RDJ Briefing - August 2023

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FROM THE EDITOR

THE ENERGY TRANSITION: SUSTAINING THE FUTURE

DearReader,

WelcomebacktotheRDJBriefing(Energyand Sustainability).

This month we cover a contentious issue around the topic of Energy Transition It stirs both negative and positive emotions dependent on how you view the topic. We therefore want to “rationalize” the topic by explaining key areas of the economy that are impacted. A just energy transition in Africa is notamereaspiration;itisatangiblereality

Our Researchers and writers have this month lookedat:

Synthetic fuels, the role of water and much more as we unpack the topic Africa's Just EnergyTransition.

Africa's energy landscape is witnessing a seismic shift The continent's abundant renewable energy resources, from vast solar arrays to wind corridors, have begun to be harnessed with ever-increasing efficiency. Countries like South Africa are embracing renewable energy sources to address energy poverty and bridge socio-economic disparities

The energy transition in Africa is not just aboutwattageandkilowatt-hours,itisabout empowerment, dignity, and progress for all. By embracing a just transition, Africa exemplifiesthatthefightagainstclimate

changecanbeacatalystforpositivechange, creating a world where prosperity knows no boundaries

Thedawnofaneweraisuponus,onethat notonlyaddressesenvironmentalconcerns but also prioritizes social equity – a just energytransition.

Hope you find this edition informative as usual, and we continue to encourage you to followusandengagewithusonalloursocial mediaaccounts.

As always the conversation continues at briefing@rdjpublishing.africa

Yours, editor@rdjpublishing.africa

NOTE 1: We welcome letters and articles from readers globally and require that you provide your full details such as name, current address and contact phone/WhatsApp number as well as email We however reserve the right to amend, modify or reject submissions You may also request that your details be withheld from publication.

NOTE 2: The RDJ Briefing (Energy and Sustainability) is published monthly and is FREE to Readers The magazine is paid for by advertising and research support from RDJ Consulting Services CC, Windhoek, Namibia.

(DavidA.Jarrett) Editor

Authors RDJInterns*

Did you know?

The transition to clean energy is expected to generate 10.3 million net new jobs globally by 2030.

(World Economic Forum)

Quick Facts

Thatwilloffsetthe2.7millionjobsexpectedtobe lostinfossilfuelsectors,plusanadditional03 millionlostinpowergeneration. (World Economic Forum)

Mostoftheanticipatedjobgainsarelikelytobein electricalefficiency,powergenerationandthe automotivesector. (World Economic Forum) Meetingallnetzeropledgesontimeandinfullwould resultin1.7°Coftemperaturerisein2100.

(International Energy Agency)

4.2018wasthe4thwarmestyearsincerecordsbegan, andthepastfiveyearswerethehottestyearsever recordedsince1880. (Center on Global Energy Policy)

5.Energyconsumptionandproductioncontributetotwo thirdsofglobalemissions (World Economic Forum)

6.81%oftheglobalenergysystemisstillbasedonfossil fuels,thesamepercentageas30yearsago. (World Economic Forum)

1. 2

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E C O N O M Y A T L A R G E

Coal Mine Transition - Minimizing the Impact on Workers

AUTHOR: Chilombo (Olga) Priscila EconomicResearcher/Statistician@ RDJ Consulting

Will

Courtesy::wwwfreepikcom

Under the Economy section of our previous edition of the RDJ Briefing we looked at a pertinent issue related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) - will AI steal

our jobs? This question remains relevant across all economic sectors, and so, it is important to discuss and address it since the future of the labour force significantly affects people’s livelihoods

Will AI steal our jobs?

This month, Energy Transition is the focus, and so, it makes sense that we look at its impact on workers, with particular focus on coal towns due to their emissions factor. Key matters:

Will transitioning from high to low carbon coal towns steal workers jobs?

jobs?

What solutions are there to ensure that the transition takes place without leaving local workers at a disadvantage?

Coal - the gold

Prior to delving into the topic, let's examine the positive impact of coal on economies where it is abundant. Coalrich regions have significantly contributed to the economic growth of countries possessing this resource. For instance, South Africa boasts substantial coal reserves, positioning it as the world's sixth-largest coal producer Recent reports highlight the escalating costs of oil and gas, alongside a consistent surge in electricity demand

This confluence of factors has elevated coal to a pivotal

transitioning from high to low carbon coal towns steal workers

role as a primary energy source within the country

Consequently, coal has been designated a "strategic resource" vital to the South African economy. The Minerals Council South Africa affirms that the coal industry employs approximately 20% of the total workforce in the mining sector. Presently, an impressive 92% of South Africa's electricity generation relies on coal, as reported by ESI Africa

Across the world, coal supplies over one-third (33 3%) of global electricity generation and plays a crucial role in industries such as iron and steel according to the International Energy Agency. Indeed, we cannot deny the significant economic value that this industry brings to an economy

The downside of coal

The sad thing about it though, is that despite the industry being economically meaningful, coal is not renewable, but rather a finite resource. This means that no matter how productive the industry can be, there comes a time that the resource will run out, and so production ends. In addition to that, coal production also causes significant environmental damage due to its high emissions intensity as you already know

Decarbonizing or closing the coal era? What then? The question then becomes: “what next for the previously productive towns; the livelihoods of the inhabitants that were once employed; and the general coal mine’s labour force”?

Although these questions hold relevance, providing direct answers is challenging due to the distinctiveness of each mine's characteristics that differentiate them from one another. Considering both the economic advantages and the adverse effects of coal production, the decision to cease all coal mines cannot be easily reached, even in the face of an urgent requirement for a cleaner transition

The closure of coal mines has the potential to disrupt economic conditions and bring about significant hardships in communities where coal-related employment plays a central role in their economies. Instead, let's examine notable instances of industrial restructuring from various parts of the world both historical and contemporary to understand how they successfully achieved an inclusive resolution for transitioning to a low-carbon future

Leading Practice for Low-Carbon Transition

1

The Ruhr Valley - Germany

During the mid-1950s, the coal industry employed nearly half a million individuals. However, this figure experienced a substantial decline following the shift towards a low-carbon sector, a transition hailed as highly successful. Germany pursued this achievement by making the strategic decision to eliminate subsidies for underground hard coal mining by 2018, as outlined in its influential 2007 agreement Complementary strategies encompassed social safeguards, vocational training, and facilitating the early retirement of coal mine workers.

Author

"The closure of coal mines has the potential to disrupt economic conditions and bring about significant hardships in communities where coal-related employment plays a central role in their economies."

In order to sustain substantial economic advantages from the region even after the transition, Germany introduced initiatives focused on physical rejuvenation These initiatives aimed to conserve and transform industrial sites into attractions that would highlight the Ruhr Valley's 'industrial culture' for tourists. A notable example is the transformation of the Zollverein, one of Europe's largest industrial coal facilities, into a UNESCO World Heritage Site

2.

The UK coal mines

At its peak of production in 1952, the UK coal mines employed more than 700 000 miners. However, the diffusion of cheaper substitute fuels and a progressive tertiarization of the UK economy led to the progressive demise of this sector As a result, nearly 95% of coal mines were closed leading to the loss of 193 000 jobs

3. Adoption of green technologies: South Africa

The higher price of oil and gas has positioned coal as the premium source of energy. To cease and maximize this factor, South African companies have began adopting clean coal technologies as next-generation advanced coal utilisation processes that are designed to enhance both the environmental acceptability and efficiency of coal extraction, preparation and use These technologies are being developed in an attempt to decrease the negative impact of coal energy generation on the environment and mitigate climate change across the world by lessening greenhouse gas emissions.

