a
jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a
KfL
a1
Nk-18-2009 Genocide
vd; Njrk;
,d;W grpahy; nkype;J gz;igj; njhiyj;J Rje;jpuk; ,oe;jNjrk; vd; Njrk; fatu;fshy; mJNt vdJ jha;kb fhaq;fs; kPJ typfs; Njhz;b mJNt vdJ FUjpapd; Xl;lk; Ngr;Rf;fis ePl;Lk; cs;sf; FKwy;! jiytu;fspd; frg;G vz;zq;fSf;F mlf;FKiwf; nfjpuhf fpsu;e;j Njrk; ePwhfpf; FKWk; Njrk; mjpfhuj;jpd; rl;ilfis fpopj;jNjrk; mfpy cyifAk; Ml;ba Njrk; vd;Nwh kyUk; vd;w ,isatupd; New;W ciog;Gf;fha; Vq;Fk; Njrk;
g.ghu;jP
vy;iyfs; rikj;J nkhop>gz;ghL>fyhrhunkd Rje;jpukha; tho;e;j Njrk;
mJ vd;Njrk; mJ jkpoPo Njrk;
I eh rl;l tpjp 2 ,d;gb . xU ,dj;ij gFjpahfNth my;yJ KOikahfNth> kdpj ,dk; rhu;e;j> ,d xJf;fy;> rka Ntw;Wik my;yJ Njrpa ,d Ntw;Wik Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;> cly; uPjpahfNth> kduPjpahfNth njhy;iy nfhLg;gJ> mopf;f epidg;gJ my;yJ mopg;gJ> ,dNtWghl;ilf; fhuzq;fhl;b Foe;ijg; gpwg;ig jLg;gJ> Foe;ijfis ,lk; ngaur; nra;tJ> NtW vt;tifapyhapDk; ,dNtWghL fhl;LtJ Nghd;wit ru;tNjr jilr;rl;lj;jpd;gbf;Fw;wr; nrayhFk;. ,dg;gLnfhiy (Genocide) vd;w thu;j;ijia Kjd; Kjypy; uNgy; Nyk;fpd; 1944y; ntspte;j "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe" vd;w Gj;jfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. tpf;fpg;gPbahtpy; ,Ue;J jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a2
td;dpg;ngU epyg;gug;gpy; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;glhj njhy;ypay; ikaq;fs; gFjp-4 jpahfhuh[h jpghfud;. Clftpayhsu;. fhzKbAk;. mj;Jld; Guhjd nrq;fy;ypyhd rpijtile;j fpzW xd;iwAk; fhz KbfpwJ. ,e;j fl;bl mopghLfSf;Fs; fple;j Nfhtpypy; cs;s mk;kd; rpiyia vLj;J te;J Nfhapy; F Q; R f; F sk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s mk;kd; Nfhtpypy; itj;J tzq; F fpd; w hu; f s; . ,e;j ,lKk; ,d; D k; K Oikahf
7) ehfjhop;:aho; fz;btPjpapy; Gspaq;Fsj;jpw;Fk;> fdfuhad; Fsj;jpw;Fkpilapy; Nkw;Fg; Gwkhf %d;wiu iky; J}uj;jpy; GJ}u; ehfjk;gpuhd; Nfhapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. Nfhapypd; njd; Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; Rkhu; ,uz;L iky; J}uj;jpy; ehfjhop vd;DkplkpUf;fpwJ.,t;tplj;jpw;F GJ}u; FbapUg;gpypUe;J njw;Fj; jpirahf ghyNkhl;il nry;Yk; tz;bw;ghij njd;Nkw;fhf tise;J nry;fpwJ. ,g;ghijapD}Nl ,uz;L iky;;fSf;F mg;ghy; tPjpapDila tyJ Gwk; fhl;bDs; xUiky; Rw;Wtl;lj;Js; xU njhy;ypaw; jsj;jpidf; fhzyhk;. ,t;tplk; jhd; ehfjhop vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mq;Nf xU ePNuup cs;sJ. mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fspy; Guhjd efuj;jpw;Fupa gz;ghl;lk;rq;fs; gy njd;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F xU NfhapYk;> mjd; maw;Gwj;jpy; fl;llr; rpijTfSk; cs;sd. ,g;gFjpapy; goikia czu;j;Jk; gidkuq;fs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd vr;rq;fis fhzKbfpwJ. kw;Wk; kpf Kjpu;r;rpAila rpy G+tukuq;fis mq;F
KfL
Ma;T nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,e;j ,lj;jpw;F 1980 fspy; aho; gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapdu; nrd;W ghu;itapl;l Kad;wjhf Nfs;tpAw;wpUf;fpNwd;. vdpDk; ,t;tplk; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; vJTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,t;tplj;jpd; ngau; ehfjhop vd Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpypUe;J ,t;tplj;jpd; njhd;ik ehfehL> ehfu;fs;;> ehftk;rj;Jld; njhlu;G gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,jw;F mUfhikapNyNa tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ik kpf;f GJ}u; ehfjk;gpuhd; MyaKk; cs;sJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,g;gFjpapd; Ma;Tfs; epr;rakhf ngUq;fw;fhy ehfupf fhyk; tiu ePz;L nry;yf; $bajw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fNs mjpfKs;sd. ,g;gpuNjrk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLkhdhy; mq;F ngwg;gLfpd;w njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs; kpfj;Jy;ypakhd nra;jpfisAk;> fhyf; fzpg;Gf;fisAk; tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikiaAk; td;dpf; Fbaiktpd; tfpghj;jpuj;jpidAk; ntspf;nfhzu KbAk;.. mj;NjhL ,f; FbapUg;ghdJ ghypahw;wq;fiug;
a3
gLf;ifapNyNamike;jpUf;fpwJ.
8) fy;ypUg;G :td;dpapd; Guhjd fhyj;Jf; fz;zfp mk;kd; Nfhapy; khj;jpuNk Xu; mlu;e;j fhl;Lg;gFjpapy; ghypahw;Wf;F mz;ikapy; cs;sJ. ,t;tplj;jpw;F khq;Fsj;jpypUe;J %d;WKwpg;Gf;F nry;Yk; tPjpapy; ghypahw;iwf; flg;gjw;F Kd;du; ,lJgf;fkhfj; jpUk;Gk; kz;tPjp xd;W GJtpshq;Fsk; Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJ. ,t;tPjpapy; miu iky; J}uj;jpy; fz;zfp mk;kd; NfhapYk; mjw;F Neu; Kd;Gwj;Nj cilg;ngLj;j rpW FsKk;> Fsf;fl;bd; njd; me;jj;jpd; nrq;fgpyf; fw;ghiwf; Fd;Wj; njhFjp xd;Ws;sJ. mf; Fd;wpy; Fif mikg;G Kiwfs; Kd;G ,Ue;jjhfTk;> jw;NghJ mg;ghiwj; njhFjpapy; ngUk;gFjp cilj;njLf;fg;gl;L tPjp mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljdhy; Guhjd fw;Fif mikg;Gf;fis ,d;W mq;Nf fhzKbahJ. mj;NjhL mg;gFjpapypUe;j njhy;ypaw; jlaq;fs; Gijay; Njhz;Lk; Fk;gy;fspdhy; Njhz;b rpijj;jopf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk; ,g;ghiwf; Fd;wpd; Rw;Wg; Gwq;fspy; Mq;fhq;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;w rpjykile;j fl;ll ,bghLfs;> nrq;fw;fs;> kl;ghz;lq;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhd njhy;nghUl;fshff; fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahFk;. ,g;gFjpia tpupthd Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj njhy;nghUl;fis kPl;fKbAk;. kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w 28tJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; Jl;lifKD ];J]gq;fisf; fl;Ltjw;fhd nghUl;fisg; ngWjy; vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy;“ngypthtpf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s FifapDs; Ntl;ilf;fhud; ,uj;jpdf;fw;fisf; fz;lhd; vdTk;> mJ Jl;lifKDTf;Fj; njupag;gLj;jgl;L ,uj;jpdq;fs; ,q;fpUe;J Jl;l ifKDtpdhy; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;L mjidf; nfhz;L ];J}gq;fisf; fl;bdhd;” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,g; ngypthtp vdg;gLtJ ,d;iwa tTdpf;Fsk;. MfNt ,t; tTdpf;Fsj;jpd; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fspy; ,t;tplj;ijj; jtpu NtW ve;jnthU gFjpapYk; fw;ghiwj; njhF jpiaAk; fhzKbtjpy;iy. Kd;G ,t;tplj;jpy; Fiftbtg; ghiw ,Ue;jJ vd;gJTk; ,f;FifNa kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Fifahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. vd Cfpf;fyhk;. mj;NjhL ,t;tplj;jpy; Gijay; ,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLk; gy fu;zguk;giuf; fijfs; ,g;gpuNjrj;ij mz;ba gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fsplk; ,d;Wk; cyhTtJ> Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd Nehgy; gupR ngw;w gaq;futhjp! ,d;iwa ,];Nuy; xUfhyj;jpy; gpupl;ldpd; fhydpa Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;jJ. 22 July 1946> n[UrNyk; efupy; ,Ue;j fpq; Nltpl; N`hl;ly; Fz;L itj;Jj; jfu;f;fg; gl;lJ. njhz;Z}W Ngu; nfhy;yg; gl;l Fz;Lntbg;gpy; gypahdtu;fspy; 28 Ngu; gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs;> 41 Ngu; mNugpau;fs;> 17 Ngu; A+ju;fs;. me;jg; gaq;futhj jhf;FjYf;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;j `fdh vd;w A+j jPtputhj ,af;fk;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,];Nuypa ,uhZtkhf khwpaJ. mjd; jiytu; “Nkdhfpk; ngfpd’; ,];Nuypd; KjyhtJ gpujkuhdhu;. rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd Nehgy; gupRk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;!
