BT Bundle 2020

BT - Bundle A collection of MSc theses of the students of Building Technology

2020

In front of you lies the very first edition of the BT-Bundle. A publication composed by Praktijkvereniging BouT, the study association of the master track Building Technology at the TU Delft. The BT Bundle showcases theses made by our graduates. This bundle includes work from students graduated during the academic year of 2019-2020.

We would like to thank all the students who voluntarily took the time to create their contributions and for trusting their work in our hands. We would also like to thank BouT Board 25 for initiating the vision and sowing the seeds towards creating a BT Bundle.

Furthermore, we hope that everyone who is reading this will gain more insight into the master track of Building Technology and might even be inspired by the diverse projects and subjects.

BouT Board 26 Sophie van Hattum - Education

Table of Contents Optimising the building management system in smart passive buildings

by Tessa Rouwenhorst

p. 27

p. 7

FACA-DE-LIT

by Akash Changlani

PET GROWN

by Nikoleta Sidiropoulou

p. 28

p. 8

Patterned grid-shell

by Shasan Chokshi

Glass Giants

by Maria Iro Stefanaki

p. 29

p. 9

In between

by Maria Dimas

Mycelium Acoustic Panel

by Jurjen Vos

p. 30

p. 10

Geometrically articulated Bio-receptive concrete facades

by Kazi Fahriba Mustafa

Robustness of Building Envelope

by Prateek Wahi

p. 31

p. 11

Building Envelope in the airport regions

by Patrattakorn (Thai) Wannasawang

p. 32

Energy Space Layout

by Andrea Fumagalli

p. 12

TEM heat dissipation system

by Yarai Mariam Zenteno Montemayor

p. 33

The roadmap towards circular cruise ships

by Deirdre van Gameren

p. 13

Redesign Disaster

by Filip Zielinski

p. 34

Towards Zero Carbon Buildings

by Rahul Grover

p. 14

The Sound Bending Project

by Tarang Gupta

p. 15

Manufacturing for Customization

by Nayanthara Herath

p. 16

3DPrinting Earth - 3DPE

by Maximilian Mandat

p. 17

Create wellbeing by performance in office buildings

by Stéphanie Bergen Henegouwen

p. 6

Section Active Extruded Glass Structural Elements

by Arjan Boonstra

Redesign of a Facade System Based on an Environmental Impact Assessment Framework

by Giancarlo Manzanares p. 18 Simulation of adaptive user behavior with respect to noise in offices

by Divyae Mittal

p. 19

The Re-Seal Window

by Juliëtte Mohamed

p.20

Facade reverse logistics

by Javier Jair Montemayor Leos

p. 21

Cast Glass Restoration of Marble Monuments

by Bart van Nimwegen

p. 22

David and the Vegetable Factory

by David den Ouden

p. 23

Computational toolkit for early-stage cost assessment and optimisation of BIPV façades

by Tolga Özdemir

p. 24

Robotic Restoration

by Aditya Parulekar

p. 25

Office-user oriented façade design

by Sasha V. Rodriguez Arambatzis

p. 26

Create wellbeing by performance in office buildings This research concentrates on creating wellbeing by performance of materials and products in office buildings.

This research is conducted at the headquarter of a bank in the Netherlands, whereby the building users are criticizing the indoor comfort. Moreover, the building materials are endof-life and the building is using a large amount of energy.

The following research question is answered: ‘How can the indoor comfort be improved in a circular way, by creating an optimal floorplan including the interior and technical aspects for, the case study, one pilot floor of the headquarter of a bank in the Netherlands, while taking the energy consumption into account?’

The analyses results show that it is desired to renovate the case study. First of all most of the materials and products are not demountable. Moreover, it is not fully circular when only the materials are obtained sustainable, but cannot be reused or remanufactured after its first lifecycle. Secondly, the building

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users are not satisfied with the indoor comfort. They rated the indoor comfort with satisfaction level of 20,5% and importance level of 75,6%. These results show a low satisfaction level, while the building users rated these facilities as very important.

Furthermore, the measurements results show that the indoor comfort stressors exceed the permitted values during office hours with 21,6%.

Measures have been compiled on the basis of the circular and indoor comfort framework and the developed ‘Circular Indoor Comfort Step Strategy’ by adding a fourth step ‘improving processes’ to the New Stepped Strategy. This research shows that a big difference can be made by performing small interventions to maintain the current situation and increase the existing value. Moreover, these interventions have a positive influence on the satisfaction level, meeting the regulations and rating certificates to renovate and create a healthy circular headquarter.

Measurement devices and plants on open and closed floorplans

Circular Indoor Comfort Step Strategy: 1) Improving the source 2) Improving situation without energy 3) Improving situation with renewable energy 4) Improving processes

Circular Indoor Comfort Step strategy and framework

Name Graduation year Tutors 6

Plant wall in case study office

Stéphanie Bergen Henegouwen 2020 Regina Bokel & Bob Geldermans

Section Active Extruded Glass Structural Elements Glass buildings seem to be as popular as ever (Louter, 2011) and glass shapes the appearance of contemporary architecture unlike any other building material (Wurm, 2007). However, the toolkit for architectural glass needs to be expanded upon to be able to keep up with future building requirements and expectations.

A structural element would be a promising addition to the current toolkit because of the already great variety of nonstructural elements and the ambition to make more structures transparent. A section-active structural glass element would be a promising addition to the current toolkit because these structural elements are implemented especially often and there is a lack of variety here specifically. To design this section active structural glass element from extruded glass would be promising because the extrusion process allows for complex geometry beneficial to the aesthetic experience and also the structural performance. Another benefit of this process would be that the borosilicate glass used for this is much more fire resistant than the glass used for structural fins (O’Regan, 2015). The research question thus is: what is the potential of section-active extruded glass structural elements for architectural design?

To answer this question a design vocabulary is set out in three different design aspects: system, section, and connection.

After designing principle solutions the best option is chosen through assessments. The assessment of all parts of the design at all stages will be done following the same criteria. For the

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criteria a wide perspective was chosen that includes the entire cycle of the element’s lifetime: safety, structural performance, building sequence, sustainability, costs, and aesthetics.

After assessments, it is decided on a system comprising of individual post-tensioned segments of elliptical shaped glass section with steel cast connections, bolted together on site.

The system is designed as modular, re-usable and recyclable.

This draft design is dimensioned through hand calculations and numerical simulations in finite element analysis software.

To evaluate the potential of the dimensioned system for implementation in architecture, it is compared to the glass fin which is its only direct competitor. In order to offer a fair comparison the same façade is designed with both systems.

The conclusion of this comparison is that the designed system has a promising potential for architectural implementation with regards to structural performance, safety, building sequence, sustainability, and aesthetics. Obviously additional physical testing is needed to affirm estimations and more research has to be done should it be developed to a market-ready product.

The exact costs are unclear too as no equipment exists at this point to produce the extruded glass segments in the required dimensions. The tooling costs will be high but the material costs are low, making it especially viable when mass-produced as products with standard dimensions. Summarizing the comparison the first indications and explorations necessitate to think positively towards the possibilities of such an extruded system for architecture.

Visualisation of a final design possibility.

Name Graduation year Tutors

Arjan Boonstra 2020 Ate Snijder, Marcel Bilow & James O’Callaghan 7

FACA-DE-LIT

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Facade Optimisation for Visual Comfort by Controlled Daylight Distribution in High-rise Office Buildings The evolution of high-rises puts more challenge for achieving indoor visual comfort because the source of getting natural light inside is solely through sidewalls; especially in deep floorplan like office buildings, where visual discomfort is very usual to be experienced. Without any measure taken, it leads to a situation where the illuminance exceeds the comfort requirement next to the window by making an over-lit area which causes glare issues; furthermore, the illuminance decreases in a gradient along the depth leaving illuminance below comfort requirement towards end of the room making under-lit area, which demands use of artificial lighting. This creates an uncontrolled and non-uniform distribution of daylight along the depth. Moreover, daylight is very dynamic in nature that keeps changing along the time, this adds complexity in design; and hence it leads to use of computational design methods.

This research aims to improve visual comfort efficiency of an office space with the help of computational methods by developing a facade system that distributes the daylight to indoor space more uniformly, bringing balance of light intensity

Geometry and Features

between under-lit and over-lit areas of a space to a visually comfortable range or daylit range (300-2000 lux), adapts to various external factors that are responsible for dynamic daylight behaviour; and results in a controlled distribution of daylight throughout the depth of the space for occupant’s comfort. The strategies applied for the design development as computational methods is by mean of parametric modelling, daylight simulation and optimisation.The study results in a dynamic façade scheme that validates with visual comfort criteria, which also includes evaluation of glare and contrast.

