Contents Table of contents……………………………………………………………………..2 List of acronyms……………………………………………………………………...3 Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………4 Executive Summary…….............................................................................................5 1. Introduction…….................................................................................................6 2. Objectives of the report.......................................................................................8 3. Background FGM in Somalia…………………………………………………..9 3.1 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)……...……………………………10 3.2 Types of FGM………………………………………………………..10 3.3 The practitioners the circumcision…………………………………...11 3.4 Circumcision and disability females…………………………………12 4. Methodology ......................................................................................................13 4.1 Interviews…………………………………………………………….13 4.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)……………………………………13 4.2.1
GROUP 1: VICTIM EFFECT……………………………………13
4.2.2
FAMILY MEMBERS CONTRIBUTIONS……………………...14
4.2.3
PRACTITIONER CONTRIBUTIONS………………………….14
5. Research Results and Discussions……...............................................................15 5.1 Respondents Demographic results……………………………………15 5.2 Respondents Result/Discussion of FGM/FC Disability Cases……….17 5.3 FGM practitioner celebration………………………………………....19 5.4 Facilities practised the FGM in Somalia……………………………...19 5.5 Consequences from FGM/FC Practices………………………………20 5.6 FGM in awareness……………………………………………………20 6. Findings………………………………………………………………………...22 7. Recommendations………………………………………………………………23 8. References………………………………………………………………………24
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LIST OF ACRONYMS FGM Female Genital Mutilation FGS Federal Government of Somalia UNICEF WHO world health organization UNFP united nation fund population FGM female genital mutilation FC Female circumcision PWDS Persons With Disabilities SFPWDS Somalia Female Persons With Disabilities MCH Mother and Child Health CRC Child Rights Convection CRPD Convention Rights Persons Disabilities GBV Gender Based Violence VAW violence Against Women DPOs Disabled People Organization
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SAFDI Somalia Association female Disability is non-profit and non-governmental DPO disabled People Organization that operate in Somalia for protection and promotion the disability females in Somalia rights, livelihood, development and political participation. We acknowledge the contribution of persons, groups and institution who made support the draft, collection, arrangement, publication and presentation of the FGM problems to the Somalia disabled female. We also acknowledge all readers, users and publishers of this report in the future after presentation in public for the complementary work the report spread public to the all public and private intuitions Thanks your time and interest the report
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Somalia is country in the Horn of the Africa with population of more than 15 million most of them youth. A country with traditional practises imbedded in the way of life and the social. Most of the people are nomadic in the far rural where there are clan and family based traditions abhorred in the society as noble. The rights of the females with disabilities in Somalia is most neglected that has not been talked and raised ever in the public except view report that end in paper or report by the human rights and humanitarian working agencies. Disability people are estimated to be more than 15% of the population who have common problems for social, development and political participation in general. The circumcised disability Girls suffer immediate and long term problems physical, emotional and mental. The parent spent money in the first that real long lasting infliction to the girl which may cause unpredictable after math to the victim person, family and society The report was collected from twenty families Somalia mostly Benedir region the capital city of Somalia who were asked eleven questions tailored to get respond from the target victim related with cases of FGM by using open and closed questions. With target group the victims, members of their families and the practitioners The problems found are Female persons with disabilities suffer the genital mutilation more prominently than non-disabled females. Majority of the disability females were circumcised with non-medical and medical practitioners. There are three kinds of circumcisions against the female persons mainly in the child hood between months to 12 year to the 18 year old in the adult. Mobilization the community is the best to stop the FC against the female disability girls. Though identification of the problem and recommend the solution to the people from the member of the families, relatives, civil society ,traditional leaders, religious groups and member of the local authorities and federal state government and federal government of Somalia
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1. INTRODUCTION Somalia is country in the Horn of the Africa with population of more than 15 million most of them youth. A country with three decades of armed conflicts that destroyed that destroyed that public service and the infrastructure where the rule of the law was very weak for the protection in the country for nearly more than one decade intense clan rebels Somalia is a country with traditional practises imbedded in the way of life and the social. Most of the people are nomadic in the far rural where there are clan and family based traditions abhorred in the society as noble. Beside the male juvies that monopolise the rights and the role of the females in their own way of life and decision making The rights of the females with disabilities in Somalia is most neglected that has not been talked and raised ever in the public except view report that end in paper or report by the human rights and humanitarian working agencies. This made the female with disability the hidden victim in the society without public and private attention Somalia is one of the countries that practice widely the FGM where every year tens thousands young girls circumcised by nonprofessional traditional professional clinical practitioners.
