istoria

qarTuli diplomatia da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

rusudan dauSvili

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken mimarTuli diplomatiuri saqmianoba qarTvelebma damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde, I msoflio omis dros daiwyes. omi 4 weli gagrZelda (1 91 4-1 91 8), moicva 38 saxelmwifo da 1 ,5 miliardi adamiani. mobilizebuli 73,5 milionidan daiRupa 1 0 da daiWra 20 milioni kaci. saqarTvelom, evropa-aziis damakavSirebelma mniSvnelovanma strategiulma qveyanam, imTaviTve miipyro meomar saxelmwifoTa yuradReba. antanta (ruseTi, safrangeTi, inglisi) qarTveli xalxis erovnul interesebs ugulebelyofda, germania Tavisi mokavSireebiT ki saqarTvelos ruseTidan gamoyofas da damoukideblobas uwyobda xels. omSi Cabmul saxelmwifoebs Tavisi politikuri da strategiuli miznebi hqondaT kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi: germanias surda TurqeTis omSi Cabma, raTa kavkasiis fronts ruseTis samxedro nawilebi miezida. Turqebs undodaT ruseTis damarcxeba da osmaleTis imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToeba, ruseTis mizani ki iyo stamboli ruseTis qalaqi gamxdariyo, xolo Savi zRva ruseTis tba.

pirveli msoflio omisas rusul jarSi, rogorc ruseTis imperiis moqalaqeebi, 300.000 qarTveli gaiwvies, maT Soris iyvnen rogorc qristiani (234.900 kaci), ise muslimi qarTvelebi. mamakacebis umravlesoba omis sxvadasxva frontze ibrZoda. maTgan 1 0.000 – kadris oficeri iyo, 25 qarTveli generlidan 23 – ruseTis yvelaze sapatio sabrZolo jildos – wm. giorgis ordenis mflobeli. omSi bevrma isaxela Tavi. erT-erTi brwyinvale epizodia `SaiTan-kapitnis~ istoria. 1 91 4 wels, `sariyamiSis operaciis~ dros, isxan-faSas meTaurobiT TurqeTis me-3 armiis IX kor

qarTuli diplomatia

samxedro jildo

`Medaille Militaire~

wminda giorgis ordeni

kapitan tarasi vaSakiZis portreti

pusis Semadgenloba – 3 diviziis meTauri TavianTi StabebiTurT, 1 07 oficeri, samedicino personali, 2000 askeri, 8 zarbazani, 24 tyviamfrqvevi, banaki, hospitali, cxenebi, molebi da a.S. – daatyveva rusi jariskacebis erTma aseulma, kapitan tarasi vaSakiZis meTaurobiT. Tavdasxmis Semdeg vaSakiZem, viTomda mravalricxovani jaris meTaurma, Turqebs danebeba mosTxova, `pativiscemis niSnad~ iaraRi arc ki ahyara danebebul Turqebs, TviTonve atarebina da rusTa jaris gaognebul meTaurs Caabara. roca isxan-faSam am afioris ambavi gaigo, vaSakiZes `SaiTan-kapitani~ uwoda. es gaugonari faqti gaxmaurda, ruseTis farglebs gascda da msoflio presaSi moxvda. wm. giorgis ordenis garda, vaSakiZes gadaeca safrangeTis sapatio samxedro jildo `Medaille Militaire~. misi gmiroba or romanSia asaxuli: mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZesa~ da konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motacebaSi~.

vaJa-fSavela lazareTSi mowyalebis debTan erTad

istoria

niko dadiani-mingrelski (1 847-1 903)

petre surgulaZe (1 873-1 931 ) – politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, `separatistTa jgufis~/`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ damaarsebeli, erovnuldemokratiuli partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, `qarTuli erovnuli sabWos~ da `qarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis“ wevri, 1 921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti.

fronts exmarebodnen saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi. peterburgSi niko dadiani-mingrelskis mier Seqmnili `qarTvel daWril jariskacTa sazogadoeba~ 20.000 daWrils exmareboda. awvdidnen sursaTs, tansacmels, wignebs, ojaxebs ki fulad daxmarebas uwevdnen. TbilisSi `kavkasiel qalTa sazogadoebam~ ufaso sasadiloebi gaxsna, daiwyo jariskacebisTvis tansacmlis kerva. `qarTvel qalTa sazogadoebam~ gaxsna saCaie da misi SemosavliT fronts daexmara. qarTveli qalebi lazareTebSi mowyalebis debad muSaobdnen. cnobili foto, romelzec 1 91 5 wels avadmyofi vaJa-fSavelaa mowyalebis debTan erTad aRbeWdili, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis I korpusSi gaxsnil lazareTSia gadaRebuli.