The study also covers constructability and feasibility aspects of the proposed scheme.

As the final outcome, an average of 88% of working plane is found to be within the daylit range having average illuminance of 561 lux, which is distributed with an average uniformity ratio of 0.57 with minimal risk of glare and contrast; validating that visually comfortable environment is achieved. This further indicates that the use of artificial light can be reduced by 88%, saving equivalent energy consumption concerning artificial lighting.

Geometry Variations

180 °

Rotation

Folding/Unfolding

2-Material Set

Folding Mechanism

Facade Scheme

PV Modules PV Cells

acade One F

Reflecting Modules 2-Specular material

Diffusing Modules Rotation Mechanism

2-Diffusing material

Daylight performance along the year

8

Redirecting Modules

Diffusing Modules

(selected instances)

561 lux

0.57

0.22

1.9

Daylit Area

Avg. Illuminance

Uniformity Ratio

DGP

Contrast Ratio

Name Graduation year Tutors

PV u d o M les

ModulePVs

88 %

nt

Segme

Akash Changlani 2020 Michela Turrin & Alejandro Prieto

Patterned grid-shell

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Designing a method to analyze and compare grid-shells influenced by traditional lattice patterns of North Asia This project explores various possibilities in grid-structures by introducing atypical line geometries and examine its feasibility in a built environment. The proposition is derived from the larger purpose of adapting native design characteristics in modern built environment. Focusing on the Asian context, one of the essential characteristics of their traditional architecture, lattice patterns, is taken as an inspiration to be explored in the project. Grid-shell is an emerging building typology in contemporary architecture due to its unique features in terms of lightness and abundance of natural daylight. In modern construction technology, there is an advancement in the method of fabrication and its applicability in complex curved forms. However, its surface character remains similar in various context and thus unattended. Therefore, it is important to explore how the surface can be more vibrant and can improve the overall experience if space with different geometries.

The main research question is formulated as, “With the help of parametric workflow, how to design an urban grid

Pattern selection

Structural behaviour

shell structure, where the line patterns (in this case, north Asian lattice pattern) are selected based on the structural performance and used in load distribution as a grid geometry?�

The development of this method is carried out by first selecting structurally suitable lattice patterns and developing them in a parametric workflow. The structural performance these patterns is investigated gradually from small flat surfaces to large span complex forms with multiple shell surfaces. The final results for all the patterns are documented and compared to draw conclusions for their general structural behavior.

Following to that, a workflow is prepared to generate gridshell with various patterns and analyze their structural performance. Finally, the methodology to optimize the material quantity for any patterned grid-shell is prepared and used to compare selected sample patterns. As a final outcome it validates the usability of the collected information regarding designing and analyzing patterned grid-shell for future design and research exercises.

Validation Grid-shell generation workflow

Material quantity oprimization

+ Motif

Parameterization

Transformation

Pattern

Shell form

Quadrangulation

Pattern Morphing and adjustment

Deformation

Bending moment

Name Graduation year Tutors

Shasan Chokshi 2020 Michela Turrin & Peter Eigenraam 9

In between

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An interlayer material study for interlocking cast glass blocks Due to its transparency, glass has been consistently incorporated in architectural applications. Recently, an increase in the application of structural glass has been observed, with the potential of cast glass slowly unveiling.

Cast glass presents significant geometrical and strength advantages over float glass, but the extended annealing times are discouraging, which is why smaller elements, such as cast glass blocks are often preferred. In this research, the glass blocks are interlocking instead of rectangular, to ensure the structural stability of the system. For the application of the assembly, a suitable interlayer is needed between the glass elements, to prevent early failure from concentrated stresses.

The research question is formed as: To what extent do different interlayer materials affect the structural behavior and construction of an interlocking cast glass block assembly?

case study, is presented in a chain reaction manner, whose starting point is the interlayer itself.

Various alternative interlayer materials are examined, with the effect their unique material properties have on the potential application of the interlocking system. The whole process, from fabrication to construction of the assembly, based on a

Further research could concern the experimental validation of the candidates, the improvement of the assembly’s thermal performance and the detailing in different scenarios, to make the system more universal.

VALIDATION*

FABRICATION

After defining the desired design criteria of the interlayer, a list of candidates is proposed. The considerations for the fabrication of the glass block and the various interlayers are presented. For the detailing of the system, a residential building in Amsterdam has been chosen as a case study, which currently employs hollow glass blocks. All five proposed interlayers are considered during the detailing phase, which results in the proposal of two distinct assembly sequences, based on the material properties. The research concludes in an overview of the entire process and the comparison of the interlocking assembly with the existing façade system and other cast glass block assemblies.

DETAILING

ASSEMBLY

-needs to be done-

A. TRANSPARENT

B. OPAQUE WHITE

C. REFLECTIVE

Renders of alternative interlayers

Name Graduation year Tutors 10

Rendering of the interlocking assembly

Maria Dimas 2020 Faidra Oikonomopoulou & Marcel Bilow

Geometrically articulated Bio-receptive concrete facades

intend of the research is to gain a thorough understanding into the concept of Bio-receptivity and identify the governing factors responsible for the relationship between the small plant species and stony materials.

The research is conducted in a top-down approach, where first the designs are developed taking into consideration the growth structure of moss in nature and the influencing environmental characteristics, next the designs are fabricated into prototypes exhibiting the appropriate material properties and then validated through series of practical experimentations and CFD simulations to justify the influence of geometry; based on the comparative analysis of the results a general design guideline is provided for a self-sustaining Bio-receptive concrete facade panel. A real-time visual representation of Bio-receptive panel is presented as per the guidelines and an economically viable and technically feasible facade system is proposed to facilitate its commercial use on buildings/facades.

Bio-receptivity is a natural growth of small plant species on stony surfaces with minimum external influence. It has always been viewed as a negative phenomenon in the public eye due to its random and shabby growth conditions. However, this phenomenon co-exists on building surfaces establishing a hybrid relationship, which poses several advantages on the building lifecycle. Apart from being a protective coating, its environmental benefits, like CO2 reduction in air, air purification through dust removal and cooling effect through evapotranspiration, has been known and researched through decades, but has not been brought into practice in the building industry. This research chooses to use geometry as a design variable to engineer self-sustaining moss growth on concrete panels in an ordered and systematic manner. The exercise is an attempt to not only address the functional aspect of Bio-receptivity but also its aesthetic quality which is vital to influence the perception of people and promote mass use of this new type of sustainable concrete material. The primary

growth no growth areas areas

+ OBSTACLE DIRECTION

PANEL 1

GROOVE DEPTH

AVG.WEIGHT GAIN (%) (at 20 min)

WEIGHT LOSS (%) (from 2 - 20 min)

ALCOVE MOISTURE (RH %) (at 20 min)

ALCOVE MOISTURE LOSS (%) (from 2 - 20 min)

RIDGE MOISTURE (RH %) (at 20 min)

RIDGE MOISTURE LOSS (%) (from 2 - 20 min)

MOSS GROWTH (week 12)

REMARKS

along the flow

+0.06

-0.04

24.4

-4

23.1

-4.4

+0.07

-0.03

26.1

-4.8

19.7

-7.1

- low absorption & retention - low micro depth

PANEL 4

- moderate micro depth - higher alcove moisture

against the flow

macro + micro

+0.28

-0.07

44.6

-3.4

36.1

+6.1

+0.08

-0.03

25.9

-4.4

22.6

-3

25.1

-1

- high ridge moisture - lesser growth area - low growth

along the flow

- low absorption & retention - low macro & micro depth - low and random growth

macro

micro

PANEL 5

THE GUIDELINES +0.39

-0.03

-1

+0.55

-0.04

MACRO DEPTH H<= 20mm

Along the flow

random

micro

MACRO GEOMETRY/ 25.1 OBSTACLE DIRECTION

h 30.2

Continuous obstacles

-16.1

30.2

H/W=0.2~0.3 Higher, wider, smoother ridges

- quick drying - no growth

MICRO DEPTH

wy

water permeability

micro geometry

h - high absorption - low and random growth

-16.1 deep

micro-grooves 5mm depth wx/h= 0.8 wy/wx= 0.4

5mm

15mm section

Example design based on guidelines

Moss growing experiment

redirect water

allow water containment in growth areas

geometry

verified with CFD simulation

wx

W

Guidelines

Moss growing experiment Moss growing experiment - high absorption macro

no obstacle

no depth

PANEL 6

water catchment in micro-grooves

- wider & deeper macro depth - lower ridge moisture - good growth

micro

PANEL 3

along the flow macro-geometry

- low absorption & retention - low micro depth

micro

along the flow

macro

-

- cushion growth with macro depth - moderate growth

macro

PANEL 2

+

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Water rela�ons tes�ng Water rela�ons tes�ng CFD Simula�ons CFD Simula�ons flow domain

flow domain

groove

groove

outlet

intlet

outlet

intlet

Experiments CFD Simula�ons structural concrete wall

flow domain

groove

concrete panel L- Bracket (wall bracket)

outlet

intlet

adjusting screw

vertical aluminium T-profile

horizontal rail profile

sheet metal screw

waterproofing plastic sheet (only used in case of hollow concrete blocks)

horizontal rail profile/ support section

70mm rigid insulation

clip anchor

40mm concrete cladding

15mm gap

Construction drawings

Name Graduation year Tutors

Prototype design

Kazi Fahriba Mustafa 2020 Alejandro Prieto Hoces & Marc Ottele 11

Energy Space Layout

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Designing space layout with optimised energy performance The current housing market in the Netherlands depicts a need for energy-efficient buildings for young professionals.