craft persons and
The practise is done both urban and non-urban
although the size and the volume vary in more. Disability people are estimated to be more than 15% of the population who have common problems for social, development and political participation in general the disabled people and in particularly the female disability who are more vulnerable and victim for human rights abuses and physical harassments like the female genital mutilations Female persons with disabilities suffer the genital mutilation more prominently than nondisabled females. Majority of the disability females were circumcised with non-medical and medical practitioners where they acquire infliction more than their counterpart nondisabled females Female genital mutilation is global phenomenal against the young girls in the less developing world mainly Africa, Asia and other places Europe and USA where great number of the girls in the population practise with unlawful traditional mutilation against the innocent young girls in respect of so called dignity and prestige of the family or clans which has no base other than stereotype from the old people in the ancient time. 6
The practice is wide in the country where the female disability are more risk to the mutilation without protection and prevention in the families and society. The girls with disability who physical weakness and deformation in the legs, hips and chest may face problem in the mutilation period that may cause bleeding, organ damage or death which are not counted The victim who sustained disproportional mutilation that she may not sleep, stand, or walk puts her in painful ordeal that neither the family member nor relative can feel or understand soon in the first days or week.
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2. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the report is to collect more about the problems caused FGM to the disabled female in Somalia in the short time long time
Collection all problems FGM to the disability females
Analyse and arrange the data to be information
Prepare report about the FGM to the disability females
Presentation the plight the disability females in Somalia
Identification the scale of the problem of FGM to the Disability Females
Raise awareness and advocacy for the protection of the disability females
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3. BACKGROUND FGM IN SOMALIA There are two circumcisions practiced in Somalia for males and females that vary more, mainly it is cut of the outer front male organ and the kilter of the female genital. Done by medicalized and non-medicalized practitioners. The medicalized is done by professionals in some health facilities service with legal aim of the male circumcision and non-medicalized is traditional practice done by non-professional craft persons, this kind is cultural. Both of them practise legal and illegal circumcision against the Somalia children female girls. The legal circumcision is practising on male person’s organ. The illegal type is practicing against the female persons cut of part of genital part. Well kown in the country Faronic circumcision FGM is one of them that is done only to the girls mostly under age from the baby a months old to the 15 years old in the teenager. With order and the pressure of the parent mostly from the mother who sensitise the girls in the family. This kind of female circumcision is done to the both disabled and non-disabled girls. FC female circumcision against the girls with disability share more in the culture with their colleague non-disabled girls. The problem is they have type disability that makes them more vulnerable to the mutilation in their body, where they may have severe bleeding or damage to her life that may lead danger to death or illness. Common legacy for the FGM to the disabled girls is trauma that they dare not disclosure their feeling and painful complication they suffer in their live. Where some of the deaf groups have difficult to talk the people with problems as well as the blind females who suffer in the early days the proper care they need for the wounds in her body Psychosocial is the most common share legacy for the disability girls that they have no idea about why they are circumcised in their childhood. That there is no person telling them the advantage and disadvantage of the FC female circumcision. Other than something done to the fellow girls in the family and relative.A girl with disability circumcised will have more weakness and problems than non-disabled girls circumcised because she has kind of impairment physical or sensory. Where she will suffer the wounds in her body and the trauma from the mutilation served on her body without pangs
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3.1 Female genital Mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. This kind of barbaric mutilations has no base in religion and law in the country. This is heredity from ancient people mainly from the rural area where cultural oriented people The practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often play other central roles in communities, such as attending childbirths. In many settings, health care providers perform FGM due to the belief that the procedure is safer when medicalized1. WHO strongly urges health care providers not to perform FGM. FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. It reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes, and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children. The practice also violates a person's rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death. 3.2 Types of FGM Female genital mutilation is classified into 4 major types.
