Hybrid

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HYBRID

Def. The result of combining two or more elements. Soil, connectivity, active public life, productive vocation, the natural environment, and the participation of various actors shape the hybrid nature of our district proposal.

Participatory Architecture of Medium

Complexity

August - December 2024

Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Qro.

Work by

Imelda Marian Ferrero Serrano

Karla Lizbeth Vargas Guerrero

María José Mayorga Aguirre

Advisors

MSc. Urb. Diana García Cejudo

Mtro. Arq. Psj. Rodrigo Pantoja Calderón

Ph. D. Viviana M. Barquero Díaz Barriga

Ph. D. Andrea María Parga Vazquez

MSc. Urb. Roberto D. Cevada Gónzalez

MSc. Miguel Anaya Díaz

Arq. Pedro Mendoza Hernández

Arq. Daniela Cruz Naranjo

CONTEXT THE SITE

What is the soil?

Puebletaro

Industry in Queretaro

Industrial Park Benito Juarez

The Productive Vocation

Human Scale

Industrial Typologies

Borders Of Industry And Privatization Of The Area

A Closer Look

Soil Contamination

HOW DO WE DEFINE HYBRID?

Hybrid, Parameters

Strategies

Principles

THE PROPOSAL

Seed 1

Seed 2

Actors

Transformation Of Industrial Pre-Existences

Ecosystem Services

Users

Site Plan

Water managment

Vegetation Palette

Evolution

CONTEXT

WHAT IS THE SOIL?

Soil is composed of air, water, macro and microorganisms, organic matter, and nutrients; it’s the thin top layer of the earth from which life flourishes. The soil contains thousands of forms of life, despite being invisible to our eyes. Only one square meter of soil contains trillions of bacteria, hundreds of fungal hyphae and millions of nematodes. This micro ecosystem compounds nutrient cycling to sustain life growth, climate regulation, water infiltration and storage, gas exchange. Soil is the starting and returning point of all the Earth’s natural cycles.

It defines the place we call home whether it’s on top of a mountain or in the middle of a valley, we unconsciously walk upon it every day, we are brought to life from it to eventually become a part of it. Our soil not only shapes our identity but also supports a strong industry that can impact sustainability and economic growth both positively and negatively. When taken too far, the need (and greed) to privatize, exploit and profit creates disputes of enormous environmental impact.

Mexico is the 5th most biodiverse country in the world, this is thanks to the country’s 21 distinct soil types. Contrary to belief only 18% of the country’s surface soil is fertile (Phaeozems and Vertosols) and it is the most exploited.

Xerosol

Andosol

Yermosol

Cambisol

Vertisol

Solonchak

Castañozem

Feozem

Fluvisol

Arenosol

Gleysol

Scale: 1:13000000

Litosol

Luvisol

Acrisol

Chernozem

Nitosol

Planosol

Ranker

Regosol

Redzina

Solonetz

Queretaro

Metropolitan Area

Coordinate system: ESPG:32614-WGS 84 UTM

Own elaboration based on INEGI data

Puebletaro

Queretaro was an agricultural town at its roots, the rugged landscapes and plains surrounding the metropolitan area provided an apt environment for the development of irrigated agricultural practices to the southeast of the city and seasonal agriculture to the north and east of the region. However, due to centuries of agricultural practices and climate changes, the soil has suffered from drought, hydric and anthropocentric erosion at a moderate level. The depletion of soil nutrients has made crop production increasingly challenging. As a result, many ejidatarios have opted to sell their land to developers, seeking better financial returns. Many of these once productive agricultural lands have since been transformed into industrial parks and other property developments, reshaping the region’s landscape and economy.

Scale: 1:160000

Type

Industry in Queretaro

With the arrival of the first industrial park, Benito Juarez in 1972, Queretaro solidified itself as a force to be reckoned with. The exponential expansion has been fueled by industrial and social developments over the past 30 years. However, inadequate urban planning to accommodate the growing demand for residential spaces has resulted in industrial zones being surrounded by housing developments.

In the present day, Queretaro is among the most industrialized states in Mexico, with its industry contributing 36% to the state’s GDP and generating over 400,000 jobs. The state hosts a diverse range of industries, including automotive and aerospace. In 2023, a significant portion of Queretaro’s international exports comprised automotive parts and accessories, refrigeration equipment, and turbojets, accounting for 34.4% of exports.

Scale: 1:160000

Benito juarez Industrial Park

The Benito Juarez Industrial Park is located on 5 de Febrero Avenue, to the south it borders the Bernardo Quintana extension, key roads. Its centralized location reflects the exponential growth of urban sprawl in recent years.

