HUMA An Eco-Urban Oasis.
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Co-design through strategies that promote climate justice, by adapting the environment of the most vulnerable to face climate change. Promoting the equitable co-existence between resilient and water-sensitive communities.
Sabrina Beckwith
Javier Corral
Sebastián Gutiérrez
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Participatory Architecture of
(Gp
Medium Complexity
601)
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Contextualization Analysis Proposal Models Special Thanks References 6 26 38 84 90 92
INDEX
CONTEXTUALIZATION
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GLOBAL SOUTH
QUERETARO
Colonial drinking water distribution system in Querétaro was based on an aqueduct and a distribution network of sewers and clay
A 2,000 m3 capacity reinforced concrete reservoir was
Efficiency of drinking water and sewage services is needed due to the high rate of gastrointestinal diseases in the population.
City Council ordered the construction of the bridge over the Queretaro River and its sanitationCity Council ordered the construction of the bridge over the Queretaro River and its sanitation.
Pollution of the river. All of Queretaro is in a drought. Heavy rains cause floods within Queretaro. Aqueduct II is under construction. This is the largest water project in the state of Queretaro.
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pipes.
The construction of the reservoir to capture water from the "Ojo de Agua del Capulín" in the town of "San Pedro de la Cañada" began.
The Lord Marquis of the Villa del Villar del Aguila, Don Juan Arturo de Urrutia y Arana, set out to provide drinking water to the entire population.
The aqueduct work was completed at a total cost of approximately $125,000. Installation of iron pipes, a flood gate & pump at La Cañada pool in order to improve the quality and quantity of drinking water for the town.
18th CENTURY 1721 1726 1738 1894 1909
built.
1959 1940 2018 2021 CURRENTLY 2021
VULNERABLE AREAS
A clear “example” of water stress is Querétaro, which ranks eighth in Mexico in terms of water scarcity. Within this, the communities most affected by lack of water tend to be located on the outskirts of the city, which commonly tend to be low-income communities. They suffer from continuous water cuts or are limited to access to it for certain hours and specific days, without the opportunity to be supplied by asking for water pipes.
Demonstrating this, in the entity, 5 of the areas with the greatest water stress are located on the outskirts of the city where 3 of these are communities with scarce resources, which are:
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Blvd.Bernardo Quintana AutopistaMéxico-Querétaro Paseo Constituyentes Av. 5 de Febrero Anillo II Libramiento Surponiente Libramiento Surponiente Paseo de la Republica AnilloVialFrayJuniperoSerra
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Juriquilla
2. El Pueblito
3. Santa María Magdalena
4. La Cañada
5. Saldarriaga
JURIQUILLA
Although Juriquilla is one of the areas in Queretaro with highier economic levels it has` a history of water problems. In this zone, there is a pattern that is generated due to the socioeconomic difference, where the subdivisions and/or areas with a higher economic income “always” have services , while the neighborhoods with a lower income are usually more vulnerable to the lack of services.
This pattern occurs in the area of “El Nabo” and “Cumbres del Lago”, economic income dictates the difference between the availability of services, mainly water, which changes the quality of life of each community. These two neighboring communities express the duality of an urbanized area and a nonurbanized area, through the construction of a physical limitation.
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El Nabo
Cumbres del Lago
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Nabo
El
Cumbres del Lago
CUMBRES & EL NABO
The community of "El Nabo" within Cumbres del Lago has around 3,367 inhabitants, with 811 homes, 3 schools, 2 sports fields, and 2 churches. However, there is a deficit of urban equipment, and there are challenges related to architecture, urban planning, and the water channel in the area.
In Cumbres del Lago, the presence of vegetation is limited, primarily observed on the edges of the water channel and in areas with cultivated orchards. The vegetation consists of a mix of native, invasive, exotic, and cultivated species, with approximately 40% being exotic. Flooding is a concern, particularly in the central and southern areas, with flood heights ranging from 0.40 to 1.00 meters.
Access to "El Nabo" is through three roads, including Anillo Vial Fray Junipero Serra and Libramiento Norponiente, with only two of the roads being paved. Sidewalks are only present in the downtown area of the community. Multiple access points exist for Cumbres del Lago, including Libramiento Norponiente, Lago de Chapala Street, and Anillo Fray Junípero Serra, all of which are paved.
