WOMEN IN SCIENCE
Table of Contents 1.
Introduction
3
2.
Women in Science
4
3.
Maps
34
4.
Conclusion
37
5.
Bibliography
38
1. Introduction This project is about women in science through history. We did this project because there are women that discovered many things in the same way as men, but they didn't have equal importance. To do this project first, we, individually, searched for some information about scientist women through differents sources and we wrote down that information in a “Drive” document. Second, we looked for some images for the presentation and the maps of the continents to place the country where this scientists were born. After this, we wrote out the draft to a presentation and we explained this project in front of the group. Finally we organized a timeline of “Women in Science” with all the information of the different groups.
Hipatia ( 345 a.d - 415 a.d) She was a Greek Mathematician Anecdote: Hypatia taught her students in their own home Quotes: “Life is an unfoldment, and the further we travel the more truth we can comprehend””
Teano ( c. VI b. c.) She was a Greek Mathematician Anecdote:
She
was
the
first
woman
mathematician Quotes: “Some springs are acid, as at Lyncestis and in Italy in the Velian country, at Teano in Campania, and in many other places. These when used in drinks have the power of breaking up stones in the bladder, which form in the human body�
Helena Cornaro Piscopia ( 1646 - 1684 ) She was a Venetian Philosopher Anecdote: She spoke Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Spanish, French and Arabic
Maria Sibylla Merian ( 1647-1717) She is a German Naturalist Anecdote: Maria Sibylla Merian was the first woman who discovered the metamorphosis from caterpillar to butterfly and put the name to some insects. Quotes: “Art and nature shall always be wrestling until they eventually conquer one another so that the victory is the same stroke and line, that which is conquered, conquers at the same time.�
Gabrielle-Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil (1706 - 1749) She was a French Mathematician Quotes: ”The cult of books is the best prelude to know men”
María Gaetana Agnesi (1718 - 1799) She was an Italian Theologist Anecdote: She was the oldest of 21 brothers Quotes: “Analytics [...] is the Art of resolving all kinds of Mathematical Questions, by finding or computing unknown numbers, or quantities, by the means of others that are known or given. “
Caroline Lucretia Herschel (1750 - 1848) She was a German Astronomer Anecdote: She was the first professional Astronomer Quotes: “ My dear nephew was only in his sixth year when I came to be detached from the family circle. But this did not hinder and I from remaining the most affectionate friends, and many a half or whole holiday he was allowed to spend with me, was dedicated to making experiments in chemistry, where generally all boxes, tops of tea-canisters, pepper-boxes, teacups, &c., served for the necessary vessels, and the sand-tub furnished the matter to be analysed. I only had to take care to exclude water, which would have produced havoc on my carpet.�
MarĂa Andrea Casamayor y de la Coma (XVIII c. - 1780) She was a Spanish Mathematician
Sophie Germain (1776- 1831) She was a French Philosopher Anecdote: She started studying mathematics at 13 years old Quotes: “In describing the honourable mission I charged him with, M. Pernety informed me that he made my name known to you. This leads me to confess that I am not as completely unknown to you as you might believe, but that fearing the ridicule attached to a female scientist, I have previously taken the name of M. LeBlanc in communicating to you those notes that, no doubt, do not deserve the indulgence with which you have responded. Explaining her use of a male pseudonym.�
Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780-1872) She was a British mathematician. Anecdote: Mary begins to develop her essays on the Refraction of the solar rays, Action of the solar rays on vegetable juices, Transmission of the solar rays in different means. She showed a dedication to astronomy, and was named an honorary member of the Royal Society of Astronomy being the first woman to obtain such an honor. Quotes: “It is not always possible to come to an agreement before one goes to sleep but it is possible to go to sleep in a loving and peaceable manner knowing that the problem can be worked out in love at a later time.�
Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1851) She was a British mathematician. Anecdote: One of her great ideas was that a large calculation could contain many repetitions in the same sequence of instructions. Ada's work was not recognized until finally John von Neumann and Alan M. Turing, fundamental mathematicians in the development of the modern digital electronic computer, created the language called Ada. Quotes: "I do not believe that my father was (or ever could have been) such a Poet as I shall be an Analyst; (& Metaphysician); for with me the two go together indissolubly."
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) She was a British doctor. Anecdote: In 1854-56 she became famous organizing a service of nurses for the British soldiers of Crimea War in the hospital of Usküdar or Escútari (Turkey) she obtained spectacular sanitary improvements, facing the prejudices of the military doctors and the poverty of means by which the army used to treat soldiers. She regularly visited the injured during the night, which earned her the nickname of "the lady of the lamp." Quotes: “I attribute my success to this:—I never gave or took an excuse.” “I am of certain convinced that the greatest heroes are those who do their duty in the daily grind of domestic affairs whilst the world whirls as a maddening dreidel.”
