantieri. Fincantieri has an outstanding history started more than 200 years ago; with its powerful track record (over 7000 ships built), Fincantieri is renowned around the globe for building sophisticated and fit for purpose ships: - from cruisers to tankers to the Amerigo Vespucci, the famous school ship of the Italian Navy. Fincantieri is also known to be actively involved in the Oil&Gas industry, as they realized drillships and semisubmersible vessels such as Saipem 7000, Scarabeo 5 and Scarabeo 8. Keeping this in mind, our group of YP was greeted by Mr. Mirco Busetto, head of basic design Oil&Gas offshore at Fincantieri headquarters, in Trieste. The plan for the day was to visit the head office in Trieste in the morning while in the afternoon Monfalcone Shipyard, in which we had the chance to closely follow the production process of shipbuilding. During the visit we met Gianni Scherl, engineer at basic design department at Fincantieri Oil&Gas Offshore, who introduced us to the new concept of drillship on which Fincantieri is working on: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Overdrillâ&#x20AC;?.The project consists in a new vessel for ultra-deep offshore operation, capable to work up to 12.000

ft. of water depth and drill down to 50.000 ft. The Overdrill 50.000 is fitted with automatic drill pipe handling system to minimize human intervention and 20 kpsi well control system, to guarantee the maximum safety and

Fig.2: Monfalcone Shipyard

SECTION ACTIVITIES reliability. “These features, together with higher payload capacity, are the new requirements coming from the Oil&Gas industry for the next generation drillships” explained Mr. Scherl “and Fincantieri is working to fulfill these requirements keeping the maximum HSE standards”. Indeed as the Oil&Gas industry is focusing more and more in ultra-deep development projects, such as Gulf of Mexico, the need of new drillships capable to work in those environments will surely arise after the current downturn. The next step in the visit was the new 3D engineering tool developed by Fincantieri to allow the exploration of newly designed vessel using 3D technology. These tools are becoming more and more widespread in the industry as they allow controlling and refining the engineering of highly complex and integrated vessels. As you can see in the picture, an example of the 3D rendering of the automatic drill pipe handling system is showed through the 3D goggle; moreover, we had the opportunity to experience how to navigate inside such 3D model thank to the guidance of Marko Keber, which is developing this tool. The afternoon was spent in Monfalcone shipyard, in which we had the chance to follow the construction of a new ship from the raw material to the dock. The visit started from the workshops, in which the raw steel slab are welded and curved to become the hull and decks of the new

Fig.3: Showtime at the 3D lab

ship. Mr. Busetto explained us the process of construction of the ship, which consists in creating different modules, which are assembled into section and eventually assembled to obtain the whole vessel. This approach speeds up the construction and optimize the schedule, allowing realizing a new 300 meters long cruiser in 12/18 months. Finally, our journey in Fincantieri ended in front of the last cruiser built and ready

to sail away in the next months. It was an amazing and riveting journey in the world of shipbuilders, in which we had an interesting insight on the future trends and technologies of the next generation drillship. We are greatly appreciative for the willingness of Fincantieri and its staff, in particular Mr. Busetto, who has guided us through this engaging visit. See you in the next visit!

Stefano Maronese Stefano graduated in Energy Engineering at the University of Padova in 2013. After a post-graduate degree in Oil&Gas plant design, he started his career in Eni Construction department. Currently, he is part of the Power Engineering unit, dealing with renewable and conventional power plant development.

SECTION ACTIVITIES

HUMAN FACTORS IN BARRIER THINKING

UMBERTO PERNA Eni S.p.A.

Fig.1: Ron Mc Leod delivers his Distinguished Lecture at the SPE Italian Section

Industrial risk assessment and mitigation is a paramount concern for most industrial companies and, consequently, both organisational and technical safety systems are implemented in order to avoid tragic accidents and expensive mishaps. These precautions are also referred to as “barriers” and should in theory prevent (or at least make it very difficult) threatening events for human life and environment-. Unfortunately, every so often, these may fail and an accident takes place. Professor Ron McLeod from the HeriotWatt University, held a Distinguished Lecture showing the audience how even apparently thorough and carefully planning of protecting against hazards can prove superficial and ineffective. Such method employs a Bow-Tie shaped diagram (fig. 2), which visualises the risk(s) you are dealing with in just one, easy to understand picture. The diagram’ shape shows a clear differentiation between proactive and reactive risk management respectively before (accident avoidance) and after (accident containment) a hazardous event takes place. It also provides a basis of the analysis and implementation of “lessons learned”.

(behavioural schemes to prevent the hollowing of barriers), supposedly put in place, can be hit by either a superficial initial assessment or wishful thinking. An additional danger of this approach is the creation of complacency and of a false sense of safety, which may wear down even further human behavioural and thinking barriers.

