Liquid Geographies by Equator>

LIQUID GEOGRAPHIES

AY 2012/2013 M.ARCH THESIS, SEMESTER 1/2 SIMON CHIANG HAI MAN TESSA CHOO LI XIA HTIN AUNG LEE ZHENG ZE ALAN DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE DESIGN STUDIO ERIK G L’HEUREUX ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

LIQUID GEOGRAPHIES

LIQUID GEOGRAPHIES

Simon Chiang Hai Man

Tessa Choo Li Xia

Htin Aung

Lee Zheng Ze Alan

Erik G. L’Heureux

SINGAPORE REGATTA

SINGAPORE REGATTA

INTRODUCTION

FORGOTTEN REALITY

FORGOTTEN REALITY

THE SIJORI REGION

Karimun 125 km2

Rempang 165 km2

Galang 80 km2

15km 13km 1.92km 1.05km

Johor Bahru

2216 km2

31km

714.3 km2

Singapore Batam

415 km2

Bintan

2402 km2

13km

NATIVE INDONESIA 7 NAUTICAL MILES AWAY

NATIVE INDONESIA 7 NAUTICAL MILES AWAY

THE SIJORI REGION - MARITIME BOUNDARIES

Singapore/Indonesia Border 1973-2006

Singapore/Malaysia Border 1927 - 1995

Country Baseline System

Malaysia/Indonesia Border 1969

area: 7378 km2

pedra branca

P. Nipa

THE SIJORI REGION -SEA TOPOGRAPHY

area: 653 km2

limit sijori sea area singapore land area : 10x singapore sea area singapore land area : 0.9x THE SINGAPORE REGION -SEA

port

PIPE DREAM

PIPE DREAM

FARMING CURRENTS

FARMING CURRENTS

TERRITORY OF OPTIONS 2

liquid economies

liquid networks

pheripheral economies

general shipping routes ending at the largest port in that region

2 / day to North America

91 / day to 600 over ports in 123 countries spread over 6 continents

1/ day to Central + South America

CARGO TRADESINGAPORE’S DAILY TRANSHIPMENT

5/ day to Europe

13 / day to China + Hong Kong + Taiwan

70 / day to South + Southeast asia

3/ day to Africa

85% of the containers that reach Singapore ports are transhipped out to the world.

4 / day to Japan

3/ day to Australasia

000 TEUS PER DAY

100

one million TEUs per annum projected one million TEUs per annum

12 million

85 million

35 million

PORTS - TEU

HANDLING CAPACITY

Tanjong Bin Singapore Ports Proposed Tuas Port Pengerang Port Tanjung Sauh

million

Johor Port

VESSEL DENSITY

201012 1700H (239) moving - 25% stationary - 75%

piracy attacks reported in 2005

Singapore/Indonesia Border 1973 - 2006

Singapore/Malysia Border 1927 - 1995

Country Baseline System

Malaysia/Indonesia Border 1969

PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY

pedra branca

DESERT SEA

DESERT SEA

from Dumai & Bengkalis

(illegal migration centers)

“Officials estimate 1500 have died while crosinga the straits”

- New Straits Times, Aug 1994

Tanjung Balai

Tanjung Batu

ILLEGAL MIGRATION POINTS *Indonesians seeking jobs in Malaysia

Batu Merah

Tanjung Belungkor

Tanjung Pegelih

Nongsa

5 boats 400 illegal workers)/night

Sekupang

Batam Center

Nagoya

Serve as key ‘organising’ centers for illegal migration

Teluk

Mata Ikan

Batu Besar

Telaga Punggor

Tanjung Uban

Tanjung Pinang

Desaru

HYDROLOGICAL SPLIT

HYDROLOGICAL SPLIT

INTERISLAND CONNECTIVITY

ferry route

main highway

secondary highway

ferry terminal

future connections

Woodlands Station Tanjung Puteri Station

Marina Bay Station

1 Thompson Mass Rapid Line (2019)

“More leisure options with transit link to Johor” - Straits Times, May 2010

2 Highway Connecting Pasir Gudang to Singapore via Pulau Ubin

3 Third Singapore-Johor Ljnk

“Study being done on undersea tunnel to link JB and Singapore” - The Star, Nov 2011

“Third bridge likely to boost industry in east Johor” - The Star, May 2009

Station 2 3

Passengers

12, 480

southern islands

desaru 438, 960

1, 140, 000

karimun 766, 500

1, 322, 880

cruise bintan

2, 135, 250

batam

100 000 x 365

woodlands causeway

INTERISLAND CONNECTIVITY

45mins 25mins 20mins 25mins 90mins

PRIVATE BEACH

major trade routes

supporting trade routes

major oil transit points

major oil producers

major oil importers

#1 Importer (25% of oil import)