The productive Vocation

Diverse industries create an efficient system, as one provides for the other. For example, Michelin, Tremec, Brose and Indorama and more compose the automotive sector, which is the principal sector of the park. Chemical industries supply essential raw materials to pharmaceuticals, while machinery manufacturing often includes electronic components. The use of plastics in aerospace highlights how specialized sectors drive innovation. Logistics and services are crucial for efficient product distribution, and real estate and education support industrial growth by providing infrastructure and skilled labor.

Human scale

The Benito Juarez Industrial Park provides significant economic activity in Queretaro. In addition to its industrial services, it creates a demand for basic services among its 50,000 employees. The Benito Juarez Industrial Park, a predominantly mono-functional area, is kept alive by minor trade and informal businesses, primarily located along its perimeter. These establishments cater to workers’ needs by offering quick, affordable meals, repair services for the residential areas, and other essential amenities. However, the park’s isolation from broader services and infrastructure creates a labor-focused zone, disrupting the city’s mixed-use nature. This segregation diminishes urban activity during non-working hours, in stark contrast to surrounding areas, where commerce and amenities foster vibrant and dynamic public spaces.

As a result, this leads us to an area of opportunity to connect the residential with the industrial zone, activating urban life to mend the fissures in the area’s urban fabrics.

Study Area

Informal commerce

Trade

0 to 5 people

6 to 10 people

11 to 30 people

31 to 50 people

51 to 100 people

101 to 250 people

More than 251

Parks and recreation

Family medical unit

Library

Daycare

Preschool

Elementary

Middle school

High school

Drains

Curvas de nivel

Buildings

City blocks

Scale: 1:16000

Coordinate system: ESPG:32614-WGS

Autonomous

Large areas filled with standardized industrial buildings, which are enclosed by different physical barriers.

Adjacent

The spatial needs of industry have transformed over time due to the constant evolution of cities, as well as the supply and demand processes required by current productive vocation. Considering the environmental and social damage caused by contemporary industry, alongside its importance in the productive and economic realm, it is necessary to change the regulations and zoning laws to allow for the integration of productive zones within the city with other urban facilities and natural spaces. This would promote the transformation of mono-functional industrial parks, which are merely places of work, into mixed-use areas that foster proximity to innovation and learning hubs, recreational and natural spaces. Thus, the urban fabric is revitalized through a synergistic integration of social, productive, and environmental dimensions. (Hatuka & Ben-Joseph, 2022). Land use

The organizational outline of the adjacent type relies on zoning and the distinction between living and working areas.

The integrated type consist of a symbiosis between living, working and equipment.

What is the productive vocation of future cities while prioritizing soil remediation and environmental care?

The productive vocation of urban industry in the future has a technological and sustainable focus, both socially and environmentally. Biotechnology, the healthcare sector, and the generation of new energies are the main focuses of the industry of the future (Hosoya, Schaefer, & Aerni, 2021). Additionally, to strengthen the focus on the productive vocation of the future, it is necessary to implement practices such as recycling and responsible waste management, the repair of objects for reuse, and alternatives for food production and raw materials with a lower environmental impact

Hosoya, H., Schaefer, M., & Aerni, P. (2021). The industrious city urban industry in the digital age. Lars Müller Publishers.

Hatuka, T., & Ben-Joseph, E. (2022). New Industrial Urbanism: Designing Places for Production (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367855000

THE SITE

BORDERS OF INDUSTRY AND PRIVATIZATION OF THE AREA

Cities have been built from their separation from the natural environment. The physical division of land has been crucial to defining the urban environment through fences, walls, boundary tapes, and other barriers. In political terms, land use regulations are determined by power groups that focus on their anthropocentric interests rather than considering the natural properties of the land to avoid degrading it. Finally, the exclusion of land for those who cannot afford it or use a particular space.

In the industrial park, all these phenomena are reflected in the visual permeability which is null because of the size of the industrial warehouses and its barriers segregating productive monofunctional areas. Additionally, because of the morphology of the industrial park, pedestrian routes are very extensive; limiting the connections with the adjacent residential area and the rest of the city.

Our site is located next to the canal which is in a flood zone. Seasonally it carries runoff water contaminated with different metals, chemicals or organic waste. This implies a great risk for the residential area, as it is too part of the flood zone. Additionally, there is lack of soil permeability attributed to the maneuvering yards, and the only permeable spaces are privately owned recreational spaces for the workers of such industrial facilities.

SOIL CONTAMINATION

Aumatec, Bocar Automotive Industry: Heavy Metals and Aluminum.