4. An International helping hand - The World Bank

The World Bank is supporting coal regions in transition across the globe, using diagnostic and advisory tools to help governments prepare Key steps in the pre-closure planning phase include creating effective governance structures for coordinating across ministries, addressing

regulatory impediments, and designing effective policies to facilitate mine closure and help transition workers to newjobs.

InShort…

Briefly, for a successfully effective transition, the following should be taken into consideration: providing temporary income support; increasing workers’ capacity / skills; connecting workers to new jobs; stimulating private sector business development to raise labor demand in the affected regional labor markets; and ensuring a regulatory setting conducive to private investmentandjobcreation

Conclusion

While it is hard to take it in, we cannot deny that climate change is real and is happening Unfortunately, coal mining plays a role in it despite being economically significant, especially in attending to the global energy demand crisis Therefore, adopting these and other good practices in the process of transitioning, will reduce significant disruptions especially to the labour force, while at the same time offering alternative solutions to communityneeds

What other examples do you know of being relevant to ensuring a just work transition for coal mine workers? Talktousat briefing@rdjpublishing.africa

Readings:

https://www oecd org/greengrowth/GGSD 2018 IssuePaper Trans ition Management.pdf

https://www esi-africa com/energy-efficiency/coal-usageopportunities-and-challenges-in-2022-and-beyond/ https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-jobs-challenges-coaltransition https://www statssa gov za/?p=4820

The Rhur Valley in Germany - a former industrial area, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

NAMIBIA’S TIME HAS COME

the importance of inclusive dialogue the importance of collaboration and shared vision our intention to implement governance structures that are responsive, progressive and fit for purpose a conducive business environment to establish an environment that attracts investment, stimulates technological advancements, and safeguards the interests of our citizens

However, not shying away from the matter of Energy transition, she went further to say:

“Before I conclude, allow me to address what may be deemed the elephant in the room, our energy mix That is the paradox of Namibia’s ambitions to explore both oil & gas on one hand, and renewable energy on the other hand We can all agree that some developed economies got to where they are by exploiting fossil fuels to become industrialised Namibia’s economy is yet to become industrialised and needs to utilise all its resources to do so. Although low-carbon industrialisation is the goal, African countries agree that it is a costly one. In order to be a part of the global energy transition, Namibia needs to exploit all its resources to generate the revenues required to transition into a lowcarbon industrialised economy”.

It is thus fair to conclude that the event truly was configured by the organizers to allow for information sharing and the Government did not disappoint in reinforcing its “energy mix” approach

The recent Namibia Oil & Gas Conference 2023 held in Windhoek, Namibia saw some 700 attendees as well as

The Prime Minister was clear in indicating:

Pictured: Namibian Prime Minister, Honourable Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila

Is Oil and Gas finished?

AUTHOR: David Jarrett Editor@ RDJ Publishing and RDJ Group ChiefExecutiveOfficer

OilandGasplatformCourtesy:

The oil and gas industries currently account for some USD 4 trillion per annum (2022) and has over 10 million direct jobs. OPEC countries

depend on some USD 800 billion (2022) worth of sales annually of its products. The energy transition and net zero frameworks all point to a future with extremely limited use of oil and gas as they are replaced

In the new future, is oil and gas finished?

The International Energy Agency reports that: The energy transition is anticipated to generate approximately 14 million new jobs in clean energy technologies while necessitating the transition of approximately 5 million workers away from fossil fuel

sectors. Furthermore, an additional 16 million workers will need to shift to work in clean energy segments, demanding supplementary skills and training.

It is important however that the oil and gas industry not only “not be underestimated” in it true usefulness as an energy source, but that the level of funding required for energy transition alone in Africa be factored into the equation. As assessed by others, it is estimated that some USD 7 trillion, that is 7 with a lot of zeros behind it, is required to fund the transition. This means as calculated by others, that to limit global warming to the Paris target of 1 5°C will require USD200bn of investments in the African energy system per year, by 2030 (USD 7 trillion between 2020-2050)

However, one of its biggest barriers from our perspective is how energy transition is being marketed and not its cost alone Various parties have described energy transition as a job creator for example This is already being dispelled when a physical solar farm of say 300 MW is compared to that of a 300 MW coal plant on a MW to MW basis. If the energy output in MWh is used instead, then the picture reverses.

When the point is made that energy transition are efforts to decarbonize the industry, the perception given is STOP OIL This in itself is frightening when some 80% of cars will still be using internal combustion engines by 2050 (IEA) It is therefore important that the correct “message” be sent.

When it is said and done, energy transition will not occur

overnight but must be advanced sensibly so that future generations do not have to be held in account for our decisions As usual, the conversation continues editor@rdjpublishing.africa andcomments,critiquesand ofcoursecomplimentsarewelcome

Readings:

https://www reuters com/business/energy/oil-gas-industryearned-4-trillion-last-year-says-iea-chief-2023-02-14/ https://www iea org/energy-system/transport/cars-and-vans

https://www allianz-trade com/en global/newsinsights/economic-insights/africa-energy-transition.html

https://www bloomberg com/news/articles/2023-07-11/opec-oilexport-revenue-was-highest-in-almost-a-decade-lastyear#xj4y7vzkg

https://www freepik com/free-photo/hong-kong-trafficview 1120508 htm

Courtesy:ImagebyfanjianhuaonFreepik

S Y N T H E T I C F U E L S

Synthetic fuels are here!

AUTHOR: Grace Kangotue Researcher/Economist@ RDJ Consulting

Courtesy::wwwfreepikcom

Synthetic materials or synfuels by their nature are “copies” or “artificial” replicas of the “real” thing Fossil fuels are not exempt from this replication

but here is the catch when the Energy Transition needs are included Energy transition means that we need to move away from the original, considered harmful, to a new form that is either lesser or non-harmful in nature

Too many times there is a tendency to focus just on the greening credentials as the rational for transition but in our books, this should only be a pull factor and not the push!

So,whatisasyntheticfuel?

The Nuclear Industry Association defines a synthetic fuel as: a fuel which is not derived from extracted fossil fuels We would add further that in this specific application, that it is a fuel that is man-made through a human driven chemicalcombiningprocess.

This makes it possible to avoid new fossil fuels and develop fuels in a more sustainable approach Another benefit is the lowering of demand for biofuels which sadly compete with resources for food production. The matter of greenhouse gas emissions will be tackled by not creating any new carbon releases and in essence effect a revolving carbon system

As several elements (speaking from a periodic table perspective), are available and well accessible, it is possible to use a chemistry understanding to “create” fuels. Another such component element is hydrogen. Most if not all fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-based materials, meaning that they are made up of a hydrogen, carbon structure or what can be described as a chemical combination The most basic is the C-H4 structure made up of one carbon atom attached to four hydrogen atoms

Synthetic fuels can be created as a replacement for aviation fuel, diesel, petrol or even methanol which means that both liquid and gaseous fuels can be substituted. A further benefit of synthetic fuels is that by creating synfuels, existing technology such as engines and supply/distribution systems can be utilized thus not creating a need for new infrastructure and systems

Carbon capture is a developing field and offers promise whereby as a hydrocarbon is burnt, it decomposes into its simpler structure, leading to a combination of carbon with oxygen from air. This combination can either be carbon dioxide (the famous CO2) or carbon monoxide, the less know poisonous cousin. Carbon capture itself, gets its source of carbon from large carbon producing activities such as power plants or cement production and either provides the ability for the trapped gas to be stored or recombined through a process

Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier, which can help to tackle various critical energy challenges. Hydrogen can be produced from almost all energy resources and clean hydrogen, being produced from renewables can help to decarbonise a range of sectors, including long-haul transport, chemicals, iron and steel, where it is proven difficult to reduce emissions

Hydrogen can also help to improve air quality in cities and improve energy security. Hydrogen can support the integration of variable renewables in the electricity system, being one of the very few options for storing electricity over days, weeks or months

At higher shares of renewables, the production of synthetic fuels, such as hydrogen or green fuels, is coming to the fore as a cost-competitive option to usesurplus renewable energy output and serve the longer-term flexibility needs of the power system or other integratedsectorsofenergydemandsuchastransport.