Cumbres del Lago as a whole has a population of 6,343 inhabitants and 2,595 households. It features music academies, and various commercial establishments, but lacks collective transport stops and street vendors.
In “El Nabo” the vegetation has more presence, we can see it through the waterway, but the vegetation is mostly small plants that require very little water. The absence of trees is notorious, except for the center of the community, where we can see a few endemic trees
The housing complex in Cumbres del Lago has a high residential density compared to commercial density, with varied typologies ranging from 1 to 3 levels. Most residential units have a small patio, a front garage, and a garden at the back.
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LIBRAMIENTO SUR PONIENTE
CUMBRES DEL LAGO EL NABO
What are the potential areas of water pollution?
Findings :
We identified flooding zones, cultivation areas, recycling centers and landfills to compare them with the type of soil and potential areas of recharge to the aquifer, to find out which areas represent a possible risks of water pollution.
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Nabo
CumbresdelLago El
Lithic
Other Ethology
Nabo
of
Cultivation Areas
Flooding
Landfill and Recycling Center Potencial Recharge Area of the Aquifer Reference System EPSG 4326 - WGS84 Scale 12500 Retrived from INEGI 2020 Own Elaboration
Cumbres del Lago
Deep Lithic Deep Lithic Base Map
El
Level Curves Aqueduct Bodies
water
Blocks
Zone
How does blue infrastructure help us understand the inequity between these two communities?
Base Map
Cumbres del Lago
El Nabo
Level Curves
Aqueduct
Bodies of water
Blocks
Findings : Built environment
Wells
Elevated Water Tanks
In use
Out of service
Drainage
Water plant
Natural environment
Basin (man made)
Waterway
Runoffs
WATER FLOW
Intermittent
Perennial
Water monopoly
Operadora provincia Juriquilla
There is a perceived inequality in the blue infrastructure between Cumbres and El Nabo, which leaves the population of El Nabo vulnerable to risks caused by climate change. It also shows the benefits of a more privileged sector such as Cumbres. In addition, the monopoly only supplies water to Cumbres, leaving El Nabo to rely on nearby wells that also supply water to other communities.
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CumbresdelLago
El Nabo
Reference System EPSG 4326 - WGS84 Scale 12500 Retrived from INEGI 2020 Own Elaboration
How
does pedestrian infraestructure in Cumbres del Lago and El Nabo, contrast in quality and use?
Base Map
Findings :
Does have Doesn´t have Private Not specify Not enough informa-
Movility
Sidewalks Bus stops Truck
While Cumbres del Lago have enough sidewalks, in El Nabo, there is not enough information. After interviewing people who live in El Nabo, we found out that infrastructure was built by themselves.
Despite the rudimentary infrastructure, people in El Nabo walk and use public transportation as their primary method of transport.
17 CumbresdelLago
Nabo
El
del Lago
Nabo
Reference System EPSG 4326 - WGS84 Scale 12500 Retrived from INEGI 2020 Own Elaboration
Cumbres
El
Level Curves Aqueduct Bodies of water Blocks
GROUNDS
Exists 3 types of reserve land use:
PEA: Preservación Ecológica Agrícola.
“Ecological Agricultural Preservation.”
PEPE: Preservación Ecologica de Proteccion especial
“Special Protection Ecological Preservation.”
PEUM: Preservación Ecológica de Usos Multiples
“Multiple Use Ecological Preservation.”
This one can suffer changes, according to Article 3, Section XI which mentions:
“- Through the program referred to in the General Law and the Code, the studies to establish or modify limitations regarding uses, destinations, and construction reserves, lands, waters, and forests, and determine permissible population densities.”
Now, this land use permits a lot of interventions, such as:
- Trails
- Viewpoints
- Extractive activities
- Open squares
- Natural observatories
- Ponds, dams
- Reforestation, gardens
- Management of flora and fauna.
The primary objective is to maintain and preserve nature as much as we can for the next generations.
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VEGETATION
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“We make the most out of every bucket.”
-Iván, residente del nabo.
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“Aprovechamos cada cubeta al máximo.”
CLIMATE JUSTICE
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1. Propose multiple-use spaces.