Ecofibras Waste Management Industry: Organic Materials.

Pitsa Construction Industry: Hydroflurocarbons, Resins, Oils and Pigment

Axpro Automotive Chemical Industry: Chemicals, Heavy Metals, Solids, and Cyanide.

PharmaService Pharmaceutical Industry: Non-Biodegradable Solvents, Cyanides, Heavy Metals, and Acids or Bases.

Remediation techniques

Composting:

Microbes transform metals or inorganic into less toxic compounds.

Phytoremediation:

Plants are used to treat and clean contaminated soils, and sediments by removing, transferring, stabilizing and destroying contaminants.

Biotransformation of heavy metals: Microorganisms are stimulated through thermophilic conditions to break down organic compounds mixed with other organic substances.

Physical barriers/screens (vertical/ horizontal):

Physical impermeable barriers to contain the migration of contaminants in the soil.

Composting, phytoremediation, and biotransformation of heavy metals are biological treatments, that can be implemented through in situ landscaping techniques, compared to physical barriers requiring more complex physicochemical technology.

HOW DO WE DEFINE HYBRID?

A hybrid district within an industrial park starts with the adaptation of existing buildings. Leveraging industrial architecture to transform it into multipurpose spaces. It nurtures social and environmental culture, promotes mixed uses and the proximity of housing and workplaces, and fosters an alliance between public institutions and private stakeholders, establishing mutual benefits. (Hatuka & BenJoseph, 2022).

The parameters allow the project to adapt and transform as needed. With the belief that in the future all industrial zones will become mixed use places grounded in nature and reshaped into a regenerative future.

Hybrid Parameters for a hybrid district

Proximity

- Generate proximity within surrounding programs.

- Design efficient connections for pedestrians.

Accessibility

- Incorporate urban furniture to provide refuge along pathways.

- Controlled and compatible programs.

Security

- Provides a safe surrounding for external pedestrians.

- Adequately lit spaces.

- Colaborate between industries to create safe pathways.

- Permeable facades.

- Adequate spaces for extended hours of public space use to improve safety.

Sustainability

- Sustainable industry with low environmental impact and lower soil conotamination

- Transparent processes.

- Bioclimatic design strategies.

- Soil excavated from site must be used for topogrophy or landscaping.

Resource efficiency

- Circular and responsible waste manegment.

- Circular water manegment.

- Renewable energy production.

MVRDV. (s. f.-b). Urban Hybrid. Retreived 10 of November 2024, from https://www.mvrdv.com/projects/14/urban-hybrid

OVERALL STRATEGIES

Block cuts to shorten walking distances. Connecting the industrial park to the city to improve integration and urban. development

A grid of corridors to continue the urban layout, similar to the surrounding housing area.

DESign STRATEGIES

Redesign streets to become shared streets and create safer, more sustainable, and more pleasant environments.

Depaving for soil remediation, reconfiguring the use of parking lots and natural voids.

Deconstruct, disassemble and reprogram industrial buildings to open the block and activate urban life.

3 PRINCIPLES

THE PROPOSAL

The first phase of the project consists of creating pathways between the residential and industrial area reprogramming the underutilized spaces, to start permeating into the park. Climate shelters are put into place, along with rest areas, adequate lighting and landscaping to provide protection.

Integration of mixed-use spaces creates vitality; it doesn’t remain on the first floor, it implies a vertical change. This process occurs over time gradually integrating the different dynamics into the once industrial zone.

Ponderosa

Covenience store

and learning

14. Workshop rooms for job training

15. Playroom

16. Industrial landmark

17. Flexible and recreational area

18. Graffiti and play area

19. Visibility corridor

20. Community kitchen and dining room Affordable housing

22. Housing complex

Sustainable and ecological

23. Organic waste recycling center

24. Biological corridor

25. Flooded garden

26. Central garden

27. Connecting corridor

28. Adaptation of connector bridge

29. Corridor entrance

Filtration and treatment of water

Divided diagonally indicates program on ground floor and upper floor

Two different colors indicates impact in two categories

Current industries have to change their location because of the normative and unsustainable processes that result negatively for the urban and natural environment. To implement this model, we engage key stakeholders to finance and manage the project. We established an agreement between all the companies involved who are committed to the proposal of the implementation of the hybrid district. Among these are current industries, which, despite transitioning their productive focus, will have the opportunity to contribute through their internal foundations and associations that align with their vision of corporate social and environmental responsibility.