Performative Computational Architecture (PCA), as computational methodology, is a valuable source of knowledge and design support to integrate the buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; performances at early stages. By applying PCA, this thesis explores and optimises the correlation between space layout and energy performance of a co-living residence in the Netherlands. Firstly, a generic model is developed to gain initial findings, then, is applied to a case-study to evaluate its practicability. The study considers a mixed-mode building with adaptive thermal comfort models and optimises three objectives distinctively: the cooling, the heating and the lighting demands.

The results provide both computational and energy-efficient insights, useful to achieve performance-driven designs.

Despite the main influence of the envelope parameters on the energy demand, it is beneficial to plan the functions in order to fulfil their energy and comfort requirements.

Different functions play the leading roles in minimising different objectives, varying the depth, the orientation and the windows accordingly. In shallow buildings, energy-optimised configurations can save more than 37% of the total energy demand. However, the results are strictly dependent on the solution space defined by the parametric model. In practice, the designer needs to translate the underlying principles of space layout or to develop a site-specific optimisation.

Cooling optimisation.

Energy savings: -52% of energy demand.

Lighting optimisation.

Energy savings: -37% of energy demand.

Main design variables of the model: spatial parameters (on the left) and envelope parameters (on the rigth).

External view of the design proposal.

Name Graduation year Tutors 12

Heating optimisation.

Energy savings: -55% of energy demand.

Andrea Fumagalli 2020 Michela Turrin, Martin J. Tenpierik & Tiantian Du

The roadmap towards circular cruise ships Waste streams from cruise ships come back into nature which negatively influences the environment. Research has shown that actions need to be taken to reduce climate change. Not only the government should take their responsibility, but also other businesses, like the cruise industry. The cruise industry is a growing business and cruise ships have an environmental impact. This study aims to contribute to the development of sustainable, circular cruise ships. Specifically, the gas, fluid, and solid waste streams. The final product is a roadmap, based on waste stream analyses, towards a set of targets and goals. This master thesis, examines which steps need to be taken, focusing on the three waste streams to make the transition towards circular cruise ships following the Cityzen method to comply with the UN sustainable development goals. Three roadmaps are made, with three different levels of ambition: 1. Fully Circular, 2. Collaboration Ship & Land, and 3. Positive effect on the environment to find the best way to design a sustainable cruise ship.

The research can be subdivided into four main sections, background information, waste stream analysis, master planning, and conclusions. These four main sections are all in relation to the case study, cruise ships from Royal Caribbean Ltd. A literature study is conducted to obtain the needed

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information. The results show that it is impossible to ensure that no waste enters the environment under the conditions made for the specific roadmaps. On this basis, a combination of the three roadmaps and their technical solutions is made to design the sustainable circular cruise ship. The final design for retrofit cruise ships and newly built cruise ships is not fully circular. The treated black and grey water and bilge water still contain pollutants that come back into the sea. However, the emissions from the gas stream are reduced or fully eliminated, more pollutants are removed from the black, grey and bilge water, pollutant by-products are recycled on land, heat is recovered and reused, clean products as biogas, biodiesel and struvite are produced, seawater as ballast water is not needed, and non-hazardous and hazardous waste is reduced, reused and recycled. These adjustments and additions should be added to prevent waste discharge into the environment.

This research also shows that the same design principles and interventions used in cities and building complexes can also be implemented on cruise ships, like the New Stepped Strategy, Cradle to Cradle, material passport, plants, heat pumps, and the energy exchange principle. Further research is needed into technical systems to treat and prevent the waste from entering the environment and into other criteria like cost, energy consumption, needed materials and emissions.

Vertical farm onboard Note. Adapted from Urbanist (2016).

The New Stepped Strategy on Cruise ships

Additions and adjustments to improve the waste streams of the cruise ship

Name Graduation year Tutors

Future Cruise Ship with PV-film, sails with embedded PV-cells, wind turbine, algae, greenery, energy exchange principle, glass research lab.

Deirdre van Gameren 2020 Andy van den Dobbelsteen and Nico Tillie 13

Towards Zero Carbon Buildings The building industry accounts for almost 40% of the total carbon emissions that are directly responsible for climate change. The buildings are now deploying energy-efficient solutions to lower carbon emissions from the operational phase. This adversely affects the share of embodied carbon emissions of building materials. The literature research was conducted to report advanced building materials such as carbon cured concrete, carbonated aggregates to reduce cement quantity, and hempcrete. Types of wood were also identified to understand their application in construction. The graduation thesis aimed to study and compare the life cycle impact of different materials in building applications. The main research question was: â&#x20AC;&#x153;What alternate materials and strategies can be used in building design that can lower the embodied carbon footprint to meet zero carbon goals?â&#x20AC;?

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The life cycle assessment method was adapted using certain assumptions to account for circular design approaches.

End-of-life scenarios for all the materials were formed and compared using the assessment method. The analysis of materials in different building applications presented a significant difference between bio-based materials and other conventional materials such as steel, aluminium, and concrete.

A reduction of almost 120% in the total carbon emissions of the studied building was estimated when biobased materials were used over the existing materials. The proposed materials, along with energy recovery potential at their end-of-life, even showed the potential to achieve a carbon negative structural system. The proposed scenario of using bio-based material solutions in a building with a longer life span displayed better potential than a circular building construction. The role of biomass in mitigating climate change was thus highlighted.

Comparison of embodied carbon emissions in existing and proposed building case

Name Graduation year Tutors 14

Rahul Grover 2020 Andy van den Dobbelsteen & Thaleia Konstantino

The Sound Bending Project Sound with a power so immense, holds the potential to provide an immersive experience for the user in many different forms, such as noise, melodies, voices or even a song. Although, it is a tricky genre unlike light and temperature, and is highly complex to predict and control the user behavior in terms of sound. The acoustical systems are usually designed to tackle certain parameters that affect the acoustics of a space in a limited manner. These systems become obsolete if the functionality or usage of space changes. In stadiums, it is important to keep the sound pressure levels in check while at the same time maintaining a vibrant acoustical environment for enhanced user experience. This multi-dimensional approach creates a need for a smart responsive surface that provides a right blend of reflection and absorption of sound. Thus, there is a need for an adaptable acoustic ecosystem that can respond to the sonic environment and improve the acoustic performance in a space.

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to measure the acoustic behaviour of the changing geometry.

This gives a possibility to optimize the surface configurations to attain the desired acoustic preferences in a space. A simple compuatational tool for swift calculations of the basic acoustic properties is developed with the intention of integrating acoustic parameters as a part of initial design stage. A dynamic surface with custom designed blocks (ACUTE blocks) has the possibility to impact certain acoustic properties with manual control.

Future | The concept can be applied in any kind of space with minimum design tweaking. A sound monitoring device can be put in place to hover over manual and automated control to enhance the acoustic character of a space. The compuatational tool will help in anticipating acoustic behaviour in early design stages and thus guide the design development.

Research Question | What is the design and operational feasibility of sound responsive surfaces? Can they have a noticeable impact on the acoustic performance in a space?

Outcome | The objective is to enhance the user experience by developing a sound responsive skin triggered with real time sound and study its impact on the acoustic performance in an open space. A physical working prototype is realised that is physically tested for proof of concept and responsive alertness to real time sound data. A psuedo-code is scripted

Motorized & controlled movement of ACUTE block

ACUTE blocks concept visualization (lecture hall)

Name Graduation year Tutors

Tarang Gupta 2020 Serdar Asut & Christien Janssen 15

Manufacturing for customization

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System for FDM mass customisation based on mono-material, transformable interior components using recycled PET A System for FDM mass customization based on monomaterial, transformable interior components using recycled PET is based on three main ideas; • To give added value to Recycled PET through design.

When used as a mono material; it’s possibility to recycle PET without down-cycling its material properties using chemical recycling.

