Preview: Germany's Architecture Industry by Scan Client Publishing

Discover Germany’s

ARCHITECTURE INDUSTRY – A publication from Scan Client Publishing

A L L Y O U N E E D T O K N O W A B O U T G E R M A N A R C H I T E C T U R E , S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y & M O R E

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

German architecture in numbers

The future of German architecture: An interview with Dr. Thomas Welter from the BDA

Top architecture in Germany

Women in architecture: An interview with BAK president Barbara Ettinger-Brinckmann

Focus on sustainability

Construction and design trends 2021

Five photography feeds to follow

Event calendar

Index / Contributors

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Hi, Germany has long been known as the land of poets and thinkers – but did you know that it could also well be called the land of architecture? With approximately 135,840 architects, landscape and interior architects and urban planners, an ever-growing amount of young people interested in studying the field at university level, as well as an annual construction sum of 240 billion euros it is fair to say that the industry is booming. To celebrate the sector’s diversity and showcase some of its best buildings, we have put together an editorial supplement filled with interesting features about the German architecture industry. Some examples: On page 6 we discuss the future of the sector with Dr. Thomas Welter, managing director of the Association of German Architects (BDA), while we explore the best architectural creations within Germany (page 10), focus on the important issue of sustainability on page 20 and speak to Barbara Ettinger-Brinckmann, architect and president of the Federal Chamber of German Architects (BAK), on page 16 to find out more about women in architecture. Let’s celebrate the industry’s past, present and future – thanks for reading.

Nane Steinhoff Author

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

GERMAN ARCHITECTURE IN NUMBERS 4

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Photo: © Pixabay

135,846 architects, interior and landscape architects and city planners

There are currently

38,395 architecture offices in Germany

Proportion of male architects and city planners:

Turnover of Germany’s architecture market (2020):

66,6%

12,4 billion euros

Annual construction sum of

240 billion euros

Number of students studying architecture in Germany:

38,338

State with the most architects and city planners:

Planning volume of

North Rhine-Westphalia

11 billion euros

SOURCE: Figures as of January 2020, bak.de & statista.de

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

THE FUTURE OF GERMAN ARCHITECTURE What happened to the architecture industry during the pandemic and what will the future hold in regard to sustainability? We spoke to Dr. Thomas Welter, the managing director of the Association of German Architects (BDA), to find out.

How has the pandemic influenced the work and creativity of German architects? Dr. T. Welter: The pandemic has obviously changed various things. Architectural offices had to implement digital processes even more consistently than before. On the one hand, it was seen as something positive, especially when trying to communicate with building owners or authorities. In regard to this factor, online meetings helped to reduce long journeys, while all parties were able to concentrate on getting quicker results. On the other hand, the exchange needed for the planning process, especially during the creative phases, has been more difficult. Architectural offices experimented a lot to

see how they can implement creative elements online, while trying to get everyone involved in a meaningful discourse. While international offices might have had a slight advantage over smaller, regional offices, architectural offices have fared and continue to fare quite well below the line because the creative part that needs face-to-face workshops, really is only a small part of an architect’s work. After all, producing a clear planning strategy which can also be done quite productively via digital communication channels amounts to 90 per cent of their workload.

Which chances do you see in the pandemic for the architecture industry?

Dr. T. Welter: I think the chance is that work processes were questioned and changed because they had to be. When more and more people get their vaccination and a certain herd immunity comes to exist, I’m sure people will head back to their offices to some degree but they will continue to offer more flexible working arrangements. This relates to the architectural offices themselves but we certainly also saw a modernisation of ways of working. The pandemic has forstered change processes in our cities – it pushed us further from retail towards online shopping, it had us questioning the need for large office spaces in city centres. Maybe we should organise our cities in a less mono-structural way to get more balance between retail, housing,

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Photo: © Till Budde

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

"Buildings and cities have to be designed differently" restaurants and culture. Having to leave our familiar paths and ways is certainly a chance for the industry.