Aumatec, from Bocar Group, is an industry which has grown exponentially in the last years. It will relocate its operations to the outskirts, while maintaining an office center and a research and innovation center at the current site, contributing to the development of new productive areas through leasing.

Ecofibras, will retain its operational area by swapping lots with Aumatec, cutting the block and opening space for recreational areas.

Pitsa, a construction company, will transition to sustainable construction, forming a partnership with the concrete recycling plant and collaborating on sustainable projects with both government and private institutions. It is planned that Pitsa will develop housing complexes using sustainable methods in a future project.

Axpro, being an unsustainable production company, will shift its operations to align with the new productive focus. This site will also serve as an entrance to the hybrid district.

A hybrid district operates through the symbiosis between public and private stakeholders, who derive mutual benefits. Additionally, we have sought out government ministries and programs that can balance financial and management contributions.

PharmaService, an industry with a socially responsible vision, will maintain its production focus while integrating a pharmacy to activate public life through commerce.

Housing

Housing is a must to create a lively district. It is THE program that creates 24/7 activity, completely disrupts productive use, and provides an extra layer of security for passersby. For this to be possible the land use regulations shall be modified to able to densify the industrial park.

Parameters to implement housing

Proximity

- Incorporate urban furniture to provide refuge along pathways.

- In order to increase housing density and affordability, increase donation area

Accessibility

- Direct pedestrian access to a main road, efficient public transport and secondary access for private vehicles.

- Housing must start on the second floor to allow mixed uses and services on the first floor.

- Complementary programs for housing.

Security

- Provides a safe surrounding for external pedestrians.

- Adequately lit spaces.

- Adequate spaces for extended hours of public space use to improve safety.

Sustainability

- Bioclimatic design strategies.

- Soil excavated from site must be used for topogrophy or landscaping.

- Passive housing.

Resource efficiency

- Circular and responsible waste manegment.

- Circular water manegment.

- Renewable energy production.

TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL

PRE-EXISTENCES

The intangible transformation of the site is the result of the reprogramming of spaces, which retain their productive vocation with the integration of mixed uses and the designation of areas for soil regeneration and environmental awareness and activate public life.

The physical transformation of the pre-existing buildings involves the reuse and recycling of materials. The dismantling consists of creating openings in the metal sheathing of the industrial buildings, both in the roofs and facades, to later use them for the roofs of market modules and in rotating panels for facades that allow for natural ventilation and lighting. Deconstruction involves demolishing walls and fences, and pavement removal. This material will later be processed at the demolition waste recycling plant to use a percentage of the aggregates obtained in the construction of the market.

Organic capacities of the soil get lost by their transformation into urban soil through the process of “soil sealing” (Díaz, 2023), during urbanization soil surface is compacted and covered with an impermeable surface, preventing water absorption, carry polluted runoff water, also it affects microorganism’s formation because of the compaction, contamination, and soil erosion, ultimately disconnecting us from nature.

By depaving our proposal reduces stormwater pollution and increases absorption areas; it is the first step to regenerate soil, restore natural habitats and promote connection with nature.

ecosystemic services

To exemplify the hybrid nature of the district, we detail the ecosystem services and additional benefits that contribute to its development. Our program proposal has a vision of minimizing environmental degradation while promoting sustainable processes. This has been carefully designed to achieve the core objectives that define the hybrid district, emphasizing the impact of each element within its respective category. By enhancing these outcomes, we aim to create a resilient ecosystem model and a regenerative cycle for industrial areas, one that must be multiplied and scaled to foster long-term sustainability.

USERS

Water Management

The amount of rainwater that could be captured is equivalent to more than 5,500,000 liters of water. By incorporating bioretention swales water is captured, treated and infiltrated to soil, preventing floods and cleaning runoff water.

Selected Plants

Mulch 3” deep

Bioretention soil mix

Sand

Geotextile

Gravel

Underdrain pipe

Rainwater Collection System

Rainwater Collection System

Rainwater Collection System

Rainwater Collection System

Treated Grey water

Treated Grey water

Rainwater Collection System

Treated Grey water

Rainwater Collection System

Treated Grey water

Greywater Treatment system

Treated Grey water

Greywater Treatment system

Greywater Treatment system

Treated Grey water

Greywater Treatment system

Sewage water managment

Greywater Treatment system

Greywater Treatment system

Sewage water managment

Sewage water managment

Sewage water managment

Sewage water managment

Biological treatment

Sewage water managment

Biological treatment

Biological treatment

Biological treatment

Rain garden

Biological treatment

Biological treatment

Rain garden

Rain garden

Rain garden

Bioretention Swale

Bioretention Swale

Rain garden

Rain garden

Bioretention Swale

Bioretention Swale

Bioretention Swale

Bioretention Swale

LANDSCAPE Pallette

The landscape palette is inspired by the native flora of Queretaro, with a special focus on species renowned for their extraordinary resilience to challenging climates and water scarcity. These are plants that thrive regardless of conditions, defying rules and flourishing despite soil type or lack of care, embodying an indomitable and rebellious spirit.