• Using 3D printing as technique to use recycled PET as a manufacturing material. The only variants for 3D printing being time and material, COP for any item, customized or not remains the same no matter what the quantity is.

• An exemplary design (conceptually driven as ‘living in plastic’ to represent the extent of plastic being consumed) of modular, customizable furniture components of a ‘Tiny house’ The above project is driven by 3D printing of recycled PET of a tiny house.

Interior components have been extensively looked into as a way of promoting mass customization. The strongest asset

Summary for entire design process/methodology

of this thesis is a system of mass customizing furniture, made available to anyone in the ‘maker-movement’ with access to a computer and a 3D printer to be able to design and print their own tiny house components. The methodology suggested by this thesis also promotes the designer to become his own manufacturer, reducing the amount of middle men and waste of resources and energy incurred through traditional manufacturing methods. This system hopes to bring together larger communities from around the world to explore their own design process guided by an adaptable methodology, to design more consciously in terms of manufacturing and material selection.

Further reserach possibilities: • Structural testing/optimisation of 3D printed components • Designing of the external shell/ connecitons within modules • Material property testing • Further design testing and validating transformable connections

Exemplary design

Summary of design methodology in practice

Name Graduation year Tutors 16

Nayanthara Herath 2020 Paul de Ruiter & Pieter Stoutesdijk

3DPrinting Earth - 3DPE

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Earthen additive manufacturing with customized nozzles to create a gradient material for on-demand performance.

The thesis’ approach was to reimagine a traditional and sustainable building material for multi-storey construction.

Driven by the construction sector’s demand for a circular, lowtech, and virtually carbon-free material, excavated earth is the perfect solution.

RQ: How can a gradient 3d printed clay wall be produced by customizing the nozzles within the limitations of the production process and the material?

By harnessing the capabilities of the fourth industrial revolution, clay could be printed into a Functionally Gradient Material (FGM). This otherwise complex printing process was simplified by customizing the nozzles rather than the toolpath.

The gradation of the density decrease can be designed according to specific parameters. Testing multiple custom nozzles revealed the potential to print on-demand crosssection patterns that would otherwise not be possible. The results of each customized nozzle showed proof of density decrease within the 3D-printed clay element. By exploring

earthen material mixtures, production techniques, and building components, a computational and informative workflow for both the nozzles and component were established. By linking the process through parametric design, the printed FGM could be modified according to customized performance profiles.

The unbaked clay mixture eliminates the carbon/energyintensive processing, but simultaneously limits the material’s structural capabilities, suggesting that the material should be used as a non-structural infill within a timber skeleton frame façade. Surrounding the clay component would be a smaller timber frame acting as elemental protection for the 3D printed earthen infill.

The relationship between the multi-storey light-weight timber skeleton and the heavy clay components is symbiotic; the heavy weight of the clay façade is used to pretension the floor slab while acting as a thermal mass.

Ultimately, the component’s aim was to harm neither the user nor the environment, being entirely cradle-to-cradle.

Overview of the Building Component

Gradient Material and Nozzles

Name Graduation year Tutors

1:1 Prototype, 400/500/600 mm

Maximilian Mandat 2020 Serdar Asut & Marcel Bilow 17

Redesign of a Facade System Based on an Environmental Impact Assessment Framework

material savings.The focus of this thesis is on the facade level, which belongs to the ‘‘skin’’ of the building according to Brand (1994). According to Brand’s model this layer has an average lifespan of 20 years, meaning that a different approach on the facade level is required in order to reduce the environmental impact during its technical life-span, which is the end goal of the thesis. In order to reach the aforementioned objective, this thesis explores the relevant literature around facades, materials and the environment. Additionally, the relationship between the environment and the built environment is explored, as well as the building industry in the Netherlands with the aim of identifying the most used facade systems. Further study is conveyed for the development of a comparison and selection tool to identify the potentials and weaknesses of the different systems in order to design an environmentally friendly facade.

DETAILS_PRINT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The building industry is responsible for 36% of global final energy use (Global Alliance for Building and Construction, 2018), 39% of CO2 Emissions (Global Alliance for Building and Construction, 2017) and 50% of global waste in just cities (Ellen Macarthur Foundation, 2017). This is mainly due to the linear economy model which is still the dominant model nowadays. This model has been proved to be unsustainable, and it has put an enormous stress in the environment. For this reason, different approaches need to be integrated into the building industry. Designing with the aid of an environmental impact assessment framework is one approach to consider the degradation to the environment, product of a building design.

By quantifying the amount of embodied energy and carbon footprint related to a desired acoustic and thermal insulation in a building, designers and engineers can take eco-informed decisions, which not only bring ecological benefits, but also

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Plaster Weather seal (exterior sealant and bac Concrete panel inner layer

5.0mm 130.0mm

415.0mm - 475.0mm

Steel shear connectors Insulation (EPS / XPS / PU / PIR / RES Concrete panel outer layer Steel helical wall tie Air cavity

80.0mm - 140.0mm 60.0mm 40.0mm

Clay bricks

100.0mm

Cement mortar

6.0mm

Gypsum board CLT panels 30.0mm (x4)

120.0mm

1b

Vapor retarder Steel helical wall tie

100.0mm 366.0mm

Insulation (XPS / Rock wool / Glass wool)

40.0mm

Air Cavity Clay bricks

Standard concrete prefab panel (sandwich)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

100.0mm

Detail of standard concrete prefab panel (sandwich)

Original prefab panel component

Design Option 1

Design Option 2

Design Option 3

Design option proposals for prefab panels

Facade systems assessment and redesign strategy

Name Graduation year Tutors 18

Final Assessment (based on Ashby’s selection method

Giancarlo Manzanares 2020 Arie Bergsma & Fred A. Veer

Cement mortar

Simulation of adaptive user behavior with respect to noise in offices According to the statistics website (statista.com), the number of co-working spaces globally has seen a tremendous rise, and this trend expects to follow, as shown in Figure. Coworking, relatively new term, is a kind of activity-based working. This trend suggests that users are now moving towards activity-based working (ABW) and adopting new ways of working (NWW). The development of digital and ICT technologies enables users to carry out work without any restriction of fixed workspace. Thus, it poses a challenge for architects, designers, and other stakeholders to create a holistic environment that can foster greater connection and efficiency.

The problem posed is the absence of the simulation method to evaluate or generate design proposals from the usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perspective concerning auditory disturbances. Thus, the research objective was to develop and test computational simulation workflow that can be used to simulate usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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movement in space with respect to acoustics, allowing evaluation and improvement of design proposals of office spaces at an early design stage.

The simulation workflow was proposed based on the results of literature results. A hybrid agent based model was proposed where discrete event method simulated planning level decision and discrete time method simulation movement patterns of the agents. The simulation workflow uses precomputed data to be used in the core simulation in SyDEVS framework.

The movement paths and sound pressure levels for different speech interactions are computed using Pachyderm and SpaceAnalysis package respectively. The simulation model was aimed to provide insights into the spatial planning of the office in the early design phase. The model was tested on a case study of open plan office. The results evaluted are as below.

Simulation Workflow

Evaluation diagrams

Name Graduation year Tutors

Divyae Mittal 2020 Michela Turrin & Martin J. Tenpierik 19

The Re-Seal Window

“A redesign of the edge seal of Insulated Glass Units to facilitate easy and fast re-manucturing.”

Windows are important elements in a building. They protect the interior from the exterior environment regarding weather conditions, noise, security and so on. While they also, in contrast to walls and floors, connect the two, creating links and providing rooms with daylight, fresh air and views in and out of the building.

III

A working scheme is showed below in figure 5.3.3.3 First you remove the glazing bead in order to reach the IGU.

The governing theto window is the As nowmost the suction lifter is clampedelement onto the IGU,of it is safe work on the edges of theinsulated IGU. The concept of thisAdded thesis is based on keeping the IGU on as its place while glazing unitproposal (IGU). elements such coatings, foils working on the edge of the IGU. This means that the IGU has to be lifted to eliminate for laminated glass and the sealant prohibit the IGU from shifting and rotation of the panel.

A device like a glass lift can helpas withthe this. Attention has to be glass given to the size. being recyclable, prevailing industry requires The requirements for this glass lift are based on the accessibility for the manufacturers high quality and clean ingredients only.

This makes the IGU a to the IGU and the dimensions to fit the glass lift inside any floor. finite, single life product resulting Based on Bouwbesluit online 2012 an elevator should bein at almost least 1.05 by125.000 1.35 m there-tonnes of for this sets the limit to the dimension of the glasslift to a length of 1.05m . post-consumer glass waste each year in the Netherlands. The To have a stable glass lifter with these dimension requirements it could be necessary IGU optimally element long as there to makeworks use of autopoles to clampas the an lift ininsulating place making use of the floors as and ceiling Thedry glasslifter be operational with just two men and manoeuvrable (tele- life span is gasshould inside the glazing panes.