Let’s talk about digitisation – how will the architecture industry have to adjust itself in the future? Dr. T. Welter: Digitisation in the architecture industry has already been around for a while but what is new is that the existing digital models become increasingly interconnected. And while this interconnectedness put most architectural offices under stress around 5, 6, 7 years ago, most now see the many advantages, including better office organisation through structured planning processes, the earlier detection of planning mistakes and so on. It’s an ongoing process, however, that will still take many years. Another aspect that should be mentioned here is that in the construction industry we have

always worked in a very labour-intensive way in Germany because we were easily able to obtain cheap labour. Now that the labour costs shift and extraEuropean labour will be harder to integrate, we notice that we will have to work with less labour on the building sites in the future. This increases the need for labour-saving technological advances such as the mechanisation, motorisation and robotisation of work processes on the construction sites.

How can architecture tackle climate change? To what extent does architecture in cities get influenced by climate change? Dr. T. Welter: There will be severe changes to the planning and building sector due to climate change. It won’t be about building houses like we have always done, put a photo-voltaic system on top and that is all you need

for an energy-optimised building. It simply doesn’t work that way. Buildings and cities have to be designed differently. Some architects think that houses need massive walls so that less technology is needed. Others say that buildings should be so well engineered that they become energy-plus buildings. And even others believe that materials should be changed – away from concrete and towards wood as an example. At the moment, the sector is experimenting a lot. It wants to increase the circularity, it wants to implement decarbonisation through eliminating the use of emission-intensive building materials. We also need to build buildings in a less specialised, more flexible way so that structures can be used for different functions and become more long-lasting. City planning is also a core aspect. Since cities become hotter through

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Photos: © Pixabay

climate change, we will need more greenery in the cities, we will need air lanes, we will need to look at how many dark, heat absorbing building facades should be allowed. Should we use lighter facades instead? I believe we will see a comeback of traditional building techniques that have been used by former cultures. Southern Europe has always used white buildings because they don’t get so hot and Tel Aviv was originally built in such a way that it would benefit from wind from the Mediterranean Sea. I think that will be a big focus – regional building methods that work with and not against existing climates, as well as avoiding structures with extremely high cooling or heating loads. Furthermore, business models will have to change. In an architectural sense, architects will increasingly move away from new builds towards working with existing structures. Building suppliers on the other hand will have

to develop different business models. An example is the Desso company that moved away from selling carpets towards leasing carpets instead to be

able to re-use the materials they initially put into the products. This will also severely change the architecture and building sectors.

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

The Gehry buildings in Düsseldorf. Photo: © Pixabay

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

TOP ARCHITECTURE IN GERMANY Long, diverse and rich are the terms that come to mind when thinking about the architecture of Germany. While every major European architectural style is represented within the country, modern buildings have come to be the main attractions in many cities. Let’s take a look at some of Germany’s most prominent buildings and the stories behind them.

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Left: The Gehry buildings in Düsseldorf. Above: The library in Stuttgart. Bottom right: The Semperoper in Dresden. Photos: © Pixabay

With over 600 millennia of human history, it seems evident that Germany doesn’t only have one type of architecture. Within the country borders, architectural trends ranging from the pre-medieval Carolingian to Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical and Neo-Renaissance eras can be found. Today, the country is home to some of the world’s most impressive contemporary building structures. Let’s take a look at eight of the must-visit architectural structures in Germany today.

different styles, the opera building in Dresden actually had to be rebuilt a couple of times – once after a fire in 1869 and another time after World War II. The building’s interior was designed by famous architects such as Johannes Schilling.

THE GEHRY BUILDINGS, DÜSSELDORF Probably the most photographed buildings in Düsseldorf, the twisted Gehry buildings in Düsseldorf harbour are a sight not to be missed. Adorning the banks of the Rhine river, the three beautiful buildings by famous

THE SEMPEROPER, DRESDEN First built in 1841 by architect Gottfried Semper, the impressive opera house in Dresden comprises several building style influences such as from Early Renaissance and Baroque. Most often described as Eclecticism which describes architecture with many

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Above: The Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. Bottom: Hohenzollern Castle. Photos: © Pixabay

Canadian-American architect Frank O. Gehry have different external materials, yet look somewhat uniform. ELBPHILHARMONIE, HAMBURG A building that looks like art can be found in Germany’s second-largest city – Hamburg. Since it opened in 2017, the Elbphilharmonie has become the city’s landmark building but it has not always been perceived so positively. Designed by Herzog & de Meuron, the building’s building phase was coined by delays and going over budget (it was in fact 13 years late and 10 times over budget). After it opened its doors, however, the difficulties were soon forgotten. The beautiful opera house now impresses with its external appearance, its inner acoustics, a viewing platform with amazing views over Hamburg and much more.