Type 1: this is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans (the external and visible part of the clitoris, which is a sensitive part of the female genitals), and/or the prepuce/ clitoral hood (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoral glans).
Type 2: this is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans and the labia minora (the inner folds of the vulva), with or without removal of the labia majora (the outer folds of skin of the vulva ).
Type 3: Also known as infibulation, this is the narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora, or labia majora, sometimes through stitching, with or without removal of the clitoral prepuce/clitoral hood and glans (Type I FGM).
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Type 4: This includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area.
Deinfibulation refers to the practice of cutting open the sealed vaginal opening of a woman who has been infibulated, which is often necessary for improving health and well-being as well as to allow intercourse or to facilitate childbirth. 3.3 The practitioners the circumcision Poorly practised traditional stereotype against the female girls is wide in the rural that any girls without circumcision should remain shame in the peer where and her families. This kind of discrimination obligatory in the society that forced many parents to practise the FGM otherwise feel to be different in the society. Majority girls in the countryside Somalia is practised conventional with deep rooted traditional way of life in the rural areas. The traditional culture Somalia people is based an honour practice that should be done. The nomadic people in the rural area who are mainly farmers and livestock serve female circumcision as one of the best values for young girls that parent spent resource to insure happen it well. In the peer way of life in the countryside girls should be captive for the interest of the families that denies her universal rights to choose way of life the marriage and the way of life. Similarly parents are not free with their way life because they are obliged to apply all traditional practises in the area otherwise to be shameful and different from the society.
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3.4 Circumcision and disability females Somalia disability people are estimated to be more than 15% while great number of them can be females who suffer the female genital mutilation in the young. The girls with disabilities suffer FGM more than other girls without disabilities. They have no value in the family. They are immediately forced to be practised in the young that causes the girls ordeal in the life. The young girl with disability is innocent who may not say no the orientation in the family to be circumcised. The practise is executed in unprofessional way that some time result wounds and bleeding in the disability girls genital. There some factories that makes the practise very hard unusual non-disabled girls. Because the girls with disabilities may have physical problems that will limit the body of the victim to be open enough for the execution.
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4. METHODOLOGY The study was used for cross sectional descriptive research design, it described the extent to which female with disability are victims and suffer complications of FGM. The target people of this report were women (Females). The study gathered both qualitative and quantitative data, structured questionnaires supplemented by FGD (FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION and direct interviews. The preparation of this report meant for the collection of the problems caused by the FGM in the country through variety means of direct contact to a group of female disability who have physical limitation, sight impairment and hearing impairment who under gone female circumcision in their young. Beside the contribution of the disabled female members of their families parent, brothers, sister and relative who has been with victim for long time. To get more information about the problems they have witnessed with victim of the FGM in their life. 4.1 INTERVIEWS The report was collected from twenty families in different regions of Somalia who were asked eleven questions tailored to get respond from the target victim related with cases of FGM by using open and closed questions. 4.2 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS We have classified into three groups to discuss three kind of responsive contributed information title about the problems witnessed by the victim in life from the horrific mutilation conceded in childhood. 4.2.1 GROUP 1: VICTIM EFFECT Key Discussed Results Most victims are the age between teenager, adult and old persons who most of them may face some kind of female circumcision in their life. Which is very rare to discover in public with other people.