Another area of demand for synthetic fuels stem from creating synthetic aviation fuels. The new Airbus A380 and A220, Boeing 787, ATR-600 and Embraer E2 aircraft use less than 3 litres of jet fuel per 100 passenger kilometres This matches the efficiency of most modern compact cars Alternative fuels, particularly sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) which are synfuels, have been identified as excellent candidates for helping achieve the industry climate targets SAF derived sources such as algae,jatropha,orwasteby-productshavebeenshownto reduce the carbon footprint of aviation fuel by up to 80% overtheirfulllifecycle

More on this to be explored in upcoming articles and as you know, the conversation continues briefing@rdjpublishing.africa

Readings:

https://www bosch com/stories/synthetic-fuels/

http://www niauk org/wpcontent/uploads/2023/02/synthetic-fuels-report forwebsite 230306 pdf https://www iea org/energy-system/carbon-captureutilisation-and-storage

M I N I N G

Energy Transition: The Uranium Factor

AUTHOR: David Jarrett Editor@ RDJ Publishing and RDJ Group ChiefExecutiveOfficer

Courtesy::wwwfreepikcom

TThere are many debates as to the pros and cons of including or excluding nuclear from the global move to cleaner energy sources You do not need a

lesson or should you dispute the following:

Nuclear sources do not produce greenhouse gases Nuclear sources are finite in the sense that they emanate from a mined resource

With those clearly defined, what’s the problem?

Energy transition seeks to move humanity away from “dirty” fuel sources that are attributed to be environmentally harming in the concentrations and levels that we consume them today Society also has to ask

itself what will happen after oil is used to the last drop

The issue goes even further in its economic impact of as supply dwindles and demand moves in the opposite direct (leading to scarcity), price inflation is bound to occur.

Most developing countries are already struggling to contain inflation driven by energy demand and its commensurate price growth In the last 12 months, oil prices have peaked around USD 105 (August 2022), to a low of USD 71 (June 2023) and bouncing back again to some USD 86 (August 2023). The band with of some USD 30, is a huge swing for any economy to absorb and its impact on transport costs, then rolled into food costs etc.

Without a doubt that a cost-of-living issue will occur

Taking just the two items above, the need for sustainable, price stable and of course, clean energy is a no-brainer as outlined to help mitigate the highlighted risks.

Enter nuclear…... yes, nuclear as uranium is used through this process to provide nuclear energy. The World Nuclear Association notes that 2022 uranium mining production to be some 49 000 tonnes and some 436 operable nuclear reactors In operation is 392 GW as part of the world’s total available generation equating to 10% This is created generally by nuclear fission.

Nuclear energy as a “clean” source can play a role in the much-needed energy transition has been examined and critiqued by others outling the pros and the cons The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) agrees that nuclear power is second currently to hydropower in driving a clean agenda and so creates a meaningful ally in the fight against greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

So why are we not embracing it?

First up is the matter of nuclear proliferation. This is relatedtothetheftorillicittransferofnuclearmaterialto “terrorist” organizations, placing communities and possibly humanity in harms way. Mitigation to this are the steps created around “non-proliferation” via various tools and policies such as the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. It seeks to “discourage nuclear weapon production while allowing for nuclear use under peacefulpurposes.

Anotherfactoristhatthebuildofanuclearpowerplantis “expensive” especially in comparison to wind and solar technologies even when battery storage is included The levelizedcostofenergyforsolarin2021,globallyhovered around USD30

USD 41 per MWh, while nuclear over the same period was around USD 131 – USD 204 per MWh which is a huge difference in energy cost Added to which, the timescale for a nuclear build averages around 10 years while a wind or solar facility can be built in 6 – 8 months

Countries therefore need to get the right mix of energies, understandingthatthereisnicetohaveandneed!Wellas always, the conversation continues editor@rdjpublishing.africa and comments or critique is welcomed

Readings:

https://www rigzone com/news/commodity/

https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/facts-andfigures aspx

https://www iaea org/bulletin/what-is-the-clean-energytransition-and-how-does-nuclear-power-fit-in https://world101 cfr org/global-era-issues/nuclearproliferation/what-nuclear-proliferation https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/levelized-cost-ofenergy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen2021/

E L E C T R I C I T Y

Electricity: The Perpetual Possibilities!

AUTHOR: David Jarrett Editor@ RDJ Publishing and RDJ Group ChiefExecutiveOfficer

The dream of perpetual energy provision has been chased for centuries We all dream of having an energy source like a fire to keep us warm without

having to continually add fuel, (yes, I know the winter is over here in the South) but one that “feeds” itself Okay, back to reality and the actual possibilities based on current energy sources.

It is well known and accepted that our energy sources while not being truly perpetual are limited in another way by either being infinite or finite as a resource Hence, if we need energy, shouldn’t we move towards the “perpetual” sources?

Finite sources such as coal, uranium and other fossil fuels, while having the benefits of energy density, definitely do not meet the needs of perpetual energy. Why? because by their very nature these fuels will not be able to meet the needs of future generations Further, those classed as fossil fuels are also part of our issue with

greenhouse gas emission feeding climate change. This is not to say they do NOT have a role but that this role should be supportive rather than mainstream.

Sustainability is possible!

This leads us now to the infinite, perpetual sources such as solar, wind etc better know as the renewables These sources have variable or technological limits but are available in abundant quantities with the added benefit that you can use all provide on a given day and more will become available in its natural cycle So, in the case of the famous solar, if its not available the next day even in limited quantities, society has a much bigger problem!

Renewables therefore meet the needs of future generations while limiting or in most cases eliminating greenhouse gas emissions leading to decarbonization in the main Society’s real challenge then is an alignment of our economic expectations with more long-term realities

Even more interestingly, is the research underway by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft looking at how electricity to produce ATP, a biochemical energy carrier which can then be used to form energy-rich chemical compounds like starch or protein One of their teams is currently exploring how synthetic biology can be used to build complex resources from simple molecules. Using an artificial photosynthesis process developed at the Institute, they have already been able to successfully convert carbon dioxide into various valuable resources like antibiotics or biofuels

Their solution thus mimics and improves the way in which photosynthesis in plants converts carbon dioxide.

These all point to a viable future that can be met by society transitioning to a sustainable pathway through a JUST and sustainable energy transition As always, the conversation continues editor@rdjpublishing.africa and comments, queries and of course appreciation of our analysisiswelcome

EDITOR’sNOTE:

Two parts of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft article has been extracted and reproduced in full to ensure that the “message”oftheirarticleisnotdistorted

Readings:

https://www mpg de/20733252/0809-terr-electricity-driving-life153410-x

Model of the enzyme aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (AOR) AOR originates from the bacterium Aromatoleum aromaticum © MPI f Terrestrial Microbiology/ Erb

R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y

Are Renewables all that?

