Chapter 6
Social interaction & Social Processes By : numkwan wongpatum
Topic
Nature & Approaches to Social Interaction 3 situations for social interaction 2 Approaches to Social Interaction THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL PROCESSES
Social interaction & Social Processes
Nature & Approaches to Social Interaction ď Ž When
2 or more persons, group meet, there will be a mutual awareness & response between them, both verbal & non-verbal. ď Ž Exchange of messages is carried on through the medium of language.
Language is a system of verbal and non-verbal written symbols with standardized meaning.
ď Ž
Non-verbal language involves the use of written symbols.
Verbal language -involves the use of words or sound symbols for things, objects, or ideas.
ď Ž Social interaction
refers to the mutual inter stimulation & response between 2 or more persons and groups through symbols, language, gestures, & expression of ideas, (PANOPIO, 1997)
3 situations for social interaction ď ŽPerson to person
ď ŽPerson
to-group
яБо Group-to-group
2 Approaches to Social Interaction a. Symbolic interaction
b. Functionalist view
ď Ž Symbolic interaction
refers to the communication of thoughts & feelings between individuals that occurs by means of symbol.
Specific Approaches under Symbolic Interaction 1.
Definition of the Situation (W.I Thomas) -refers to the sociological perspective that views the meaning people attribute to a social setting. This process is called “negotiated interaction�
2. Dramaturgy (Erving Goffman)
-views social interaction as a resembling a theatrical performance in which people “stage� their behavior in such a way as to elicit the responses they desire from other people.
3. Ethno Methodology (Harold Garfinkel) -studies the procedures people use to make sense of their everyday lives & experiences
4. Social Exchange (Blau & Homans) -portrays interaction as a more or less straightforward & rationally calculated series of mutually beneficial transactions.
b. Functionalist
view -human interactions involves little more than people acting out roles (parent, child, worker) based on social script, much as theatrical actors take their lines from a play.
THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL PROCESSES
THE NATURE OF SOCIAL PROCESS Social Process – refers to the recurrent and patterned interactions or responses of individuals to one another which have attained stability. 1.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL PROCESS a. Based on Formation 1. Universal or basic processes 2. Derived social processes b. Based on unity or opposition 1. Conjunctive social processes 2. Disjunctive social processes
BASED ON FORMATION
1.
Basic or universal social processes – refers to patterned and recurrent responses observable in all human societies.
Three Universal Social Processes a.
Cooperation - involves two or more persons joining their intelligen ce, efforts, talents and resource s together to attain a goal whic h can be shared. (e.g. business partnership).
Type of Cooperation 1.
Informal cooperation - characterized as spontaneous and involves mut ual give and take.
.Formal cooperation characterized as a deliberate contractual nature and prescribes the reciprocal rights and obligations of members.
2
3.Symbolic cooperation – a situation where two or more person live together Harmoniously and are su pportive and interdependent resulting in mutual interest.
Functions of Cooperation -
-
It makes for social cohesion and integration among the me mbers of a group. It contributes to social stability and order It fosters consensus and compromise in various social issues.
b.
Competition - it is a form of impersonalized struggle or opposition to secure a reward or goal which cannot be shared. It is a form of disjoint action between opposing individuals or group aimed to excel, surpass or outdo the opponent in order to achieve the goal. (e.g. sportsfest; rivalry)
Type of Competition 1.
Personal competition involves direct face-to-face contact between opposing parties.
1.
Impersonal competition – involves a struggle between p ersons or groups not directly a ware of each other.
Functions of Competition - Competing individuals or groups try to outdo each othe r and thereby innovate ways t o do so.
* Competition can be a driving force to persons to develop their potentials to the fullest and attain maximum efficiency and effectiveness. * Competition can develop productivity, creativity and ingenuity. *Competition of members of a society for certain goals and the competition for scarce resources lead to variation or differentiation.
c.
Conflict
- is a form of highly personalized and emotionalized struggle or opposition between individuals or groups to attain scarce goals or va lues.( e.g. group riots, violent strik es, war or revolution) - it may involve physical violence or non-violence.
Functions of Conflict - Conflict may help establish unity and cohesion. Within a group which has been threate ned by hostile and antagonist ic feelings among the membe rs.
-
Internal conflict becomes a stabilizing and integrating mechanism in certain instances.
-
Conflict provides an outlet for the expression of suppressed emotions and frustrations.
-
Competition and conflict promote social change.
. Derived social processes - refers to secondary social processes that arise out of the basic social processes.
2
a.
Acculturation – it is a social process where group blends in and takes on some characteristics of another culture. A lso called cultural borrowing/ imita tion. (e.g. Christianization of Filipin os)
b.
Assimilation – it involves some kind of interpenetration or fusion of cultural elements whereby persons or g roups accept the cultural traits, attitudes, beliefs and sentiments of another through direct, friendl y and continuous contacts. (e.g. Filipino immigra nts to American way of life)
c.
Amalgamation – refers to some kind of biological fusion through intermarriage of persons coming f rom different ethnic groups .(e.g. intermar riage of Filipino and Chinese)
d.
Differentiation – refers to the creation of interest resulting in individuals or groups needi ng or wanting different things or service s rather than the same thing. It refers to specialization or division of labor. (e.g. adjacent stores selling different goods)
e.
Accommodation – refers to the social process whereby competing or conflicting individuals or groups trash out difficulties in order to minimize or stop the conflict.
Types of Accommodation 1.
Domination – a process that involves a dominant-subordinate relationship w here the stronger party imposes its wi ll upon the weaker party. It involves p ower relations. (e.g. hold-upper and a hold-up victim)
Types of Accommodation 2.
3.
Truce or Pact – is an agreement to cease hostilities or fighting for a certain period of time. (e.g. peace negotiations) Compromise – is a process of settling differences where opposing parties withdraw their demands to adjust their relationship. It involves a give-and-take relationship, the mutual giving of concessions.
4.
Mediation – is a form of settling disputes where a neutral third party intervenes and gives sug gestions or recommendations to warning na tions or parties to stop their hostilities.
5.
Conciliation – is an accommodative processes where the third or neutral party can be anybody to settle disputes and who may or may not giv e recommendations to settle the conflict.
6.
7.
Arbitration – it is an accommodative social process where the neutral third party ha s legal authority to decide on the conflic t. The decision is followed by opposing parties. (e.g. judge or labor arbiter) Toleration – is a form of accommodation without formal agreement. It is a result of the “li ve and let live ”policy where conflicting individuals or groups put up with others without trying to modify the behavior of the others.
BASED ON UNITY OR OPPOSITION 1.
Conjunctive Social Processes - they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which lead to unity, organization, cooperation and harmony. These include cooperation, acculturation, assimilation, differentiation, amalgamation and accommodation.
2.
Disjunctive Social Processes - they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which lead to disunity, disorganization, division, and disharmony. These include competition and conflict.