Local Government Organization and Finance: Urban India
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T A B L E 5 . 1 0 Per Capita Revenue Expenditure
State
Maharashtra Punjab Himachal Pradesh Gujarat Goa Andhra Pradesh Kerala West Bengal Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Uttaranchal Jammu and Kashmir Rajasthan Chhattisgarh Tripura Orissa Uttar Pradesh Haryana Assam Jharkhand Bihar Manipur Sample states
Per capita revenue expenditure 2001/02 (Rs)
1,253.71 1,008.12 955.45 865.12 604.18 508.88 493.17 487.49 481.79 427.66 418.29 399.77 392.69 390.36 376.07 356.75 355.06 275.18 255.23 211.79 87.20 87.20 81.03 576.71
Annual growth rate, 1997/98 to 2001/02 (%)
Percentage of GSDP, 2001/02
6.51 17.22 13.02 7.11 13.24 14.47 10.65 10.33 0.96 –2.59 11.32 — 19.86 7.30 — 7.09 13.87 9.54 1.45 5.21 — 5.53 4.90 7.36
1.82 1.15 0.38a 1.24 0.31 0.63 0.39 0.61 0.84 0.82 0.67 — 0.52a 0.56 0.49 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.25 0.16 0.11a 0.15 0.22 0.85a
Source: Mathur and Thakur 2004. Note: — = not available. Sample states refers to those states whose data are contained in the table. a. Figures are for 2000/01.
The performance of municipalities on the criterion of expenditures runs along the same track as that of own-source revenues or even total municipal revenues. Maharashtra, Punjab, Gujarat, and Goa post relatively high per capita expenditures and higher ratios of expenditure to GSDP. Other states show medium levels of expenditures, including Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu. Further examination shows that the expenditure levels are low and depressed in such states as Manipur, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. They are lower compared with the Zakaria Committee norms19 even in such states as Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, and Goa. On average, underspending in relation to the Zakaria Committee norm is 130 percent. This factor explains the