STADTBIBLIOTHEK, STUTTGART The public library in Stuttgart might not look special from the outside, but within visitors can expect spacious, dazzling white halls on nine storeys. The architecture even is said to have a meditative effect and on the roof of

the building one can find a viewpoint that impresses with unparalleled views across Stuttgart. COLOGNE CATHEDRAL A beautiful example of Gothic architecture, the Cologne Cathedral has also been named an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 – and it quickly becomes clear why. Built in the 13th century, the cathedral’s tall twin towers stand 515 feet (157 metres) tall which makes it northern Europe’s largest Gothic church. UMSCHREIBUNG, MUNICH Not a building per se, the gorgeous ‘Umschreibung’ is more of an artful architectural structure. Found in Munich, the Umschreibung is a winding staircase sculpture designed and erected in 2004 by the Danish-Icelandic artist

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Olafur Eliasson. The sculpture is 30 feet (9 metres) tall, is made of steel and is a real treat for photographers and tourists alike. HOHENZOLLERN CASTLE Many international visitors connect Germany with beautiful castles and this proves to be true when you think of Neuschwanstein Castle or its less known cousin, the Hohenzollern Castle. Built on Mount Hohenzollern, 855 metres above sea level, it is certainly one of Germany’s most beautiful. Once the ancestral seat of the Hohenzollern, the castle has a vivid history. Today, it offers amazing views across the surrounding landscape. REICHSTAG, BERLIN Of course, the Reichstag, the home of the German parliament (Bundestag) in Berlin needs to be listed here too. Originally built in a Neo-Renaissance

style in 1894, the building was later damaged by fire and the war so that it had to be renovated numerous times.

In 1999, it got its probably most famous addition – the glass dome designed by Norman Foster.

Above: Cologne Cathedral. Bottom: Reichstag, Berlin. Photos: © Pixabay

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Photo: © Till Budde

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

WOMEN IN ARCHITECTURE “We need the holistic female view” We spoke to German architect and president of the Federal Chamber of German Architects (Bundesarchitektenkammer, BAK) Barbara Ettinger-Brinckmann to discuss the past, present and future of women in an industry that is still somewhat dominated by men.

First of all, why did you decide to become an architect? What fascinated you most about the profession?

ple's basic needs – for housing, home, security and create places for social interaction.

B. E.-B.: When I was 16, I studied in the USA and lived with friends of my parents. The husband was the architect of the house in which I was allowed to live, and it completely inspired me. That was my key experience – the elegance of how the building blended into the landscape and respected the tall trees, the fascinating floor plan that ingeniously combined the private and the open. Until then, I had wandered back and forth with my career aspirations but after that, I had a fixed goal. Fortunately, I lived up to the cliché at the time: the subjects I was best at were indeed art and maths. I have never regretted this career choice. After all, is there actually a more fascinating and varied job that is important and valuable at the same time if it is carried out responsibly? We meet peo-

What’s the beauty of architecture for you? What are you trying to achieve with your work? B. E.-B.: Architecture is a unique dis-cipline. We are building for a specific benefit, at a specific time – for people. We combine technical and creative aspects with poetic and artistic dimensions of space. Architecture has an extensive impact on our social life – it begins with the city with its houses, streets, squares and parks and accompanies us into the most private corners. I couldn't imagine a better job. It is a wonderful feeling to be able to design and build spaces that are used, appropriated and valued by people. Carefully planned and sustainably built buildings in lively quarters with attractive open spaces are

of elementary importance for an open and self-determined society. Almost all current and future challenges – climate and resource protection, careful and socially responsible handling of land, demographic change and migration, digitisation, mobility transition – are directly relevant to our professional activities. The quality of our built environment must be the model for all construction professionals. Because architecture is never just private, it is always also public.