Mary Everest Boole (1832-1916) She was a British Philosopher. Anecdote: Mary invented the geometry of the rope and the so-called "Boole letters", which helped students to learn the geometry of angles and spaces. Mary wrote "In my childhood, letters of different shapes were sold in pairs for sewing tasks”. Quotes: “Only dead mathematics can be taught where competition prevails: living mathematics must always be a communal possession.”
Christine Ladd Franklin(1847-1930) She was an American mathematician and philosopher. Anecdote: Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930) was a mathematician, psychologist and feminist suffragist who fought to eliminate the barriers that prevented women from accessing universities in the first half of the 20th century. Among other things she worked as a teacher in logic and mathematics, and later developed a theory of color vision that had an important impact on modern psychology. Quotes: ’’Time consists in a regularity in the relations of interacting feelings.’’
Sofía Kovalevskaya (1850-1891) She was a Russian mathematician. Anecdote: She began to frequent the cultural circles of St. Petersburg, but her husband began to have problems with her because of the economic issue. As a result, their relationship ended in 1879, Sofia contacted her tutor and friend Karl Weierstrass by correspondence, subsequently traveled to Berlin and Paris, where she approached radical political groups, there met the Swedish mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler.Her friendship allowed her a position as a professor at the University of Stockholm, with the passage of time her classes began to become popular. Quotes: ‘‘It seems to me that the poet has only to perceive that which others do not perceive, to look deeper than others look. And the mathematician must do the same thing.’’
Marie Curie (1867 - 1934) She was a Polish Scientist Anecdote: She Almost did not win the Nobel Prize Quotes: “Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas�
Mileva Maric (1875 - 1948) She was a Serbian Mathematician Anecdote: Einstein's mother hated Mileva. She defined it by saying: She is a book, just like you ... But you should have a woman. When you are thirty years old, she will be an old witch. Quotes: “How could you be so careless with my heart?�
Manuela Antonia Barreiro (1877 - 1953) She was a Spanish pharmacist. Anecdote: She was the first woman who got a levels in Galicia.
Amalie Emmy Noether (1882-1935) She was a German mathematician. Anecdote: She invented one of the most important theorems of physics. Quotes: “My methods are really methods of working and thinking; this is why they have crept in everywhere anonymously.�
Martha Euphemia (1890-1980) She was an Afro-American mathematician. Anecdote: She was the first Afro American woman to obtain a doctorate in Mathematics.
Dame Mary Lucy (1900-1998) She was a British mathematician. Anecdote: She invented the theorem Cartwright
Nina Karlovna Bari (1902-1961) She was a Soviet mathematician. Anecdote: She is known for her work in trigonometric series.
Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992) She was antes American mathematician Anecdote: She is known for the math that teaches talking to computers. Quotes: “It is better to beg forgiveness, than ask permission.�
Virginia Apgar(1909-1974) She was an American anesthesiology. Anecdote: He completed secondary studies at Westfield High School graduating in 1925. He never had an interest in home economics, quite the opposite of what happened to science. That same year she entered Holyoke College, where he studied zoology and did some part-time jobs to support herself financially [2]. She got the Bachelor Degree in this center in 1929, year of the crash and the beginning of the great depression. Quotes: "Women are liberated from the time they leave the womb,"
Antonia FerrĂn Moreiras (1914-2009) She was a Spanish astronomer Anecdote: She was the first Galician Astronomer.
Helena Rasiowa (1916-1994) She was a Polish mathematician. Anecdote:
She
was
logical-mathematical .
a
specialist
in
María de los Ángeles Alvariño (1916-2005) She was a Spanish biologist and oceanographer. Anecdote: Oceanographer by profession, Ángeles Alvariño González was born in Serantes (Ferrol) on October 3, 1916. She is the daughter of Dr. Antonio Alvariño Grimaldos and María del Carmen González Díaz-Saavedra. Since she was a child she was characterized by a great intellectual restlessness and showed a special ability and taste for reading. Quotes: ‘‘ I hope I'm saving lives. There are very few people in their careers that have the opportunity to do something to benefit mankind.’’