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Most of them face painful problems caused by the female circumcision in their life. Health problems at times of menstruation, pregnancy delivery and urinary tract infections. They feel discrimination in the society, relatives and members of their families to share their ordeal. And lack of source to seek support and relief their mental, emotional and physical problems caused the female circumcision. 4.2.2 FAMILY MEMBERS CONTRIBUTIONS Key Discussed Results Some members of the families and relatives responded the negative role in the community where the disabled females are subjected to remain silent from the female circumcision problems. The families claim that its shame for the family to raise question about the female circumcision in public to the community level and FGM victim service providers. Most families described that was traditional following age bye age with no solution of harms arose by FGM. 4.2.3 PRACTITIONER CONTRIBUTIONS Key Discussed Results Most practitioners of the female circumcision deny the wrong doing to the disability girls in the time of the circumcision where some of them express regret the circumcision disabled female who have kind of disability that make the life very hard in the future. Midwifery practitioners do the problems of the disability female which has become endless life tuning risk in urinating, menstruation, sexual intercourse, pregnancy and delivery. The females with disabilities have more problems with non-disabled females’ circumcised in the above mentioned time.
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5. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this section discusses the findings of the research against the backdrop of the specific objectives of the report. SAFDI will discuss collected problems, compare and contrast the varying feedback from respondents to the survey as well as the Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant interviews as sources of information and how these findings can raise awareness and advocacy for the protection of the disability females other research studies on the area. 5.1 Respondents Demographic Result A total of 30 people took part in this research report with 20 of these completing the study survey questionnaire. Various methods and techniques were used to collect and analyse data. Three FGDs were conducted in Mogadishu participated with disability groups and survivors of FGM where each FGD bring together between 12 different knowledgeable health practitioners, religious actors and women as participants. The age distribution of the 20 respondents that participated in the survey questionnaires ranged from 10 to 50 years as shown in Figure 1. The majority of the respondents (40%) were within the middle age groups that is between 18 and 30 years of age with the other age groups below and above these ages accounting of the respondent. The next of the middle age group (30-42 years) had impact nearly of the respondent with a 25% representation while the oldest of the age group (42 – 50 years) had almost a quarter of the respondents with a 20% representation. Majority of the responses provided to this study was therefore from middle aged participants. 40%
25% 20% 15%
10--18
Figure.1
18-30
30-42
42-50
Age Group
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The education of majority people interviewed were mainly disability people from communities in Banadir Region where most of them have no access to education who mainly feel disappointed about educational gap, in Figure.2 describes the analysis made in the educational level of the respondents/victims of FGM report where (55%) are noneducated upon no access to free education and discrimination, (10%) left their education in primary school, while an average of (15%) had finished secondary school and (20%) University degree
Educational Level
10% 15%
55% 20%
Figure.2
Primary
secondary
University
None
The people participated the study consists of people with special needs disability and others parts of society, in Figure.3 describes that (45%) were physical disability, (25%) were blind disability, (15%) were deaf and (15%) non disable people
Respondents status Non Disability
15%
Blind
Deaf
25%
15%
Physical disability
45%
Figure.3 16
5.2 Respondents Result/Discussion of FGM/FC Disability Cases FGM is one of the effects that is done to the girls mostly under age from the young children to the 18 years old in the teenager. Many women and girls suffer permanent and irreversible damage to their health and well-being with two million girls being subjected to it annually. Most survivors of FGM/FGC live in 28 African countries including Somalia. With order and the pressure of the parent mostly from the mother who sensitize the girls in the family. This kind of female circumcision is done to the both disabled and non-disabled girls. FGM of any type has been recognized as a harmful practice and a violation of the human rights of girls and women. Incidences of FGM to women specially disability were not documented and reported since cases are becoming relapsed and in the community where disability girls live, so we collected further data from communities in Somalia Banadir Region to carryout efforts to prevent FC that happen young girls specially female disability . We asked questions from our questionnaire list related to FGM/FC cases and an inherited harms of health problems & complications, paralysis, and impression of FC in the community. The incidence of FGM is practiced most females in young age as (80%) average respondents answered “Yes” for the question of “Have you ever circumcised”. Most of women complained about problems and complications in Sexual contact, obstetric and urinary infections. At (70%) have chronic persistent infection from FGM action while (60%) have menstruation problems before and after marriages. Women in disability are special victims as their ability in health become weaken. In every society where it is practiced, FGM is a manifestation of deeply entrenched gender inequality. It persists for many reasons. The different societies have different impressions and perception on doing FGM, as we deeply step in on Somali, the impression of Somali communities on doing FC/FGM become good perception after of (60%) analysed average found-out and gave a statement to which considered “a rite of passage while in others, it is seen as a prerequisite for marriage or inhibit girls sexual sensation because FGM may be considered an important part of a culture or identity, it can be difficult for families to decide against having their daughters cut.