USA

#3 Exporter (9% of oil production)

USA

OIL TRADE

ROUTE

#1 Exporter (12% of oil production ) Russia

#3 oil transit (6.5% of oil trade)

Bab el-Mandeb

#1 oil transit (35% of oil trade)

Straits of Hormuz

#2 oil transit (31% of oil trade)

Straits of Malacca

#2 Exporter (10% of oil production)

Saudi Arabia

#2 Importer (10% of oil imports ) China

#3 Importer (5% of oil imports ) Japan

China’s claimed territorial waters

UNCLOS 200 nautical miles

Exclusive Economic Zone

Oil Fields

Oil refineries

Oil refineries (Planned)

OIL & MARITIME

Singapore Non- oil producing Indonesia Malaysia Brunei Vietnam

SECURITY

“U.S. Navy to Deploy New Warship to Singapore In 2013” - defensenews.com,

May 2012

Parcel Islands

Clained by Vietnam byt forcibly driven out by Chinese

“China to deploy new military garrison in West Philippine Sea” - gmanetwork, Jul 2012

Spartly Islands

Clained by: Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines,Taiwan and

“The US Will Open Massive Philippine Bases Not Occupied Since The Cold War” - Business Insider, Jun 2012

STORAGE SPACE

oil refining centers

oil refining center (U/C)

1 million cubic meter of oil storage

1 million cubic meter of oil storage (U/C)

3 million cubic meters storing capacity

current: 0.84 mil projected: 2 mil

Tanjung Bin

Refining center in world

20 million cubic meters storing capacity

0.155 million cubic meters per day refining capacity Jurong Island + Pulau Bukom

3 million cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

Jurong Island Rock Carvan

0.5 million cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

Pulau Bukom Very Large Floating Structures

OIL REFINING & STORAGE

2 million cubic meters storing capacity

current: 1 mil

projected: 1 mil

Tanjung Langsat

2.5 million cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

Batam Oil Terminal

5 million cubic meters storing capacity (projected)

0.035 million cubic meters per day refining capacity

Tanjung Pelapas

BLACK PULAU

GOLD PULAU

gaslines under contsruction

proposed TAOG pipeline gas fields

existing gas pipelines gas power stations

# 12

Gas Producer

2.3 trillion cubic meter

Malaysia

# 11

Gas Producer

3.0 trillion cubic meter

Indonesia

Mersing

Singapore

Natuna Island (Indonesia)

- 50 % of Indonesian Reserves

- 1.4 trillion cubic metres reserves

- to Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia

Bintulu Phnom Phenh

Hanoi Hong Kong REGIONAL GAS NETWORK

Da Lat

Gas Producer

0.7 trillion cubic meter

Brunei

# 37 Kota Binabalu

submarine gas pipelines

no anchorage zone

gas-powered stations

gas-powered stations (planned)

25% of Singapore’s supply Gas Lines from Malaysia 5.7 million cubic meter a day

Buried Gas Pipes

Power Sejaya

Keppel Merlimau

Pasir Panjang Gas

Turbine Power Station

Senoko Power Station Tuas Power Station

GAS TRANSMISSION TO SINGAPORE

50 % of Singapore’s supply Gas Lines from Natuna Island 11 million cubic meter a day

1km

No Anchorage, fishing or dredging

25% of Singapore’s supply Gas Lines from Sumatra (Grissik) 6.2 million cubic meter a day

Pasir Gudong Power Station Pengerang Power Station

6 BILLION RECLAMATION CUBIC

6 BILLION RECLAMATION CUBIC METERS

SCAPING LAND

BUYING SAND MAKING

MAKING ENEMIES

river sand areas

coastal sand areas

illegal sand mining authorized sand mining

recent reclamation

‘Disappeared’ Nipah Island due to coastal sand mining (2005)

“ 24 islands are believed to have disappeared under the waves [in Thousand Islands due to sand mining]” - DredgingToday, Aug 2010

Sand Industry

SAND

Pulau Punggol Timur

“Spike in Cambodia sand mining "appears to coincide with the end of sand exports from Indonesia to Singapore."

