บทที่ 2 model comm

Page 1

Chapter 2 Model of communication

By : numkwan wongpatum


1.Aristotle’s Rhetoric Three elements of communication:  the speaker  the speech  the audience

(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/aristotle.html)



2. The New Comb’s model The New Comb’s model of communication was introduced by Theodore M Newcomb of the University of Michigan in 1953. He gives different approach to the communication process. The main purpose of this theory is to introduce the role of commun ication in a social relationship (society) and to maintain social e quilibrium within the social system. He does not include the m essage as a separate entity in his diagram, implying it only by us e of directional arrows. He concentrates on the social purpose of communication, showing all communication as a means of su staining relationships between people. Sometimes it’s called as a n “ABX” model of communication.


2. The Newcomb’s model works in a triangular format or A-B-X system  A – Sender  B – Receiver  X – Matter of Concern  The relationship between A and B is like student and teacher,

government and public or newspaper and readers. Sender an d Receiver may work in a same flow but the same time some factor like “X” may affect their flow of relationship. “X” it ma y be third persons, issue, topic or policy.



3. Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin Defleur in 1976 Media system dependency theor y (MSD)

The theory is grounded in classical sociological literature positing that media and their audiences should be studied in the context of larger social systems. MSD ties together the interrel ations of broad social systems, mass media , and the individual into a comprehensive explanation of media effects. At its core, the basic dependency hypothesis states that t he more a person depends on media to meet needs, the more i mportant media will be in a person's life, and therefore the mor e effects media will have on a person.


3. Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin Defleur in 1976 Media system dependency theor y (MSD)


4. Carroll Model


4.Carroll model The dramatic increase in time for amusements that young people in the USA enjoy su ggests that the use of time in school is more important than ever. Carroll (1963) poin ted educational researchers to the importance of classroom time nearly fifty years ago . Carroll’s model (see Figure 1) is a quasi-mathematical one in which three of the five classes of variables that explain variance in school achievement are expressed in term s of time. In a 25-year retrospective consideration of his model, Carroll (1989) stated that ‘the model could still be used to solve current problems in education’ (p. 26). I c oncur and recommend that educational designers and researchers reconsider his mod el and its emphasis on time as a critical variable in educational effectiveness (Anderso n, 1985). Research and development initiatives that hope to be relevant must take ti me and its use by teachers and learners very seriously.


5.แบบจำาลองการสื่ อความหมายเชิงจิตวิทยา ของComstock & Others,1978 จุดของการ เข้ าหา

สิ่ งทีเ่ ข้ าสู่ ระบบการรับรู้

การปลุกเร้ า ทางTV.

การกระทำา ทางTV.

ผลทีต่ ามมา จาก TV.

ทางเลือกอืน่ ๆ ที่เป็ นไปได้ จาก TV.

ความจริงทีร่ ับรู้ จาก TV.

โอกาส พฤติกรรมที่แสดงออกมา

O P=

O P>

P ของการกระทำาทาง TV.

ไม่ โอก มี าส


- คือ คนคนหนึ่งดูรายการTV.รายการหนึ่งทีเ่ กีย่ วกับการ แสดงพฤติกรรมอย่างหนึ่ง - จะได้ รับสิ่ งทีเ่ ข้ าสู่ ระบบการรับรู้ อนั เกีย่ วข้ องโดยตรง กับพฤติกรรมทีเ่ ป็ นไปได้ หลายอย่าง สำ าหรับวัตถุประสงค์ ของแบบจำาลองนี้ สิ่ งสำ าคัญทีเ่ ข้ าสู่ ระบบการรับรู้กค็ อื การ แสดงบทบาทของการกระทำาอย่ างใดอย่ างหนึ่งทาง TV.


Ex. ระดับความน่ าตืน่ เต้ น การปลุกเร้ า ความดึงดูดใจ ความ น่ าสนใจและแรงจูงใจทีจ่ ะกระทำาอันเนื่องมาจากการนำาเสนอ รายการนั้น (การปลุกเร้ าทาง TV.) และการกระทำาอืน่ ๆทีเ่ ป็ นไป ได้ ของพฤติกรรมทางโทรทัศน์ ทอี่ ยู่ในเรื่องเดียวกัน (ทางเลือก อืน่ ทีเ่ ป็ นไปได้ จากโทรทัศน์ ) นอกจากนีย้ งั พิจารณาด้ วยว่ าผลที่ ตามมาของการกระทำาสำ าคัญ ๆตามทีแ่ สดงทาง TV.ทั้งทางตรง และทางอ้ อม (ผลทีไ่ ด้ รับจาก TV.) และระดับของการสวม บทบาท (ความจริงทีร่ ับรู้จาก TV.) ล้ วนแต่ เป็ นสิ่ งทีเ่ ข้ าสู่ ระบบ การรับรู้


6.Frank Dance’s model  Spiral, helix  Evolves or progresses in a person from birth to the present

moment.  Current behavior is affected by past experiences and future

behavior is effected by current impacts.