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People who reject the practice may face condemnation or ostracism, and their daughters are often considered ineligible for marriage. As a result, even parents who do not want their daughters to undergo FGM may feel compelled to participate in the practice”. During discussions in the FGDs and Key Informants have been noticed that FGM violates human rights principles and standards – including the principles of quality and nondiscrimination on the basis of sex, the right to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, the right to the highest attainable standard of health, the rights of the child, and the right to physical and mental integrity, and even the right to life. After FGDs Focus group discussions and key informants’ interview we found results that there are three groups who have interest:
First: the practitioners or who deal it. The Female genital mutilation is made money in this service provision.
Second: parent who believe that this way can keep the sexual emotion of the girls to fail shame and the male persons to get less emotional girls that could be controlled in the family after the marriage, Mostly it is practiced by professionals and nonprofessional. These people have interest on it and in any more. While in the other side it cost more resource and lives in the countries and population both the victims and members of their families. This is the violation of universal rights to the cost of other persons.
Third: Selfish interest for these groups is illegal in religion and national laws that needs powerful rule of law that can top the stereotype and monopolising the human body trade which is prohibited with many law local and internationals. The more there is weakness of law and order
Discussions found-out that FGM can happen at different times in a girl or woman’s life – including:
When a baby is new-born
During childhood or as a teenager
Just before marriage
During pregnancy
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5.3 FGM practitioner celebration FGM has been widely celebrated in the country of Somalia at the period of the execution by group of cheerful females dragging or carrying a crying young girls come. Most of the women are very happy chanting protection and legalizing the future of the young girls. That they mean (from today the girls will be free from any illegal sexual actions and secure the dignity of the family) in the villages there 5.4 Facilities practised the FGM in Somalia The practitioners are unregistered and unprofessional doing the work or hidden places in the country. These groups are mainly females who serve midwifery facilities and service they do for the people. They well knew in the community with midwifery and circumcision. Every time they serve a family midwifery they gain trust from the family that pave way new client for FGM in the future The tools practised the FGM vary where the quality of the tool depends on the place where the practitioners operation. In the urban areas mainly the large towns the midwifery use medicalise tool they serve for midwifery operation. The use common tools for operation the cutlery, switching and anaesthetics injection. The tools practised the far rural where major operation take place with the lacks of professional medical skilled persons, they depend of traditional midwifery who practice the FGM with poor tools that can causes the risk to the victim or disability from the limp and lastly death in some cases. The tools practised in the rural are old fashion used the 18 century knifes, blade, needle stitching line made of irons, woods and grass found in the jungle. Fabricated solution made from the salt, green leave and sticking anaesthetics to reduce pain and stop bleeding. Three thrones are part of the tool used in the mutilation of the female girls in the FGM practitioner time where the ruthless midwifery persons made the operation under tree or in shade animal fence or farm yard where the family of the victim girls live or small hut in the rural owned by the midwifery that mainly females
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5.5 Consequences from FGM/FC Practices Female genital mutilation is painful practise that cause the damage to the human, resource and the future of the people. The circumcised disability Girls suffer immediate and long term problems physical, emotional and mental. The parent spent money in the first that real long lasting infliction to the girl which may cause unpredictable after math to the victim person, family and society. −
Immediate problems is haemorrhage, tetanus and damage of nerve cell that may cause to the persons infection that spread to the reproductive organs of the victim which may grow over period of time, which may cause possible painful innless to the victim that she may not discover to the people who made the problems
−
Longer time problems vary more and are dangerous to the victim and her families. A trauma she got from the circumcision attack and torture in the practicing period. And infection that spread her organ which stop the excursion of the waste in the pipe line of the urine to the kidney and womb
−
Lasting problems is infibulation the reproductive cell of the female closed after hewing the erotic organ. The female persons face problems in the honey moon the week of the marriage where the girl should be practised again enlargement operation to open the genital pass way for legal sexual intercourse this can cause bleeding and new wounds that disruption the honey moon of the new family.