AUTHOR: Grace Kangotue Researcher/Economist@ RDJ Consulting

Courtesy:Istockphoto

Civilization has itself transitioned from traditional biomass to coal, followed by the dominance of oil and gas, and so humanity has witnessed an

needs are met by two primary sources: non-renewable energy and renewable sources.

evolution in its sources of energy

But for energy transition, what lies ahead on the horizon?

The urgency of the energy transition has resurfaced on the global stage, as the world seeks solutions to address pressing environmental and sustainability challenges. The origins of this transformative journey can be trace back to the past two centuries, during which a remarkable shift has unfolded in how energy is produced and consumed

Before delving into the depths of the energy transition, let's first grasp the essence of energy itself Energy is Essentially the driving force behind the ability to perform work. It exists in various forms, including heat, light, motion, electricity, chemicals, and gravity. This versatile phenomenon empowers individuals and businesses to carry out diverse tasks in their daily lives Our energy

As you already know, non-renewable energy encompasses resources that either cannot be replenished or require an extensive timeframe to regenerate once depleted Nuclear power, oil, coal, and natural gas fall within this category These sources find applications in transportation, industries, and buildings, fulfilling a range of purposes such as fueling vehicles, industrial processes, space heating, and cooling. Despite their widespread use, nonrenewable sources are characterized by their reliance on finite reserves, often extracted from the Earth, while also emitting hazardous greenhouse gasses (GHGs) which are detrimental to both the environment and human health Hazardous in terms of nuclear, relates primarily to waste streams and not emissions such as GHGs. These factors render them unsustainable and environmentally hazardous, necessitating a quest for alternative and sustainable energy generation methods

In the pursuit for more sustainable and greener energy options, global attention has turned toward renewable energy sources as potential cornerstones of the future energy landscape. As you know, renewable sources refer to those that are naturally replenished, offering a perpetual supply. Solar, hydropower, geothermal, wind, ocean, and bioenergy are prominent examples Energy harnessed from these sources can perform functions akin to those powered by non-renewable resources

While not all nations possess equal access to each renewable energy resource, securing energy for economies demands a diversified energy mix, which incorporates a substantial portion of these sources.

Is Renewable Energy all that?

The present energy transition is being steered by renewable energy sources due to their low to zero emissions during conversion and their sustainable nature, in contrast to fossil fuels that release significant emissions However, challenges accompany the adoption of renewable energy sources such as establishing renewable infrastructure (such as solar or wind power plants), entails higher initial capital costs compared to traditional fossil fuel counterparts

A notable further limitation lies in the intermittent nature of some renewables, like solar and wind, which rely on weather conditions for optimal functioning Hydropower and marine energy types, for instance, necessitate proximity to water bodies for consistent operation Moreover, concerns have emerged about the impact of certain renewable technologies on ecosystems, including disturbance to marine life and noise pollution from wind energy.

The issue of intermittency underscores the need for other technologies such as energy storage solutions, which involve additional expenses, particularly when employing batteries to store excess energy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of certain renewable sources is locationdependent,introducingreliabilityconcerns.

The key to ensuring a consistent and reliable energy supply lies in cultivating a diverse energy mix that blends renewables seamlessly into the grid. By combining various sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal into a single system, energy availability remains stable even when one source experiences limitations Additionally, energy storage technologies, including fuel cells and thermal storage, are evolving to enhance reliability Ongoing research and widespread adoption of renewables are expected to drive down capitalexpenditureovertime

Despite the challenges, renewable energy sources present a viable path forward, heralding a promising and sustainable energy future that demands our embrace However, the conversation continues at editor@rdjpublishing.africa and we welcome, comments, queriesandofcourse,compliments

Readings:

https://www eia gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/ https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Outlook

https://www irena org/apps/DigitalArticles/-/media/652AE07BBA AC407ABD1D45F6BBA8494B ashx

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/04/visualizing-thehistory-of-energy-transitions/

https://www vedantu com/physics/non-renewable-energy https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-energy https://www perchenergy com/blog/energy/pros-consrenewable-energy-advantagesdisadvantages#mcetoc 1g27r542l5s

https://www buildastash com/post/disadvantages-of-renewableenergy

Forging a Path Forward: The Role of a Diverse Energy Mix

Courtesy:Freepik

W A T E R

The Importance Water: A Focus on Hydropower

AUTHOR: Grace Kangotue Researcher/Economist@ RDJ Consulting

In the journey toward a low-carbon energy future, water emerges as a pivotal player, influencing energy generation, efficiency, environmental

impact, and overall sustainability.

When it comes to the role of water in energy transitions, it is crucial that one recognise the interdependence relationship that exist between the two This interlinked relation is an explicit one where the production of either commodity hinges on the availability and utilization of the other. Central to this interdependent

relationship lies water's indispensable contribution to the realm of energy transition Notably, water serves as a cornerstone in the production of electricity through the renewable resource of hydropower, the oldest form of renewable energy Currently outpacing all other renewable sources, hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to provide reliable, emissionsfree electricity, aligning with the aspirations of a cleaner energy mix sought in the energy transition

Characterized by a shift from fossil-based energy systems to renewable sources, as described by S&P Global, the

Courtesy:Freepikcom

energy transition aims to wean global energy production and consumption from oil, natural gas, and coal, embracing instead the likes of hydropower, wind, and solar. This strategic move promises to decarbonize the global energy sector and establish a foundation for sustainable energy practices.

The Water Demands of Energy Transition

The transition to low-carbon energy technologies brings forth distinct water requirements that necessitate careful consideration to ensure a seamless progression. Power generation methods such as hydropower, nuclear, and power plants equipped with carbon capture storage (CSS) technology and green hydrogen production are inherently water-intensive, demanding substantial volumes of water to facilitate electricity generation In contrast, renewable sources like solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind have minimal water requirements for electricity generation.

The Crucial Role of Water in Hydropower

Central to the world of hydropower is the fundamental role of water – without it, hydropower infrastructure remains dormant This dependency underscores water's vital contribution to the deployment of hydropower as an energy source, rendering it susceptible to potential water supply shortages The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that hydropower electricity generation reached around 4300 Terawatt hours (TWh) in 2022, a figure slightly below the 2020 generation (4343 TWh), due in part to ongoing droughts faced by countries rich in hydropower resources This poignant observation underscores the impact of climate change on the hydropower sector, necessitating diversification of the energy mix to ensure dependable electricity supply

Hydropower Technology Variants

There are about three prominent types of hydropower plant technologies dominate electricity generation:

Reservoir Hydropower Plants: Also known as impoundment or storage hydropower plants, these facilities utilize dams to store river water in reservoirs By releasing water through turbines, these plants generate electricity, catering to both base and peak loads Their substantial storage capacity enables them to operate independently of immediate hydrological flow support, making them vital for weeks or even months. The released water also serves vital purposes like flood control, irrigation, and more.

Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) Plants: Operating akin to colossal batteries, PS H plants store energy by

pumping water from a lower reservoir to a higher one during periods of low electricity demand. When demand peaks, water is released from the higher reservoir, passing through turbines to generate electricity. PSH can also store energy produced from sources like solar, wind, and nuclear for future use. IEA highlighted the significance of PSH technology in balancing variations in solarandwindgeneration.