rpq;f;Nfh Nl khNah
mnkupf;fhtpYk; nkf;rpf;Nfhtpy;> Kf;fpakhf Gntg;yh khepyj;jpy; nfhz; l hlg; g Lfpw tpoh. Gntg;yh khepyj;jpy; ,t;tpoh "Gntg;yh rz;il jpdk;" vd;W nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ 1862tpy; Nk 5Mk; Njjp md;W> nkf;rpf;Nfh gilapdu;fSf;Fk; gpnuQ;R gilapdu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j Gntg;yh rz;ilia nkf;rpf;Nfh ntd;wij epidTg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Gntg;yh khepyj;jpy; rpq;f;Nfh Nl khNah njhlq;fpaJ. nkf;rpf;f-mnkupf;fu;fs; jdJ nkf;rpf;f ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; ngUikiaAk; rpq;f;Nfh Nl khNah md;W nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. gy nkf;rpf;f-mnkupf;fu; thoplkhd mnkupf;fhtpd; Nkw;fpy; njhlq;fpa rpq;f;Nfh Nl khNah tpoh ,d;W mnkupf;fh KOtjpYk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a4
r.gpuGtpd; etpNfhtpw;F <Nuh 89:90 gFjp-2
$lNt ,lJ Gwk; gpupf;fg;gl;l ghjp Cjh epwk; vd;gjdhYk; fWg;G epwj;jpy; mtdJ ngaUk;> etpNfh ,yf;fKk; gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jjpdhy; fLikahd me;j Cjh epwk; mtidr; Rz;bapOf;fNt ghl;b tilRLk; fij Nfl;L me;j epyNt ifapy; fplj;j kfpo;r;rpapy; Gjpa etpNfhtpid mjd; ghJfhg;Gf; fz;zhbf; ftUf;Fs; RWRWg;ghf cs; Eioj;J tpWtpWg;ghdhd;
GJ etpNfhthf ,Ue;jhYk; uPrhu;r; nra;ahjJ Nghy ,Ue;jjpdhy; mtd; Nghf;Ftuj;J rl;lj;jpid mj;JkPwp ,d;DnkhU gazpapd; cjtpAld; ,ize;J Eiothapiyf; fle;jhd;. gazp cjtpdhYk; mtu; Kfj;jpy; xU ,dk;Gupahj Nfhgk; njupe;jJ. cz;ikjhd; Neu;ikAld; rl;lq;fis kjpg;gtu;fSf;F mtidg; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,g;gb ele;J nfhs;tJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;whYk; kw;wtu;fSf;F cjTtjpy; gpuhd;R ehl;ltu;fis kpQ;Rtjw;F Nkiyj;Njaj;jpy; xU ehl;ltupy;iy. ,y;iynad;why; cyf ehl;ltu; jdpnahUtUf;F jha;ehl;by; capu;g;ghjpg;G vd;wTld; mtu;fs; vtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,dNgjk;> nkhopNgjk;> kjNgjk; ghuhky; ,e;j ehl;by; mfjp me;j];Njh my;yJ FbAupikNah je;J jq;fs; ehl;ltUf;F ,izahd cupikfis je;Js;sJ muR. ,jid vz;zpj; jd; kdjpw;Fs; me;jg; gpnuQ;Rg; gpui[f;F kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;L jd;id Ntfg;gLj;jpdhd; Ntiyj;jsj;jpw;Fr; nry;y.
KfL
Ntiyj;jsNkh me;j nkl;Nuh epiyaj;jpypUe;J kpf mz;ikapy; cs;sjdhy; ntFNeuk; vLf;ftpy;iy nry;tjw;F. mtd; Ntiyj;jsNkh ngUk;ghd;ikahd jkpo; Atjpfs;> ,isQu;fs; Ntiy nra;tJ Nghd;w cztfk;> mJTk; ,j;jhypa cztfk;! vq;F nrd;whYk; vk;kpdj;jpw;F nkhop vd;gJ rpwpjsT gpur;rid> ,tDf;Nfh mJ msT fle;Nj ,Ue;jJ. ,Ue;j NghJk; cztfj;jpy; ,tidj; jtpu Kjyhsp Kjy; njhopyhspfs; tiu ,j;jhypau;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. ve;NeuKk; ,j;jhypa nkhop thrNk glu;e;jpUf;Fk;. ,tDk; gy ,lu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rpy thf;fpaq;fis gofpf;nfhz;L jdJ cly; ciog;gpdhy; jpwikiaf; fhl;b Kjyhspaplk; ey;y ngau; thq;fp itj;jpUf;fpd;whd; %d;W tUlq;fshf. Kjyhsp ,tidg; gw;wpa KOtpguKk; mwpe;jpUe;jjpdhy; mtdJ Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Js;shd; rpy rkaq;fspy;. mJNghy ,e;j tplaj;ijAk; nrhy;yNt KjyhspAk; mtd; nrhd;dij miuFiwahfg; Gupe;jtd; mtDf;F cjTtjhfr;
a5
nrhy;yp kjpa Ntiy Kbe;jTld; jdJ Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpspy; Vw;wpf;nfhz;L mz;ikapYs;s nkl;Nuh epiyaj;jpw;F nrd;W gzpg;ngz;zplk; jftiyj; njuptpj;jhu;. gzpg;ngz;Zk;> Mk; fhiyapy; ehNdjhd; ,e;j etpNfhit khw;wpf; nfhLj;Njd;> vd;Wtpl;L ,uz;ilAk; rw;W cd;dpg;ghf ftdpj;jts;> md;gNu! ,e;j etpNfhtpYs;s flit ,yf;fKk; gw;Wr;rPl;bYs;s flit ,yf;fKk; NtWgLfpd;wJ. mtspd; Nkirapd; Kd; mofhf mLf;fp itfg;gl;bUe;j jfty;j; Jz;bid vLj;J ePl;b ,e;j ,yf;fj;jpw;F njhlu;G nfhz;L cq;fs; gpur;rpidaj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;> ,J vd; kl;lj;jpy; jPu;f;f Kbahj jPu;T vd jPu;f;fkhfr; nrhy;yp mDg;gp itj;jhs;. KjyhspAk; rpupj;Jtpl;L mtd; Foe;ijia gs;spapypUe;J mioj;J tUtjw;F mtrukhfg; Gwg;gl;lhd;. ,tNdh tjptpl nkhopf; Fiwghl;bdhy; mtjpg;gl;L jdJ ez;gDf;F ifj; njhiyNgrpapy; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. `Nyh jkpo; mz;zh...! Xk; nrhy;ylh. vd;d Ntiy KbQ;Rjh? Xk;! tPl;l NghNwd;> eP vq;f? te;jpl;bUf;Nfd; vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl jdJ etpNfhtpdhy; cz;lhd gpur;ridia njspTgLj;jpdhd;. mtDk; rup ehis cdf;F tpLKiw> kWehSk; tpLKiw Mjyhy; jpq;fl;fpoik saint-Lazare Ngha; fijf;fyhk; tpL vd;W $wp tpl;L njhlu;igj; Jz;bj;jhd;. ez;gd; njhlu;igj; Jz;bj;Jtpl;lhd; ,tDf;Nfh jhd; rl;ltpNuhjkhf fhty;j;JiwapduplNkh> bf;fl; gupNrhjfuplNkh mfg;gl;L tplf;$lhJ vd;w gaj;NjhL kpd;njhlu; tz;bapy; gazpf;fpd;whd; es;spuT 12:20 kzpf;F. es;spuntd;gjdhy; kdk;> cly; ,uz;Lk; Nrhu;Tw;wpUe;jJ mtDf;F. jd; tPl;L kpd;njhlu; tz;b epiyaj;jpypUe;J tPL Nehf;fp ele;jtDf;F MWjy; vJTkpy;iy. njUNthuKs;s tPLfSk; gfypy; xUKfk; ,utpy; xUKfnkd vy;yh kpd; tpsf;FfSk; mizf;fg;gl;L cwq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. njU tpsf;Ffspd; kq;fyhd ntspr;rj;jpy; nghbeilahf tPL nrd;whd;. kWehs; tpLKiw ehs; ,tDf;F xU Afk; Nghyf; fle;jd kzpj; Jspfs;. xU epkpl Neuk; $l tPl;bNyh> ntspapNyh Neuj;ij tpiuak; nra;ag; gpbf;fhjtDf;F
md;iwa ehs; ngUk; tpuf;jpiaf; nfhLj;jJ. ,e;j ehl;L tho;tpl nkhopia ehY tUlq;fs; fope;Jk; jhd; ruptug; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;w Mjq;fk;> xU mw;g tpilaj;jpw;fhf mJTk; xU ehs;g; nghOij tPz; tpiuak; nra;J ez;gDf;fhf fhj;jpUg;gjdhy;. fhuzk; gzpg;ngz; Ngrpatw;iw ruptu Gupe;Jnfhs;sj; njupe;jpUe;jhy; ,e;jf; fhj;jpUg;G Njitaw;wjhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vd kdjpy; jd;idNa gifj;Jf; nfhz;L jdJ fPo;j; jsj;jpYs;s Nghu;itf;Fs; jd;id Eioj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. ,uT KOtJk; fz; tpspj;Jj; J}q;fpatd; fhiyapy; jd; ez;gd; njhiyNgrp miog;gpw;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jhd;. upq; upq; upq; upq;....... ifj; njhiyNgrpapy; ,d;DnkhU ez;gd; ,td; tpLKiw ehis mwpe;jtd; miof;f njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. nrhy;Y kr;rhd;> vd;dlh ,e;j tpbaw; fhiyapy? Nla; ez;gh! ,uT cdf;F Nghd;y $g;gpl;ldhd; cd;u Nghd; Ntiy nra;ay. mjhd; fhiyapy Nghd; gz;zpdhd; Fiw epidf;fhj> epj;jpiuiaf; Fsg;gpl;Nlndz;L. ,y;ylh> nrhy;Y kr;rhd; ehd; ,uT KOf;fj; J}q;fy Kopr;Rj;jhd; ,Ue;jdhd; nrhy;Y vd;d tplak;? kWKidapy;> mNl jpBnuz;L ehd; ,z;ilf;F yPT vLf;f Ntz;bajh Nghr;R vd;u Ntiyf;F nfhQ;rk; rPf;fpukh Nghwpahlh? "..........." vd;dlh ez;gh gjpyf; fhNzhk;? ,y;iyalh! vd;W jhd; ,d;W jdJ etpNfh tplakhf Ngrg; NghNtz;Lnkd;gij kiwj;Jf; nfhz;L> mtrukh mz;zhf;F /g;isl; bf;fl; gjpT nra;ag; NghfZklh mJf;Fj;jhd; ntspf;fpu;Nwd; vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L njhlu;igj; Jz;bj;Jtpl;L rpe;jpj;jhd;. xU mw;g tplaj;jpw;fhf ,g;gbg; ngha; nrhy;yp tpl;L me;j xU ehs; NtiyiaAk; tpl;Ltpl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;baij vz;zp ntl;fg;gl;lhd;. fhuzk; nkhopf; FiwghL. tjptpl nkhop ruskhfg; Ngrhtpl;lhYk; Xusthf Ngrj; njupe;jpUf;fyhk; ,e;j ehY tUlj;jpy;. ,jw;nfy;yhk; mtd; mz;zd; mtidf; fbe;J jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a6
