Chapter 3 Cultural By ; numkwan wongpatum
Topic: What is culture ? The characteristic of culture ? The element of culture ? The level of culture ? What makes cultures change?
What Is Culture?
What Is Culture? The customary ways in which humans live. For example; diet, family forms and proces ses, social organizations, and religions. Info taken from: The Four Skills of Cultural Diversity Competence, by Mikel Hogan-Garcia
Ethnic Group or Culture Group
The cultural heritage, or aspects of culture, that a gro up shares and attempts to hand down from one generati on to the next through learnin g. Info taken from: The Four Skills of Cultural Diversity Competence, by Mikel Hogan-Garcia
SilkWeaving reeling Dancing
12 Aspects of Culture or Ethnicity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
History-time period and conditions under which a group migrated or immigrated. Social Status Factors – education, occupation, income Social Group Interaction Patterns: Intra-group (within group relations) and Inter-group (betwee n-group relations) Value Orientation – standards by which members of a culture judge their personal actio ns and those of others. Language and Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal Family Life Processes – gender roles, family dynamics
Fire ritual To
Ritual crib bedding
Sift sieve
the uterus
12 Aspects of Culture or Ethnicity 7. Healing Beliefs and Practices – attitudes and beliefs about health. 8. Religion – spiritual beliefs and practices 9. Art and Expressive Forms – art, music, stories, dance, etc. 10. Diet/Foods – preferred food eaten by groups. 11. Recreation – activities, sports for leisure, etc. 12. Clothing – types, styles, and extent of body coverings.
Culture is learned behavior Each child goes through a process of enculturation when they grow up in a culture. Children learn by observing the behaviors of people in their surrou ndings, including the re cognition of symbols sp ecific to that culture.
Fed food
Undeniable
Examples of cultural symbols
Culture is shared Culture is an attribute not of individuals per se but of individuals as members of gro ups. Culture is transmitted by society. Enculturation unifies people by providing us with common experiences.
Fried pork skin
Culture is symbolic Symbols can either be verbal (linguistic) or nonverbal (object, writt en symbol).
Culture and Nature: Differences in How we meet the call Culture defines what people eat, how food is prepared, and when and how food is eaten. Waste elimination is culturally prescribed. Sexual activities are also dictated by culture (with who, how, where, and wh en).
Culture is all-encompassing and integrated Culture envelopes each of us, and touches every aspect of our lives. Culture is systematic and integrated (it is not a random phenomenon). Cultures teach us to share certain core values that helps shape the p ersonality of the individuals within a culture.
Cultures are dynamic: rules are made to be broken Humans are creative animals and always do not strictly follo w the dictates of their culture. There is individual interpretation of each aspect of culture that is in part due to fa mily and personal history. Real vs. Ideal culture.
Culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive Modern technology has provided for the adaptation of humans to every part of the globe, a s ancient technologies p rovided successful to en vironments on a smaller scale. Short-term vs. long-term adaptive strategies.