Run-of-River Hydropower: This variant lacks substantial storage capacity, allowing river water to flow through canals or penstocks, spinning turbines for continuous electricitysupply(baseload)

TheWater-EnergyNexusandFuture Considerations

While the kinetic energy is the primary energy source in hydropower plants, auxiliary components like generators, turbines, control systems, transformers, and cooling systems require supplementary energy from alternative sources to function effectively Hence, policies and regulations must scrutinize the water-energy nexus, enforcing strategies to curtail water consumption in hydropower technologies Such measures are essential to thwart global water stress, thereby averting potential disruptions in energy supply Particularly for nations prioritizing hydropower as a cornerstone of their energy mix for low-carbon transitions and energy autonomy, this approach ensures a coordinated convergence of sustainable energy practices and water resource management Additionally, to bolster the uptake of the hydropower market in the foreseeable future, it is imperative to prioritize the promotion of policy measures that ensure greater predictability of future revenues This strategic approach not only serves to mitigate costs but also holds the potential to stimulate heightened investments,asemphasisedby(IEA,2021).

Readings:

https://www iea org/topics/energy-and-water

https://www spglobal com/en/research-insights/articles/what-isenergy-transition

https://cdn cdp net/cdpproduction/cms/policy briefings/documents/000/001/322/original /CDP-Global-Water-Policy-Briefing-2016 pdf?1605770449

https://www wri org/insights/no-water-no-power

https://www iea org/energy-system/renewables/hydroelectricity

https://www iea org/topics/energy-and-water

https://www hydropower org/iha/discover-types-of-hydropower

Types of Hydropower Plants | Department of Energy

https://www hydropower org/iha/discover-types-of-hydropower

https://iea blob core windows net/assets/4d2d4365-08c6-41719ea2-8549fabd1c8d/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport corr pdf

A G R I C U L T U R E

Climate Smart Agriculture and Its Applications

AUTHOR: Silpa Kanghono Coordinator:DigitalMarketingandEvents@ RDJ Publishing

The majority of the world’s economically disadvantaged populations (about 75% according to the World Bank), live in rural areas, and agriculture is their main source of income However, given the ongoing impacts of climate change that is already being felt through increasing temperatures, climate variability, shifting agroecosystem boundaries, invasive crops and pests, and more frequent extreme weather events, farmers tend to be uncertain of their future productions

Agriculture is very vulnerable to climate change, and so, enhancing agricultural productivity thus becomes essential to achieving poverty reduction and ensuring food sustainability for rural communities. One of the ways to ensure this is through the application of Climate-Smart agriculture (CSA), which aims at increasing farming productivity in a sustainable manner through increase in resilience of land affected by climate change

Definition

CSA is “an approach that helps guide actions to transform agri-food systems towards green and climate resilient practices” (Food and Agriculture Organization) For over a

decade now, CSA has been promoted as an approach that sustainably increases agricultural productivity and incomes; enhances farmers’ adaptive capacity and resilience to climate related shocks; reduces greenhouse gas emissions and increases carbon sinks, where possible (FAO 2014) Let us then have a look at some of the areas of focus that allow for implementation of CSA in Africa

Climate Smart Agriculture Techniques

Soil Management: This practice involves planting seeds in small holes (instead of furrows), using the stalks from previous year’s crops to cover the ground, and alternately setting plants like legumes to replenish the nutrients sucked out of the soil by a crop like maize In the end, this preserves fertility.

Crop variety and diversification: This process is done by the act of cultivating different crops every season in order to promote the interaction of beneficial soil bacteria By doing so, this practice interrupts the disease cycle, and reduces the amount of unwanted weeds Diversifying crops is a great way to not only diversify a family’s diet, but also gives the soil some nutritional benefits.

Soil & Water Management: This is a tried-and-true CSA method that requires communities to dig ponds lined with bamboo to better retain the water that flows during seasonal rainfalls in order to be used for irrigation of crops when there is no rain. Apart from this, we know that climate change has great effects on weather patterns, leading to heavy rains causing flooding, followed by dry seasons causing droughts Therefore, building drainage systems and trenches can channel excess water and protect crops from moisture-fueled diseases, while also making water available for crops during dry seasons. These simple interventions can reduce water loss as well as soil erosion.

Agroforestry: this involves planting trees and shrubs on farms to not only improve soil fertility and stability, grow new crops like fruits and medicinal plants, but to also produce firewood which remains to be the only available, accessible and affordable fuel for cooking and heating in rural areas.

Post-Harvest Management: The world currently produces enough food to feed all its inhabitants, but crop loss and spoilage is one of the main causes of food insecurity As such, farmers need to put in place sustainable post-harvesting strategies that enable them to store, handle, transport, process, and package their crops effectively. This will then reduce crop losses and spoilage at each step of the supply chain, and thereby ultimately improves food security.

Looking at the listed CSA techniques, one can conclude that they are easy to implement, however, many farmers do not necessarily use them as a practice in their work Some of the barriers to implementing theses techniques include:

financiallimitationforCSAinterventionsandtoinvest intherequiredtechnology;

andfinally,inadequatesupportiveinfrastructure

BenefitsofClimateSmartAgriculture

Being methods that improve agricultural productivity, CSA therefore integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development, being economic, social, and environmental by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges By doing so, CSA facilitates the achievementof:

a) Increase productivity through the production of more and better food to improve nutrition security and boost income

b) Enhanced resilience by reducing vulnerability to drought, pests, diseases and other climate-related risks and shocks, as well as improving capacity to adapt and grow in the face of longer-term stresses like shortened seasonsanderraticweatherpatterns.

c) And finally reduced emissions per quantity of food produced, as well as avoiding deforestation from agriculture and identifying ways to absorb carbon out of theatmosphere.

Despite CSA techniques being able to increase agricultural productivity, incomes and make rural communities more resilient to climate change, it is important to note that these techniques are not a solution to climate change, but rather a solution to many of the secondary and tertiary problems caused by climate shocks.

Readings:

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climate-smartagriculture htt // f / li t t

R O A D S A N D T R A N S P O R T

Decarbonising Transport - Which mode is the “Priority”?

AUTHOR: Chilombo (Olga) Priscila EconomicResearcher/Statistician@ RDJ Consulting

TThe process of achieving decarbonisation within the transport sector presents a significant challenge, both in terms of complexity and cost A

viable approach to attaining this goal involves adopting a strategic method that prioritizes specific areas for initial action, gradually extending efforts to encompass all segments until the entire sector reaches its Net-Zero targets The identification of these priority areas necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of emissions levels associated with each mode of transportation. This evaluation must also account for the costs associated

with decarbonization. The goal is to pinpoint the most readily achievable changes that can serve as a foundation for initiating the decarbonization process

This approach is essential because even though certain modes of transport may exhibit relatively lower emissions, the expenses linked to their decarbonisation could outweigh those of other modes. A pertinent example of this scenario is observable in rail transport, which contributes merely two percent of total emissions within the sector However, the process of decarbonizing

Courtesy:Freepikcom

rail transport has proven to be a gradual and costly endeavor, largely due to the substantial investment required for upgrading trains and overhauling the railway infrastructure

With a focus on the different modes of transport which comprise road transportation for both passengers and freight, aviation, shipping, and rail It therefore becomes evident that each mode's contribution to emissions within the transport sector varies. Additionally, the cost considerations tied to the prospect of decarbonizing each mode diverge significantly

Road transport is the preferred and most commonly used mode of transport for passengers (light-duty) and freight (heavy-duty) vehicles They include motorcycles, cars, taxis, buses, trucks and lorries. Therefore, whether you are an individual or a business owner, it is not unusual to find yourself using this form of transport on a daily basis. As a result of being a common and popular mode of transport, this sub-sector has the highest recorded emissions levels, accounting for 74% of transport emissions of which majority comes from passenger vehicles, followed by trucks carrying freight

Decarbonizing Road transport is an exercise that is not new, and as countries venture into clean energies, many alternative fuels for road transport are already being considered and implemented The options include hybridelectric, fully-electric, hydrogen vehicles In terms of decarbonization costs, this depends highly on the type of technology or energy source used, but what is obvious is that light duty vehicles would be less costly to decarbonize than heavy duty ones due to their less technological update and alternative fuel requirements.