nfhz;lhy; Gwglj; jahuhfTs;sJ vd;W Nky;j; jsj;jpy; "xUtd; jha; nkhopapy; rpe;jpf;fj; jtwpatd; epw;Fk; kpd;njhlu; tz;bapd; mwptpg;G fPo;j; Ntw;W nkhopapy; KO mwpitg; ngw KbahJ" jsj;jpy; cs;s ,td; fhj;jpy; tpOe;jJ. ,Jjhd; ,UtUk; XLgbfspy; Vwpf;nfhz;Nl nry;y mtd; nfhLf;Fk; gjpy; ,Utupf; 'Fws;'. ehq;fs; me;j g;shl;ghuj;jpw;F Kd;Ds;s fhuzk; "jkpo; vd; capUf;F Nky;" vd;W jha; mYtyfj;jpy;j;jhd; NgrNtz;Lk; vd;wgb nkhopia jQ;rhT+u; jkpo; ,izaf; fy;tpf;fofk; fz;zhbf; Ftisf; fl;blj;jpd; %d;whtJ jhidj; jiytd; topfhl;lypy; cUthd jkpo;r; jsj;ij te;jile;jdu;. mq;Fjhd; ntspA+u; Nrhiyj; jiyikg; gzpafj;jpD}lhf Gyk;ngau; nry;Yk; SNCF vd;Dk; kpd;njhlu; tz;bfs; jkpou;fSf;fhf elj;jptUk; jkpo; ,izaf; Gwg;gLkplk; ,lJGwk; ,Uf;f vjpNu tyJGwk; fy;tpf; fofj;jpy; ,sq;fiykhzp gl;lg;gbg;gpid cs;s kpfg; gpukhz;lkhd fz;zhbfspyhd Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; Neukpy;iy! Kjypy; vd; Gare de saint lazare vd;W mofpa jha;nkhop gpd;G tjptpl nkhop vd;W kdjpy; tz;zq;fSld; ngauplg;gl;l fz;zhb fu;tj;NjhL jha;nkhopapYs;s vz;zpylq;fh khspifapy; fPo; ,uz;L mbfs; jho;j;jp ,td; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fzq;fisf; fw;W tUfpwhd;. nry;y Ntz;ba mYtyfk; ,Jjhd; vdf; mtd; ntl;fg;gl;lhYk; kdjpy; xU G+upg;NghL Fwpg;gplgl;bUg;gij ftdpj;jhd;. ,UtUf;Fk; ,Ue;jhd; tUq;fhyj;jpy; jd; jha;nkhopapy; rw;W mjpu;r;rpahf ,Ue;jJ me;j mYtyfj;jpw;F B.A vd;Dk; gl;lj;NjhL tjptpl nkhopia fhj;jpUe;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNah fhw;whb thy; fw;fg;NghFk; jFjpAilatd; vd;gjdhy;. ePz;bUg;gijg; Nghy ,Ue;jijg; ghu;j;jtu;fs; G+upg;G mlq;Ftjw;Fs;> kdjpw;Fs; rypj;Jnfhz;ldu;> ,td; kdij tpl;L ntspNawpAk; jpl;btpl;lhd; ghohg;Nghd upq; upq; upq; upq;...... ehsJTkh te;jpUf;fpNwhk; vd;whd;. te;j epkplk; njhlu;e;J ,uz;L kzp njhiyNgrp mioj;jJ. kWKidapy; Nla; thlh Neuq;fs; fope;jd rw;Nw efu;e;J thapy; tPl;Lf;F ntspa epf;fpNwd;. ,Njh tu;Nwd; vd;W mUfhikia mz;kpj;jdu; ,UtUk;. me;j Neuk; njhlu;igj; Jz;bj;Jtpl;L ntspNa ez;gdpd; ghu;j;J gs;spr; rpwhu;fsJ $r;ry; ,tu;fspd; vjpu; kfpOe;jpy; (fhu;) Vwpdhd;. ez;gd; mOj;j Gwj;jpYs;s kpd;njhlu; tz;b g;shl;ghuj;jpypUe;J kwe;j gl;liz mOj;jp nky;ypir kd;dupd; gPwpl;lJ. $r;rypd; jpir Nehf;fpg; ghu;itia fhjpw;fpjkhd fhdk; ,irf;f nksdkhf vwpe;jhd; ,td;> ez;gd; njhiyNgrpapy; urpj;Jf;nfhz;L G+e;njhl;bfs; epiwe;j gpnuQ;R ahuplNkh Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;f ,td; ghu;it kl;Lk; ehl;L ghijapy; kfpOe;J nrd;wJ. ,UtUk; mq;Fs;s rpwhu;fs; kPJ tpOe;jJ. mtu;fisr; ghlYf;fpilNa jhq;fs; vjw;fhfr; nry;fpd;Nwhk; rpwhu;fs; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; vd;fpd;w tpilaj;ijg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;ldu;. epd;wpUe;j xU ngz;zpd; Kfj;Njhw;wj;ijAk; ehw;gJ epkplk; gup]; efug; ghijapy; thfd cly;j; Njhw;wj;ijAk; czu;e;j ,td; ,tu;fs; neupry;fisAk; jhz;b me;jf; fz;zhbf; rpwhu;fs; ,y;iy vd;w Kbtpw;F te;jhd;. Ftisfisf; ftpo;j;J itj;jhw ;Nghy ,Ue;j Vnddpy; mq;F epd;wpUe;jtu;fspy; ,td; fl;blj;jpw;Fs; jupg;gpl trjp ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; gz;ghL> fyhrhuq;fspy; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;w jkpo; ntF J}uj;jpy; kfpOe;ij epWj;jptpl;L ngz;kzp. nghbeilahf ele;Nj nrd;wdu;. cyf ehl;ltu;fs; gyUk; trpf;Fk; gup]; efupy; VNjh ,tu;fs; tUiff;fhfNt kw;w ehl;ltu;fspd; cly;g; gUkid itj;J fhj;jpUe;jhw;Nghy kpd;njhlu; tz;b epiyaj;jpd; taij vilNghl KbahJ. Mdhy; jd; ,dj;jpd; xypngUf;fp rw;Nw KdfpaJ me;ehl;L cly;j; Njhw;wj;ij itj;J taj kjpj;Jtplyhk;. nkhopapy;. "gazpfspd; gzpthd ftdj;jpw;F mtu;fisg; ghu;j;jhy; rf khztu;fspd; tz;b vz; 14050 vd;w nghe;Jth]; nry;Yk; tUiff;fhf fhj;jpUg;gtu;fnsd jkpo;g; kpd;njhlu; tz;b midj;J jupg;gplq;fspYk; ngz; ifj;njhiyNgrpapy; jdJ mk;khtpw;F epd;W nrhYk; tz;b Ie;jhtJ g;shl;ghuj;jpy; njuptpj;jNghJ ,td; mwpe;J nfhz;lhd;. mts;
KfL
a7
jhAld; ciuahbaJ jha;nkhopapy;! ,Ue;jhYk; mts; ntz;zpwk; mtsJ gpwg;gpl nkhopg; Ngr;rhw;wyhy; ,d;dKk; gd;klq;F mjpfupj;J clypy; ,uj;jk; mjpfupj;J Kfk;topahf ntspNaWtjw;F Kaw;rpf;ifapy; mtspd; Kfr; rUkk; mijj; jLj;J epWj;jp Kfk; rpte;J mts; moif nkU$l;bd! ntg;gkhdpapd; ghjurk; Nky; Nehf;fpr; nry;tJNghy nkUNfwpa mts; tdg;G jpBnudj; jilg;gl;lJ. mts; NgRtij urpj;j mtidf; fz;lTld;. jkpo;g; ngz;fSf;Fk;> Mz;fSf;Fk; Gyk;ngau; kz;zpy; ,J toikjhd;. vk; ,dj;jtu; vk;ikg; ghu;j;jhy; ntl;fg;gLtJz;L. mjpYk; mts; xU ghit. xU Mz;kfd; ghu;itahy; ghjurk; jilg;gl;L me;j ,lj;jpNyNa epd;Wtpl;lJ. mJtiu cuj;j Fuypy; Ngrpa mts; rw;Nw nkypjhd Fuypy; mtidf; fhl;b VNjh KZKZj;jhs;. mtu;fs; xl;Lnkhjhf ghu;j;j ghu;itapy; Gupe;Jnfhz;lhd; mtidg; gw;wpj;jhd; fijf;fpwhu;fnsd. mts; nkhop Mw;wy; jilg;gl;Ltpl;lNj vd;nwz;zpa ,tid mYtyf gzpahsu; FWf;fpl;L gpnuQ;R nkhopapy; tpdtpdhu;. mtu; xU jkpo;g; gzpahsd;! Bonjour> gjpYf;F mtd; ez;gDk; Bonjour. Pour quel raison vous êtes là? Je suis venu pour changer ma carte de navigo. vd gjpyspj;jhd; ez;gd;. ,e;j thu;j;ijfs; ,tid Fog;gj;jpy; Mo;j;jpd. Nfl;l Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpy; fpilj;jTld; fhj;jpUq;fs;> vd;Wtpl;L jpUk;gp ele;jhu;. mtu; gpnuQ;R ehl;bd; uapy;Nt Jiwapy; jdpahupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; Ntiy nra;jhYk; mtDf;Fg; ngUikjhd;. jd; jha;nkhop NgRgtd; gpnuQ;R nkhop Ngrp Ntiy nra;tJ. ,Ue;jhYk; mtu; jpUk;gp elf;ifapy; xU FiwAk; ,y;yhjtu; nehz;bf; Fjpiu Nghy nfe;jp nfe;jp ele;jJk;> Rje;jpuk; vd;w ngaupy; Kfj;jpd; moif kiwf;Fk; Nfhbl;l FWe;jhbAk; mtiu Ntw;W nkhopf;fhud; Njhuizapy; ntspf;fhl;baJ ,td; kdijr; rw;W neUbaJ. me;j nehbNa mtu;fs; mYtyf ehd;fhtJ
,yf;fkplg;gl;l Nkirf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. tzf;fk; vd gpnuQ;R nkhopapy; Muk;gpj;j ez;gd; ele;jtw;iw me;j tNahjpg ngz;zplk; ciuj;jhd;. ,tDk; jd; gq;fpw;F ifg; ghirahYk; jdf;Fj; njupe;j rpy thu;j;ijfshYk; $wp tpsq;fitj;jhd;. mg;NghJk; Gjpa etpNfh khw;wk; nra;j mYtyfj;jpypUe;j ngz;kzp nrhd;d gjpiyNa ,e;j tNahjpg ngz;kzpAk; nrhy;yp ,td; jpUl;L nra;Js;shd; vd;whs; rpW Nfhgj;NjhL. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; me;jg; ngz;kzp kWgbAk; Gjpa etpNfh jUtjw;fhf etPd ,ae;jpuj;jpy; itj;j NghJjhd; ele;j jtiwf; fz;L gpbj;J Gd;difj;jhs; ,td;kPJ jtwpy;iy vd;w [hilahf. cz;ikjhd; vd;djhd; ,t;Tyfpy; mwptpay; tsu;e;J khdplk; Gjpa rhjidfs; gilj;jhYk; mitfis Mf;Ftjw;Fk;> ,af;Ftjw;Fk; khdplj;jpd; %isNa %yjdkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;j khdplj;jpd; rpe;jid vd;w xU rf;jp ,d;wp ve;j etPdj;ijAk; ruptu ,af;f KbahJ. mtdpd; Gjpa Cjh> ityl; epw etpNfhit uPrhu;r; nra;J mtd; ifapy; xg;gilj;J tpl;L xU mwpTiuia toq;fpdhs;. gioa etpNfhit khw;wpa mLj;j nehb Gjpa etpNfhit khw;whjPu;fs;. mg;gb khw;wpdhy; ,g;gbj;jhd; cq;fs; ehl;fis tPzhf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk; vd;W jd; jha;nkhopapy; $wp Gd;difj;jhs;. mtDf;Fg; Gupe;jNjh ,y;iyNah ez;gd; ed;wp njuptpj;J tpilngwTk; ,tDk; jdf;Fg; Gupe;jJNghy ed;wp njuptpj;Jtpl;L tpilngw;Wj; jpUk;Gifapy; ,tw;iwnay;yhk; mYtyfj;jpw;F ntspapy; jd; rf khztu;fNshL epd;W ftdpj;j jkpo;g;ngz; rw;W VodkhfTk; gupjhgkhfTk; ghu;j;jhs;. ,e;j xU mw;g tplaj;jpw;fhf nkhopf; Fiwghl;bdhy; cjtpf;F xUtuh vd;w Nfs;tp kddpiyNahL gu;g;gJNghy ,Ug;gij mwpe;jtd; ntl;fpj; jiy Fdpe;J jd; jha;nkhopAld; tjptpl nkhopahd gpnuQ;R nkhopiaAk; fw;fyhdhd;. Kw;Wk;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a8
jkpo;f;
tQ;rpf;fg;gl;l gf;fq;fs; R.Nt.Rjd;> tj;jpuhad;> tlkuhl;rp fpof;F. gidkuf; $liy ClWf;Fk; ntz;kzy; ghijia rhh;e;j thilf; fhw;iw fl;baizf;Fk; Kw;wj;J gidab epoy;fis kypthf nfhz;l vd; CUk; New;wpUe;j vd; ehyiw tPLk; - fhg;gpoe;J Tpbnts;sp thid jhprpf;f - fhj;jpUe;j fzq;fis jhz;b td;Kiw tLf;fis fle;J tw;wpg; Nghd czh;Tfis thpirg;gLj;jp fdTr; rpiwfshy; fUf;fl;lg;gl;L; tha; G+l;lg;gl;L eph;thz tpopfspd; mirTfshy; vQ;rpg;Nghd fhpj; Jz;LfisAk; jhz;b fhybr; RtLfisNaDk; jhprpf;f Koe;jhspl;Lf; nfhs;fpwJ kuzpj;j kdq;fspd; %r;Rf; fhw;W
kyUk; FzKk; Nuh[h:ek;kpy;
mNdfkhNdhu; tpUk;GtJ Nuh[h. ,J ,jaj;jpw;F eyj;ij jUtJld; neQ;rpy; rspia mfw;Wk;.