2. Implement hybrid cultivation methods that are water sensible.
3. Provide means that promote local consumption.
4. Create spaces that can be adaptable against a variety of necessities.
5. Substitute impermeable surfaces for permeable ones.
6. Leverage the runoff water and its natural flow towards the infrastructure, whether its gray, green or blue.
7. Capture, treat, and reutilize rain and residual water, with the use of strategies based on nature itself.
8. Promote and re-dignify the endemic and native vegetation.
9. Public spaces that allow the appropriation of the place.
10. Integrate water as a part of the urban image.
11. Raise awareness of the abundance and scarcity of water.
12. Recover the historical connection with water.
13. Promote inclusion in public space.
14. Strengthen security in public space.
15. Creation of spaces consolidated through active social participation.
16. Promote symbiotic relations between the representatives of both communities.
17. Revitalize the rivers and runoffs.
18. Design spaces that are capable of water retention.
19. Make the most of the physical conditions of the terrain.
20. Minimize water loss due to evaporation.
21. Use of materials, techniques and local processes that are sustainable, high quality, and reduce environmental impact.
22. Use of clean energies to minimize environmental impact.
23. Equipped public spaces that incentivise coexistence and interaction.
24. Promote a model based on well-being instead of one focused on economic growth.
25. Implement the use of renewable energies to reduce service related costs.
26. Adequately administrate the residue of the region.
27. Fair water distribution between both communities, as well as inside each one.
28. Guarantee the efficiency of the financial resources designated to water.
29. Prioritize the equitable distribution of hydric resources.
30. Guarantee accessible mobility.
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ANALYSIS
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April, 2004 March, 2011 November, 2014 June, 2016 January, 2017 May, 2018
2019 March, 20221
2022
HISTORY
November,
February,
February, 2050
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“When the well is dry, we know the worth of water.”
-Benjamin Franklin
STRATEGIES
2. Implement hybrid cultivation methods that are water sensible.
6. Leverage the runoff water and its natural flow towards the infrastructure, whether its gray, green or blue.
7. Capture, treat, and reutilize rain and residual water, with the use of strategies based on nature itself.
8. Promote and re-dignify the endemic and native vegetation.
9. Public spaces that allow the appropriation of the place.
23. Equipped public spaces that incentivise coexistence and interaction.
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MAPPED STRATEGIES
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23 8 6 7 9 2 2 9 2 23 7
INTEREST POINTS
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Access to site Meeting points Access from el Nabo Access from Cumbres del Lago
DESIRE PATHS
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Paths Paved Roads Highway
Desire
WALKING DISTANCE
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05 min 350 m 15 min 900 m 25 min 1,500 m 08 min 470 m 10 min 550 m
WATER SOURCES NEARBY
Área de impacto
Proximity radius were traced to identify nearby water sources, or dams.
On a 2,000m radius there is a private dam, which is the water supply source for Juriquilla, it is enclosed and surrounded by restaurants.
At a 4,000 & 6,000m radius there are small water sources which emerged from illegal excavations.
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CuerposDeAgua Radios de búsqueda 2,000m 4,000m 6,000m 8,000m Simbología 2,000m 4,000m 6,000m 8,000m Water Sources Search Radius Impact Area 0 1 2km
IMPACT AREA
Proximity radius were traces to identify near by green areas, reserves or parks. On a 500m radius there is a “green line” covered with electricity towers. At a1,000m radius there is a small private park, available for residents of Cumbres del Lago.
At a 2,000m radius there is a private golf court.
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Radios de cercanía 500m 1000m 1500m 2000m Simbología Área de impacto 500m 1,000m 1,500m 2,000m Proximity Radius Impact Area 0 500 1,000m
PROPOSAL
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ABSTRACT
HUMA's primary objective is to seamlessly integrate with design strategies that promote climate justice. By adapting the environment for the most vulnerable, we strive for equitable coexistence between El Nabo and Cumbres del Lago, fostering resilient and water-conscious communities.
We aim to shift perceptions of water and encourage active involvement. Our goal is to establish a harmonious coexistence, challenging negative stereotypes and cultivating a positive perspective on water. We establish a designated area for water conservation, stimulating community engagement and constructing a sustainable and equitable future where water is valued and protected for all.
Let us acknowledge the essential value of water and adopt responsible practices in its usage. Together, we can share knowledge and resources to confront the challenges posed by climate change and water management. By promoting awareness of water's importance and conservation, we can foster a sense of responsibility and commitment within our communities. Creating a reserved area further encourages water resource protection and enhances community involvement in its preservation.