Next up is aviation which tends to take the hotspot in discussions on actions against climate change Despite

being in focus, aviation only accounts for 11 6% of transport emissions ItemitsjustunderonebilliontonnesofCO2each year which is around 2.5% of total global emissions. For decarbonization, this sub-sector requires the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF), which is derived from renewable feedstocks that enables a reduction in net life cycle carbon dioxide emissions compared to conventional fuels

In terms of costs, the International Civil Aviation Organization reports that the capital expenditure on SAF production facilities is estimated at up to $48bn per year on average, which was less expensive than the typical worldwide capital expenditure on oil and gas production between 2014 to 2021 which stood at $420bn per year on average. By the year 2050, SAFs are said to make up most of theincrementalcostsofgettingtonet-zero(26%ofnon-fuel and fuel operating expenses in 2050), however, SAF from most next-generation sources will reduce in price as economiesofscaleareexploited.

The maritime shipping industry plays a vital role in world trade and is the backbone of the world economy, responsible for transporting and delivering between 80-90% of global trade by volume according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) However, International shipping is responsible for around 3% of annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which is about 10.6% emissions contribution to the entire transport sector To put this into context, IRENA reports that if the international shipping sector were a country, “it would be the sixth- to seventh-largest CO2 emitter, with CO2 emission levels comparabletoGermany’s”.

Decarbonizing shipping entails the deployment of alternative fuels such as liquid biofuels, renewable gaseous fuels, hydrogen, methanol or even ammonia, along with upgrading engine and overall shipping structures In its Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 report, the InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)saysthatmaritime

Courtesy: ourworldindata org

shipping needs an additional $6trn in investment over the next 50 years to meet decarbonisation goals,

While the IEA in its Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 report indicates that the entire maritime shipping needs an additional $6trn in investment over the next 50 years to meet decarbonisation goals, Tufton Investment Management (an investment manager focused on the shipping industry) reports that decarbonizing global shipping alone will cost at least $1 trillion Meeting mobilizing such funds however will greatly depend on the sector’s ability to attract significant investment from the private and public sectors, and having a solid regulatory framework.

Throughout history, the energy requirements of international shipping have predominantly been fulfilled by oil-based fuels, constituting more than 99% of the total demand. In contrast, the rail travel and freight domain, while not expansive, contributes minimally to emissions, accounting for just 1% of the overall transport emissions. This 1% equates to a mere 2% of the global energy-related CO2 emissions as of 2022 To align with the trajectory of the Net Zero Scenario, the international shipping sector must significantly escalate its adoption of alternative fuel sources These alternatives encompass biofuels, hydrogen, ammonia, and electricity, all of which are essential for ushering in the necessary transition.

Despite all these recommendations, we can say that there is really no silver bullet as a solution to the decarbonisation challenge Reducing carbon emissions in

transportation requires taking into consideration several things such as, including alternative fuel sources, raising technical and operational efficiencies, as well as the cost to achieving net zero goals Therefore, short- and mediumterm measures to increase the use of renewable energy sources and improve the overall energy efficiency of the transport system, as well as the cost factor will enable decision making processes when it comes to identifying priority areas of decarbonizations The less costly but highest emitting mode should take priority, and subsequently. This will have the benefit of not only reducing greenhouse gasses but also focus investments in sustainably cost-efficient technologies needed for the transition

What other means of decarbonising the transport sector has proven effective in your community? Talk to us at editor@rdjpublishing.africa noting that comments and queries are welcome

Readings:

https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter4/transp ortation-and-environment/greenhouse-gas-emissionstransportation/

https://www icao int/Meetings/a41/Documents/WP/wp 47 7 en.pdf

https://trimis.ec.europa.eu/roadmaps/low-emissionalternative-energy-transport-alt

https://www irena org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Public ation/2021/Oct/IRENA Decarbonising Shipping 2021 pdf

https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technologyperspectives-2020

https://ec europa eu/transport/sites/default/files/201106-28-erp-roadmap/2011-06-28-erp-roadmap-en pdf

Courtesy:transportgeographyorg

Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the Transportation Sector

I C T & T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S

ICT and the Energy Transition

AUTHOR: Chilombo (Olga) Priscila EconomicResearcher/Statistician@ RDJ Consulting

In today's fast-paced world, the exponential growth of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become an undeniable force driving change

across various sectors One of the most critical realms in which ICT is making a profound impact is the global energy transition As the world grapples with the urgent need to address climate change and shift towards sustainable energy sources, the seamless integration of ICT is emerging as a transformative tool to facilitate this transition.

It's an undeniable fact that the demand for information and data is escalating at an unprecedented pace This demand, however, goes hand in hand with a surge in energy consumption The operation of data centers, communication networks, and various digital devices necessitates a substantial amount of energy. In light of this, it's crucial to find innovative ways to balance the escalating demand for information with the imperative to minimize energy consumption and environmental impact

While it might seem counterintuitive that an industry that demands significant energy resources can contribute to energy efficiency, ICT has the potential to be a gamechanger. Smart technologies, powered by advanced algorithms and data analytics, are empowering industries to optimize their energy consumption From smart grids that regulate energy distribution to intelligent building management systems that optimize energy usage, ICTdriven solutions are making strides in reducing waste and maximizing efficiency.

Another key aspect of the energy transition facilitated by ICT is the integration of renewable energy sources The sun, wind, and water hold vast reservoirs of untapped energy potential ICT solutions can play a pivotal role in harnessing this potential by optimizing the generation, distribution, and consumption of renewable energy. Through real-time monitoring, predictive modeling, and adaptive control systems, renewable sources can be seamlessly integrated into existing energy grids, ensuring

Courtesy:Freepikcom

stability and reliability.

Empowering individuals and communities to actively participate in the energy transition is vital for its success Here, ICT's influence extends beyond the realm of energy consumption E-participation applications are emerging as powerful tools that enable citizens and stakeholders to engage in political debates, decision-making processes, and strategic discussions related to energy policies and initiatives

These applications provide an online platform for citizens to voice their opinions, offer suggestions, and collaborate with governments and organizations on matters pertaining to the energy transition. Through web-based forums, surveys, and interactive platforms, eparticipation fosters a sense of ownership and shared responsibility in shaping the energy landscape This collective engagement not only ensures that policies are more aligned with the needs and desires of the people but also enhances transparency and accountability in the decision-making process

The synergy between ICT and the energy transition is undeniable. However, realizing its full potential requires a collaborative effort from governments, industries, researchers, and citizens Investments in research and development, as well as policy frameworks that

encourage innovation, are crucial in propelling the integration of ICT into the energy sector

Furthermore, it's essential to address challenges such as data privacy and security concerns that can arise with the extensive use of ICT in energy systems. Striking a balance between technological advancement and ethical considerations is paramount to building a sustainable and inclusive energy future

In conclusion, as the global community strives to achieve ambitious sustainability goals, the role of ICT in facilitating the energy transition cannot be overstated. ICT is a driving force that has the potential to reshape our energy landscape By embracing these opportunities and working collectively, we can usher in a future powered by clean, efficient, and participatory energy systems

As always, comments and queries can be sent to editor@rdjpublishing.africa as the conversation continues.