However,bythe scopic) lifting arms to position the suction cups even on a distance of 2 m. of current IGUs is just around years and is dependent Furthermore, once the autopoles are installed, the 15-20 machine should be able to function in a radius 3-4 m around In this way poles1% don’tof have to be adjustedand for every on the ofbutyl seal it.which isthe just the costs 0.1% of the

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weight. During its life span the seal starts failing by allowing air pressure inside test water The molecules the cavity. The panel as a result starts Since it took almost two whole minutes before the manometer showed the ‘0’ (zero building up water vapor and theHowever, coating inside start over pressure) I was already quite satisfied. the second time,will the whole testto had athe totalglass differentshows outcome,fogging it had a stationary value thermal on the manometer as long as corrode, and the performance the pump was pumping. In short, due to the test, some holes have been created where drops the down outgassing of thecondition. panel. In the current leakagedue is as bigto as the air pumped in-stationary design of the IGU no refurbishment is possible, meaning In order to know where to seal to cover the holes, the pump was pumping while at the that the glass panes and the spacer will not be re-used, same time a thread was hold next to the model to find the vector of the air blowing out.

On the spots where leakage was found, awhile mouldable glue ‘Sugru’ was applied.exceed but instead end up as landfill these materials After this next test, still some air leakage was occuring and to dethe life span of the sealant by a large margin (Veer,2016). termine the exact spot, steam has been blown into the model with a steam device. It pointed out that the leakage occured at the hole inside the aluminium

Siliconetherefore glue was later on applied onto the hole aluminium plate to stop itof This plate. thesis focusses onin the the possibility from air leakage as the foil was apparently not covering enough. remanufacturing the IGU. The re-designed edge seal system tests have been conducted with every time the same for theMultiple IGU makes it easy to remanufacture theconclusion.

IGU onAlthough site. By the time that the overpressure existed inside the model had increased to three minjust changing the edge sealant every ten years, the life span utes after re-sealing the model,the manometer showed a high level of decreasing in the first half a minute and the last 0.05 in +- time 2.5 min.of The100 sameyears issue of the overpressure total panel could be extended to bar a life occurred each time, as new air gaps were created. which results in saving materials, embodied energy and money

single window. Additional to this, a cart has to be taken with the two men to carry the argon and materials with them. ‘ Folding out’ the glasslift should take around 15 min. .

IV 6.3 Implementation

n binnen glaslat

78|

According to the structural and thermal simulation an edge of 16 mm high fiber- Testing glass hollow section and a fiberglass spacer would be the outcome of this IGU pro- Figure 5.4.1.2 Testing the air permeability of the glued connection.(Authors image) posal. When this system is implemented in a standard frame it would not fit into it as shown on the previous page. The current IGU’s have an edge of less than 7 mm, while the new circulair edge system needs 39 mm. Schüco already has profiles where the new circulair IGU proposal fits into, but these are not used frequently yet (Figure 6.3.1).

A Redesign of the edge seal of Insulated glass units The new circulair IGU proposal therefore should ideally be implemented in newto facilitate easy and fast re-manucturing.

82| Chapter 5 | Preliminary design ly build facades. An intermediate solution of an existing facade frame with a standard Juliëtte Mohamed used schüco profile is also drawn in combination with a new higher glazing bead which offers an option for a facade that should be renovated. From the exterior of the building the butyl and the spacer bar are noticeable and therefore the architect should be the one to agree with this choice. research out that it inside is common to extrude all sort Figure 5.3.3.3:Working order The when literature remanufacturing the edgespoints of the window on the Concept of the re-seal approach Chapter 5 | Preliminary design of facade profiles for new or special projects as long as there is demand for it.

THE RE SEAL WINDOW

224 063

224 378

462 280

462660

365 970

284 012 Figure 6.3.1: Detail of how the proposed IGU fits in a

Detail of the IGU inside an existing frame (Schuco)frame 134|

Chapter 6 | Final design

Name Graduation year Tutors 20

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Principle of the re-seal window

Juliëtte Mohamed 2020 Fred A. Veer & Marcel Bilow

Facade reverse logistics

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If the Netherlands wants to achieve its goal of being completely circular by 2050 (Berkel, Delahaye, & Faasdreef, 2019), radical solutions must take place. Implementing a circular economy is a challenge, but it proves to be significant given the rate at which resources are being consumed.

MacArtur, 2017) is one of the pillars of circularity, which is what reverse logistics might address. The current research analyses the existing conditions, applied to a specific product, and then proposes a product and strategy redesign to facilitate a reverse logistics process.

Designing is one of the most important tasks to achieve the circular agenda. The design process has a significant weight in the repercussions a project might have in the environment.

Even though such design only refers to the architectonic or product design, the current research takes it a step further and also envisions strategic design. Reverse logistics is a vital component of the circular economy, as it would solve major loopholes and answer the questions that are currently being asked. Understanding the market and having a clearer picture of the behaviour of the materials is vital to assess the current situation and the solutions to be proposed. As mentioned by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, â&#x20AC;&#x153;thinking of systemsâ&#x20AC;? (Ellen

The general objective is: to develop a framework that is useful to analyse current construction practices and that also helps identifying possible solutions, both at product and system level, facilitating the implementation of reverse logistics in the façade industry. At the end, a framework that organizes RL is proposed as well as a theoretical basis for DfRL, Design for Reverse Logistics, considering the steps needed to facilitate RL. An application of both formats is performed in a specific case, the CITG building facade panel, and an eventual design exercise is made. Universal panel solutions are proposed, a configuration that will allow interchangeability between products.

TOP: Proposed graphical assessment

Name Graduation year Tutors

BOTTOM: Proposed product design, result of theoretical findings

Javier Jair Montemayor Leos 2020 Tillmann Klein, Bob Geldermans & Juan Azcarate 21

Cast Glass Restoration of Marble Monuments Historical monuments are one of the best-preserved memories of our past as human species. Despite this, the conservation of these monuments is slowly being put under pressure by rapid economic development and the desire to make as much profit as possible. This development has raised awareness through the world of conservation about the importance of preserving and conserving our heritage. It is, however, hard to obey all the stated values and guidelines with existing materials and techniques. Many guidelines contradict each other, resulting in fierce debates about how monuments can be restored in the best and most appropriate way or whether they should not be preserved at all. Introducing cast glass as a new material into the field of reconstruction and conservation could bring the extremes of this ongoing debate closer together.

By introducing a transparent material, in the form of cast glass, it becomes possible to safeguard the structural and mechanical stability of marble monuments and simultaneously allow for observing both its original and damaged state.

Moreover, with cast glass, it is possible to re-shape these missing elements of monumental structures very easily and its texture and transparency can be easily altered to give them either a fully transparent appearance or one that resembles of the original material.

Exploded view of a, with cast glass restored, marble column

Name Graduation year Tutors 22

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In this research. the possibilities of using cast glass in restoration projects have been explored by creating a design and production line starting at the analysis of the case study and ending when the final piece is assembled. Using key conservation values like preserving authenticity, minimising visual impact and allowing for reversibility has resulted in a cast glass reconstruction design which is according to the conservation guidelines and feasible with the existing production methods of cast glass.

The development of new techniques in 3D scanning and additive manufactured moulds allows this process to become more time and cost-effective than currently used conventional methods. By scanning damaged surfaces of the monument in combination with the use of 3D printed sand moulds, glass can be easily cast into complex shapes to fill up the missing parts of the monument. The key to designing these glass shapes lies in understanding and respecting the monumentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structural and mechanical behaviour. If these characteristics are translated into the connections, shape and composition of the reconstructed cast glass elements, transparent restoration could become a serious contender for conventional materials in the conservation of monuments.

Impression of cast glass restoration in the Parthenon with and without transparency.

Bart van Nimwegen 2020 Faidra Oikonomopoulou, Marcel Bilow & Lida Barou

David and the Vegetable Factory

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A Two-stage Optimization Model for Generating a Vegetable Factory’s Facility Layout Using the Gradient Descent Approach In this thesis a two-stage model is proposed, combining the idea of a two-stage model from the literature with a gradient descent approach, in order to solve the facility layout problem for problems consisting of 8 and 12 departments . The main research question of this thesis is: “How to computationally generate a layout of a vegetable processing factory given a program of requirements and flows between facilities as a matrix using a mathematical approach, minimizing the travel distance of goods needed for a product to be manufactured?”