Each of these plants contributes significantly to our project, and they have been classified based on their role in the landscape design. This includes edible and medicinal plants, selected for direct use by our users; pollinator plants, essential for conserving key pollinator species that are vital for ecosystem balance; and soil-improving plants, chosen for their ability to control erosion and enhance water infiltration. The latter, despite their higher water requirements, have been strategically placed in rain gardens to maximize their functionality. This approach ensures that each selected species serves not only an aesthetic purpose but also an ecological and practical one.

Garambullo cactus

Myrtillocactus geometrizans

Organ pipe cactus

Stenocereus thurberi

Erect cory-cactus Queretaro oak

Coryphantha erecta

Quercus queretaroensis

Prickly pear

Opuntia ficus-indica

Chiltepin pepper

Capsicum annuum glabriusculum

Ash tree

Fraxinus

Mexican bamboo

Bambusa vulgaris

Cactus

Cactaceae

Reed

Echinacea

Echinacea purpurea

Typha latifolia
Cattail
Poplar
Populus
Phragmites australis
Vachellia farnesiana
Huizache

Mexican tea

Mesquite Dysphania ambrosioides

Prosopis laevigata

Sweetwood

Acacia farnesiana

Natal grass

Melinis repens

American bulrush

Scirpus americanus

Tepehuaje

Lysiloma divaricatum

Small-headed rush

Juncus microcephalus

Origanum vulgare
Oregano
Crataegus mexicana
Mexican hawthorn
Sinapis alba
White mustard
Cydonia oblonga
Quince
Silk tree
Ceiba aesculifolia
Agave americana
Agave
Thymus vulgaris
Thyme
Mentha spicata
Spearmint
Arnica montana
Arnica
Penstemon
Beardtongue
Trumpet creeper
Trumpet vine
Cosmos bipinnatus
Cosmos
Salvia rosmarinus
Rosemary
Anethum graveolens
Dill
Verbena officinalis
Verbena Asclepias
Milkweed
Salvia officinalis
Sage
Celtis iguanae
Mexican Hackberry
Aloe vera
Aloe vera
Tabacco
Nicotiana tabacum
Equisetum arvense
Horsetail
Salix
Willow

The creation of public spaces is essential to mend urban fabrics and cultivate a sense of community. The dynamic space can be used for leisure, recreational or social activities, and as an extension of the market on specific days (tianguis).

Market

Local commerce is a gateway to attract, create interactions, commune, boost the local economy, and live. The market stalls are designed to be flexible; the type of service provided may change with time. Therefore, it must be adaptable to add different installations if needed. The service alley allows this, as well as reducing the traffic in the main hall. The rain garden in the middle of the main hall creates a peaceful environment amidst the chaos that a market can be sometimes, while also providing refuge to species, a corridor for pollinators, and infiltrating water.

Basic Module 4.5 x 3 m
Refrigerated Module 4.5 x 3 m
Corner Module 2 x 3 m
Large Module 6 x 3 m

TR 101 corrugated sheet (Ternium Zintro galvanized) Gauge 24. Effective width of 101 cm.

Gutter for rainwater collection.

Cold-formed "C" purlin profile, 4”x 2”, @ 2 m.

PTR 5” x 5” gauge 1/4”

Alucobond 2.44 m x .75 m

Recyled concrete aggregate block 20x40x15 cm

Facade flexible design

everything leads back to soil

en proceso

To highlight the industrial preexistences, a landmark surrounded by vegetation demonstrates the harmony between the natural and built environments, serving as the main entrance to the hybrid district, starting with a covered multipurpose area as an intergenerational meeting point. From there, a sensitive garden initiates the biological corridor, offering opportunities to learn while enjoying the landscape.

Evolution of the Benito Juarez Industrial Park

Hybrid district model

This hybrid district model proposes a transformation of industrial parks by integrating the unique DNA of each space, plot, and context to create a symbiotic system that benefits not only the industry and nearby users but also the soil and the entire ecosystem. This approach is designed to be multipliable, starting with its expansion throughout the Benito Juárez Industrial Park to demonstrate its effectiveness and positive functionality. As its success becomes evident, other industrial parks are expected to adopt this hybrid district model, always prioritizing the specific conditions of each location where it is implemented.