Readings:

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-64215346-4 5

https://www iea org/reports/energy-efficiency-2021

https://publicadministration un org/egovkb/enus/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2018

Courtesy:easternpeakcom

WOMEN IN INDUSTRY

Interview with Ms. Wanjiru Wainaina

Interview by Ms Silpa Kanghono (Coordinator: Digital Marketing and Events- RDJ Consulting)

TheJustEnergyTransition(JET)hasremainedahottopic in Africa for some time now, as the continent strives to jointheworldinthefightagainstclimatechange,while

ensuring that its people are not left at a disadvantage in the process

The JET is a transition from carbon-emitting fuels to low-carbon or clean energy technologies Not only does JET ensure a sustainable supply, but it also creates opportunities for employment, while promoting social justice and poverty eradication Inlightofthiswhichalignswellwiththethemeofthis month’sPublication,wehadaninterestingconversationwithMs Wanjiru Wainaina, a legal practitioner who is enthusiastic about JET

Personal

Ms. Wanjiru Wainaina is an ambitious 22-year-old scholar from Nairobi, Kenya, who has recently completed her final year at the University of Nairobi School of Law, and is now awaiting graduation. She is also a trained and qualified International Mediatorwhoispassionateaboutresearch,withakeeninterestin the fields of energy, climate change, digital rights, intellectual property law, international trade and investment, alternative disputeresolution,democracyandgovernance.

Inadditiontoherintellectualpursuits,Ms.Wanjirufindsimmense joy and fulfillment in spending quality time with children and in mentorship. Driven by her genuine love for nurturing young minds, Wanjiru actively co-founded the Outliers Mentorship program for children which aims at providing guidance and mentorshiptochildrenbyhelpingthemunlocktheirfullpotential and navigate the challenges they face Through her involvement inthisprogram,shestrivestoempowerchildrenwithknowledge, skills, and confidence, contributing to their personal growth and development Theprogram’staglineis“lovehasgoteverythingto dowithit”#DoitforLove

WhatmotivatedyoutochooseLaw?

“To be quite honest, I did not always desire to get into the legal field, I thought I would get into STEM Although I did qualify for STEM courses, my mentors and parents encouraged me to consider pursuing a career in Humanities and Social Sciences as they could see that my passion and talents were more aligned in that regard I eventually ended up choosing law because I was intrigued by the broad knowledge, I could immerse myself into since law cuts across all fields I have truly enjoyed my time in law school and along the

way discovered an interest in research which has allowed me to delve into STEM related legal research as well ” Ms.Wanjiruresponded.

Howdoyouthinksocietycanhelpgirlsandwomenachievetheir dreamsinthelawandenergysectors?

Ms Wanjiru says we need to acknowledge that the society cannot thrive without the full and equal participation of women “In the words of Dr Margaret Ogolla, “a home (society) without a daughter is like a river without a source ” Women and girls play a central role in the growth and continuity of the society therefore the society should consult women on decisions pertaining to the creation of laws and energy policies and further afford them with equal opportunities to spearhead sustainable development in the energy sector ”

Shecontinues, “training and education in the legal and energy fields should be made easily accessible to girls and women across Africa We need to continue to share more authentic stories of female trailblazers in the energy and legal fields to encourage more young girls to embrace their ambitions and pursue successful careers in these sectors ”

How can legal frameworks support the integration of decentralized and off-grid renewable energy solutions to addressenergyaccesschallengesinremoteareasofAfrica?

“A comprehensive legal and regulatory framework that encourages investment, fosters innovation, ensures sustainability, and fosters cooperation among various stakeholders is necessary to integrate decentralized and off-grid renewable energy solutions to address energy access challenges in remote areas of Africa The legal frameworks should define the rights, obligations, and processes for decentralized and off-grid energy initiatives in a clear and transparent regulatory environment Furthermore, the licensing procedures should be simplified to expedite the processes for renewable energy projects in remote areas which will encourage developers to invest in off-grid solutions Importantly, legal frameworks should establish safety standards to promote high quality solutions that will protect consumers and encourage highly effective innovations ” respondedMs Wanjiru

What role do you think the legal system plays in promoting energyaccessandaffordabilityforunderservedcommunities intheAfricanContinentduringtheenergytransition?

Ms. Wanjiru says: “I think that broadly, the legal system is the vehicle that drives every human activity under the sun More narrowly in the African Continent and during the energy transition, a well-designed legal framework is essential for creating an enabling environment that supports energy access and affordability for underserved communities Such a framework must balance the interests of various stakeholders while promoting sustainable and inclusive development The legal system can ensure that policies prioritize equitable distribution of energy resources, protect consumer rights, and facilitate community engagement in energy projects ”

How do you see the legal and regulatory challenges that African Countries face in transitioning their energy systems towardscleanerandmoresustainablesources?

“Many African countries lack comprehensive and coherent policies and regulations to support the transition to cleaner energy sources They also struggle with limited financial resources to implement the proposed changes towards a just energy transition Several countries continue to grapple with political and economic instability that discourages developers from investing in renewable energy projects in the affected countries I agree that to overcome these challenges, we need all hands-on deck Governments, international investors, private sectors, and local communities should collaborate to create legal and regulatory solutions that will smoothen the transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources” SaidMs Wanjiru

In conclusion, what advice would you give women hoping to followinyourcareerfootsteps?

“I would tell them what I keep reminding myself; Be audacious! You have what it takes to follow your dreams, don’t let fear hold you back, do it afraid! The journey might not be linear, but it will be worthwhile so start with a single step and keep stepping up As Winston Churchill put it, “Success is not final, and failure is not fatal The courage to continue is what counts ” And finally, as the Scripture empowers us, For God has not given us a spirit of timidity, but that of power, of love and of self-discipline ” Ms Wanjiru concludes

“We need to acknowledge that the society cannot thrive without the full and equal participation of women.”

-Ms. Wanjiru Wainaina

Networking at the Africa Energy Indaba is a powerful tool for professionals & businesses alike. It provides numerous opportunities to connect, collaborate, & build valuable relationships within your industry.

Here are some key reasons why networking at the Africa Energy Indaba holds such power:

To harness the power of networking at the Africa Energy Indaba, we invite you to:

YOUTH IN ACTION

Climate Change

Interview with Ms. Victoria Kalwenya

Interview by Ms Silpa Kanghono (Coordinator: Digital Marketing and Events- RDJ Consulting)

Climate change is stated as one of the serious challenges the world faces today, anditsadverseimpactsareevident

throughout economies and people’s livelihoods Climate change is linked to extreme weather patterns causing drought, destructive tropical storms, scorching temperatures, heatwaves, and strong floods that leave people with very limited access to essential food Through an informative talk with Ms Victoria Kalwenya, a youth advocate on climate change, uncovered potential solutions thattheworldcanadopttoachieveajustandrapid transition

Personal

Victoria Kalwenya is a stalwart defender of Namibia's climate; a champion for women's empowerment and youth engagement; and a dedicated community worker. As an Economic Strengthener and Mentor Coordinator at the Tulonga Foundation, her commitment to fostering positive change is evident. Ms. Victoria's passion lies in engaging children and youth within schools and communities She is a driving force within the Namibian Youth on Renewable Energy (NAYoRE) organisation, contributing to the advancement of youth participation in the energy sector, and she fightsagainstclimatechangethroughherworkon renewableenergyinitiatives