When you started to work in the industry, did you have any problems to assert yourself because you are a woman? I finished my studies in the mid-1970s and then gained experience in various areas – first in science, at the university, later in various offices as an employee and in administration. This gave me a very comprehensive insight

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

into the many facets that the job offers. In 1980, after six years of gathering experience, I finally decided to be self-employed, initially as a partner with appropriate support in an existing office, later in a new configuration, but also in partnership – with a male colleague. Our focus included urban planning, building construction (from residential construction to hospitals) and, as a speciality, the management of architectural competitions. The competitions, including my own participation in them, are particularly close to my heart, as they are the best tool that we, the entire profession, give building owners to find the best solution for an urban or structural task. Today I can look back on 40 years of independence and see the office in good hands with our successors. But you are asking about the problems: It is true that, from my point of view, I had to do more, especially with clients, especially at a young age, in order to convince. It was especially difficult when my daughter was born and I had to reconcile my desire to give myself completely to this little being while wanting to maintain the continuity of my professional activity. The fact that we as women are assertive is also shown by the fact that more and more women have managed to get in-

volved in voluntary work and we have been able to win the trust of everyone, including that of our male colleagues. I myself have been president of the Federal Chamber of Architects since 2013.

How did the perception of women in architecture change over the years? Is the architectural profession still deemed to be a primarily maledominated field even though more women now study architecture in Germany than men? When I started studying, only 10 per cent of my colleagues were female. And today? More than half of all students in the fields of architecture, interior design, landscape architecture and urban planning are female. A promising start to an equal professional life? If you look into practice, the architectural world did not really change. Only a good third of the more than 135,000 colleagues registered in the Chamber of Architects are women. And the number of women in managerial positions or even the ownership of architectural offices is vanishingly small. According to the membership statistics of the Federal Chamber of Architects, women are only represented as owners by 1 per cent in offices with 10 or more employees.

“Women are increasingly demanding their fair share of the labour market” 18

Equality is an issue that affects society as a whole and can only succeed if politics and business understand equality as an opportunity for more social justice, more prosperity and more development. Women are increasingly demanding their fair share of the labour market. In addition, there is a growing willingness in companies to promote women more naturally and support them in their careers. Equal opportunity has long been an economic factor for modern societies. The growing number of female architects will change architecture and urban planning. I am excited to see the industry change more and more.

What do women bring to architecture that men maybe can’t? Carefully planned and sustainably built buildings in lively quarters with attractive open spaces are of elementary importance for an open and selfdetermined society. We certainly need the holistic female view on our built environment and the contribution of women architects.

What would you recommend young women trying to become architects today? My recommendation is: be confident, authentic and persevere, while cultivating your own inspiring and diverse networks. Digitisation, climate protection and demographic changes bring further challenges into our everyday professional life, and it takes courage to invite everyone to help shape it and the courage to get involved. But it opens up opportunities that we can use together.

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Photo: © Till Budde

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

FOCUS ON SUSTAINABILITY Climate change affects all aspects of life and individuals and industries alike need to change their ways to provide a more sustainable world for future generations. But how does climate change transform architecture in our cities and how can the building industry help tackle the climate emergency?

Photos: © Pixabay

While more and more people move to cities, summers become hotter and drier all over the world. The climate emergency is evident, and most industries need to rethink and change their ways to become more sustainable. The architecture and building sector has often been called one of the most unsustainable industries, mainly due to the fact that they are known to produce even more CO2 emissions than global

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Photos: © Pixabay

air traffic. Udo Sonnenberg, manager of the DAI, a union for German architecture and engineering associations, explains: “Construction activities substantially influence the climate. Let’s take a look at resources, for example. No other industry needs as many natural resources as the building sector. The existing building stock is also responsible for around 40 per cent of the primary energy consumption. However, there is a lot already been done to mitigate this.” URBAN JUNGLES One of the most striking examples that we already see in many city centres are green facades and the use of plants to embellish buildings and roof gardens. Not only does it look better, it also helps reduce air pollutants and

urban temperatures, it improves general well-being, the thermal benefits of structures, biodiversity as well as reduces noise. Another great factor to consider: it hides the more ugly aspects of city life.

ing materials. The planning and building process needs to become less energy-consuming and architectural offices all over the world are working towards this common goal.

ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDING

ARCHITECTURAL WORKING AS A WHOLE

Energy-efficiency is a core aspect in most walks of life but even more so in architecture. More and more architects are interested in finding out what energy needs to be put in creating a building, as well as the amount of energy it will later use. In the past 30 years, the focus was primarily on the building shell and its operating power, while a general shift in focus now goes towards including the energy that is actually needed to create the building, as well as the actual build-

Of course, working and planning processes of architectural firms will have to be rethought too. Udo Sonnenberg explains: ”BIM, in essence the entire digital planning before we reach the building pit, will take on greater significance. It will help avoid mistakes that would lead to time exposure, expenditure and the waste of building materials in the building phase. Two thirds of the expenditure will be spend on the theoretical part, while one third will go towards the actual building phase. Due

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

to the large amounts of material that get used in architecture, small measures can often be already effective.” NEW MATERIALS While buildings need to be designed in a different and new light, new materials are being tested out everywhere. Many architects believe in the power of wood as wood is a renewable building material that is preferable to concrete, brick, aluminium or steel when it comes to sustainability – despite deforestation aspects. An example of what wood is capable of is the wooden high-rise building HoHo in Vienna by the architectural firm Rüdiger Lainer and Partner. With 24 floors, it is currently the world's tallest wooden skyscraper.

firm built three different research houses (one out of concrete, one out of timber and one out of brick) in Bad Aibling to find out what material is best to save energy and produce the least CO2 during the building phase, as well as when occupants actually

live in the building. As the buildings are now occupied, continuous measurements over the next few years will come up with interesting data that will help answer some of the most pressing architectural questions of our time. Stay tuned!

Another prominent example is the work currently done by Florian Nagler Architekten – the architectural firm is trying a somewhat different approach to fight the waste of ressources. The

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN TRENDS 2021 Architecture is an ever-evolving art form. Trends change, functions switch and materials vary. Even though the pace at which trends change in the architecture industry tends to be slightly slower than in other fields, there are some core trends for 2021 to watch out for. 24

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

Photos: © Pixabay Above: Brick Vault House / Space Popular. Photo: © Mariela Apollonio Bottom right: Monumen(t)huis Office Renovation / Declerck-Daels Architecten. Photo: © Tim Van de Velde

1. EXPOSED STEEL STRUCTURES One recurring trend throughout the past few years is certainly the one of exposed steel structures. While steel is mostly used in a hidden form, more and more architects work with exposed steel for some attractive, modern buildings with a ‘wow’ factor. 2. EXTENSIONS Extend your home instead of buying a new one. While it makes sense from an environmental viewpoint, it also can look absolutely incredible – especially when modern materials and colour schemes meet a more traditional building shell.

3. GLASS BLOCKS When you think about glass blocks, the 70s probably spring to mind. Excessively used in that time, the design element has actually enjoyed a recent revival as an eye-catching architectural element.

5. MONOCHROMATIC COLOURS Monochromatic colour schemes are the lastest interior trends and are derived from a single base hue. They then are extended by adding different tints, tones and shades of the same hue.

4. PLANT FACADES An innovative and gorgeous way to make cities greener are plant or green facades which describe walls that get completely or partially covered with greenery. These facades are increas-ingly used in urban environments all over the world to foster economic, environmental, aesthetic and physiological benefits.

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

FIVE PHOTOGRAPHY FEEDS TO FOLLOW Love architecture? Then we have found five must-follow Instagram accounts for you that will provide your feed with beautiful architectural photography that has an eye for light, shapes, colours and perspectives. Get # inspired!

1. WOMEN ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGS (@women_arch_photographers) For a mix of stylish, contemporary photographs with an eye for light and colour compositions, follow this Instagram account that introduces female architecture photographers from all over the world. 2. ZOOEY BRAUN (@zooey.braun) As a professional photographer, Braunschweig-born Zooey Braun knows what a beautiful image has to entail. The architectural photographer’s work has won many prestigious awards and his Instagram account shows how beautiful modern architectural structures can really be.

for her beautiful images of empty interiors. Focusing on cultural and institutional spaces such as libraries and opera houses, her approach to architecture photography is a special one. 5. SEBASTIAN WEISS (@le_blanc) If you like the idea of close up, abstract style architecture photography, German photographer Sebastian Weiss has the feed for you. Expect sharp lines, fluid forms and exceptionally artful photos.