ANNEX

Concrete recylcling

The recycling of construction and demolition waste (RCD), also known as concrete recycling, is a practice that has gained relevance in recent years due to the exponential growth of urban sprawl and the excessive generation of construction waste resulting from demolition. Concrete recycling enables the recovery of raw materials such as gravel, sand, and base material for new construction, instead of disposing of waste in unauthorized landfill sites. Using recycled concrete significantly reduces the extraction of virgin aggregates, decreasing soil erosion and compaction, and making using natural resources more efficient.

In Mexico, there are already laws for RCD, such as the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection, which establishes that builders are required to manage construction waste appropriately. However, compliance with this law is still not properly regulated, so there are very few concrete recyclers in the country that are adequately certified and many informal waste landfills. In Querétaro, there is the General Law on Waste Management and Circular Economy for the state of Querétaro. However, like the rest of the country, there is no specific regulation detailing how it should be enforced or how violations should be penalized. The current situation is not a justification for environmental irresponsibility; rather, it serves as a wake-up call to demand that the relevant institutions properly enforce sustainability standards. To exemplify the processes, benefits, and advantages of RCD, we use the information provided by the concrete recycler REURBA as part of its strategy to disseminate this sustainable practice.

The area of influence for a concrete recycling plant should extend 20 to 25 km, aiming to minimize pollution from transportation by reducing the distance materials travel from demolition to the recycling center.

The construction sector often holds misconceptions about recycled concrete, viewing it as either more expensive or of inferior quality. In reality, market prices are quite competitive. For instance, 1 m³ of base material costs about 220.00 MXN, whereas a standard concrete recycled offers it at an average of 200.00 MXN. Furthermore, using recycled aggregates can significantly lower the costs related to the acquisition and transportation of new construction materials.

Ledezma Montes, R. (2024). REURBA Reciclados Urbanos [Diapositivas, conferencia].

Ledezma Montes, R. (2020). Proyecto de Reconstrucción Sustentable para el Estado de Queretaro

AEROPONICS

Efficiency in the use of recycled water, rainwater, or water from a desalination plant. Additionally, its climate control and lighting are powered by renewable energy obtained through solar panels. Potential to be implemented in small spaces without soil, its low consumption of water and nutrients.

Aeroponics can use up to 95% less water than conventional agriculture. This sustainable and efficient cultivation method, which uses less water, reduces pesticide use, and allows for faster and more efficient food production, can help feed the growing populations of the world while reducing the environmental impact of food production.

The instruments that can be used to supply the necessary water are: Spray nozzles, which release spray droplets larger than 10 μm; Compressed gas atomizers that create a mist with droplet sizes from 1 to 100 μm; Ultrasonic systems, also creating a mist with droplets from 1 to 35 μm.

The farming system can reduce:

95% of water demand

60% of fertilizer

100% of pesticide/insecticide use

optimizing yield than from 45% to 75% than traditional farming

Tax incentives

A tax incentive is a measure implemented by the government to reduce or defer tax payments for businesses or individuals in order to encourage certain behaviors or economic activities deemed beneficial for society or the economy. Tax incentives may include deductions, exemptions, tax rate reductions, tax credits, or deferred tax payments.

These incentives are often designed to promote areas such as infrastructure investment, job creation, research and development, environmental sustainability, and support for key economic sectors. For example, a company investing in clean technologies may receive a tax incentive in the form of a tax reduction to encourage innovation in the environmental sector.

1. Tax Credits for Urban Revitalization

If the project involves transforming a declining industrial area, many local or national governments offer tax credits for urban revitalization. These incentives are designed to encourage development in underserved or deteriorated areas. The credit could be applied to cover part of the costs of construction or remodeling public spaces. Example: A tax credit may be granted for the amount invested in public infrastructure, such as parks, plazas, or pedestrian streets.

2. Property Tax Exemptions or Reductions

Some jurisdictions offer property tax exemptions or reductions for projects that include public spaces or improve public access and use in industrial or mixed-use areas. This incentivizes developers to allocate land or buildings for public purposes, such as plazas, recreational areas, or green spaces.

Example: A property tax exemption for a specified period for the portion of the project dedicated to public uses.

3. Tax Deduction for Sustainable Development

Tax incentives related to sustainability can be beneficial if the project focuses on creating public spaces that promote environmentally responsible practices, such as integrating green areas, alternative transportation infrastructure (bicycles, pedestrians), or the use of sustainable materials. Deductions or tax credits may apply if the project is certified as sustainable under programs like LEED or local equivalents.