Barriers measures and procedures) and

Fig.2: How errors occur even in presence of barriers: the typical “Swiss Cheese” error model

(practice safeguards

Professor McLeod drew heavily on the example of the fire at fuel tank storage site in Buncefield (UK) in 2005 to show the above-mentioned phenomenon. An ensemble of poor organizational maintenance routines, superficiality in following both the safety checks and equipment tests, and design flaws in the supervision equipment of tank fuel levels, contributed altogether to the above-mentioned disastrous event. The barriers, which on paper were erected to stop the incident, resulted inadequate or, worse, absent.

SECTION ACTIVITIES

Fig.3: The Bow-Tie Diagram integrated with the flow of organizational learning from hazardous events.

Understanding how human factors contribute to the inefficiency of safety mechanisms relies upon the comprehension of the decoupling and difference of two modes of reasoning: planning and acting. Nearly all the discussions and analyses of risk assessment and subsequent decisionmaking processes take place away from the front line, where the direct consequences are going to be felt the most. They are performed by people expected to follow well-structured and approved processes (corporate, professional, governmental etc.), armed with all the relevant information, and following explicit guidance on how to make rational judgements. These are backoffice risk assessments, made with ample time and fresh cognitive resources at the disposal of the writers and supervisors of such reports and procedures. None of them is concerned with the awareness or assessment of risk or decision-making by operators at the front line, or with how those individuals assess the relative priority of the risks. Professor McLeod illustrated a brief list of “truths” of human behaviour that undermine the analyses and efforts put forth in many risk-prevention plans: • Human Performance is highly situational (and as the situation is “understood” by the individual); • Behaviour is influenced by the process design;

• Individuals will act with the least amount of effort (even if it is risker, “lazy by design”); • It cannot be assumed that individuals always act rationally. These characteristics are straightforward feats of the “Human Nature” as can be observed constantly, and have evolved because they are usually rewarding and beneficial for the survival of the species in a competitive predatory setting. On the contrary, the complexities of modern Techno-Social Systems require the individual to transcend these instincts and become more analytical and reflective. Humanscanbehaveinbothwaysdepending on the circumstances, according to two different “Systems” of thinking. The “carefully” planned risk assessment is an example of what psychologists identify as “System 2” thinking (also called “Slow” or “Reflective”), which is evidence-based, careful and rational but rather inefficient. On the other hand, risk assessment and decisions made on the front-line follow “System 1” thinking (also referred to as “Fast” or “Automatic”) which is efficient, always “On” and does not require conscious awareness as it works

through the instantaneous association of ideas and concepts and it allows to react quickly to a given situation. Unfortunately, “System 1” thinking is not highly desirable in dealing with risk avoidance as it does filter out any doubt or questioning regarding a certain situation, nor deals very well with situational ambiguity and it is subject to bias. It is also prone to jumping to conclusions with are deemed “comfortable” by the agent and it is prone to biases (like the widely recognised “normalization of deviance” and “group think”) which can be severely detrimental in risk avoidance situations. Challenges in accident prevention must take into account and attempt to reconcile the wedge existing between the reality of daily operations and their planning counterparts in order to minimize the possibility that failures in capturing human and organizational pitfalls would cause casualties and damages. It is important not to overestimate the efficacy of the barriers put in place and not to oversimplify the reaction of personnel: human being are complex entities and can act and react in unexpected ways.

Umberto Perna Umberto Perna is a Financial Analyst and Controller within the Upstream Planning and Control Department of Eni S.p.A. Previously he has been a management consultant for Business Integration Partners and Visiting Researcher at the University of California Davis. He is an alumnus of Scuola Mattei, holds an MSc in Development Economics from the University of Florence and a BSc in Economics & Business from LUISS University in Rome.

SECTION ACTIVITIES

BUSINESS VISIT TO THE ENI DONEGANI LABS BY UMBERTO PERNA Eni S.p.A.

Fig.1: The Waste-to-Fuel pilot reactor, built and currently under test at the Donegani Institute.

Last February, a group of young SPE professionals from the Italian Section took part in an interesting insight to the Eni Donegani laboratories in Novara, Piedmont. The institute is a leading international research centre, with a long history dating back to the prewar period, when it was founded by the Italian chemical company “Montecatini” in 1921. The institution can boast an impressive list of publications and patent filed throughout the years (since 2007, for instance, over 700 papers have been published and more than 500 patents registered).

Our members, after receiving a very warm welcome from the Institute Director and a detailed overview of the activities carried out by the local research community, had the privilege of entering the lab to closely observe the pioneering projects and technologies currently under different stages of conceptualization, prototyping and development. Among these, we were allowed to visit a fully functional “Waste-to-fuel” reactor which converts urban organic wastes into feedstock for biofuels using a thermochemical conversion process (accelerating a