This method was chosen after analyzing the criteria for a vegetable processing factory and combining this with a literature research to previous methods applied to solve these “facility layout problems”. The gradient descent approach uses the partial derivatives of a multi-variable objective, the flowcost, in order to get a vector which is the direction of greatest descent. Computing this vector for all departments and then

moving them creates an iterative improving loop. In addition to the gradient descent approach a swapping procedure and a shooting procedure is introduced in order to reduce the effect of random starting position. From the result of the first-stage model, relative location constraints are extracted to be used in the second-stage model, a linear constraint programming solver capable of running optimizations by google or-tools to greatly reduce the solution space. The proposed method was tested on two toy-problems from the literature and compared to results existing in literature. Additionally, the effect of including a first-stage model was tested as well. When looking directly at the results, the proposed method is consistent and shows good results. Especially the inclusion of the first-stage model helps finding better solutions. Compared to other results found in the literature, the method shows slightly less good results based purely on the objective value. However, the final layouts found in this thesis are more compact.

Left: The most optimal layout for the first-stage model for respectively the 8 and 12 department problem Right: The final layout from the second-stage model conceived by implementing the topology found in the first-stage model

Name Graduation year Tutors

David den Ouden 2020 Pirouz Nourian & Petra Heijnen (TBM) 23

Computational toolkit for early-stage cost assessment and optimisation of BIPV façades Half of the global population lives in urban areas and consume 75 per cent of the world’s resources, and these numbers are continually increasing. This necessitates the reduction of energy consumption and raising its generation. Urban environments face new challenges about the integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems onto the building envelope sustainably. Many buildings in the Netherlands are being refurbished, and their insulation properties are improved. A concept to employ building integrated photovoltaic panels (BIPV) is to replace the façade cladding with BIPV panels whenever possible.

An aspect to take into consideration when designing a costeffective BIPV system is the orientation and tilt of the panels as the energy yield would be maximum when the sun is directly perpendicular to them. The optimum orientation of the PV panel for the Netherlands is south with an angle of 37°, which maximises total electricity production. While the process is

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quite straightforward for new buildings and systems deployed in areas with no orientation restrictions or horizon obstructions, the scenario becomes more challenging in urban settlements.

As the buildings cannot be reoriented in an urban context, a solution may be tilting the cladding panels attached to the façade. However, this would increase the initial investment costs as more material and labour would be needed. So, employing this strategy in the right place with right angles would assist in reaching a cost-effective solution. The balance between energy yield and added production costs can be found by locating the right panel in the right place on a limited budget.

In this study, an early-stage computational design method to optimally allocate and reorient BIPV façade modules to reach a cost-effective and applicable solution is presented. The tool was tested in the AMC Amasterdam building.

Standard panel allocation

Computational design flowchart

Project vision

Name Graduation year Tutors 24

Tolga Özdemir 2020 Pirouz Nourian & Annebregje Snijders

Robotic Restoration

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Restoration of stucco ornaments by means of in-situ additive manufacturing The preservation and restoration of intricate stucco ornaments, which are part of our collect cultural Heritage, is under threat due to a diminishing number of skilled restoration plasterers.

The highly physically demanding- and labour intensive nature of this work makes it unsustainable for the human body and advocates for a more sustainable alternative restoration method for the future. Digital Fabrication has the potential to offer such an alternative method. While 3D scanning, digital repair and 3D printing are all proven technologies, stucco ornament restoration often requires an on site fabrication solution directly onto a ceiling or wall due to the brittle nature of prefab stucco elements. The research explores how an insitu 3D printing technique can be developed for the restoration of stucco ornaments by focussing on three main topics: 1) developing gypsum-based 3D printing materials, which are

compatible to gypsum ceilings and comply with criteria for extrusion based 3D printing; 2) Designing and prototyping 3D printing tools including an extruder and material delivery system; 3) Conceptualizing a Restoration Robot Platform with which the developed printing material can be used with the developed 3D printing tools, for on site stucco ornament restoration. The insights gained from the development of the printing material and printing process are integrated into digital fabrication software used in practise, through a proposed plug-in and workflow. The research question â&#x20AC;&#x153;To what extent can a Digital Fabrication methodology and 3D printable gypsum-based mixtures be developed for restoration of stucco ornaments by means of in-situ additive manufacturing?â&#x20AC;? is answered through a design by research methodology.

Extruder

3D printing material

Platform

Tool & material data

Robotic Restoration: Plug-in

R

Digital repair Point-cloud to mesh

Slice geometry

Generate toolpath

Software integration

Name Graduation year Tutors

Aditya Parulekar 2020 Paul de Ruiter & Barbara Lubelli 25

Office-user oriented façade design

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an interactive/adaptive design approach Users in traditional office buildings often experience discomfort with the indoor environment and have issues with how this is being regulated. Due to the fact that research has shown that users’ satisfaction in an office building, which consists of their comfort and health, reflects on their work productivity, the necessary measures need to be taken in order to be able to suffice the office users’ needs. Also, due to the fact that the building sector in Europe is responsible for an energy consumption of 40% of the final energy use and this leads to high carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, the European Commission has stipulated regulations, where it is stated that all new buildings have to be nearly zero-energy by the beginning of 2021. In addition, because the façade is one of the buildings’ components which has high impact on the indoor comfort and energy use of the building, taking the user’s comfort needs and designing this from the conceptual design phase, can help achieve user satisfaction and enhance work productivity, while also helping achieve nearly energy neutrality.

This research focused on what are the relevant factors of user satisfaction that could be implemented into façade design, while also investigating state of the art interactive/adaptive façade technologies (passive and active) and energy efficient façade

design methods, in order to provide design solutions which optimally satisfies office users’ needs of comfort, and therefore increases work productivity, and also supports nearly energy neutrality of office buildings. This led to the research question of, “How can an interactive/adaptive office building façade element be designed to optimally satisfy its users in order to increase work productivity and to support nearly energy neutrality of office buildings?”.

This research presents office façade designs for specific type of users, namely the Energy Efficient archetype, the Self-Adaptive environment archetype, and the Full-Control of their environment archetype. The evaluation of these design configurations show that it is almost impossible to have one interactive/adaptive façade design that complies with all of the user preferences of all types of users, because every type of user has different preferences and some might contradict each other. Nevertheless, this research concludes on design characteristics derived from the presented design configurations, which show how the most optimal officer-user oriented façade design should function, that can ensure user satisfaction for different types of users and can help its building become nearly energy neutral.

ARCHETYPES

Energy efficient

Self-adaptive

ACTUAL ENERGY

Full control

COMFORT NEEDS

Waster

More sensitive to comfort

Saver

Less sensitive to comfort

Energy and comfort needs per archetype

Generic facade design guideline of state of the art technologies linked to

(translated from Dr. M. Ortiz’s study)

Archetype’s preferences

Self-Adaptive archetype facade design example:

Demonstration of living glass system

Function of the Self-Adaptive archetype’s facade design

Name Graduation year Tutors 26

Optimal “all users” design guideline

Sasha V. Rodriguez Arambatzis 2020 Andy v.d. Dobbelsteen, Thaleia Konstantinou & Stefan v.d. Spek

Optimising the building management system in smart passive buildings The MOR prototype is a smart passive building with a central building management system to control and optimise the operation of the active and passive building systems and therefore reduce the energy consumption of the building and improve the users comfort conditions (MOR Team, 2019b).

During the competition, the systems in the prototype were set to function in the Hungarian climate (Warm-summer humid continental climate according to the Köppen climate classification) whereas the Netherlands has a temperate oceanic climate. Showing that the MOR prototype can function efficiently in both Hungarian and Dutch climates with only changing the settings of the building management system can prove that it will also be able to function efficiently when the local climate will change.

This research is aiming to extend the period in which the passive systems are used within the building management system in order to minimize the energy consumption while improving the comfort conditions. The following research questions will be used to find the important aspects to be considered: Which parameters have the biggest influence? What are the

comfort conditions that the building management system has to reach? How is the building management system currently programmed? Can simulations optimise these setpoints?

In order to optimise the setpoints a Grasshopper model is made with Ladybug, Honeybee and Ironbug plugins to use with the modeFRONTIER optimisation software. After comparing simulations made by this model to measurements inside the MOR prototype, it turns out that this model is not able to accurately simulate the different systems. Therefore the existing DesignBuilder model is used for optimisations with the built-in optimisation engine of DesignBuilder.

The optimisations show that for the MOR prototype, an energy consumption reduction of 11 % per year could be realised if the heating setpoint is raised from 20,5 °C to 20,8 °C and the mechanical ventilation rate is reduced from 1,3 ach to 1,0 ach.

An additional 2 % could be saved by not using active cooling.

Because natural ventilation in the model is only considered as a cooling strategy and not as an air quality control strategy the optimisations showed that no natural ventilation is necessary.