amavdroulad, qarTvel moRvaweTa erTma jgufma saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba germanias daukavSira. cnobili erovnuli da politikuri moRvawis petre surgulaZis mier 1 91 0 wels JenevaSi Seqmnili e.w. `separatistTa jgufi~ leo da giorgi kereseliZeebis, nestor maRalaSvilis, varlam CerqeziSvilis, meliton qarcivaZisa da sxvebis SemadgenlobiT, omis dawyebisTanave germaniis politikur wreebTan dasakavSireblad berlinSi gadavida da `damoukideblobis komiteti~ (damkomi) ewoda. omma giorgi maCabels belgiaSi mouswro. jer kidev berlinSi swavlisas is saidumlo `tevtonTa ordenis~ wevri da germanul aristokratiul salonebSi miRebuli piri gaxda, ramac gza gauxsna germaniis umaRlesi samTavrobo wreebisaken. is ewvia belgiis general-gubernator fon der holcs, germaniis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos da kavkasiis ganTavisuflebis gegma gaacno da imdenad moxibla, rom feldmarSalma Tavisi avtomobiliT gauSva haidelbergSi mixako wereTelTan, iqidan ki orivem berlins miaSura da damkoms SeuerTda.

leo kereseliZe (1 885-1 943) – iuristi, samxedro, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, erovnul-demokrati, `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ wevri, I msoflio omis dros `qarTuli legionis~ damaarsebeli da xelmZRvaneli, erovnuli darazmuloba `TeTri giorgis~ erT-erTi damaarsebeli, II msoflio omis dros germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis saqmeTa komisris, graf Sulenburgis mier Seqmnili „qarTuli politikuri komitetis“ wevri.

qarTuli diplomatia

mixako wereTeli

varlam CerqeziSvili (1 846-1 925)

mixako wereTeli (1 878-1 965) – aRmosavleTmcodne, qarTuli universitetis profesori, politikuri, erovnuli da sazogado moRvawe, anarqisti, 1 921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti, berlinis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis kaTedris gamge, erovnuli darazmuloba `TeTri giorgis~ erT-erTi damaarsebeli, II msoflio omis dros germaniis aRmosavleTis saministros mier Seqmnili „qarTuli erovnuli centris“ xelmZRvaneli (mixako wereTlis Sesaxeb statia ix. „Cemi samyaro“, VI)

Tavis mxriv, germanelebic cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi moeZebnaT partia an jgufi da maTi saSualebiT gaeRvivebinaT germaniis proteqtoratiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis idea, amiT ki Signidan daeSalaT ruseTis imperia. did imedebs amyarebdnen ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb germanel kolonistebze, romlebic pangermanuli orientaciisa iyvnen.

damkomis wevrebis gamoCenam berlinSi germanul samTavrobo wreebs saSualeba misca gegmis ganxorcielebaze ezrunaT. 1 91 4 wlis 24 seqtembers berlinSi giorgi maCabelma da mixako wereTelma germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros warudgines gegma `kavkasiis neitralizaciisa da misi momavali politikuri mowyobis proeqti~, romelic iTvaliswinebda 3 neitraluri saxelmwifos – saqarTvelos samefos, somxur-TaTruli kantonisa da mTielTa federaciis Seqmnas. konstituciur monarqias saqarTveloSi prusieli princi Caudgeboda saTaveSi, danarCen or saxelmwifos – muslimi princebi. somxur-TaTruli saxelmwifo kulturul avtonomiaze iqneboda damyarebuli, mTielTa ki – Cerqezebis, yabardoelebis, CeCnebis, inguSebis, osebisa da lekebis gaerTianebaze. sazRvrebs germaniis, avstria-ungreTis, TurqeTis mier Seqmnili komisia daadgenda. samive saxelmwifos valuta, sabaJo, floti da jari saerTo eqneboda.

vilhelm II-m gadawyvita Tavisi vaJis, princ ioaximis daqorwineba qarTvel princesaze. rogorc bulgareTsa da rumineTSi, saqarTveloSic es dasabams miscemda axal germanul dinastias. germanelebi am sakiTxs seriozulad moekidnen: dedofalma da princma avstriis tyveTa

giorgi maCabeli (1 885-1 935) – politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, Seqspiris mTargmnelis – ivane maCablis ZmisSvili, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis (edp), `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ wevri, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos elCi italiaSi, 1 921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti, 1 931 wels niu-iorkis qarTuli saTvistomos erT-erTi damaars ma Prince ebeli da Matcabell Tav i~-s mjdomare damaarseb , e aSS- li. Si parfiumeriuli fir