Fig.2: Istituto Guido Donegani, in a picture dating back to 1951

SECTION ACTIVITIES

Fig.3: Flow batteries are a very promising technology in the field of energy storage

process that in nature would have taken several million years in underground sedimentary formations). Following the path of Downstream technologies, the researchers also showed us how biodiesel is produced directly by microorganisms (Oleaginous yeasts) using agricultural waste products (ligneo-cellulosic biomass) through fermentation-based processes. Both technologies exploit waste biomass which offers an alternative solution to waste/ sewage disposal and, at the same time, do not compete with agricultural food production. Renewables and energy storage solutions are also thoroughly investigated in order to identify and develop new solutions to crack the energy rebus: how to produce, use and store energy in the most efficient

way. For instance, the innovative heatpreserving coating cab be applied in Thermal Solar Power plants, improving significantly the efficiency of power generation by reducing energy loss. Such technology, which is currently under development coupled with polymer-based mirrors, can drastically reduce the plant construction costs, boosting the industrial development of solar-based energy technology. The delegation had the chance to closely observe a working samples of Semitransparent Solar Energy Concentrators, coloured with fluorescent, while being illustrated their possible utilization and applications by one of the researcher and designer. Such technology has the same principle of a conventional solar cell, but it has the advantage to being semitransparent, absorbing only segments

of the light spectrum not involved in photosynthesis; consequently an integration with greenhouse agriculture or building windows is possible. The last experiment dealt with the hurdle of efficient energy storage by proposing a new battery concept: â&#x20AC;&#x153;flow batteryâ&#x20AC;?. Such is one of the most promising electricity storage technologies, and it is based on a Vanadium based aqueous salt that, flowing in the battery stack, can store large amount of energy literally in liquid state. The visit represented a unique occasion to exchange ideas and to be updated on the latest trends for technology development in the energy sector, which, besides being very fascinating also wholeheartedly respects the mission of SPE.

SECTION BOARD S P E I TA L I A N S E C T I O N B O A R D 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 1 7

CHAIRMAN

VICE CHAIRMAN

Tiani Alessandro (Eni S.p.A)

Maurizio Rampoldi (Eni S.p.A.)

MENTOR CHAIRPERSON

PAST CHAIRVICE CHAIRMAN

Paccaloni Giovanni

Tealdi Loris (Eni S.p.A)

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Ruben Visintin F.G. (Eni S.p.A)

Eleonora Azzarone (Eni S.p.A)

TREASURER

SCHOLARSHIP CHAIRPERSON

Fernando Luis Morales Urosa (Sclumberger Italiana S.p.A.)

Dellarole Edoardo (TEA Sistemi S.p.A.)

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR SECTION DRILLING AND COMPLETION

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR - SECTION HSE

Paolo Allara (Saipem S.p.A.)

Scotti Davide (Saipem S.p.A.)

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR SECTION MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR - SECTION PROJECT FACILITIES AND CONSTRUCTION

Giudicati Gianna (Eni S.p.A)

Intieri Andrea (Saipem S.p.A)

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR SECTION RESERVOIR

DIRECTOR - COMPANIES ADVERTISEMENT AND SPONSORSHIP

Andrea Lamberti (Eni S.p.A.)

Valerio Parasiliti Parracello (Eni S.p.A)

alessandro.tiani@eni.com

gpaccal@tin.it

ruben.visintin@eni.com

fmorales2@slb.com

paolo.allara@saipem.com

gianna.giudicati@eni.com

andrea.luigi.lamberti@eni.com

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loris.tealdi@eni.com

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DIRECTOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS UNIVERSITIES

DIRECTOR - EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS

Claudia Porretta Serapiglia (Eni S.p.A)

Stephan Conte ( Eni S.p.A.)

DIRECTOR - MID/DOWNSTREAM LIAISON

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Carollo Lorenzo

Pinarello Giordano (Bluethink S.p.A.)

DIRECTOR - AWARDS NOMINATIONS

DIRECTOR

Ugo Ormezzano (Tetra Technologies Inc.)

Maurizio Senese

DIRECTOR

Di Lullo Alberto (Eni S.p.A)

Antonella Godi (Edison S.p.A.)

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INTERNET & COMMUNICATION CHAIRPERSON

Savioli Lorenzo (Eni S.p.A)

Vacca Adele (Eni S.p.A)

YOUNG PROFESSIONAL CHAIRPERSON

STUDENT CHAPTER LIAISON

Andrea Tondelli (Eni S.p.A)

Viberti Dario (Politecnico di Torino)

SECRETARY

DIRECTOR - BULLETIN MANAGING EDITOR

Ferdinando Marfella (Eni S.p.A)

Vienna Arrigo (Eni S.p.A)

claudia.porretta.serapiglia@eni.com

lorenzocarollo73@gmail.com

uormezzano@tetratec.com

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lorenzo.savioli@eni.com

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ferdinando.marfella2@eni.com

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antonella.godi@edison.it

adele.vacca@eni.com

dario.viberti@polito.it

arrigo.vienna@eni.com

ITALIAN SECTION DASHBOARD Section # 096 R e g i o n a l D i r e c t o r : M r. M a t t h i a s M e i s t e r Report as of 20 June 2017 Charts do not include affiliate members.

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Members: 379 | Affiliate Members: 6 | Retention: 69.16% | Growth: -25.10%

PREVIOUS YEAR END:

Members: 506 | Affiliate Members: 8 | Retention: 80.90% | Growth: -2.88%

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