Review

 Com. as Action: linear, from

sender to receiver

• Com. as Transaction: receiver responds to the sender through feedback • Com. as Interaction: simultaneously interactive


7.De fleur model The theory De fleur model of communication is expanded version of Shannon and weaver model of communication. And also based on the “Westley & Maclean model of communication” describes the circular process of communication with feedback from the receiver. Shannon and Weaver model is a one way communication and they explain the role of noise in the communication process. Westley & Maclean model is a two way communication and for first time they introduced the important com ponent called “Linear Feedback” in the communication model. De fle ur combine these two models and creates new one called “De Fleur Model of Communication”.


 De Fleur simply expands the Shannon & weaver model of communication by

inserting the Mass Media device and suggested the communication process i s circular as well as it gives possible two way feedback. In this whole communication process, noise may occur at any stages. Defleur pictures the source, transmitter, receiver and destination as separate phases of mass commu nication.  Defleur’s another important suggestion in this model is “Feedback Device”.

This feedback device is helps to analyse the target audience (as separate from the receivers). Here, all these receivers are not considering as a target audience because the target audience will make some kind of feedback which will helps to find the target audience by using feedback device.  One of the important aspect of the communication model is two way

communication process which is recommended by Defleur. And also this model is the first one which introduce both two way feedback and targeted audience in the communication process.


7. Defleur Model


8. Donohew& Tipton Model


9. Gerbner’s General Model (1956) PERCEPTUAL DIMENSION M E1 rc S ou

D

M2 SE1

Selection Context Availability

E Event

e

ion t a n i est

Channels MEANS AND CONTROL Media DIMENSION Control S E Form Content (cf. Gerbner 1956, in: Corner; Hawthorn (eds.) 1989:18)


10.แบบจำาลองการสื่ อความหมายของ Gieber & Johnson,1961

A

C

แสดงบทบาททีแ่ ยกกันระหว่ างแหล่งข่ าวและผู้รายงานข่ าว


10.แบบจำาลองการสื่ อความหมายของ Gieber & Johnson,1961 แบบที่ 2 ผู้ส่งสารทั้งสองร่ วมกันในอันทีจ่ ะให้ เกิดสั มฤทธิ ผล ตามบทบาทการสื่ อความหมายของตนและส่ วนหนึ่ง เป็ นการรับรู้ในคุณภาพของบทบาทและการกระทำาในการสื่ อ ความหมาย ผู้มสี ่ วนร่ วมได้ ร่วมมือกันและกันสร้ างการรับรู้ ร่วมกันต่ อ หน้ าทีข่ องตน ทั้ง 2 ฝ่ ายมีวตั ถุประสงค์ บางประการร่ วมกัน

A C


10.แบบจำาลองการสื่ อความหมายของ Gieber & Johnson,1961

แบบที่ 3 วงกลมของผู้ส่งสารได้ ถูกซึมซับไป หรือ ถูกอีกฝ่ ายหนึ่งเข้ ามายึด ไม่ มขี ้ อแตกต่ างทีเ่ ด่ นชัดทั้ง ในแง่ การปฏิบัตงิ านซึ่งเป็ นไปตามบทบาทและค่ า นิยมต่ อบทบาท

A

C


11. Hovland & others


12. Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld Model ď‚— The purpose of the study was focused on Presidential election

Campaign and the people decision-making process towards the campaign. All three researchers were wanted to find out practically whether the mass media messages affect direct influence in voting decision among the people. Unexpectedly they found the media messages (like radio and newspapers) ar e very less influence then an informal, personal communicati on on voting behavior. Based on this researched data, The Two Step Flow Communication Theory of Mass Communication w as developed by Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld.


12. Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld Model  Opinion Leader:  Opinion Leader is a leader for a certain group who gives details and information to lesser

active persons in the group. In office, the managing director is an opinion leader and in public, a political leader is an opinion leader. They interpret the information to their own group. But one thing the Opinion leader is a leader only for their own group not for all.  In Public, Political leader is an opinion leader. Here few people are not influenced by the

leader and their political views and thought. These people won’t support opinion leaders and isolated from the population.  Katz and Paul seems “the flow of media messages from radio and print to opinion leaders

and then the leaders leads the messages to lesser active users in the population”. Through this transformation of message, the leaders may add their opinion on the actual content which may affects the low active users. In some cases the Opinion leaders are filtering the actual co ntent ensures the information is needed by the people. Mostly the opinion leaders ar e selective and they pass the messages to the group. (Low-end media users: Poor, Worker an d People who are not affordable for getting information directly).  Note: The Opinion leaders have enough voice only in structured social groups not in an

isolated individual in the population.


12. Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld Model


13. Lasswell Model Lasswell's model (1927) represents the transmission paradigm, according to which signals or messages are transmitted over distance for the purpose of control. In Table 1, we can see how Fattorello's model differs from Lasswell’s formula. From the above, we see that Lasswell's question "Says what?" does not take into consideration the existence of the x; that is the objective reality which Fattorello puts outside the process. Looking at Las swell's model it seems that reality can be interpreted in an objective way. Furthermore, in Fattorello's model, the question "to what effect?" is not posed. This does not mean that its importance is overlooke d, but that Fattorello thought that it was impossible to predict the effects of mass communication. The a im of the Promoter is to obtain an agreement on the formula of opinion s/he transmits and therefore it is necessary that the Promoter attempts to adapt to the Receivers' desires or, perhaps, respond to their curiosity. Even when there is an "agreement in opinion" on determined formulae; that is the agreemen t to a formula on the scale of opinion constituted by the problem x, the Promoter cannot be sure to obt ain the desired effect. The Promoter of contingent information such as news cannot have an impact on t he experience of the Receiver of the information and therefore cannot determine his/her behaviour. Fa ttorello aimed at pointing out that receivers bring a context to the reception of every message. The con text derives from knowledge not from opinion. He was clearly against a linear view that reduces comm unication to a mechanical process. Thus, anticipating what authors such as Denis McQuail and David G auntlett would have argued later:


13. Lasswell Model


15.แบบจำาลองการสื่ อความหมายของ McCrosky


15.แบบจำาลองการสื่ อความหมายของ McCrosky เน้ นถึงการสื่ อความหมายโดยจงใจ (Intentional Communication) โดยกล่าวถึงสิ่ งทีเ่ กิดขึน้ แก่ผู้ส่งในช่ วงก่อนทีจ่ ะส่ งข่ าวสารออกไป และมี อะไรเกิดขึน้ แก่ผู้รับหลังจากรับข่ าวสารข้ อมูลแล้ว ชี้ให้ เห็นว่ า สิ่ งรบกวน (Noise) นั้นไม่ เพียงแต่ จะเกิดขึน้ ในระหว่ าง ช่ องทาง (Channel) การสื่อความหมายเท่ านั้น แต่ อาจจะเกิดขึน้ ทีต่ วั ผู้ส่ง นั้นด้ วย สิ่ งรบกวนที่เกิดขึน้ ในช่ วงก่อนทีจ่ ะส่ งข่ าวสารออกไป คือผู้ส่ง เอง อาจรู้สึกสั บสนในความคิดของตนเองทำาให้ ส่งข่ าวสารข้ อความไม่ กระจ่ างชัด


19.MODEL SHANNON & WEAVER  The team studied only what they

deemed to be “important” or “significant” calls of some length.  Quick calls to a neighbor or a store were not considered for the study.  The focus was on the “mechanics” of the messages.


19. The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)

message information source

received signal

signal

transmitter

channel

message receiver

destination

noise source

(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)


The Shannon-Weaver Model – Extension

information source

transmitter

channel

receiver

destination

noise source

feedback

(cf. http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)


The Shannon-Weaver Model – Extension by Moles (1963)

information source

transmitter

channel

receiver

destination

noise source

code 1

code 2

(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6-2frame.html)


20. BERLO’S “MODEL”  This is the MOST RECENT model of

communication study.

 An exact date is not given for the study,

but it is believed to have been completed in the late 1970s or the early 1980s.

 This one is not designed to be “academic”

or “practical.” It is designed to be “ALLINCLUSIVE”


20.BERLO’S “MODEL”

Even with all of the

good things that this “model” illustrates and tries to describe, there is still one little issue to remember…


20.BERLO’S “MODEL”

IT’S NOT REALLY

EVEN A TRUE MODEL IN THE FIRST PLACE!


20.BERLO’S “MODEL”  It is NOT a model because it

was never actually tested.

 Berlo designed what he thought

would be the ideal system to describe communication, but never had a chance to put it to the test in real life.


20.BERLO’S “MODEL”

Since it was never

“field-tested,” the “model” that Berlo developed has to take on a new title…


20.BERLO’S “MODEL”

IT HAS TO

BE CALLED A “THEORY”


20.BERLO’S LiStENiNg tHEORy Sender:

Biases Ability

CO DE

Background

NT TE

Knowledge

N CO

Emotions

Receiver: Emotions Knowledge Background Biases Ability



Assignment You may work by yourself or with up to two other people.

Be sure to incorporate all the parts of the models.

Choose one of the following: 1.

Create a scene of communication and label the parts. (First you will need to draw the scene where the communication situation is taking place, then label the parts.)

2.

Draw a cartoon that uses communication and label the parts.

3.

Create a math equation for all three communication processes.

4.

Act out a scene of communication and label the parts during the scene.


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