SheisavaluablememberoftheExecutiveteamfor Namibian Pan-African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA Namibia) and the Namibian Local Conference of Youth (LCoY Namibia), and her contributions extend to the Southern African Regional Conference of Youth (RCOY) In terms of affiliations, she is part of the Namibian Youth on Biodiversity, Young Achievers Namibia, and SADC Women in Climate Action Her commitment to socialprogressisexemplifiedbyherinvolvementin theBigIncomeGrant(BIG)Namibiamovementand herextensivefive-yearexperienceineconomicand social development work This encompasses environmental efforts within various NGOs with a focus on youth, women, individuals with disabilities, and those from marginalized backgrounds

As a certified youth activist with qualifications in Civic Leadership, Mentorship, Counseling, IT Support, and Environmental Health and Safety, Victoria'smulti-facetedskillsenableherto excel in diverse roles. Her mentorship, climate advocacy, and economic development proficiency have made her a prominentfigureacrossvariousplatforms Below are some of her viewpoints on the questionsweprovidedher

What motivated you to become a youth advocate for climate change, and what doesthismeantoyou?

“They say if you can relate then you should advocate I grew up with a single mom that works at the water reclamation called WINDHOEK GOREANGAB OPERATING COMPANY (WINGOC), mom always brings flyers or pamphlets showing how the water we use is being recycled in the city with a motto saying every drop counts, save water and don’t waste With that it motivated me, and I became passionate about creating awareness on keeping our environment safe and clean ” Ms

You have been part of the Nairobi SummerSchoolinClimateJusticewhich is aimed at equipping young individuals with a deep understanding of climate justice, enabling them to advocate for sustainable policies, innovative solutions, and responsible actions within their communities and beyond. Howhasthatimpactedyourcareerthus far?

Ms Victoria says this has boosted her career and understanding of climate justice and it has equipped her with more knowledge on how to revive her environment through different initiatives , howtogoabouteverythingwritteninthe Namibia Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and apply it in her dailylife “Networking with different youths from across Africa, a few from Asia, Europe, and America was a great experience, and learning from intelligent people and different cultures at large It plants a seed in my life that I will nurture under the leadership of the Pan African Climate Justice Alliance and the Cohort 3 Alumni It’s

huge and will continue to carry it and put everything I learn into action in my daily life starting with those I live with to my community and the rest of my country at large”

Please mention and describe any other existing initiatives or programs that focus on educating young Africans on beinggoodenvironmentalstewards.

“Young African Leadership Initiative (YALI) has a Regional Leadership Centre where one can search and find out the available programs at a certain time of the year, and it’s connected to the YALI Network where one can be a member and do different courses for free We have COUSERA, which is an online learning platform in partnership with different universities across the world It offers a variety of courses that comes with financial aid and one is required to apply for it by writing a motivational letter on why you deserve the opportunity Namibian Youth on Renewable Energy (NAYoRE ), teaching Youth on environmental stewardship Pan African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA) Greening The Young Minds

"By listening and engaging with young people, we help them reach their climate change goals."

Victoriasaid

by Botswana Climate Change Network. There’s a Voices for just Climate Action programme supported by World Wildlife Fund for nature which organisations such as Consumer Unity and Trust Society ” Ms. Victoriasaid.

What are some of the barriers you have encountered that slow down the fight against climate change in Africa, and howcantheybeaddressed?

Barriers:

With limited access to resources and technology, many African countries face financial constraints which makes it challenging to invest in renewable energy infrastructure, climate adaptation measures, and clean technology The lack of climate change education and awareness programs, results in a limited understanding of its causes, impacts, and potential solutions Inadequate governance structures and limited institutional capacity hinder the effectiveness of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts Poverty and socioeconomic challenges, coupled with high poverty rates in many African countries, make it difficult for communities to prioritize climate change action over immediate survival needs Limited data , research, a lack of accurate and up-to-date climate data limit evidence-based planning and decision-making

Solutions:

Addressing the barrier requires increased investment from developed countries, international organizations, and private sectors to support sustainable development in Africa Promoting climate change literacy at all levels of education and within communities can help raise awareness and build capacity for sustainable practices Government should focus on strengthening policy and regulatory frameworks, improving coordination between different ministries and agencies, and facilitating knowledge sharing and technology transfer to build physical capacity.

It is important to approach these barriers through a holistic and inclusive lens,

considering local perspectives and involving communities, indigenous peoples, civil society organizations, and youth in the decision-making process. Collaborative efforts between governments, the private sector, and civil society are essential to overcoming these barriers and accelerating the fight against climate change in Africa.

What role do you think young people play in the fight against climate change and how do you think society can help themachievetheirobjectives?

Ms.Victoriasaysyoungactivistsareatthe forefront of climate change protests, strikes,andawarenesscampaigns. “By listening and engaging with young people, we help them reach their climate change goals. By providing comprehensive education, funding, mentoring programs, and resources, this gives young people the knowledge and tools they need to understand problems and participate actively in finding solutions. Governments, organizations, and institutions need to involve young people in climate policy discussions, planning processes, and decision-making bodies By creating spaces for youth representation, young people can contribute to policy development and implementation ”

Conclusion

In her conclusion Ms Victoria advises the young people hoping to follow in her career footsteps to find their passion, exploredifferentaspectsofenvironmental activism, and identify the areas that suits them best “Search for Local action, collaboration and connection, find likeminded people, organizations, and mentors who share your passion and can support your journey, create partnerships and alliances, and collaborate with organizations, communities, and other stakeholders to expand your reach and influence.” sheconcluded.

"

By providing comprehensive education, funding, mentoring programs, and resources, this gives young people the knowledge and tools they need to understand problems and participate actively in finding solutions."

TENDERS

NamPower

Description: Designing, Manufacturing, Testing, Delivering, Installing and Commissioning of Slip Rings and Brushgear System for Generator 3&4 at Van Eck Power Station

Bid Closing Date: 29 September 2023 at 10:00 Namibian Time

https://www nampower com na/Bid aspx?id=251691

Electricity Control Board (ECB)

Description: Procurement of Consultancy Services: Request for Proposal to provide consultancy services to develop Electric Vehicles (EVs) Charging Infrastructure Regulatory Framework including adoption of Standards.

Bid Closing Date:11 September at 12:00 Namibian Time www ecb org na/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/EVs-Regulatory-Framework-Advert MS pdf

NamWater

Description: Assessment and Evaluation of the Condition of the Hardap Irrigation Water Supply Scheme and Possibility of Rehabilitation.

Bid Closing Date: 12 September 2023 at 11h00 Namibia Time https://www namwater com na/index php/quotations?id=624catid=22

MTC

Description: MTC Procurement plan 2022-2023

Bid Closing Date: 30 September 2023 at 17:59 Namibian Time https://www.mtc.com.na/procurement/tender/318

Luderitz Town Council

Description: Supply, delivery, installation and commissioning 33kV Line and other associated works, Luderitz, 2023/2024

Bid Closing Date: 02 October 2023 at 14h00 Namibian Time https://www onlinetenders co za/tenders/namibia

European Commission, DG for International Partnerships (INTPA)

Description: The upgrading of the existing slaughterhouse in Opuwo, Kunene to an abattoir AND the construction of an Artificial Insemination Centre in Okapya, Oshikoto, in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia.

Bid Closing Date: 06 October 2023 at 11:00 Namibian Time https://etendering ted europa eu/cft/cft-display html?cftId=15070#caDetails

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