ky;ypif:
kpf;f thrKs;s kyu; fz;ghu;it $u;ikaila cjTk;.
[hjpkyu;:
fz; tpahjpiaj; jLf;Fk;. fz;zpy; rptg;G glu;e;jhy; ,k;kyiug; gad;gLj;jpdhy; epl;rak; FzkilAk;.
rhke;jp:$e;jy;tsu
cjTk;. fz;zpw;F Fspu;r;rp jUk;.,jid KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
jhok;é
:,jaj;jpw;Fg; gyidj; jUk; ,g; étpd; kzk; thjNeha;fs; mZfhJ jLf;ff;$baJ.
KfL
g.ghu;jPgd;
t
hzdpd; miog;ig> vLj;j Ntfj;jpNyNa ,ikadhy; kWj;Jtpl Kbatpy;iy. xUjlit thzd; tPl;Lf;F NghfNtz;Lk; vd;W cs;kdJ nrhd;dJ. MdhYk; mtd; jw;Nghija R+o;epiy kWg;G njuptpf;Fk;gb fl;lisaplNt thzDf;Fr; nrhy;ytjw;fhd fhuzj;ij kdJf;Fs; Ntf Ntfkhf jahu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L "kr;rhd; kd;dpr;Rf;nfhs;S ,d;iwf;F tu VyhJlh. Ntyg; gpur;ridia vd;ndd;W ghj;Jl;L>xUehs; yPntLj;Jf; nfhz;L rhtfhrkh thuz;lh ,g;g Fiw epidf;fhj"vd;W cz;ikNahL kd;dpg;G Nfl;Fk; jho;e;j Fuypy; nfQ;rpdhd;. mtd; epyikia czu;e;j thzz; "ruplh vdf;F njupahjh ,q;fj;ija epiyik ehd; Nfhtpf;f ,y;iy eP cd;u mYty; vy;yhj;ijAk; Kbr;Rl;L vdf;F Nfhy; gz;zd; ehd; te;J $l;bf;nfhz;L Nghwd;" vd;W mtdJ ifj;Ngrp vz;iz ngw;W ,ikaDf;F xU kp];Nfhiy Nghl;L tpl;L ",yf;fj;j Nrt;gz;zp it vJk; Njit vz;lh $r;rg;glhk mb" vd;W jd; Ngrpy; ,Ue;j Ik;gJ A+Nuh jhis vLj;J ,ikadpd; ifapy; ePl;bdhd;. gzj;ij Ntz;Ltjw;F mtd; Rakupahij tpltpy;iy. "vd;d kr;rhd; ,J vd;dl;l fhR,Uf;Flh mg;gb vJk; Njit vz;lh cd;dl;l Nfg;gd;jhNd fhrg; nghf;Nfw;Wf;Fs;s it"vd;W mtd; iffis klf;fp kwpj;jhd;. thzz; "Rk;kh Ntw;W kDru; khjpup gpy;lg; gz;zhk gpblh" vd;W mjl;b mtd; [f;fl; nghf;fw;Wf;Fs; fhir itj;jhd;. ,ikadhy; njhlu;e;J kWf;f Kbatpy;iy fhirg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;.
a9
filj; jk;gp gFjp-4 cz;ik jhd; gupRfs; vd;gJ xUtu; kPJ ehk; itj;Js;s md;ig ,ul;bg;ghf;f mtUf;F nfhLg;gjhFk;.ehk; mij kWf;Fk;NghJ jUgtu; kdJ thl;lKwj;jhNd nra;Ak;. ,UtUk; xd;whf ele;jgbNa thzz; fhu; epf;Fkplk; kl;Lk; fijj;Jf;nfhz;L nrd;wdu; thzz; jd; fhu; fjit jpwe;J jdJ ,Uf;ifapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L "rup kr;rhd; eP xd;Wf;Fk; Nahrpf;fhj vJk; Njit vz;lh tha %bf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fhk cld Nfhs; vL ehd; gpwF cd;Ndhl mbr;Rf ;fijf;Fwd;"vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl jd; ,Uf;if gl;bia rup ghu;J fjit rhj;jpf;nfhz;l "byelh"; ,ikaDk; "byelh" vd;W thzz; Kfj;ij ghu;j;J kd kfpo;NthL rpupj;j gbNa fhu; efUk; kl;Lk; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;L epd;whd;.fhu; tPjpahy; Gwg;glTk;> kdJf;Fs;"Neuk; ey;yh Ngha;l;LJ filabf;F Ngha; vd;d epyik vd;W ghu;j;Jtpl;L tUtk;" mf;fk; gf;fk; ahiuAk; ghu;f;fhJ jd; Nehf;fj;ijNa kdjpy; epWj;jpf;nfhz;L fil Nehf;fp ele;jhd;. filf;F Kd; epd;W nfhz;L nfhz;Nwhy; elkhl;lk; ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd Nehl;lkpl;lhd;. mt;thW ahiuAk; fhzk; Mdhy; filapy; xU GJg;ngbad; Ntiy nra;tjhd elkhl;lk; ,td; fz;zpy; gl;lJ kdJf;Fs; "ahu; ,td; GJrh rup Kjyhsp epf;Fwhu; Ngha;f; fijg;gk; " vd;W filf;Fs; Eise;jhd; "tzf;fk; mz;z" KjyhspAk; "tzf;fk; ,ikad;" "nfhz;Nwhy; vz;bay; mJ jhd; vd;ndd;W ghj;Jl;L Nghtk; vd;W te;jdhd;" vd;whd.; Kjyhsp rhkhd; thq;Fgtu; fzf;if nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L epw;fNt
Gjpjhf filapy; epf;Fk; ngbad; "mj;jhd; ghy; ngl;ba vq;f itf;f vd;whd;" "mq;f it" vd;W Kjyhsp ifia fhl;btpl;L rhkhd; Ntz;batiu kPjpf;fhir nfhLj;J mDg;gp tpl;L ,ikadplk; "jk;gp Fiw epidf;fhjq;Nfh kDrPl jk;gp Cupy ,Ue;J te;jpl;lhu; mtu;jhd; vdp cq;fl ,lj;jpy Ntiy nra;ag;Nghwhu; ePq;fs; thw fpoik thq;Nfh cq;fl rk;gyf; fhr fzf;F ghu;j;J itf;fpwd; te;J vLj;Jl;L Nghq;Nfh" vd;whd; Kjyhspapd; fijia Nfl;l ,ikad; kdk; ,be;J nra;tjwpahJ mikjpahf epd;whd; Kjyhsp ,ikadpd; tpRthrkhd Ntiyia Ak>; mtd; epiyiaAk; czuhJ "rup Nghapw;W thw fpok thq;f ehd; fzf;F ghu;j;J itf;fwd; vd;whd; ,ikadhy; rl;lg;gbahf Kjyhsp kPJ eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F ve;j MtzKk; ,y;iy vd;w epiyapy; ez;gd; thzzpd; ifNgrpf;F miog;ig Vw;gLj;jp vLj;j vLg;gpNyNa "kr;rhd; Ntiy Ngha;w;wlh eP fdJ}uk; Nghfhl;b jpUk;gp th ehDk; cd;utPl;Lf;F thud;" thzz; "Fiw epidf;fhj ,g;g jhd; kDrp Nghd; gz;zpzts; Rtp]; Nghf NtZkhk; ehd; Nghapw;W te;J cdf;F mbf;Fwd; iwt; gz;zpnfhz;bUf;Fwd; byeda". thzz; nrhy;tij fhjpy; thq;fhj ,ikad; "vd Ntiy vd;whYk; gwthapy;iy Ntiy vJk; te;jh nrhy;Ylh" vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L ,Uf;ifapy; ifNgrpf;Fs;shy; miog;G Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. Kw;Wk;.