10422,69 kWh/a Discomfort (h)

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Total energy consumption (kWh/a)

Scatter diagram of total energy consumption and total hours of discomfort of all iterations

Indoor air temperature measurements compared to simulations

Cooling setpoint (°C)

DesignBuilder model

Name Graduation year Tutors

Heating setpoint (°C)

Natural ventilation setpoint (°C)

Natural ventilation max temp dif (°C)

Mechanical ventilation setpoint (°C)

Mechanical ventilation max temp dif (°C)

Mechanical ventilation rate (ach)

Discomfort (h)

Total energy consumption (kWh/a)

Parallel coordinates diagram of most optimal designs

Tessa Rouwenhorst 2020 Regina Bokel & Michela Turrin 27

PET GROWN

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A self-sustaining, mono-material and multi-functional green roof module The built environment is and will be the place in which most of the people live and its expansion is unavoidable due to urbanization. However, such a phenomenon will increase further the already high material consumption in the building industry, as well as the waste generation. A development that rises many concerns in modern society and, thus, various solutions are investigated.

The step-by-step design process began with the analysis of the target design into its constitutive geometries according to their formal characteristics and relative position. In general, five geometries were identified. Then, design variants for each geometry are developed, by using computational tools, and evaluated according to requirements related to functionality and 3d-printabiltiy. Then, the most suitable variants are selected and developed further to form the final product.

The final product is a green roof element that consisted of two natural elements, an 8 cm thick substrate layer, a vegetation layer suitable for this growing medium, and a 3d-printed rPET structure. The can be 3d-printed continuous by applying 8 different printing settings (PRS). Last but no least, the study highlights the influence of additive manufacturing in all its design steps, as well as, its advantages and limitations.

GM

VG

One of the suggested solutions is the “living in a bottle” project from Ir. P. de Ruiter. The aim of this project is the use of computational design and additive manufacturing to produce mono-material building structures out of one recyclable material. PET GROWN is part of the above-mentioned project and investigates whether a self-sustaining, mono-material and multi-functional green roof system, 3d-printed out of rPET, is possible. The selection of a green roof module as a case study, is based on the green roof feature to reduce heat flow and UV radiation reaching the structure, two parameters in which PET is sensitive. With regards to the module, the study focuses on the replacements of the multiple material layers in a green roof,

with one single material by using additive manufacturing.

PRS 8

Geometry E 60,0 mm

DF

Geometry D 6,6 mm

WR

PRS 6

Geometry C 25,4 mm

WP

PRS 7

Geometry B 2,4 mm

PRS 5 PRS 4

ST & TH

RB

PRS 3

PRS 2

Geometry Α > 40,0 mm

PRS 1

Geometry B 2,4 mm

Functional layers: ST: Structural

Visualization

Name Graduation year Tutors 28

GM: Growing medium TH: Thermal RB: RB: RootRoot barrier barrier DF: DrainingEP: & Filtering ST: Structural Erosion protection VG: Vegetation WP: Waterproofing WR: Water retention EP: Erosion protection TH: Thermal WR: Water retention GM: Growing medium WP: Waterproofing DF: Draining & Filtering VG: Vegetation

Section

Nikoleta Sidiropoulou 2020 Paul de Ruiter & Marc Ottele

Glass Giants

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Mass-optimized massive cast glass slab Glass is one of the favorite materials for an architect due to plenty advantages it displays, with transparency to be the most significant one. The aim of this thesis was to answer the challenge of using glass as a structural material of complex shapes and massive sizes in the building industry. To do so, we can use cast glass to increase the shape-size freedom. At the same time we need to control the annealing process of such huge components in order to create safe results in reasonable time and cost.

Therefore, during the thesis, a topology optimization of a massive cast glass slab was conducted aiming to an exclusively cast glass floor system on which everyone can enjoy the view underneath unhindered. The optimization was compliance based, attempting to remove the elements that present the least structural contribution in the componentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stiffness.

The optimization of the slab was conducted in Ansys, taking

Current distracted view

into account several constraints from mass to manufacturing limitations. After several attempts of gradually reducing the slab mass, the final result was obtained with a 55,2% less mass than the solid slab and a uniform distribution of the material.

The estimation of the 7*6.2 m slab production is only one week due to the optimization process!

For the production of the slab, a system of interlocking 3d printed sand moulds was used. An infill structure 0% was prefered in several intermediate solid parts with no substantial functionality. The final mould system was 46.8% lighter than the inital.

The new fully transparent floor system which is proposed, was studied extensively from the production till the detailing of each integration in the building. This thesis can lead the way for further fully transparent lightweight slabs or other structural elements of buildings, requiring shorter production of proper annealing, less material and costs.

Exclusively cast glass proposal Optimized slab

Aluminum covering for edgesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; protection with silicone layer

Safety glass panes 2x4mm

Existing steel beam 100x75mm

Already formed glass pieces

Existing concrete beam

Extra sand layer for mould fixing

3d printed sand mould pieces: 3rd

Spacer rubber block 5mm neoprene rubber sheet

3d printed sand mould pieces: 1st 3d printed sand mould pieces: 2nd

15 mm structural steel frame 20mm structural steel L-shaped bracket with triangular support

Glass wool blanket

Concrete container

Fabrication sequence

Name Graduation year Tutors

Building integration of the new slab system

Maria Iro Stefanaki 2020 Faidra Oikonomopoulou & Serdar Asut 29

Mycelium Acoustic Panel Mycelium composites are a novel material type. Mycelium is the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;rootâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;-network of a fungus and can be used to grow shapes on substrates of agricultural waste fibres. A few designs exist that use the material and information on material properties is limited. The goal of this graduation project was to find out how mycelium composites can be produced, designed with and perform in an acoustic building product.

A literature study on material properties shows acoustic absorption and thermal insulation are suitable functions for this material. Impedance tube tests were done on a large amount of samples of mycelium and existing acoustic building products, reverberation room tests were done on larger panels and microscopic images were taken of the surface and sections of a few samles.

The acoustic tests gave insight in how well the material performed and what are the most important factors that

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influence this performance. The impedance tube tests served a dual purpose, both exploring the different substrates and testing out different parameters. The reverberation chamber test was very laboursome compared to the impedance tube tests, but by using a diffuse sound field gave a more realistic result.

By growing the panels myself, a lot of hands on experience was gained, which was used to gather input for designing acoustic building products. Balancing acoustic absorption with mechanical properties and connecting the panels to the wall are important issues that have to be addressed, while there are opportunities in creating shapes and in sustainability.

The designed panel was compared with existing mycelium, other bio-based and more conventional products in terms of acoustics, safety, health, durability, sustainability and price.

Impedance tube tests

Microscopic imaging

Surface effects

Reverberation chamber

Acoustic panel designs

Name Graduation year Tutors 30

Jurjen Vos 2020 Regina Bokel & Marcel Bilow

Robustness of Building Envelope

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Investigating Robust Design Solutions for Energy Efficient Educational Buildings in Future Climate Scenario.

Climate change has a progressive nature; thus, our buildings must be designed to be adaptive and resilient towards changing climate conditions. Passive design strategies applied to the building envelope are crucial in reducing the energy demand and provide thermal comfort. However, it is essential to understand their performance in the presence of climate uncertainties. Therefore, the study investigated different passive strategies that could enhance the robustness of a building envelope to adapt and provide a comfortable indoor environment with the advent of changing climate in the future.

The study focused on the educational buildings as the thermal discomfort due to overheating will certainly affect the productivity of the students. The study employed literature studies, analytical and dynamic simulations methods to develop workflows to indicate the extent of overheating risk in 2050 and 2085 climate scenario for both mechanically and naturally ventilated case studies. The workflows were also used for determining numerous passive design solution

packages. The study used the statistical method of “best-case and worst-case scenario” to analyse the robustness of these solution packages. The study concluded that reducing window to wall ratios, fixed or dynamic shading, increasing albedo effect of the building envelope and mixed-mode ventilation strategy with PCM panels are the most robust passive design solutions. However, the study also found that ventilative cooling would have limited potential in reducing overheating and providing comfort in the latter part of the century.

For a robust design, it is essential to include the uncertainties of future climate change into the early design stage. Therefore, as a part of the research, an analytical tool was developed, keeping the architects and designers in mind. The “designoriented transformative tool” aka D.O.T.T. was designed to incorporate robustness evaluation into the design process.

The tool aims at facilitating architects and designers to make informed decisions based on the impact of their design on indoor comfort in future by incorporating robustness at the early stages of design.

Reducing Window -Wall Ratio

Fixed and Dynamic Shading Devices

Light surface paints at building envelope to increase the albedo effect

Mixed Mode Ventilation with PCM panels

54% reduction in discomfort hours in

2050

43% reduction in discomfort hours in

2085

Adaptive strategies in a temperate climate, applicable to building envelope facilitating robustness of energy efficient educational buildings by reducing the risk of overheating in future climate change scenario.