More obviously, the de-infibulation is not acceptable for some people both the new husband and the families of the two persons. The feel shamed and uncultured to support the dis-virgin the girls. The parents of the husband want the man to do it well natural. While the parent of the wife particularly the mother who did these problems of circumcision may sensitise de-infibulation. 5.6 FGM in awareness Joint effort made by local and international has made change in the outreach of the FGM in the country. Where great investment made by the human rights, human rain and development donors in Somalia invested hundreds project to raise public awareness for the human mutilation against the innocent female girls in Somalia.
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The work of the UNICEF in Somalia for the support the children protection from preventable problems and risk in the country has made some shift to the local people education for the FGM against the young girls. Through the prevention and awareness the problems in the community dialogue and workshop that has been implemented widely in the country though direct implementation the UNICEF Somalia staff and national partners working on the ground in the country. WHO has worked very hard the prevention of the FGM campaign in the country with support the local people and health facilities working in the country to mobilize people the risk of the FGM which is visible in the public and private hospitals and MCH where every day some group of female treated from different diseases and illness including the FGM legacy that took great part the medical facilities work. UNFPA has also worked the eradication of the FGM the last two decades in Somalia with collaboration of the NGO, CBOs and traditional elders, religious groups and the governmental institutions in the country the elimination of the FGM which has real shifted from the top to the law level with in two decades. Traditional government of Somalia in the 2007 to the 2012 and the Somalia federal government from the 2012 Somalia ministry of the social, minister of the women and the ministry of the health has worked in the campaign to eradicate the FGM in Somalia with cooperation international donors investment and the joint venture form the local Somalia people, federal state ministries and the federal government of Somalia member states working the regions and the far rural where the major of the problems take places. The federal government of Somalia from the 2012 has intensified the joint venture to fight against the FGM in the country with more decentralised in the federal states where the donors has made the hundreds millions dollar in the GBV gender based violence including the FGM that has priority in the focus The federal government of Somalia has worked coordination of the humanitarian works back to the country where most donors to Somalia reported their office in the country making the operation wider in the fight against the FGM. Report and surveys made showed slope in the graph that has been different before. With active participation the health and protection cluster and the joint work with local NGOs, CBOs and the federal state government realised stop in the speedy work of the FGM in the local. Report published showed the mutilation operation is done hidden in the community where the government has substantiated the laws that prohibited the FGM against the female in Somalia. 21
6. FINDINGS Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a practice that involves altering or injuring the female genitalia for non-medical reasons, and it is internationally recognized as a human rights violation. Globally, it is estimated that some 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone some form of FGM. Although FGM is declining in the majority of countries where it is prevalent, most of these are also experiencing a high rate of population growth – meaning that the number of girls who undergo FGM will continue to
grow
if
the
practice
continues
at
current
levels.
An estimated 68 million girls are at risk of being mutilated by 2030. Protecting them will take a significant push to accelerate the abandonment of this harmful practice.