Together, we will construct a future where water is cherished and safeguarded as a vital element for life.
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INTERVIEWS
What activities do you enjoy doing in water sources such as pools, rivers, lakes or oceans?
Swimmming and water sports.
Relaxing and enjoying the scenery.
What activities do you enjoy doing in water sources such as pools, rivers, lakes or oceans?
Swimmming and water sports.
Have you experienced water scarcity in your communities?
I do not usually engage in activities related to water. No Yes
Yes, but water trucks are requested.
What measures do you take to preserve any water sources in your community?
Participating in clean-ups and conervation activities.
Conserving water and avoiding waste.
I do not usually engage in activities related to water.
Have you experienced water scarcity in your communities?
Relaxing and enjoying the scenery. No Yes
Yes, but water trucks are requested.
What measures do you take to preserve any water sources in your community?
Participating in clean-ups and conervation activities.
Conserving water and avoiding waste.
I do not take any specific measures. Cumbres del Lago. El Nabo.
I do not take any specific measures.
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16% 68% 16% 84% 26% 39% 44% 4% 52% 32% 28% 48% 7% 45% 40% 35% 8% 8%
Square meters: 62
Maximum capacity: 10 people
Use: Overlook to a natural area with minimal built interventions surrounding a vegetation-filled body of water.
Square meters: 256
Maximum capacity: 32 people
Use: Reflection, introspection, and contemplative area where the user connects with themselves and with water.
Area: 720 square meters
Maximum capacity: 250 people
Use: The center of a social and commercial area, aiming to convey shelter and unity with nature.
Toilets: 8
Square meters: 38
Use: Personal use through the implementation of ecofriendly alternatives for waste management.
Square meters: 210
Maximum capacity: 5 people per shop
Use: Area dedicated to promoting local small businesses economically.
Square meters: 238
Maximum capacity: 6 people
Use: Space dedicated to administrative, logistical, and management purposes of the "oasis."
SKETCHES
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CIRCULATIONS
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10% 10% 0 5 20 1 10
MASTER PLAN
LIBRAMIENTO SUR-PONIENTE
500 5 20 1 10
EL NABO
CUMBRES DEL LAGO
FLOOR PLAN
LIBRAMIENTO SUR-PONIENTE
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0 5 20 1 10
EL NABO
CUMBRES DEL LAGO
General Section: Appreciation Area
Elevation: Appreciation Area
52 A1 A2 A3 4.00 10.00 0.30 1.00 5.80 10" x 8" Steel IPR Primary beam 10" x 8" Steel IPR Secondary beam Joint by welding 0.2032 0.2540 1.1000 10" x 8" Steel IPR Primary beam Handcrafted wooden railing with machimbra to sleeper 24x12 cms sleeper Steel screw for connecting sleeper with IPR profile 10" x 8" Steel IPR Secondary beam 1.2500 0.2500 1.1000 0.4000 0.9250 0.0750 0.2000 5cm plain concrete simple f'c=100 kg/cm2. #4 Corrugated rod with #3 stirrups Steel base plate 40x40x05cms Stepped footing 1.10x1.10m w/corrugated rod #4 Ø10" Corrugated circular column A.1 A.2 A.3 10 +/- 0.00 - 1.85 9.15
General Section: Agora
Elevation: Agora
53 0.3000 0.1500 0.6000 0.1500 #3 rods Stirrup #2 @ 20cm 60x60x20cms removable fiber glass shed Ribbed slab 2 cms covering # 3 rods 0.2000 0.1500 0.6000 0.1500 0.1524 0.3556 14" x 8" IPR beam used as limiting Waterproof mesh Vegetation layer Ribbed slab 60x60x20cms removable fiber glass shed Geotextile Anti-root mantle Light substrate 0.1000 0.1000 0.0700 2.00 1.00 2.60 Prototype: Bridge B.1 B.2 P.4 10 +/- 0.00 - 1.85 9.15 12.00 10 + 4.60 +/- 0.00
General Section: Social Area
Elevation: Social Area
Dry Restrooms Detail:
Elevation: Restrooms
54 3.00 4.00 16.30 0 1 5 10 2.00 4.50 0.50 1.20 Decompostion room Blended mixture: 45-55% Steel hatch 60x60 cms for compost removal Rod counterbracing #3 Brick wall of 12 cms Corrugated rod #3 Plain concrete simple f'c=100 kg/cm2. PVC Ø4'' Grease trap tank witch steel hatch Biofilter Biofilter Planter Minimum slump depth: 1.00m Steel tube for vent Ø4" 2.80 Compost tray 10 +/- 0.00 - 1.85 9.15 0 1 5 10
Elevation: Social Area
2 cm hollow dripper that prevents water accumulation.