istoria

noembris revolucia germaniaSi, 1 91 8

banakSi qarTveli tyveebi moinaxules. ioaximi qarTuli legionis sanaxavad trapizonSic Cavida. qarTvelebma sapatarZlod giorgi maCablisa da daviT vaCnaZis axlo naTesavi, erovnul-demokrat mixeil (miSo) maCablis qaliSvili, ulamazesi marine SearCies. magram 1 91 8 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aRdga, rogorc demokratiuli respublika. 1 91 8 wels noembris revoluciam daamxo monarqia germaniaSi da germanelTa daxmarebiT qarTuli monarqiis aRdgenis mcdelobac amiT damTavrda. princma ioaximma holandiaSi daido bina, marine maCabeli ki Tbi

vilhem II (1 859-1 941 ) da princi ioaximi (1 890-1 920) spiridon kedia (1 884-1 948)

lisSi italiis konsul franzonis gahyva colad da romSi dasaxlda, misi orive vaJi diplomati gaxda.

germania-TurqeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, damoukidebelobis aRdgenis Semdeg germania daicavda saqarTvelos, TurqeTi aRiarebda saqarTvelos mis istoriul sazRvrebSi, damkomi ki TurqeTs ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmareboda. am mizniT leo kereseliZem TurqeTSi 1 800-kaciani qarTuli legioni Seqmna. misi birTvi gaxda 70-kaciani jgufi, romelic umokles droSi gawvrTna. aseTive razmebi unda Seqmniliyo TurqeTSi mcxovrebi kavkasielebisa da germaniasa da avstria-ungreTSi tyveobaSi myofi

marine maCabeli (1 899-1 986)

qarTuli diplomatia

daviT vaCnaZe

revaz gabaSvili

daviT vaCnaZe (1 884-1 962) – politikuri da samxedro moRvawe, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, `qarTuli erovnuli sabWos~ da `qarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis“ wevri, 1 924 wlidan emigranti, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis sazRvargareTuli biuros wevri, II msoflio omis dros germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis saqmeTa komisris, graf Sulenburgis mier Seqmnili „qarTuli politikuri komitetis“ wevri. revaz gabaSvili (1 882-1 969) – politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, mweral eketerine gabaSvilis vaJi, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, `qarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis“ wevri, 1 921 wlidan emigranti, gaxmaurebuli wignis `rac maxsovs~ avtori.

qarTvelebisagan. 1 91 4-1 91 8 wlebSi `Tavisufal saqarTvelosTan~ erTad gamodioda `qarTuli gazeTi~, romelic propagandas uwevda erovnuli damoukideblobis ideas da ufasod egzavneboda qarTvel tyveebs, romelTa ricxvi marto germaniaSi 1 5.000-s aRwevda. l. kereseliZem Tavisi legioniT ramdenime reidi moawyo rusuli teritoriebis siRrmeSi. TurqebSi eWvs iwvevda germania-saqarTvelos daaxloeba, qarTvel muslim legionerTa aqtiuroba. germanias legionis daSla mosTxoves da manac dauTmo mokavSires. legionis 1 20-kaciani razmi damkomma mainc SeinarCuna, rumineTSi gadaiyvana, Semdeg ki damoukidebel saqarTveloSi daabruna Tavisi formiTa da droSiT.

damkomma urTierToba gaaba saqarTveloSi erovnul-demokratTa jgufTan (daviT vaCnaZe, spiridon kedia, revaz gabaSvili, Salva qarumiZe) da social-demokratTa nawilTan noe Jordanias meTaurobiT. giorgi maCablis Camosvlis Semdeg Seiqmna `qarTuli erovnuli komiteti~ – damkomis filiali. mas eris konsolidacia da emigrantebTan kontaqti evaleboda. komiteti daukav

istoria

spiridon kedia da vasil dumbaZe

vasil (vaso) dumbZe (1 881 -1 943) – politikuri, erovnuli da sazogado moRvawe, morganTa bankis rusuli filialis erT-erT damaarsebeli, 1 921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti, morganTa bankis finansisti, saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis warmomadgeneli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1 931 wels niu-iorkis qarTuli saTvistomos erT-erTi damaarsebeli da Tavmjdomare.

aneta andronikaSvili (1 891 -1 91 6)

Sirda CrdiloeT kavkasias da azerbaijans. 1 91 5 wlis Semodgomaze Camovidnen giorgi maCabeli, mixako wereTeli da quTaisSi 3 partiis –social-demokratebis, socialist-federalistebis da erovnul-demokratebis konferencia Caatares.

sazRvargareT da saqarTveloSi myof damkomis wevrTa urTierTobisTvis problemas qmnida kavSiris gzebi. raki mTeli evropa omis alSi iyo gaxveuli, gadawyvites kavSiri gaebaT germanuli wyalqveSa navebiT. giorgi maCabelma germaniis sazRvao da samxedro StabebTan SeaTanxma stambolidan saqarTvelosTan wyalqveSa navebiT kavSiris gabmis saqme. saqarTveloSi darCenilebs fantastikad moeCvenaT es gegma, radgan wyalqveSa navebis viziti dagvianda. daviT vaCnaZis davalebiT axalgazrda oficeri lado mZinariSvili frontze wavida, tyved Cavarda da ase moZebna maCabeli, romelmac 1 91 6 wels wyalqveSa naviT 3 kaci gamogzavna. meore eqspedicias maCabelic Camohyva da Tbilisis komitetis wevrebs daavala wyalqveSa navebis daxvedra Savi zRvis sanapiroze iaraRisa da fulis misaRebad.