There are no medical reasons to carry out FGM
It’s often performed by someone with no medical training, using instruments such knives, scalpels, scissors, glass or razor blade
It’s used to control females sexuality and can cause long-lasting damage to physical and emotional health
Some of the Girls are circumcised in Somalia everywhere more girls are victim every day
Some of the girls with disability are the highest number of girls circumcised in the girls
Some The girls with disability suffer more than non-disabled girl the problems of the female genital circumcision
Some The girls with disability suffer emotional damage that lead long lasting trauma and psychosocial
Some The girls with disabilities suffer erotically damaged that made them human without test in the life which leads shock and trauma
Some The girls with disabilities suffer physical disability from the mutilation in the reproductive organ in her body prevention to produce
Some of the girls with disability suffer vaginal obstruction, genital tissue swelling and acute retention of urine and menstruation period
Some of the girls with disabilities suffer infibulation that makes hard in the honey money week in the marriage, painful in the sexual intercourse.
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Some of the girls with disability get dis-infabulation operation that may risk her life or body that cause severe haemorrhage, haemorrhagic shock
Some of the girls with disability face risk in the pregnant time where they face problems that hard the baby in the stomach
Some of the girls with disabilities face life threatening in the maternity where the infibulation and disability make more weak and vulnerable to lose the ability deliver naturally the baby
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
Mobilization the prevention of the disabled girls circumcision
Identification the short time and longe time infliction of the FG to the disability girls
Identification the inflictions of the FG to the disability girls physical, emotional and mental to the disability females
The identification of the FGM to the reproduction cells and erotically organs in the genital of the disability girls
Awareness and community counselling on how they can prevent and stop FC
To prepare Clinical trials to investigate the safety and effectiveness of clitoral reconstruction.
We recommend to improve the role of psychological assessment and treatment in the antenatal care of women with FGM.
We recommend to be Increased the capacity of Member of community leaders to prevent female genital mutilation and protect girls at risk
We recommend Promoting exchange of experiences and cooperation between societies and government to reduce the risk of female genital mutilation.
We recommend to organize De-infibulation for FC victims which is a minor surgical procedure carried out to re-open the vaginal introitus in women living with type III FGM. In order to achieve this, a trained health professional performs an incision of the midline scar tissue that covers the vaginal introitus until the external urethral meatus, and eventually the clitoris, are visible. The cut edges are then sutured, which allows the introitus to remain open. This procedure is performed to improve health and well-being, as well as to allow intercourse and/or to facilitate childbirth. 23
8. REFERENCES
- UNICEF Actions--- Action on eliminating harmful traditional practices is specifically mandated by the Convention of the Rights of the Child, and FGM is clearly such a practice. https://www.unicef.org/somalia/SOM_FGM_Advocacy_Paper.pdf
- FGM in Somalia-- The Constitution of Somalia (2012)1 states at Article 4, ‘After the Shari'ah, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia is the supreme law of the country.’ It protects human dignity and equality under Articles 10 and 11 respectively, and, most significantly in relation to FGM, sets out under Article 15(4) that: The Penal Code, Law No. 05/19623 (the Penal Code), which came into force on 2 April 1964, is applicable to all jurisdictions in Somalia (and Somaliland) and makes it a criminal offence to cause hurt to another that results in physical or mental illness.
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https://www.28toomany.org/static/media/uploads/Law%20Reports/somalia_law_report _(july_2018).pdf
- Somalia announces first prosecution for FGM ----- Somalia’s Attorney General Ahmed Ali Dahir announced on 25 July the country’s first ever prosecution against female genital mutilation (FGM) following the death of a 10-year-old girl Deeqa Dahir Nuur who passed away in July of severe bleeding after undergoing FGM. https://somalia.unfpa.org/en/news/somalia-announces-first-prosecution-fgm -
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jul/20/10-year-old-girl-deathfgm-female-genital-mutilation-somalia
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UNIFEM (United Nations Women’s Fund). 2004. "Goal Three: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women."
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UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2004. "Eradication of FGM/FGC in Somalia." Somalia.
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Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement. UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008. 6. Ending Female Genital Mutilation, A strategy for the European Union Institutions, Executive Summary. Brussels, END FGM - European Campaign.
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