Ngr;R. NgRfpwtd; tpijf;fpwhd; Nfl;fpwtd; mWtil nrafpwhd; -gonkhop. NgRk; nghUs; vt;tsT Kf;fpaNkh mt;tsT Kf;fpak; NgRk; tpjk;. -nr];lu;aPy;L. cs;sj;jpy; cz;ik xspAz;lhapd; thf;fpdpNy xspAz;lhk;. -ghujp. ehk; nrw;fshy; kf;fis Ms;fpNwhk;. -brhuayp. jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a 10
fhy ,ae;jpuj;jpy; gazk; nra;jpUf;fpwPu;fsh?
v
df;F me;j mDgtk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Rkhu; xU thu jpl;lkpLjYld; nrhe;j Cuhd GNyhypapypUe;J Gyk;ngau;e;J ];fz;bNdtpa ehlhd RtPlDf;F te;J Nru;e;Njd;. ehl;bd; nkhopiaf; fw;f Muk;gpj;J mjd;%yk; cau;fy;tpiaAk; ngw;w NghJ vdf;Fj; njspthd Kf;fpa tplaq;fspy; xd;W vdJ xU ehs; gpuahzj;jpy; ehd; Mff;Fiwe;jJ Rkhu; 100 tUlq;fspd; r%f tsu;r;rpiaf; fle;J te;jpUf;fpNwd; vd;gjhFk;. INuhg;gpa tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp ,q;Nf tuKd;Ng XusT mwpe;jpUe;jhYk; mij Efu Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ vd;Kd;dhy; GJg;GJf; fjTfs; jpwf;fpd;wd gy tu;zq;fspy; cyfj;jpypUf;Fk; xt;nthU r%fj;jpdiuAk; NghyNt ,r;r%fj;jpdUk; jkf;fhd jdpj;jd;ikfs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; ngUikia czu;fpwhu;fs;. 95 tpfpjkhd ehl;Lf; Fbfs; 1800 fspd; ,Wjpg;gFjptiu tptrhapfshf ,Ue;j ,e;j ehl;bd; cau;T ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du;jhd; Muk;gpj;jJ. mjd; fhuzk; ehl;bdupd; fbd ciog;Gk;> mjdhy; Vw;gl;l njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpAk;> mt;tsu;r;rpapd; gzpfs; murpdhy; jpl;lkpl;l Kiwapy; r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJk;jhd; vd;why; kpifahfhJ. 1870 fspy; Muk;gpj;J 1900 fspd; Muk;gk;tiu njhlu;e;j RtPld; ehl;bd; kpfg;ngupa Gyk;ngau;tpd;NghJ Rkhu; 1.3 kpy;ypad; Ngu; mnkupf;fhTf;Fg; xUtopr; rPl;Lld; gazkhdhu;fs;. fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tPo;r;rpahy; Vw;gl;l gQ;rk; MFk;.
KfL
rhu;s;]; n[ul;zk; Nghkd;
,d;iwa cyfpy; RgPl;rkhd> mikjpahd tho;f;ifia thof;$ba ehLfs; vit vd;W ftdpj;jhy; mtw;wpy; Kjy; gj;J ehLfSf;Fs; xd;W RtPld;. ,e;j ehl;bd; md;iwa %d;W kpy;ypad; [dj;njhifapypUe;J gQ;rj;jhy; %d;wpnyhU gFjpapdu; Gyk;ngau;e;jhu;fs; vd;gijf; ftdpj;jhy; mJ vd;id Nahrpf;f itf;fpwJ. mtu;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpg; ngUikg;gLtjpy; mu;j;jk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijj; jdpahfr; Rl;bf;fhl;lj; Njitapy;iy. 1700 ,d; filrpf; fhy;gFjpapy; ele;jjhff; $wg;gLk; gpnud;Rg; Gul;rpapd; gpd; ele;j khw;wq;fspd; gpd;Gjhd; ,d;W RgPl;rkhd ehLfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Nky; ehLfs; jq;fsJ fbdkhd tho;f;ifapypUe;J tpLjiy ngw Muk;gpj;jd. mtw;wpd; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;bait rkathjpfsplKk;> jdpahuplKk; ,Ue;J gwpj;njLf;fg;gLr; rkj;Jtkhf;fg;gl;l fy;tp> njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rp> jdp kdpj cupikfs; vd;gdthFk;. ,itfis Ntu;fshf itj;Jj;jhd; ,e;j ehLfspd; murpaYk; nghUshjhuKk; tpUl;rkhfpd. <oj;jkpou;fshfpa ehk; RgPl;rkhd ehLfSf;Ff; fzprkhd msTf;Fg; Gyk;ngau;e;j fhyf;fl;lk; 1980 fshFk;. fhuzk; vq;fs; ehl;by; tsu Muk;gpj;j NghUk; mjd; tpisTfSk; MFk;. murpay; fhuzq;fshy; Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Lg; Gyk;ngau;e;jtu;fistpl kiwKfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlh my;yJ mr;re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ghtpj;Njh Gyk;ngau;e;jtu;fNs kpf mjpfk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ. Gyk;ngau;e;J thOk; ehLfspy; ehk; vg;gbahd tho;f;ifiaj; njupe;njLf;fpNwhk; vd;gjpy; ehk; vjw;fhfg; Gyk;ngau;e;Njhk; vd;w
a 11
fhuzq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;if trpf;fpd;wd vd;gNj nghJthd fzpg;G. mjw;F <oj;jkpou;fspd; Gyk;ngau;j;jYk; tpjptpyf;fy;y. ,d;W Rkhu; fhy; E}w;whz;Lfspd; gpd;G Gyk;ngau;e;J te;jtu;fs; tsu;e;j ehLfspy; vg;gbahd topfspy; NghapUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijf; ftdpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ vdf;Fj; Njhd;WtijNa ,q;Nf tpgupf;f Kaw;rpf;fpNwd;. ,jw;fhf ehd; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Muha;r;rpfs; vjpYk; <Lglhtpl;lhYk; vdJ gpuahzq;fspYk;> goFgtu;fspYk;> njhlu;G itj;jpUg;gtu;fspYk;> Gyk;ngau;e;j r%fq;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikf; fUj;jhly;fspYk; ftdpj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ,f;fl;Liu ,lk;ngWk; KfL ,jio thrpf;Fk;NghJ vdJ vz;zk; ,d;ndhUKiw gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpy thu;j;ijahd "neh];jy[pah" vd;gJjhd; vdf;Fs; vOk; Kjy; czu;T. goikiag; ngUikg;gLj;JtJld; mij Nehf;fpj; jpUk;gTk; efuNtz;Lk;> mjhtJ "md;W vy;yhNk ed;whf ,Ue;jJ mitfis mg;gbNa jpUk;gg; ngwNtz;Lk;" vd;w fUj;ijg; Gyk;ngau;e;j r%fj;jpduplk; kpfj; njspthff; fhzf;fplf;fpwJ.,q;Nf ehd; vOj vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tplakhd ''vk;ikr; Rw;wp thOk; r%f ePNuhl;lj;jpy; gq;nfLg;gJ vq;fis tsu;f;Fk;" vd;w fUj;Jld; ,f;fl;Liuia kl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gtjhy; Nkw;fz;l gpd;dzpAld; mt;tplaq;fisj; jtpu;j;Jtpl;L tplaj;Jf;F tu Kaw;rpf;fpNwd;. I.eh-tpd; mfjpfs; gl;laj;jpw;F kupahij nfhLj;J Gyk;ngau;e;J te;j vq;fis xU ehL tuNtw;wJ> vkJ tho;f;ifiag; Gduikj;Jg; Gjpajhff; fl;bnaOg;gj; jd;dhyhd cjtpfisj; je;jJ. mjd; gpd;dzpapy; me;je;jr; r%fq;fs; Vw;fdNt rl;lG+u;tkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; kdpj cupikr; rhrdq;fs; vkf;Fk; cupikahfpd. ePz;l Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fg; gpwF> vj;jidNah ,og;Gf;fSf;Fg; gpwF ,e;jr; r%fq;fs; ngw;w jdp kdpj cupikfs; vkf;Ff; fpilj;jd. ,uz;L jiyKiwfs; Nghupl;L ngw;w ehl;Lr; Rje;jpuj;jpy; vkf;Fk; gq;F fpilj;jJ. ,d;Dkpuz;L jiyKiwfshftJ fbdkhf cioj;Jg; ngw;w njhopyhsu; cupikfSk;> r%f RgPl;rq;fSk; vq;fSlDk; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sg;gl;ld. epr;rakhf vq;fsJ xU ehs; gazk; vq;fis xU E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; mjpfkhd J}uj;Jf;Ff;
nfhz;Lte;jJ> mJ xU fhy ,ae;jpug; gazkhfpaJ. jj;jk; tho;f;ifia kdpju;fs; ntt;NtW tpjkhf vjpu; Nehf;Ffpwhu;fs;. mtw;wpy; ,uz;L JUtj;jdkhd ghu;itfshf ep[j;ij tUtJNghy vjpu;Nehf;FtijAk;> Vw;fdNt fope;j fhyj;ijf; FwpaPlhf itj;J "mjd; cs;sPLfs;" jhd; tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gilfs; vd;W ep[j;jpypUe;J jpUk;g vj;jdpg;gijAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.ngUk;ghyhd Gyk;ngau;e;j <oj;jkpou;fspd; tho;f;if Nehf;f ,uz;lhtJ tifahfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. fhy ,ae;jpue;jpy; ehk; ntF Ntfkhfg; ngau;e;J te;j me;jj; jpdj;jpy; vq;fs; tho;T vg;gb ,Ue;jNjh mNj ,lj;jpy;jhd; vq;fs; tho;tpd; ntspr;rk; ,Ug;gjhf vkJ Nehf;F ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy;jhd; ve;j cupikfs; vkJ ehl;by; vkf;F kWf;fg;gl;ljhfr; nrhy;yp mij vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl Muk;gpj;NjhNkh mitfs; vkf;fhfj; jl;by; gupkhwg;gl;bUe;Jk; mtw;iw KOtJkhf mDgtpf;f Kbahj epiyapy; ,Uf;fpNwhk;. vk;ikr; Rw;wptu ,Uf;Fk; rKfj;jpy; vq;fisj; jtpug; NtW gy ehl;ltu;fSk; vq;fisg; NghyNt Gyk;ngau;e;jtu;fshf tho;fpwhu;fs;. xt;nthU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpdUk; Gjpa ehLfspd; r%fq;fSld; ,ize;Njh ,izahkNyh ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ehd; ,q;Nf <oj;jkpou;fs; jkJ Gyk;ngau;tho;f;ifapy; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;jpdUld; kdg;G+u;tkhf ,ize;J tho;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijf; ftdpf;fpNwd;. epr;rakhfg; ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;jpdupilNaAk; mtu;fSf;fhd tho;f;if milahsq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit mtu;fis vq;fSld; rf[khf ,ize;J tho;tjw;Fj; jilfshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> Gjpa ehl;by; tho te;j vq;fSf;F mtu;fis mz;kpg;gJ mtrpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. jilfspd; xU gFjpahf ,Ug;gJ fyhr;rhuKk; gu];gu ek;gpf;ifANk MFk;. fyhr;rhuj;Jf;Fs; xU gFjpahfj;jhd; nkhopiaf; ftdpf;fpNwd;. ehk; vkJ fyhr;rhuj;jpd; jpwe;j kdijf; fhz;gpg; Nghkhdhy; mjd; Kf;fpakhd MAjk; vkJ fy;tpg; ghuk;gupakhFk;. rpwPyq;fhtpy; vkJ gykhf ehk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lf;$ba fy;tpj; NjLjiyAk; mjd; ntw;wpiaAk; thOk; ehLfspd; r%fj;jpdUf;Ff; fhl;LNthkhdhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a 12