Name Graduation year Tutors

Prateek Wahi 2020 Eric van den Ham & Marcel Bilow 31

Building Envelope in the airport regions Airports and aviation activities, after it first appearance in 1900s, have elevated the transportation industry to a new height. They are both the country biggest economic engine and connection hotspot, as well as biggest source of environmental and social impact—including noise, CO2 emission, territorial disruption and depreciation of local property. Though, noise is by far the most problematic issues, due to its large area of impact that is closely relate to the health, the urban development and the economics of the surrounding neighborhoods. During the past decades, many researches were conducted on the influence of building on the propagation of various noise sources; however, very few are related to annoyance cause by aircraft.

Hence, this research aims to explore the extent of influence of building envelope on the propagation of aircraft noise toward both outdoor and indoor area of the residential building. Prior to the main research, the brief literature on the properties of sound, the characteristic of the aircraft noise in comparison to other noise sources, the current aircraft noise abatement

General simulation set-up with Catt-Acoustic

The transfromation of Schiphol airports noise scape

Name Graduation year Tutors 32

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policies, and finally, the influence of buildings and urban planning on the propagation of aircraft noise were conducted and briefly explained.

The core experiment of this research focused on the influence of different variations of building envelopes—these include the roof geometry, façade geometry, construction systems, and materiality—on the propagation of aircraft noise. Several design variations were proposed and simulated for their effectiveness and ineffectiveness to attenuate aircraft noise in an urban area. Two case studies, in Rijsenhout and in Bangkok, were used as a base case scenario for simulated the effectiveness each variation. Finally, a set of general urban guideline for urban planning will be proposed, as well as a strategy for design a healthier urban environment in the airport regions. Additionally, several sketch designs will be proposed for the two case studies.

Different variations tested and influence on noise propagations

Design guideline and steps of design in airport regions

Patrattakorn (Thai) Wannasawang 2020 Martin Tenpierik & Arie Bergsma

TEM heat dissipation system

BT-Bundle |2020

Increasing performance of a thermoelectrical integrated facade through the heat dissipation system Recent studies show an increase in energy use on buildings due to higher cooling demands, showing an increase of 17% of the global energy consumption by 2050. This gives interest in reducing energy demands on buildings through both innovative passive and active design strategies that can convert these buildings into energy efficient buildings. As is the case of the thermoelectric technology, which is a promising cooling technology and it has a great potential for integration. Thus, this graduation project focuses on a performance-based design, where the heat dissipation system’s design and its integration with the TE is explored and investigated, what parameters affects its performance, and, subsequently, their effect on the façade and the architecture of the building within a hot-arid climate in Mexico.

For this, a combination of experiments and simulations were used to determine the effect certain design parameters have on the thermal performance of the heat dissipation system.

Parallel to this, a case study was selected, and simulations

performed to determine the ideal passive strategies for reduction cooling load in a hot-arid climate. A stepped methodology was used for the experiments and simulations for the heat dissipation system and a comparative evaluation on different passive design strategies for the office design was applied. A model for the heat dissipation of the thermoelectrical technology was developed, where a series of design strategies were possible to be tested. Analysing the results determined which parameters had a greater impact on the design.

General trends were identified on both evaluated levels and each show their potential. These were then translated into design guidelines for the heat dissipation system and office building design and then visualized as a final thermoelectrical facade design. The final COP of the cooling system based on the heat dissipation designed was 1.40. An evaluation on the designed TE façade was done, its limitations and potentials stated, as well as future possibilities that can be developed with this technology.

Internal Heat Sink, aluminium

Transition Block, copper TE module Transition Block, copper

 









Interior wall Internal Air Cavity Insulation



 



 

External Heat Sink, aluminium Cladding

The next step was to establish the layers the thermoelectrical system required to function, as per the guidelines found on the previous stages.

Figure 3. Final component configuration.

Qc 11.87 W Qh 19.17 W COPh 2.63 COPc 1.63

Qc 12.09 W Qh 19.39 W COPh 2.66 COPc 1.66

Qc 11.96 W Qh 19.26 W COPh 2.64 COPc 1.64

Qc 12.00 W Qh 19.30 W COPh 2.64 COPc 1.64



Qc 11.74 W Qh 19.04 W COPh 2.61 COPc 1.61

Figure 1. Infrared images in experiments and air flow simulations (example)

   

ZONE 1



F2 ZONE 2

F1

ZONE 4

 Fresh Air Intake



Air recirculation

ZONE 3

FS 3 FS 2

Air cooling Air Suppy

FS 2.1  FS1

1

{3D}

Figure 2. Façade module type assignment per floor plan

Name Graduation year Tutors

 

Figure 4. Facade development

Yarai Mariam Zenteno Montemayor 2020 Alejandro Prieto & Eric van den Ham 33

SLUD

60CM

S

The designed system represents a natural evaporation and condensation process in a closed environment. Evaporated water is pure, contains no hazardous particles and is suitable for direct consumption. The specific design of the solar-still is designed to maximally accelerate the evaporation process and make possible its effective collection.

The goal of this project is to improve the living conditions of rural African communities by showing them off-grid, self-suffcient, and what is most important affordable clean water system.

Widely known simple solar stills are typically designed as single units serving only individuals, moreover, its efficiency is usually low. Therefore, an improved solar still concept is adapted in this project, and its principles are used in the roof system to produce clean water for all basic living needs.

Rather than heating the whole basin of water, the prototype focuses solar energy only on the surface water. Input water is isolated from the amount of water meant to be evaporated by polystyrene block. TheBIOGAS blockDEMAND has black-dyed paper going through, which fiber-rich structure wicks input water upward to the top surface of the polystyrene block (capillary effect), where the wet paper is exposed to solar radiation. Since only the top layer of the input water is heated, the evaporation 1-2M3/FAMILY/DAY COOKING=10-20M3 process is faster and less energy is lost. This method can 3 MEALS/DAY FOR 50 PEOPLE purify 8L/m2 of water per day, which is up to 4 times faster than a typical simple-solar still.

WATER FLOW

WHO estimates that more than billion people around the world have limited or noPUMP access to clean drinking water and most of RAINpeople TANKcome from rural areas where the low population these density makes it difficult to build typical water networks.

SAND FILTER 200L/H UNICEF reports that only half of Mozambique’s population has access to drinking water.

GFRP

DIGESTER

GRAVITY

800L (50°C) FOR 50 PEOPLE

26-36M3 GRAVITY

PUMP

PLANT SIZE: - METHOD 1 (THEORETICAL 1:1) - 1000L CAN PRODUCE 1M3/DAY -------

- METHOD 2 (THEORETICAL MODELING - 33M3 TANK - DAYILY PRODUCTION R - 43M3 TANK - DAYILY PRODUCTION R - 56M3 TANK - DAYILY PRODUCTION R - AVERAGE FACTOR 1:3 (DAILY PROD

GREY TANK

PUMP

PHYSICS

HOT WATER=16M3

20m2 of the system can purify 160L of water, enough for all basic living needs of a typical African family

CLEAN TANK

WETLAND

16L/PERSON/DAY

GRAVITY

PUMP

HEATER - TAPS

PUMP

DIRT TANK

ROOF - STILL

GRAVITY

GRAVITY

|2020

- METHOD 3 (SCALING CASE STUDIES) - 11,8M3 – PRODUCE 4,8M3 OF BIOGA

ASSUMED PLANT SIZE =

WC

Module size (28m2) is equal to a typical single-family household in African rural areas

Architectural expression One module

SUN

MOLD

RAIN TANK

CLEAR

SAND FILTER

DIRT TANK

READY FOR CONSUMPTION

SOLAR-STILL

CLEAN TANK DIRT WATER MAIN INPUT PIPE DIRT WATER FLOW PIPE CLEAN WATER OUTPUT PIPE

GREY TANK

USER

DIRT WATER MAIN OUTPUT PIPE CLEAN WATER MAIN OUTPUT PIPE DIRT TANK

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND READY FOR OUTDOOR NEEDS

DIGESTER TANK

BIOGAS + FERTILIZER

WC

DIRT TANK SHOWERS, TAPS

Water flow in the system

MOLD'S ELEMENTS

CLEAN TANK

Testing, Central Europe June 2020 CLEAN TANK

Condesed water

1:1 Mock-up. Performance test

Name Graduation year Tutors 34

T LE

Water & Energy Hub

BT-Bundle SAND FILTER

IN

Redesign Disaster:

1:10 Physical Model

Filip Zielinski 2020 Marcel Bilow & Eric van den Ham

BouT Board 26