E.1
Slot for water outflow, weeping column
Corrugated rod #3
Steel base plate 40x40x05cms
Stepped footing 1.10x1.10m w/corrugated rod #4
Light steel panel with pintro steel sheet
Ø8" Ø4" variable cross-section beam
Joint by welding
2 cm hollow dripper that prevents water accumulation.
Light steel panel with pintro steel sheet
Ø8" Ø4" variable cross-section beam
Joint by welding
Polished concrete covering Ø10" Corrugated circular column
Water collecting gutter
Concrete bench cast in situ with a polished finish
Adocrete
Grade beam
#4 Corrugated rod with #3 stirrups
5cm plain concrete simple f'c=100 kg/cm2.
Water collecting gutter
Concrete bench cast in situ with a polished finish
Adocrete
Grade beam
#4 Corrugated rod with #3 stirrups
5cm plain concrete simple f'c=100 kg/cm2.
55 4.875 4.875 10.00 0.2500
1.1000
E2 E1 E1
1.2000 1.2500 0.2500
1.1000
0.4000 E2 3.00 0.80 0 1 5 10
E.1 E.2 E.2
Foundations
56 3.00 4.00 0.80 0 1 5 10 3.00 20.60 10.00 4.00 0 1 5 10
Elevation: Social Area
Stepped footing
Reinforcement
Natural Terrain
Concrete Foundation
Stirrups
Conrete column
F.1
F.1
F.2
F.2
Elevation: Social Area
57 3.00 4.00 0.80 0 1 5 10
Castle & masonry on continuous footing.
Beam & rebar structure
G.1
G.2
G.2
G.1
Rebar structure. Continuous footing.
Brick wall.
Beam. Stepped footing.
Vertical chaining.
CONTEMPLATIVE AREA
58 - 0.30 + 10.30 0 5 1 1020 10
COMMERCIAL AREA
0 5 1 10
59 3.00 + 5.00 3.00 S. 10% S.2% 2%S. S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% + 3.00 S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% + 3.00 S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% + 3.00 S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% + 3.00 S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% + 3.00 S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% + 3.00 S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 5% S. 10%
20 10
CONTEMPLATIVE AREA
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+/- 0.00 + 10.30 - 0.30 7.00 11.00 16.00 4.20 10.00 8.50 2.40 5.40 2.20 7.00 11.00 16.00 0 5 1 1010
COMMERCIAL AREA
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C.A. AX.X AX.X 5.00 15.00 10 11 A B C G L M N H 10.15 7.20 G' 10.50 15.00 1.90 1.10 5.00 3.70 5.00 10.20 6.20 63.00 20.30 0 5 1 1020 10
PATHS AND TRAILS
620 5 20 1 10
P.5
P.4 P.1
P.2
P.3
PATH TYPOLOGIES
63
P.1 3.0000 3.70 0.45 0.45 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.60
P.4 P.5 P.2 P.3
REFORESTATION PLAN
The best way to create change is by gradually creating conciousness and social participation.
The reforestation plan will combine art and culture in order to generate social participation. Artistic interventions will be placed at 3 different spots throughout the site. These areas will be selected by analyzing the most crowded spots along the paths and trails. Looking to create new social, appreciation and green areas.
We will seek for donations from the governent, public and private institutions creating spreading consciousness and involvement in the preservation of our green lungs.
The reforestation will take part by the hands of volunteering people from both communities, and even outsiders. Taking as an example of a succesfull artistic-ecological intervention in the city, the 7,000 oaks project by Joseph Beuys in Kassel during the early 80’s.
Water, nature and art must be seen the same way.
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PHASE 1
0 5 20 1 10
PHASE 2
6610% 10% 0 5 20 1 10
0 5 20 1 10
PHASE 3
0 5 20 1 10
REFORESTATION GOAL
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0 5 20 1 10
- Unknown
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“The greenest building, is the one that people want to preserve.”