1 91 7 wels ruseTSi, Tebervlis revoluciisa da monarqiis damxobis Semdeg, mTeli simwvaviT dadga saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi. gadawyda wyalqveSa navebiT eqspediciebis gagrZeleba. giorgi maCabelma Seadgina eqspedicia, romelSic qarTvelebTan erTad Sediodnen azerbaijaneli da CeCeni mebrZolebi. iaraRiT datvirTuli wyalqveSa navi 6 dRis Semdeg saqarTvelos napirs miadga md. Wurias SesarTavTan, gadatvirTes iaraRi. wereTeli da qarcivaZe TbilisSi Cavidnen da vaCnaZesa da qarumiZes mozrdili Tanxa gadasces. Semdeg, noe Jordanias binaSi Catarebul krebaze gadawyda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. eqspediciis wevrebi axali wyalqveSas dasaxvedrad dabrundnen WuriasTan, raTa iaraRi mieRoT da imave naviT stambolSi, iqidan ki berlinSi Casuliyvnen. magram meore eqspedicia warumateblad damTavrda: wyalqveSa navis mzveravebi rusebis posts gadaawydnen. eqspedicia, petre surgulaZisa da stambolis qarTvel kaTolikeTa monastris beris Salva vardiZis meTaurobiT, gabrunda da fuli da iaraRi ukan waiRo. gzad wyalqveSa navs Sexvda rusuli gemhospitali `portugali~, romelsac iaraRiT datvirTuli navi mihyavda. wyalqveSam, romelSic marcxiT gulmokluli qarTvelebi isxdnen, javri gemze iyara da CaZira. samwuxarod, gemTan

erTad daiRupa qarTveli mowyalebis da aneta andronikaSvili. ase damTavrda germanuli wyalqveSa navebis epopea, `daigviana Cvenma damoukideblobam 6 TviT, radgan veRar movaswariT imdeni iaraRis (Tofebis, yumbarebis, tyviamfrqvevebis) Semotana, raki reguliaroba wyalqveSa mimosvlisa mere veRar avawyeT da iaraRic sakmao ar aRmoCnda didi razmebis SesaiaraReblad~, – werda r. gabaSvili. miuxedavad amisa, es epizodi qarTul-germanul samxedro-diplomatiur urTierTobebSi erT-erT yvelaze saintereso, momxibvlel istoriad rCeba.

germaniis momxreTa kidev erTi saocari epizodi mixeil javaxiSvilis roman `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~ prototips, morganTa bankis rusuli filialis erT-erT damaarsebel vasil dumbaZes ukavSirdeba da saerTaSoriso skandalis saxe SeiZina. ruseTis samxedro uwyebam dumbaZes amerikaSi yumbarebis dasamzadeblad 1 5 milioni oqros maneTi gadasca. vasom da giorgi maCabelma omSi ruseTis dasamarcxeblad da saqarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad mzakvruli gegma SeimuSaves. es Tanxa germanelebs gadasces da rusuli qvemexebis kalibrze odnav didi Wurvebi daamzadebines. Wurvebi ar moergo qvemexebs da generaluri Setevis win ruseTis armia Wurvebis gareSe darCa, daiwyo rusebis ukandaxeva karpatebidan. vasos dabruneba ru

qarTuli diplomatia

Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi, 1 91 7

seTSi `Wurvebis skandals~ daemTxva. jildos nacvlad daapatimres da saidumlo dokumentebis germanelebisTvis gadacemis braldebiT sikvdili miusajes, romelic nikoloz II-m mogvianebiT 20-wliani katorRiT Seucvala. vaso dumbaZes Tebervlis revoluciam mouswro, gaTavisuflebis mere ki emigraciaSi wavida.

I-ma msoflio omma daamsxvria 4 imperia – avstria-ungreTi, germania, ruseTi da osmaleTi. qarTvel patriotTa mcdelobam Sedegi gamoiRo – germaniisa da antantis mxares mebrZol qarTvelTa samxedro Tu diplomatiur Tavdadebas, zurgSi moqmed patriotTa Zalisxmevas uSedegod ar Cauvlia. saqarTvelom sanukvari damoukidebloba moipova, qarTuli diplomatia ki damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebma gadaibares.