3. MATTHIAS HAKER (@matthias_haker) This Berlin-based photographer combines his love for art and architecture in his creations. He loves to showcase the relationship between colour and space of abandoned buildings and encroaching nature. 4. CANDIDA HÖFER (@candidahoefer_official) One of the most famous German photographers, Candida Höfer is known

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

EVENT CALENDAR Germany hosts a wide array of trade fairs and annual events surrounding the architecture, design and building industries. Here is an overview of the most important events in the country to make sure you don‘t miss out on anything.

ARCHITECT@WORK Throughout Germany & in autumn and winter Where architects meet innovation – if you’re only attending one trade fair this year, make it this one. The event will cover areas like insulation, roof construction and much more. In 2021, it stops in Düsseldorf (27-28 October), Hamburg (17-18 November) and Stuttgart (1-2 December) and in the fall of 2022 it will be held in Munich, Wiesbaden and Berlin. www.architectatwork.de

BAU MUNICH

January, Munich A trade fair for architecture and building materials, the BAU which usually lasts for six days has established itself as one of the big exhibitions in Germany. It presents a number of international exhibitors, materials and systems to the industry. www.bau-muenchen.com

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

IMM COLOGNE January, Cologne The imm cologne brings together the international interiors industry. Visitors can expect breathtaking displays, innovative and beautiful products and a platform that is perfect to establish and expand international business relationships. www.imm-cologne.com

HAUS CONSTRUCT I O N FA I R Early spring, Dresden Known as Germany’s largest regional construction fair, the HAUS attracts around 550 exhibitors to present the latest home-building products in construction, restoration and energy-efficiency on over 25,000 square metres. www.baumesse-haus.de

WOHNEN BAUEN AMBIENTE February, Würzburg The Wohnen Bauen Ambiente trade fair is all about the topics of lifestyle, housing and construction. Find out about the latest developments, trends, services and products from a wide range of exhibitors. www.bubmann-messen.com

NEW HOUSING July, Karlsruhe For a somewhat different approach to architecture and design, visit the NEW HOUSING festival. The Tiny House Festival is Germany’s first festival surrounding this new, exciting building form – perfect for interested parties, architects and design enthusiasts alike. www.new-housing.de

B L I C K FA N G Autumn, Stuttgart This international trade fair was made for the architecture and designing industry. Think furniture and interior as well as jewellery designers and much more. www.blickfang.com HAUS construction fair. Photo: © creatyp / Hendrik Meyer

Germany’s Top Architecture Firms 2021

Discover Germany's Architecture Industry

INDEX BAK BDA BIM City planning Climate Change Cologne Cathedral DAI Digitisation Elbphilharmonie Energy-efficiency Events Exhibition Figures Florian Nagler Architekten Gehry buildings Hohenzollern Castle HoHo Vienna Instagram Library Stuttgart Photography Reichstag Research houses Semperoper Statistics Students Sustainability Trade fairs Trends Umschreibung Munich

17 6 22 8 8, 20 14 22 8, 17 14 22 28, 30 28, 30 5 23 13 15 23 27 14 27 15 23 13 5 5 6, 20 28, 30 24 14

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CONTRIBUTORS DISCOVER GERMANY’S ARCHITECTURE INDUSTRY – A Scan Client Publishing publication Published by Scan Client Publishing Directors Thomas Winther & Mads E. Petersen Author Nane Steinhoff Executive Editor Nane Steinhoff Copy-editor Nane Steinhoff Designer Mercedes Moulia Cover Photo © Pixabay Photography Mediaserver Hamburg Messe Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Tourismus GmbH Pixabay Scan Client Publishing 3rd floor, News Building 3 London Bridge Street London SE1 9SG, United Kingdom www.scanclientpublishing.com

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