VEGETATION
Nopal de Castilla
Mezquite
Salvia Ocotillo
Palo Xixote
Huizache
Granjero
Palo de Vaca
Biznaga
Sotol
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Native Exotic Endangered Specie
MATERIALS
Beige bricks are durable, aesthetically appealing, and have high compressive strength. They offer fire resistance, thermal performance, sound insulation, and sustainability due to their natural composition.
Steel is a versatile material with practical uses, remarkable strength, and durability. It offers aesthetic appeal and is highly recyclable
Compacted soil has higher density and load-bearing capacity. Moisture content is crucial for achieving desired density. Various methods can be used for compaction, enhancing stability and reducing permeability. It improves construction efficiency, surface smoothness, and is cost-effective compared to alternatives.
Paving stones, made of adocrete, are durable, versatile, and easy to install. They offer design options, slip resistance, water drainage, low maintenance, can be colorful, and sustainability through the use of recycled materials.
Wood planks, available in various species and sizes, offer natural beauty, versatility, durability, and easy maintenance. They provide comfort, sustainability, resilience, and contribute to improved indoor and outdoor air quality.
Water is a vital resource with diverse uses and inherent beauty. It sustains life, offers practical benefits, and enhances the aesthetic appeal of natural and manmade environments.
Concrete is a durable, versatile, and cost-effective construction material with excellent strength, fire resistance, and thermal mass. It also offers sound insulation, requires minimal maintenance, and provides various aesthetic options
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ENGENEERINGS
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Water tank Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% Charging Board Transformer Comes from electric connection Goes to drip irrigation Charging Board Transformer Comes from electric connection
BIOCLIMATIC STRATEGIES
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83
“Water, nature and art must be seen the same way.”
MODELS
Context & Massing 1:1000
84
Exterior Buildings 1:100
85
86 Focal Point Commercial Area 1:100
87
Commercial Area 1:100
Inside
Commercial Area 1:100
88
89 Agora 1:100
Commercial Area 1:100
90
91
Administration 1:100
Appreciation 1:100
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Roofing detail 1:25
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SPECIAL THANKS
Rodrigo Pantoja
Diana García
Rubén Garnica
Agustín Solorzano
Pedro Mendoza
Andrea María Parga
Fernanda Peña
Daniela Cruz
Luisa Fernanda Medina
Natalia Espejo
Genaro Rosales
Saúl Crespo
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REFERENCES
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500 millones de personas viven en 19 países de África con inseguridad hídrica. (2022, March 22). iAgua. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www. iagua.es/noticias/agencia-sinc/500-millones-personas-viven-19-paises-africa-inseguridad-hidrica
Wellenstein, A., & Makino, M. (2022, November 14). The Latin American climate crisis is also a water crisis. How do we move forward? World Bank Blogs. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/latin-american-climate-crisis-also-water-crisis-how-do-we-move-forward Vyas, S. (n.d.). Water Stress: A Global Problem That's Getting Worse. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www.cfr.org/ backgrounder/water-stress-global-problem-thats-getting-worse
Water Stress to Affect 52% of World's Population by 2050. (n.d.). Water Footprint Network. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://waterfootprint.org/en/ about-us/news/news/water-stress-affect-52-worlds-population-2050/
Los niños y niñas afectados por la sequía en algunas zonas de África se encuentran al borde de la catástrofe. (2022, August 23). UNICEF. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www.unicef.org/es/comunicados-prensa/ninos-afectados-por-sequia-zonas-africa-borde-catastrofe
Perlmutter, L. (2022, July 28). 'It's plunder': Mexico desperate for water while drinks companies use billions of litres. The Guardian. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jul/28/water-is-the-real-thing-but-millions-of-mexicans-are-struggling-without-it
REFERENCIAS NOTICIAS AGUA QUERÉTARO
Chávez, M. (2021, June 22). Lluvias en Querétaro provocan inundación en la Central de Abasto. La Jornada. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https:// www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/06/22/estados/lluvias-en-queretaro-provoca-inundacion-en-la-central-de-abasto/