- The Phnom Penh

“Sand pirates: Millions floated out of the country via Sungai Johor”

- The Star, May 2010

Sand IndustryMining

OPTICAL ILLUSION

OPTICAL ILLUSION

submarine cable landing point

submarine cables

anchorages and shipping lanes

no anchorage zone

(submarine gas pipe)

TELECOMMUNICATION

Tuas Landing Site Changi North Landing Site Tanah Merah Landing Site Tanjung Pinggir Landing Site

FAMILY OUTING

FAMILY

OUTING

COASTAL RECREATION

sea sports facilities

recreational pier

current coastal recreational zones

future coastal recreational zones

Johor Bahru : 3 Singapore : 31

Bandar Panawar : 11

Batam: 9 Bintan: 19

EXPANDING TERRITORIES

EXPANDING TERRITORIES

TERRITORY OF OPTIONS

city centres

industrial

institutions

residential

recreation

proposed routes

sea routes

land routes

SIJORI COASTAL PLANNING

city centres

residential recreation

2km limit from the coast

2006 -2025 comprehensive development plan for south johor economic region

port tanjung pelapas area

nusajaya cyber city

pasir oleochemical industry

~15km

industrial

institutions

~13km

~15km

2010 - 2030 pattern plan living area map for batam, bintan, and karimun pasir gudang oleochemical industry batam city centre designated tourism area pengarang project

DECAPITATED COASTLINE

COASTAL DECAPITATION 3

*the territorial waters of Singapore are determined by the Singapore Government on 15 september 1980 as an extension of the low water mark up to a distance of 19.3km, an extension of the British 1878 Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act. As land expands, so does the Port Limit of Singapore.

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION & PORT LIMITS

1975 1980 2012

going

/ proposed 2010 2000 1990 1970 - 1980

RECLAMATION AND LOSS OF NATURE

LAND RECLAMATION

original (1957) present

581.5 km2

750 km2

168.5 km2 reclaimed land

28%

CORAL REEF LOSS

75 km2 coral reef (original)

65% loss

30 km2 coral reef (present)

90% loss

MANGROVE LOSS

63.4 km2 mangrove (1953)

13%

6.6 km2 mangrove (present)

0.5%

WASTE DEPOSITORY

WASTE DEPOSITORY

ISLAND DECAPITATION - LANDFILLS

Existing:

waste generated = 6 517 000 tonnes/year

2% landfill = 130 340 tonnes/year

ash from incineration = 730 000 tonnes/year

Therefore semakau receives 860 340 tonnes of landfill/year

Within next 50 years:

waste generated = 325 850 000 tonnes

2% landfill = 65 170 000 tonnes

ash from incineration = 6 517 000 tonnes

40% filled (11 years)

land area = 3.5 km2

landfill area = 3.2 km2

100% filled in 27.5 years

fill capacity = 63 million cubic meters = 23 659 350 tonnes

Totaly landfill within 50 years is 71 687 000 tonnes.

3x = 10.5 km2

incineration plant

EXPLOITATION

EXPLOITATION

coral triangle core - region of highest coral biodiversity in the world

coral triangle core at risk of extinction

coral triangle region

The Coral Triangle covers Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines,The Solomon Islands, East Timor and Singapore - contains nearly 30 percent of the world's reefs and more than 3,000 species of fish.

THE CORAL TRIANGLE

86,500 km2 of sea is facing extinction

- July 10, 2012 World Resources Institute, 12th international coral reef symposium

More than 130 million people living in the region rely on reef ecosystems for food, employment, and revenue from tourism, according to "Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle".

Singapore’s entire 13km2 of reef faces severe threat from high levels of shipping and industrial and reclamation activity.

protected OR not in immediate development zone (17%)

at immediate risk (12%)

lost to dredging and reclamation (71%)

original reef - 75 km2

current reef - 30 km2

1.jan 1975 - aground

2. july 1987 - aground

3. oct 1988 - collision

4. jun 1995 - collision

5. oct 1997 - collision

6. oct 2000 - aground

7. jun 2002 - collision

8. dec 2002 - collision

9. may 2010 - collision

LOSS OF CORAL REEFS

500 tons crude

1 5 2

6 9 3 4 7 8

SEASON PARKING

SEASON PARKING

ANCHORAGES

25.7 km2 reclaimed (Singapore)

general anchorages

bunkering anchorages

explosives anchorages

quarantine + immigration anchorages

#3 largest oil refinery globally

#1 busiest global transhipment hub

Anchorages = 10% land area of Singapore

#1 largest cruise terminal in S.EA

INDUSTRALIZED COASTLINE

INDUSTRALIZED COASTLINE

GARRISON STATE

GARRISON STATE

9 5 7 6 8 COASTLINE TYPOLOGIES

1. Pulau Ubin Naval Base 2. Police Coast Guard Loyang 3. SAF Ferry Terminal 4. Changi Naval Base 5. Police Coast Guard Gul 6. Tuas Naval Base 7. Tuas Checkpoint 8. Police Coast Guard Lim 9. Woodlands Checkpoint

mangrove / vegetation seawall dyke breakwater / groynes beach tidal barrier / dam reclaimed

10. Punggol Jetty Police Post

1 2 3 4 10 Loyang Base Base

Post

Chu Kang Regional Base

CORBUSIAN DREAM

CORBUSIAN DREAM

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