Example: A tax incentive for implementing green roofs or rainwater collection systems in public spaces.

4. Tax Incentives for Mixed-Use Developments

Local governments often offer specific incentives for mixed-use projects that combine residential, commercial, industrial, and public spaces. These incentives are aimed at promoting land-use diversity, improving social cohesion, and enhancing the efficient use of urban space.

Example: A tax credit for including a balanced mix of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces in urban planning.

5. Subsidies or Public Financing

Although not a direct tax incentive, government subsidies or soft financing can complement tax incentives. These supports are granted to projects that demonstrate public value, such as the creation of accessible and high-quality public spaces.

Example: The local government could provide funding for the construction of public plazas or parks as part of the redevelopment of the industrial area.

6. Incentives for Contributions to Infrastructure

In many cases, developers may receive tax discounts or deferrals if they contribute to improving public infrastructure in the area, such as roads, public transportation, or essential utilities. The implementation of public spaces as part of the project could qualify under these programs.

Example: A discount on local taxes if the project includes the construction of a park that serves both residents and workers in the industrial area.

7. Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

If the industrial area is located within a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), additional tax incentives may be available, such as temporary exemptions from VAT or income taxes, provided the project aligns with the objectives of the SEZ, such as land-use modernization and diversification.

THE STAKEHOLDERS

Fundation Familia Bocar (Aumatec)

“At Bocar Group, we believe in a philosophy of responsibility between our operations and the environment as a fundamental part of ensuring business continuity, minimizing environmental impact”

“At Bocar Group we honor our commitment to the planet and society. We place social responsibility at the center of each of our actions: We strengthen our organizational culture with our employees, and we ensure the well-being and development of the communities where we are located, through programs that promote healthy lifestyles and voluntary participation” About Bocar Group. (2024). https://www.bocar.com/en/about/

Vitalis Foundation (PharmaService)

“Social Responsibility at Vitalis is a process that reaffirms our commitment to society and the environment through the implementation of social and environmental actions as part of our contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) defined by the United Nations (UN).” (Responsabilidad Social –Vitalis, 2024.)

Responsabilidad social – Vitalis. (2024). https://www.vitalislaboratorio.com/responsabilidad-social/

CEMEX

“Future in Action is our program focused on achieving sustainable excellence through climate action, circularity, and natural resource management, with the primary goal of becoming a net-zero CO2 emissions company.” (Sostenibilidad - Corporate Website - CEMex, 2024) Sostenibilidad - Corporate Website - CEMex. (2024). https://www.cemex.com/es/sostenibilidad

REGENERA

“At Regenera, we strive to foster a collaborative circular economy by helping our partners achieve more efficient waste streams that ensure waste reuse and proper disposal.” (Regenera, 2024))

Regenera Corporate Website. (2024) https://www.cemex.com/es/productos-soluciones/regenera

STPS (Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social)

“We work to strengthen labor policies and ensure compliance with labor rights by integrating young people through on-the-job training, social dialogue, union democracy, and collective bargaining.” (2024) https://www.gob.mx/stps

SEMOVI (Secretaría de movilidad)

“To plan, design, manage, and implement public policies related to mobility that provide the residents of the municipality of Querétaro with transportation options that improve travel times, ensure road safety, and enhance their quality of life, through regulations, plans, programs, projects, and studies.” (2024) https://municipiodequeretaro.gob.mx/secretarias/secretaria-de-movilidad/mision-y-vision/

SEDESOQ (Sistema de Programas Sociales del Estado de Querétaro)

“We coordinate and ensure the implementation of policies, programs, and actions that promote the social development ofcitizens, as well as the dignification of the individual.” (2024) https://desarrollosocialqro.gob.mx/wp/

SEDESU (Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable)

“To promote the sustainable human development of the inhabitants of the State of Querétaro, for present and future generations, through the rational and equitable use of natural, economic, and social resources; thereby achieving access to better living conditions.” (2024) https://queretaro.gob.mx/acerca-sedesu1

case studies

Zhongshan Shipyard Park

Typology: Public Space, Park

Year: 2001

Location: Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China

Design strategies that take into account the characteristics of the industrial park: Principle of reduction, reuse, and recycling of natural and artificial materials in this project. The original vegetation, soil, and natural habitats were preserved, and only native plants were used throughout the park. Machinery, docks, and other structures were repurposed for educational, aesthetic, and functional purposes.