mtu;fs; epr;rakhf vq;fis nfsutkhfg; ghu;j;J vk;kplk; ek;gpf;if nfhs;Sk; epiyik cz;lhFk;.fy;tpiar; rkj;Jtkhf Mf;fpapUf;Fk; ,e;j ehLfs; vq;fs; fy;tpj; NjlYf;F vt;tpj jilfisAk; Nghl;bUg;gjhf ehd; fUjtpy;iy. xUNtis> ehk; Gyk;ngau;e;J Muk;gpf;Fk; tho;f;if nghUshjhu uPjpapy; gykpy;yhjjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. MdhYk;> mij xU rthyhfg; ghu;g;gjh my;yJ vq;fisr; Nrhk;Ngwpahf;Fk; ,ilA+whfg; ghu;g;gjh vq;fsJ vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F ey;yJ vd;gJ ehk; vk;ik Nehf;fpf; NflNtz;ba Nfs;tp. tho;f;iff; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu jdpkdpj cupikfis Kf;fpakhff; fUJk; ,e;jr; r%fq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; jpwe;j fUj;J tho;f;ifKiw vq;fisg; ngupJk; mr;RWj;Jtijf; fhzKbfpwJ. mq;Nf Kf;fpakhff; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ ngz;fSf;Fk; Mz;fs; NghyNt rk cupikfs; ,Ug;gJk; mijg; ngz;fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sf; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Rje;jpuKNk. Mz;fs;jhd; r%fj;jpd; mr;rhzpfs; vd;Wk; ngz;fs; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;batu;fs; vd;Wk; Mjpf;fj;jdkhf fzf;fpLk; vkJ r%ff; Nfhl;ghL vkJ tsu;r;rpf;F kpfg;ngupa Kl;Lf;fl;il vd;gJk; cz;ik. ,Nj tifapNyNa> “,q;fpUf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik r%fq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; mtu;fs;jhd; mtu;fsJ v[khdu;fs; vd;gijj; njspthff; fy;tp%yk; fw;gpj;J> ngw;Nwhu;fshfpa ehk; vq;fs; Foe;ijfspd; ghJfhtyu;fNs jtpu cupikf;fhuu;fs; my;y’ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;lTld; ehk; vk; mjpfhuk; Ml;lk; fz;ljhf czu;fpNwhk;. ,NjNghyg; gy fhuzq;fis ehk; Gjpajhf thote;j ehLfspy; gytPdkhf tho;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhff; fhl;lKbAk;. Nkw;fz;l Kf;fpakhditfis vLj;jhNy ehk; ntw;wpfhz Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,g;gbahd Muk;gfhy jsu;Tfisf; fz;L fyq;fyhfhJ vd;W czuitf;fpd;wd. Rw;wpapUf;Fk; r%fj;jpd; fyhr;rhuf; fjtpd; jpwTNfhy;fshd nkhopiaAk;> fy;tpiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Nthkhdhy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ehk; jiyAau KbAk;. mJjhd; vq;fSf;fpilNa gu];guk; ek;gpf;ifia cz;lhf;ff;$ba gykhd ghykhfpwJ. gpugy; vOj;jhsu; gTNyh nfhn`y;Nyh nrhy;fpwhu; 'vOjpa> vOjhj r%fr;
KfL
rl;lq;fis xU nfl;bf;fhur; rl;lj;juzp Nghyf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; xU Xtpaf; fiyQd;Nghy khwp mr;rl;lq;fis mopf;fTk; Kbayhk;."mijj;jhd; ehk; vkJ Gyk;ngau;e;j tho;f;ifapy; ghijahff; fUjNtz;Lk;. ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; topfisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; mLj;j gbahfr; r%f tho;tpYk; ehk; vkJ fhybia itg;gJ mtrpak;. vkJ nrhe;j milahsk; vkJ Ntuhfg; gykhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; thOk; r%fj;jpy; vkJ jiy cau;tij vtuhYk; jLf;f KbahJ. jkpou;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ,d;W Gyk;ngau;e;J tho te;jgpd; jkJ eLj;ju taijf; fle;Jtpl;lhYk; $lr; nrhe;j ehl;bypUe;J nfhz;Lte;j Njhs;igia ,d;Dk; fPNo itf;ftpy;iy. ,tu;fsJ fw;gidapy; Gyk;ngau;e;Jte;j kz;Zk; mjd; md;iwa tho;Tk; ,d;Dk; mNjNghy ,Ug;gjhfNt fw;gid ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;> ,tu;fshy; ,d;Dk; ep[ cyfpy; tho Kbatpy;iy. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; ,Ug;git vy;yhNk ,Ul;lhdjhfNt ,tu;fshy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkf;Fj; jhNk kl;Lkd;wp jkJ mLj;j jiyKiwf;Fk; ,tu;fs; tpiutpy; ghukhfpwhu;fs; vd;gij vtUk; ftdpf;fhky; ,Uf;fKbahJ. jd;dk;gpf;if ,y;yhj ngw;Nwhu;fisg; gps;isfs;$l kjpg;gjpy;iy. me;j kjpg;G ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; gps;isfshy; xU gykhd vjpu;fhyj;ij cUthf;fTk; KbahJ. mj;Jld;> ,tu;fsJ Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Rw;Wg;Gw r%fk; gw;wp ,tu;fsJ mwpKfk; NkhrkhdjhfNt ,Ug;gjhy;> jd;kPJ kl;Lkd;wpj; jdJ Rw;Wg;Gw r%fj;jpYk; ,y;yhj xU Gjpa xU jiyKiw tsu;e;J tUfpwJ. fhy ,ae;jpuj;jpy; te;j ehk; vkJ tho;f;ifia ehk; ehrkhf;fpf; nfhz;lJkd;wp mLj;j jiyKiwapd; tho;f;ifiaAk; rpijj;J> vkf;F trjpahf tho vy;yhk; je;j r%fj;Jf;Fk; gy vjpu;fhyg; gpur;rpidfisiaah tpl;Ltpl;L;Nghfg;NghfpNwhk;?
czT tPzhf;Ftij xopg;Nghk; cyfk; kOtJk; xt;nthU tUlKk; Ie;J kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; ,wf;fpd;wJ. tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfspy; rj;Jf;FiwT fhuzkhf vil Fiwthd Ie;J taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs; 146 kpy;ypad; cs;sJ.
(unicf 2006 mwpf;if)
a 13
GJf;FbapUg;G
e.gpurd;dh
cwTfs; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; vk; Ciu Rw;wpg;ghf;f tUfpd;wdu; mu;j;j uhj;jpupapy; mywp mbj;J XLfpd;wdu; vd;ntd;W Nfl;lhy; Nga; tUfpd;wjhk; igj;jpaf; fhuu;fs; mtu;fSf;F vq;Nf njupe;jpLk; Nghu; Fbj;J capu; kbe;j vk; cwTfs; vk;NkhL cwthl tUfpwhu;fs; vd;gij.
h yhtpf;fpah > 1976 k; Mz;e.gpurd; L> nrf;Nd fh]; GJf; bapUg; Nrh\ypr ehlhf ,Ue; j Ffhyj; jpy;Gjahupf;fg; gl;L> njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; xspgug;ghdJ. Muk;gj;jpy; nrf;Nfh];yhtpf;fpah Foe;ijfs;> rpWtu;fs; ghu;j;J ,urpj;j fhu;l;^d; glq;fs;> ,d;W cyfk; KOtJk; gpugykhfp cs;sd ,e;jf; fhu;l;^d; glj;jpy; ciuahly; vJTkpy;iy. Pat & Mat Mfpa ,uz;L nghk;ik kdpju;fs; maytu;fs;. rhkhdpa kdpju;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;. Fiwe;j trjpfis nfhz;l tPl;by; trpf;Fk; mtu;fs;> gy khWgl;l jpl;lq;fis Nahrpj;J> gy mupa fz;Lgpbg;Gfis nra;fpd;wdu;. mjd; %yk;> jkJ tho;f;ifapy; trjpfis ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ,uz;L maytu;fspd; FWk;Gj;jdq;fs; Foe;ijfs; rpupj;J kfpo;e;J ,urpf;Fk; tifapy; cs;sd. mtw;iwg; ngupNahUk; ghu;j;J kfpoyhk; vd;gJ xU rpwg;gk;rk;. 1976 njhlf;fk; 2011 tiu> ,Jtiuapy; 86 ntspaPLfs; te;Js;sd. jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a 14
jfty; njhopy;El;gKk; jkpopy; gad;ghL kw;Wk; mjd; tsu;r;rpg;Nghf;F
tpf;Nd\; uh[;
c
yfj;jpy; ,uz;L ehLfSf;F kl;LNk jkpo; Ml;rp nkhopahf jpfo;fpwJ - rpq;fg;G+u; kw;Wk; ,yq;if. cyfstpy; vl;L Nfhb jkpou;fs; tho;fpwhu;fs;. etPd ifal;lf;ff; fUtpfspy; ,Uf;f$ba njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdpy; nkhop mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gad;ghl;il nghWj;J nkhopapd; Gyik NtWglyhk; Mdhy; xU fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ij ed;whf gad; gLj;j nkhopapd; Gyik fz;bg;ghf Njit gLfpwJ- ,J vy;yh nkhop Ngrf;$ba kf;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. nkhopapd; Gyikapd; mbg;gilapy; jkpou;fis %d;W tifahf tFf;fyhk; : KjyhtJ: jkpio ed;whf (gpw nkhop fyg;G ,y;yhky;> jkpo; topf; fy;tpapy; gapw;wtu;fs;) Ngr> vOj kw;Wk; thrpf;f jpwDilatu;fs;. ,uz;lhtJ: jha; nkhop jkpohf ,Ue;jhYk; jkpopy; gpw nkhop nrhw;fis fye;J NgRjy; / vOj gbf;f Kiwahf fw;Wf;nfhz;L ,Ue;jhYk; Xustpw;F kl;LNk mjpy; nray;gl jpwDilatu;fs;. %d;whtJ: jha; nkhop jkpohf ,Ue;Jk; jkpo; vOj gbf;f njupahjtu;fs;.(Kiwahffw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpakpy;iy) ,jpy; xd;iwtpl ,uz;L kw;Wk; %d;whtJ tupirapy; cs;stu;fspd; vz;zpf;if jhd; kpf mjpfk; Fwpg;ghf efug; gFjpfspy; kw;Wk; INuhg;gh> mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; tho;e;J tUk; jkpou;fspd; kj;jpapy;. njhopy;El;gk; jkpopy; ,Ue;jhy; $l Mq;fpyj;jpy; gad;gLj;j$ba jkpou;fspd; vz;zpf;if jhd; mjpfk;. vd;Dila ghu;itapy; jkpou;fs; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs; xd;W jkpohrpupauhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jkpo; njhlu;ghd gzpapy; <Lg;gl;bUg;ghu;fs;- murpay;thjpfs;> vOj;jhsu;fs;> njhFg;ghsu;fs;. ,tu;fs; jhd; vy;yhj; jsq;fspYk; jkpio gad; gLj;j Fiwe;jJ Kaw;r;rpf;fpwhu;fs;. kw;wjug;gpy; Mq;fpyk; NgRk;
KfL
a 15
jkpou;fs; vd;Nw $wyhk; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. mjpYk; ngUk;ghydtu;fSf;F "jkpo; kl;LNk" jkpohf Ngr kpff; fbdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ- ,U nkhopfs; Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpyj;ij fye;J Ngrhky; ,Ug;gJ kpf kpf fbdk; vd;gJ rpy Muha;Tfspy; gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; fUj;J njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. gyUk; ,yf;fzg; gpioNahl Mq;fpyk; NgrpdhYk; mjpy; kw;w nkhopfis fygjpy;iy vd;gijAk; ehk; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba tpilak;. vdNt njhopy;El;gj;jpy; jkpio gad;gLj;j trjp ,Ue;jhYk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; gad; gLj;j "vspikahfTk; trjpahfTk; " ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ gq;Nfw;ghsu;fspd;fUj;J. nkhopapd; Gyik ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; jkpio Nuhkd; vOj;JUtj;jpy; vOJtjpy; jtwpy;iy vd;W gy jkpou;fspd; Gupjy;. ,J njhlu;ghd Ma;Tf;fl;Liu Kidtu; ghgf; frha; kw;Wk; jpU M\pf; mypAld; ,ize;J Nk khjj;jpy; rpq;fg;G+upy; eilngw cs;s 14tJ cyfj; jkpo; ,iza khehl;by; toq;f ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;.