Culture Defined Culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns that are characteristic of the members of any given society. 21
The Meaning of Culture:
The Key to Human Diversity
Characteristics of Culture Culture is learned, shared, and transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture can be passed from parents to children, by social organizations, special i nterest groups, the government, schools, and churches. Culture is multidimensional, consisting of a number of common elements that are int erdependent. 23
Acculturation Acculturation is the process of adjusting and adapting to a specific culture other than one’s own. It is one of the keys to success in international operations. 24
Elements of Culture Language (verbal and nonverbal)
Religion
Values and Attitudes Manners and Customs Material Elements
Social Institutions
Education
Aesthetics 25
The Four Roles of Language Language aids in information gathering and evaluation. Language provides access to local society. Language capability is increasingly important in company communications. Language provides more than the ability to communicate because it extends beyond me chanics to the interpretation of contexts that may influence business operations. 26
Nonverbal language Distinctions must be made in five key topics:
Time
Space Material Possessions
Business Agreements
Friendship Patterns 27
Dominant Religions Christianity
Islam Hinduism
Confucianism
Buddhism 28
Values and Attitudes Value of U.S. Culture The individual can influence the future We must work hard to accomplish our objectives Commitments should be honored One should effectively use one’s time
Alternate Value Life follows a preordained course
Function Affected Planning and scheduling
Motivation and reward Hard work is not the presystem requisite for success; wisdom, luck, and time are also required Negotiating or A commitment may be bargaining superseded by aare conflicting Schedules important but only Long and short range inrequest relation to other priorities planning
A primary obligation of the The individual employee has a Loyalty, commitment, employee is to the organization primary obligation to the family and motivation The best qualified person should Family issues and friendship be given the position available can determine employment
Employment, promotions recruiting,29selection
Manners and Customs Potential ways in which negotiators may not be prepared: the understanding of different ways of thinking attention to the necessity to save face knowledge and appreciation of the host country recognition of the decision-making process and the role of personal relations and personalities the allocation of time for negotiations 30
Material Elements Material culture refers to the results of technology and is directly related t o how a society organizes its econo mic activity. It is manifested in the availability and adequacy of the basic economic, social, financial, and marketing infra structure for the international busine ss in a market. 31
Material Elements Chart Material Culture Economic Infrastructure transportation
Social Infrastructure
Financial and Marketing Infrastructure
energy housing health banks research firms
communications
education 32
Aesthetics Good taste is expressed through colors, form, and m usic. The meanings of colors and symbols vary from country t o country.
33
Education
Education, either formal or informal, plays a major role in the passing on an d sharing of culture. International firms need to understand the varying emphases on particular s kills and the overall level of education provided.
34
Social Institutions Social stratification is the division of a particular population into classes. Reference groups provide the values and attitudes that influence behavior. Primary reference groups include the family and coworkers. Social organization determines the roles of managers and subordinates and how they relate to each other. 35
Personal Culture – Core Identity
Includes everything an individual finds meaningful, beliefs, values, perceptions, assumptions, and framewor k about reality. Developed through social interaction with family and o thers in your environment.
Cultural Competence Skill Areas
Awareness and Acceptance of Differences Self-Awareness Dynamics of Difference Knowledge of Client’s Culture Adaptation of Skills
High- versus Low-Context Cultures High-context culture context is at least as important as what is actually said what is not being said can carry more meaning than what is s aid focuses on group development Japan and Saudi Arabia are examples
Low-context culture most of the information is contained explicitly in words what is said is more important that what is not said focuses on individual development The U.S. is an example 38
Levels of culture National: learned behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, and institutio ns shared by the citizens of a nation. International: cultural traditions that expand beyond cultural boundaries. Subculture: different traditions practiced by groups set within a larger culture. Frequently regionally based.
What makes cultures change? Diffusion: borrowing of traits between cultures. Acculturation: exchange of cultural features that results from long-term e xposure between cultures. Independent invention: Developing to solution to problems by individual cultures. Example: agriculture.
One World Culture? Globalization in the 21st Century Cultures are increasingly coming in contact as a result of improved trade r elations, better communication, and e asier travel. Multinational corporations and business “outsourcing� to the Third W orld are becoming more commonplac e.
Q&A
Question chapter 3 1.Why is it important to understand culture? 2. What is culture ? 3. What are the characteristic of culture ? 4. What are the element of culture ? 5. Your life at any the level of culture ? 6. What makes cultures change?
7. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Geographer 2. Political Scientist 3. Archaeologist 4. Economist 5. Historian 6. Anthropologist
a. studies the past by examining artifacts and ancient ruins b. studies the world’s landscapes and climate c. studies the operations of different forms of governments d. studies the past by examining primary and secondary sources e. studies how goods and services are distributed in societies f. studies culture and how people
Study Group Very Thai
Dinner on a stick Dink in a bag Thy pink tissues Inhalers