Chávez, M. (2021, October 1). Querétaro: desalojan a 2 mil 440 personas por riesgo de inundación. La Jornada. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https:// www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/10/01/estados/queretaro-desalojan-a-2-mil-440-personas-por-riesgo-de-inundacion/
Estrella, V. (2021, October 19). Querétaro va con 600 millones de pesos en obras para enfrentar las inundaciones. El Economista. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/estados/Queretaro-va-con-600-millones-de-pesos-en-obras-para-enfrentar-las-inundaciones-20211018-0099.html
Estrella, V. (2022, June 16). Alza en costos de producción y escasez de agua impactan a productores pecuarios de Querétaro. El Economista. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/estados/Alza-en-costos-de-produccion-y-escasez-de-agua-impactan-a-productores-pecuarios-de-Queretaro-20220615-0150.html
Estrella, V. (2023, January 25). Construcción del Acueducto III en Querétaro costaría 8000 mdp. El Economista. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https:// www.eleconomista.com.mx/estados/Construccion-del-Acueducto-III-en-Queretaro-costaria-8000-mdp-20230125-0158.html
Estrella, V. (2023, February 16). Ganaderos de Querétaro, en alerta por pérdida de animales a causa de la sequía. El Economista. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/estados/Ganaderos-de-Queretaro-en-alerta-por-perdida-de-animales-a-causa-de-la-sequia-20230216-0129.html
Estrella, V. (2023, February 21). Principales presas de Querétaro a sólo 8.6% de almacenamiento, el nivel más bajo del país. ElEconomista. Retrieved
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Fernández, G. (2022, May 10). Municipio de Querétaro busca evitar fugas de agua. AM Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://amqueretaro. com/municipio-de-queretaro/2022/05/10/municipio-de-queretaro-busca-evitar-fugas-de-agua/
Fernández, G. (2023, February 7). Viable construcción de Acueducto III: Conagua. AM Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://amqueretaro. com/queretaro/2023/02/07/viable-construccion-de-acueducto-iii-conagua/ Fuertes lluvias provocan inundación en Hospital General de Querétaro. (2022, July 27). Animal Político. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www. animalpolitico.com/2022/07/lluvias-inundacion-nuevo-hospital-queretaro
Rudo, L. (2022, November 11). Querétaro, único estado que presenta sequía al 100%. AM Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://amqueretaro.com/queretaro/estado/2022/11/11/queretaro-unico-estado-que-presenta-sequia-al-100/
Segura, F. (2023, January 26). Afectó a 95 mil el daño a ducto del Acueducto II. Diario de Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.diariodequeretaro.com.mx/local/afecto-a-95-mil-el-dano-a-ducto-del-acueducto-ii-9525125.html
Segura, F. (2023, January 28). Apoyo emergente al campo por la sequía. Diario de Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.diariodequeretaro.com.mx/local/apoyo-emergente-al-campo-por-la-sequia-9534939.html
Sequía en México: Presa en Querétaro está totalmente vacía. (n.d.). ADN 40. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.adn40.mx/mexico/sequia-queretaro-presa-dps
Tierrafria, M. (2022, August 12). Reportan sequía en gran parte de los municipios de Querétaro. AM Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https:// amqueretaro.com/queretaro/2022/08/12/sequia-en-gran-parte-de-municipios-queretanos/
Vázquez, A. K. (2023, February 17). Bajan 2% niveles de las presas queretanas. Diario de Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.diariodequeretaro.com.mx/local/bajan-2-niveles-de-las-presas-queretanas-9632879.html
Vázquez, C. (2021, October 3). Autos varados, gente atrapada y un socavón: Las imágenes de las terribles inundaciones en Querétaro. Sopitas.com. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.sopitas.com/noticias/imagenes-fotos-videos-inundaciones-queretaro/ VIDEO | Lluvias torrenciales en Querétaro causan inundaciones, destrozos y caos. (2022, October 5). El Heraldo de México. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/nacional/2022/10/5/video-lluvias-torrenciales-en-queretaro-causan-inundaciones-destrozos-caos-446008.html
Zamora, J. (2022, June 1). Construirán cisternas en 5 de Febrero para evitar inundaciones. AM Querétaro. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://amqueretaro.com/capital/2022/06/01/construiran-mega-cisternas-en-5-de-febrero-para-evitar-inundaciones/
Images and graphs:
Created by Sabrina Beckwith, Javier Corral, Sebastian Gutierrez. Retrieved from Aguacero, Project for the Future Water Booklet.
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