jiyfPo; n[d;dp
jiyfPo; n[d;dp vd;gJ 1918 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;fh ntspapl;l xU jghy;jiy MFk;. ,jpy; ,jd; tbtikg;gpd; eLtpy; cs;s Mfha tpkhdk;> jtWjyhfj; jiyfPohf mr;rplg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,e;jj; jghy;jiy cyfk; KOtjpYk; 100 kl;LNk ,Ug;gjhff; fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; ,J cyfpd; kpfTk; ngWkjp tha;e;j jghy;jiyfSs; xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. 2003 Mk; Mz;bd; kjpg;Gg;gb gy fUtpfspy; jkpopy; jl;lr;R nra;tjw;fhd ,jd; ngWkjp 150>000 mnkupf;f lhyu;fshFk; jkpo; tpirg;gyif ,Ue;Jk; jkpou;fs; ,izaj;jpy;Nuhkd; vOj;JUtpy;jhd; jkpio vOjpf; nfhz;LtUfpwhu;fs;. vd;id nghWj;j tiuapy; > xUnkhopiame; j nkhopapd; v Oj; J U tj;jpy; vOjpdhy; kl;Lk; jhd; me;j nkhopahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk;. nkhopf;F vOj;JUtk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Ntw;W vOJUtj;ij gad;gLj;JtJ mwpTg;G+u;tkhdJ ,y;iy vd;Ngd;. ,izaj;jpy; jkpo; tsuNtz;Lnkd;why; jkpou;fs;"jkpopy;" Ngr Ntz;Lk;. ehk; nra;af;$ba nray;fs; midj;Jk; xd;Wf;Fd;W njhlu;GilaJ. cs;sj;jpy; jkpo; ,Ue;jhYk; ,y;yj;jpy; jkpo; ,y;iynad;why; ,izaj;jpy; jkpo; tsuhJ vd;gJ vd;Dila jdpg;gl;l ghu;it. Vu; vd;gJ epyj;ijf; fpswp> gapu; nra;tjw;F cfe;jjhf;Ftjw;F cjTk; xU fUtpahFk;. Vu;fs; “Njhy;tpia tptrhaj;jpw;F kl;Lkd;wp flyb fk;gptlq;fs; xg;Gf;nfhs;sj; gjpg;gjw;Fk;> vupvz;nza; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fk; jaq;fhNj! cjTfpd;wd. Kw;fhyj;jpy; kdpjdhy; ,Oj;Jr; Njhy;tpapy; ,Ue;J nry;yg;gl;l ,it gpd;du; fhisfshYk; rpy fw;Wf;nfhs;s ehLfspy; FjpiufshYk; ,Oj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ld. njhopw;Gul;rp Vw;gl;L ,ae;jpuq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg; Ntz;baJ epiwa ,Uf;fpwJ!!” gl;l gpwF cOTe;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. - Njhou; nydpd;
Vu;
jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a 16
fz;Ltpl epidj;Njd;-,d;W kyf;Fop jd;dpy; nghypj;jPd; Rw;wg;gl;l GOf;fs; epiwe;j Gd;dif mofpAid fz;zhy; fz;L nrj;Njd;" tupfspy; ehd; xUfzk; nrj;Njd;. mt;tsT Mokha; ftpQupd; tupfs; vd;id CLWtpr; nrd;W> thrfu; cs;sj;ij ntd;WtpLfpwhu;. mLj;jjhf " Vionae;jd; iffs;" vd;w jiyg;gpyhd ftpijapd; rpy tupfs; ,q;Nf
ehd; gbj;J fz;zPu; tpl;l "vjpu; tPl;L ehAk; vd; Vio ehAk;" vd;w ftpijj;njhFg;ig cq;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjpy; ngU kfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;. ,e;j ftpijj;njhFg;ig nrd;whz;L flypNy mNkhfkhd Kiwapy;> $lhukbj;J kf;fs; ghu;j;jpUf;f Mu;g;gupf;Fk; miyfs; tho;j;Jr;nrhy;y glfpdpNy itj;J jdf;NfAupa jdpj;Jt ghzpapy; ntspapl;bUe;jhu;. ts;Stu;Guk; je;j ftpQu; > vOj;jhsu; # Nah.Gul;rp#. Ik;gJ ftpijfs; mlq;fpa Xu; cd;djkhd ftpijj;njhFg;G. ,e;j E}ypYs;s mNef ftpijfs; neUf;fbkpf;f R+oypy; vOjg;gl;lit. vOJtjw;F Nkirahf jd; kbiaAk; fhl;Nghl; ngl;biaAk; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhu;. vy;yh ftpijfSf;F fPOk; Neuk; fhyk; ,lk; gjptpLtJ ,tupd; jdpj;jd;ik. ftpijfs; xt;nthd;Wk; mtupd; Nrhfj;ij> Ntjidia vk;Kld; ajhu;j;jkhf gfpu;fpd;whu;. "fhzhky; Ngha;tpl;l fz;zhd vd; jq;iff;fhf" vd;w jiyg;gpyhd ftpij Nghupd; mtyj;ij rpj;jupf;fpwJ...mjpypUe;J rpytupfs;... "kzNkilapNy kzkfsha; cd;id
KfL
"rPdp fye;J E}y; Xu; ghu;it NjdPu; Fbf;f ujpNkhfd; nry;tkw;w nld;khu;f;. Vionadf;F NjdPUld; Ritf;f rPdp itf;Fk; jl;lhfpLk;" me;jf;iffs; jhd; Vioapd; nrhj;jhfp md;whl Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tij tupfspD}lhf vk;ikAk; jdf;Fs; trPfupj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;. ",we;j ehs; tho;j;Jf;fs;" vd;w jiyg;gpyhd ftpijapd; tupfs; rpy ",dp Vf;fkpy;iy vid thl;Lk; tWikapy;iy jiyntbf;Fk; ru;r;irfs; ,y;iy fz;zPu; nghope;jpLk; re;ju;g;gk; ,y;iy"
a 17
tupfsh ,it... ,y;iy typapd; Ntjidapd; tpRk;gy;fs;... tho;it Kbf;f jdf;Fj;jhNd tho;j;Jr; nrhy;yp thrfu; cs;sj;ijAk; xUfzk; ,wf;f itf;fpwhu;. mLj;jjhf " XU rhuk; XLfpwJ" vd;w jiyg;gpyhd ftpij tupfs;: ",ilapilNa vd; FUjp gbe;J tpl;l gpd;dhYk; vd;$l kUj;Jtkidapy; epd;wpUe;j rhuk;" "rhuk;" mtUlNd xl;bapUe;j mw;Gj rhuk; "mOnjd;dplk; te;jtupd; Mil Fiw jPu;f;f Xb tpl;l rhuk;"
vd;w tupfspy; ftpQiu ,y;iy vd nrhy;yhJ <u;e;jpLk; " fu;zzhf " fhz;fpd;Nwd;. ,e;j E}ypy; cs;s midj;Jf; ftpijfSk; fz;zPiu tutioj;J vk;ik jkf;Fs; cs;thq;fp vk; cs;sq;fspy; rpfukhf cau;e;J epw;fpd;whu;. " Nah.Gul;rp" mtu;fs;. ,tupd; midj;J gilg;Gf;fisAk; thrpj;j thrfp ehd;. gilg;Gf;fs; ahTk; fhyj;jpd; fz;zhbfshf kpspu;fpd;wd. ePq;fSk; xUjlit ,e;j E}iy thrpAq;fs;. ,tu; gy E}W gilg;Gf;fs; gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.. jkpo; neQ;rq;fspy; mtu; ehkk; gjpa Ntz;Lk;.. tho;j;Jf;fs; ftpQu; Nah.Gul;rp.