María Wonenburger (1927-2014) She was a Spanish mathematician. Anecdote: She was a Spanish mathematician who did her research work in the United States and Canada. Quotes: “No one can be a prophet in his land”
Margarita Salas Falgueras (1938 She is a Spanish Biochemist Quotes: “ When I was young I was discriminated for being a woman, now I feel discriminated against for being older “
Olaia Naveiras Torres-Quiroga (1977-) She is a Spanish Biomedical Anecdote: She won the Hauser award
Maps
Sofía Kovalevskaya Nina Karlovna
Mary Fairfax Augusta Ada Florence Nightingale Mary Everest Dame Mary
María Sybilla Caroline Lucretia Amalie Emmy
Marie Curie Helena Rasiowa
Gabrielle-Émilie Sophie Germain María Andrea Casamayor Manuela Antonia Barreiro Antonia Ferrín María de los Ángeles María Wonenburger Margarita Salas Olaia Naveiras
Mileva Maric Helena Cornaro María Gaetana
Teano
Maps Hipatia
Maps
Virginia Apgar Grace Murray Martha Euphemia
Conclusion We knew there were scientist women, but we didn’t know what they had done. Now, after doing the project, we discovered that there are many women who did very important things but in history these discoverings appeared as if they had been done by their husbands. We must empowered women as they are more important than we knew.
Bibliography Blogspot, Margarita Salas, http://margaritasalasfalgueras.blogspot.com/ [Accessed 15/3/2019] Busca biografias, Sophie Germain, https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/8644/Sophie%20Germain [Accessed 15/3/2019] Cienciaplus, Marie Curie, https://www.europapress.es/ciencia/laboratorio/noticia-marie-curie-murio-hace-84-anos-pensamiento-citas -20180704101844.html [Accessed 15/3/2019] El Correo Gallego, Olaia Naveiras, https://www.elcorreogallego.es/tendencias/ecg/respuesta-vida-comienza-es-personal-debe-ser-respetada/ idEdicion-2017-08-19/idNoticia-1069591[Accessed 15/3/2019] El PaĂs, MarĂa Wonenburger https:/elpais.com/ [Accessed 15/3/18]
Bibliography Frases de famosos, Teano https://citas.in/autores/teano/ [Accessed 13/3/2019] Mujeres con ciencia, Caroline Lucretia https://mujeresconciencia.com/2017/02/08/tras-la-estela-caroline-lucretia-herschel/ [Accessed 15/3/2019] Mujeres con ciencia, Grace Murray Hopper, http://mujeresconciencia.com/app/uploads/2014/12/grace_hopper.jpg [Accessed 15/3/19] Mujeres con ciencia, Helena Rasiowa, http://mujeresconciencia.com/app/uploads/2014/06/Helena_Rasiowa.jpg [Accessed 15/3/19] Mujeres notables, Antonia Ferrin Moreiras, www.mujeresnotables.com [Accessed 15/3/19] Wikipedia, Amalie Emmy Noether, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether [Accessed 13/3/2019]
Bibliography Wikipedia, Augusta Ada Byron https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace [ Acessed 16/03/19] Wikipedia, Christine Ladd Franklin https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ladd-Franklin [ Acessed 16/03/19] Wikipedia, Dame Mary, https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Mary_cartwright.jpg [Accessed 15/3/19] Wikipedia, Florence Nigthingale https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale [ Acessed 16/03/19] Wikipedia, Gabrielle-Émilie, ttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet[Accessed 13/3/2019] Wikipedia, Helena Cornaro, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Cornaro_Piscopia[Accessed 13/3/2019] Wikipedia, Hipatia, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipatia [Accessed 12/3/2019]
Bibliography Wikipedia, Manuela Antonia, https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Barreiro#/media/File:Manuela_Barreiro_Pico.jpg [Accessed 13/3/20219] Wikipedia, María Andrea, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Andrea_Casamayor [Accessed 15/3/2019] Wikipedia, Maria de los Ángeles Alvariño https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_Alvari%C3%B1o [ Accessed 16/03/19] Wikipedia, María Gaetana, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi [Accessed 13/3/2019] Wikipedia, Maria Sibylla Merian https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sibylla_Merian [ Acessed 16/03/19]
Bibliography Wikipedia, Martha Euphemia, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemia_Lofton_Haynes [Accessed 13/3/19] Wikipedia, Mary Everest Boole https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Everest_Boole [ Acessed 16/03/19] Wikipedia, Mary Fairfax Somerville https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville [ Acessed 16/03/19] Wikipedia, Mileva Maric, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87 [Accessed 12/03/2019] Wikipedia, Nina Bari, https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Bari [Accessed 15/3/19] Wikipedia, SofĂa Kovalevskaya https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Koval%C3%A9vskaya [ Acessed 16/03/19] Wikipedia, Virginia Apgar https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Apgar [ Acessed 16/03/19]
Bibliography Cover pictures Marta Pastor, https://goo.gl/images/ae55SW [Accessed 15/3/19] La vanguardia, https://goo.gl/images/Bbswc2 [Accessed 15/3/19] Maps Vectorworldmap.com, https://www.vectorworldmap.com/ [Accessed 17/3/2019]