Restructuring of the Annonary Market of Sanremo

Typology: Municipal Market

Year: 2019

Location: San Remo, Italy

Design strategies that can be considered based on the characteristics of the industrial park:

Materiality of the new interior structure, space organization.

case studies

Future

Typology: Housing

Year: 2022

Location: Santiago de Queretaro, México

Re-densification of a post-industrial site located in the city center with sustainable proposals for: reusing industrial warehouses for productive housing, green and water systems and corridors, 20 and 30 km/h streets, community nodes, and mobility exchange hubs.

Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus

Typology: Landscaping, academic complex

Year: 2008

Location: Arizona, USA

The transformation of the previous Air Force base, which was covered in asphalt and flooded each rain season, was into a beautiful oasis. The paths created are daily connections with nature that is of the region and remediates soil.

ASLA 2012 Professional Awards | Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus — New Academic Complex. (s. f.). https://asla.org/2012awards/199.html

Chatzidakis, A., Hakim, J., Littler, J., Rottenberg, C., & Segal, L. (2020). The Care Manifesto: The Politics of Interdependence.

Despommier, D. (2010). The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century. Macmillan.

Díaz, F. (2023). Suelo: Colección Perdidos en el espacio. Editorial Bifurcaciones.

Duc Huya, D., Thi Thuyena, P., Thanh Gianga, T., & Thi Tra Mya, N. (2020). Economic analysis of soil-based and soilless farming systems: a case study from Da Lat City. Dalat University Journal of Science, 10(4).

Elías, D., Zaballa, P., & Trespalacios, M. (2022). FUTURE: A Story Told by The Present. https://issuu.com/thecityproject/docs/booklet_carta_compressed_1_

Fernandez, A., Mozas, J., & Arpa, J. (2014). This is hybrid : analysis of mixeduse buildings. a+t.

Fundación Chile. (s. f.). Manual de Tecnología de Remediación de Suelos Contaminados. Fundación Chile. https://fch.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ manual-de-tecnologias-de-remediacion-de-sitios-contaminados_baja-1.pdf

Hatuka, T., & Ben-Joseph, E. (2022). New Industrial Urbanism: Designing Places for Production (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367855000

Hosoya, H., Schaefer, M., & Aerni, P. (2021). The industrious city urban industry in the digital age. Lars Müller Publishers.

Iserhott, H., Murphy, M., Nativ, M., & Rosewall, E. (2013). How to Depave. Retrieved 24 of September 2024, from https://static1.squarespace.com/ static/65726eb4538e3d571fbb5017/t/65f4af52650d7579e1dcb3c4/1710534487417/ HowToDepaveGuide-V3-2013.pdf

Ledezma Montes, R. (2020). Proyecto de Re-construcción Sustentable para el Estado de Queretaro

MVRDV. (s. f.-b). Urban Hybrid. Retreived 10 of November 2024, from https://www.mvrdv.com/projects/14/urban-hybrid

Ortiz Bernad, I., Sanz García, J., Dorado Valiño, M., & Villar Fernández, S. (2007). Técnicas de Recuperación de Suelos Contaminados. Informe de Vigilancia Tecnológica. https://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM001700.pdf

“Restructuring of the Sanremo Annonary Market / Calvi Ceschia Viganò architetti associati” 12 Mar 2022. ArchDaily México. Retrieved 24 of September 2024, from https://www.archdaily.mx/mx/978352/restructuring-of-the-sanremoannonary-market-calvi-ceschia-vigano-architetti-associati

Stein EW. The Transformative Environmental Effects Large-Scale Indoor Farming May Have On Air, Water, and Soil. Air, Soil and Water Research. 2021;14. doi:10.1177/1178622121995819

Zhongshan Shipyard Park by Turenscape. (2012). Landezine. Retrieved 24 of September 2024, from https://landezine.com/zhongshan-shipyard-park-byturenscape/

Gracias a nuestros padres, familia, amigos, asesores y a cada una de las personas que formaron parte de nuestro camino durante la creación de cada página de este book, en el cual dejamos nuestra alma y nuestro deseo de seguir contribuyendo con ideas que generen conversación en el mundo de la arquitectura.

Nos llevamos en el corazón a aquellas personas que, a lo largo del semestre, nos regalaron flores, tanto literalmente como figurativamente, ya que su apoyo y palabras nos motivaron a seguir adelante, nos dieron la fuerza necesaria para continuar y momentos de alegría que iluminaron nuestro camino en las etapas más desafiantes.

Este book es por y para ustedes, pero también para todos aquellos que, al igual que nosotras, encuentran en la disciplina de la arquitectura una fuente de motivación y pasión para continuar aportando en el cambio constante de nuestra sociedad.

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