fdtpd; ,ir kpjah fhdtp “Fk’; ,Ul;by;-ePSk; ,uTfspd; fhtypy; mUe;jjpfspd; MrPh;tjpg;Gf;fSld; nky;y mirfpwJ -,ir rhsuq;fs; %lg;gl;l-gpd;Dk; Kw;Wg;ngw kWj;J fdTfspy; tope;NjhLk; ePh;r; nrhupayha;-vd;Ds; GFe;J jhTfpd;wJ fdtpd; ,ir ehd; NjLk; vd;dtdha;>> mtDf;F njupANkh vd;dNkh?,irf;Fj; njupAk; ntw;wplkhd -vd; ,jaj;jpy; fdit epug;GtJ vg;gbnad;W njhiy J}uk; ehd;
fhDk; vd;dtdpd; rpupg;nghopia nkd;Wte;J,iukPl;L nry;fpd;wJ vd; fdtpy; jpdKk; -,ir
jfpf;Fk; Kj;jq;fspd; epidTfspd; ntg;gf; fdjp gLf;ifia eidf;f. ,uTf; Fspupd; ,jq;fisg;gwpj;Jntg;gk; jzpj;J nrd;w Jfhw;whfp vd; fdtpd;,ir... vd; nksdq;fis cilj;j mtd;ntw;Wg; ghu;itia rj;jkw;w xypf;frpthf;fp... ,irf;fj;njhlq;fpaJ ,jkhf..
gue;J fple;j vd; czh;Tfis nehUq;fp rpije;j vd; fdTfis ,irapd; tapw;wpy; cUthfp mofpa ghlnyd;W itfiwapy; gpwf;fpd;wJ... mNjtpbaypNy euk;gWe;j tPizapd; ,irahfp RUjpapy; Ngjkilfpd;wJ vd; fdtpd; ,irnay;yhk;
jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a 18
fz;LgpbAq;fs; vy;NyhiuAk ;Nghy;jhd; vdf;Fk; fdT ,ay;ghfj;jhd; tUk; ,e;jf; fdT mg;gbahdjy;y mts; tUtjw;fhf Ntz;b rpukg;gl;L cUthf;fpaJ Kjypy; cwq;f Ntz;b te;jJ tpspj;jpUe;J me;j cwf;fj;ijf; ifahs vd;idg;Nghy xU Nghypiaj; jahupf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ cwf;fj;ijj; jpwe;J cs;Ns EiofpNwd; mts; kl;Lk; EioAk;gb fdit tbtikf;fj; njhlq;FfpNwd; fdit tbtikf;f ehd; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs; mg;gbnahd;Wk; mjprakpf;fitay;y fdtpd; Rtu;fSf;F thdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpNdd;. mq;Fkpq;Fk; fiye;J nry;Yk;gb Rtnuq;Fk; Nkfq;fisg; gug;gpitj;Njd; ekJ ftpQu;fs;> Nfhgpj;Jf;nfhs;thu;fs; vd;gjw;fhf rhe;jkhkh kw;Wk; el;rj;jpuq;fis fdTUthf;fj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jtpy;iy kioaplkpUe;J ngw;w rpW J}wiy njhlu;e;J nghopAk;gb nra;Njd; fdtpd; xU %iyapy; kl;Lk; ,Nyrhf tPrk;gb fhiyf; ifiag; gpbj;J fhw;wplk; tpdakhff; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Nld; fdTf;Fs; Eioe;jJk; mtSld; Xbg;gpbj;J tpisahl> flypy; ,Ue;J Mziyia kl;Lk;
KfL
wpah]; Fuhdh vLj;Jte;J nghUj;jp itj;Njd; fhy;fis eidj;J> miyabf;fpwjh vd Nrhjpj;Jg; ghu;j;Njd; miyabg;gJNghy; mUikahf miy ebf;fpwJ. cwf;fj;jpypUf;Fk; vdf;F ele;jJ vJTk; njupahnjd;gjhy; ,ileLtpy; tpspj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; vd;d nra;tJ ,untd;w nrhy;ypYs;s ,Ul;il vLj;J VjhtJ nra;ayhkh vd Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj mts; te;J nfhz;bUg;gjhf ,g;NghJ cq;fsplk; ehd; nrhy;fpNwd; ifapypUf;Fk; Gifg;glj;jpypUe;J Js;spa mts; Kjw;fl;lkhf epidTf;Fs; Eiofpwhs; xt;nthU fjthfj; jpwe;J epidtpd; filrpf; fjTtiu nfhz;L nry;fpNwd; ,ijAk; jpwe;jhy; mLj;J fdTjhd; Nghyp nra;ag;gl;l vd;dhy; ,dpAk; ,e;j Ntrj;jpy; ePbf;f KbahJ vd;gjhy;> filrpf; fjitj; jpwe;jhsh ,y;iyah fdTf;Fs; Eioe;jhsh ,y;iyah vd;gij nrhy;yKbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ePq;fshtJ nrhy;Yq;fs; gpwF vd;djhd; ele;jpUf;Fk;..? thrfu;fSk; Nru;e;Jjhd; gpujpia vOJtjhfr; nrhy;fpwhu;fNs me;j ek;gpf;ifapy;jhd; ,g;gbf; Nfl;Nld;.
a19
ts;spak;ik
thR KUfNty;
vj;jid kpUfq;fshy; rpijf;f KbAk; ,g;gb xU cliy. vj;jifa kdr; rpijT nfhz;l kpUfk; nra;af; $ba fhupak; ,J. kjpia ,Wf;fkhf gw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;j ts;spak;khtpd; Kd;Nd njhl Kbahj... ehd;F mb njhiytpy; fple;jJ me;j cly;. mOifapy; Nrhu;Tw;wpUe;j kjpia rw;W jsu;j;jp mts; cly; KOJk; tbe;Njhba tpau;itia Jilj;jhu; ts;spak;khs;. vg;gb ehis tpbtJ vd;fpw jaf;fj;Jld; Nrhu;Tw;W tpil ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jJ ,uT...
Vd; nry; tpOe;J ,we;J Nghdhu; Kj;Jypq;fj;jhu; vd;W njupahkNyNa jdJ ,Ugj;ije;jhz;L tho;f;if fle;J te;j ts;spak;khs; md;W jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; grpia Nghf;f Kbahky; jpzwpdhu;. xt;nthU ,uhZt eltbf;ifapd; NghJk; ek;gpf;ifAld; efu;e;J NghdtSf;F ,d;iwf;F jhd; ek;gpf;if ngha;j;Jg; NghdJ. kjpAk; mtspd; mk;khTk; kl;LNk ,tis ftdpf;Fk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fsplk; Nfl;lhy; vd;d fpilf;Fk;... jd;DlNd %d;W ehl;fs; fplf;Fk; mtu;fsplk; vd;d ,Uf;fg; NghfpwJ vd;fpd;w vz;zj;ij jhz;b> grpf;fpwJ vd;W mOj ts;spak;khis kjp ghupjhgkhf ghu;j;jhs;. vijg; gw;wpAk; Nahrpf;fhky; jd;Dila igapy; kpQ;rpf; fple;j ehd;F gp];fl;fis ePl;bf; nfhz;Nl kjpiag; ghu;j;jhs; mts; mk;khs;. %tUk; mlf;f Kbahj mOifia me;j gq;fUf;Fs; mlf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. ahUk; ahUlDk; NgrNth. tprak; njupe;J nfhs;sNth ve;j topAk; ,y;iy. ntspapy; rj;jk; fhJfis ve;j nehbAk; uj;jk; tuitf;Fk; jPtpuj;jpy; Nfl;lJ. mtutu; Mq;fhq;Fs;s gq;fUf;Fs; gpzq;fNs... mLj;jtu; te;J ghu;f;Fk; tiu. mq;Fs;s midtUf;Fk; ,g;gbNa Njhd;Wk;... mJ jhd; rtq;fs; Gijf;f Kbahj me;j epyj;jpd; mg;Nghija rhgk;. ,Uf;Fk; xU rpW jz;zPu; Nghj;jiyj; jtpu Ntnwhd;Wk; iftrk; ,y;iy. vg;gbNaDk; ,d;Dk; rpy epkplq;fis ,Ul;L ghJfhf;f tUk;. ,Ul;L kl;LNk mtu;fis rw;NwDk; ghJfhj;jJ. ahNuDk; ek;gpf;ifAld; ntspNa tUfpwhu;fs; vd;W fzpj;Jf; nfhz;L tpiuthf te;Nj VNjDk; rpy gp];fl; ghnfl; fshtJ thq;fp itj;J tpl Ntz;Lk;. ve;j nehbAk; ,we;J NghFk; kdepiyapy; cs;s kdpju;fSf;F mJ NghJkhd vd;gjy;y. mJNt fpilf;fg; NghtJ ,d;Dk; vj;jid ehl;fSf;F vd;W njupahj kdpju;fSf;F mJ NghJk; jhd;. rw;W Neuj;jpy; nry;tuhrh mz;zupd; Fuy; Nghy xU Fuy; Nfl;f;fTk;. jiyia rw;W ntspNa ePl;ba kjpapd; mk;kh jd; ifiag; gw;wp ,Oj;j kjpia tYf;fl;lhakhf ts;spak;khspd; kbNahL mOj;jpdhs;. ,Ub... vd;W nrhy;ypagbNa jiy kapUld; xl;ba tpau;itia jd; MSf;F gbe;j iffshy; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. ntspNa nry;tuhrh mz;zdhu; jhd; ahUlNdh fj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ntspNa te;j kjpapd; mk;kh "VjhtJ nrhd;dhq;fNsh." vd;w Nfs;tpia njhlq;fpatu;> mz;Nz kfs; grp jhq;f khl;lhs; vd;W mg;gbNa mtupd; fhybapy; Fe;jpdhs;. vd;d gps;is ,njy;yhk;. mohjab. ,U ehd; nrhYwd; vy;Nyh cs;s... gq;fUf;Fs; Ngh. ehd; tUtdg;gh eP jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a20
Ngh Kjypy cs;s ... gq;fUf;Fs; mbj;j R+l;L kzy; nrhy;ypaJ ,d;Dk; cq;fisg; nghRf;fg; NghfpNwhnkd;W. ts;spak;khs; jd;idg; ghjp %ba kziy ,d;Dk; capu; nfhz;L rw;Nw ntsp te;jhs;. rw;Nw %r;R milj;j kjpapd; jpzwy; ts;spak;ikAld; Nru;e;J ntsp te;jJ. mLj;j nry;ypd; rj;jk; rw;Nw J}u Nfl;lJ vd;whYk;... kuz Xyq;fs; ,tu;fSf;F mUfhikapy; R+o;e;J nfhz;lJ. mk;kh vd;w mywYld; ntspNa jto;e;J Xl Kad;w kjpia ts;spak;khs; ,Wf;fkhf gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ts;spak;khspd; fhy;fs; rWf;fpf; nfhz;ljpy; fhy;fis epkpu;j;j Kbatpy;iy. kuz Xyj;ij mlf;fTk; mq;F nry;fNs tpOe;jd. fUk; R+l;L kzy; kWgbAk; vupAk; Ju; ehw;wj;Jld; Rthrpg;gij ntWf;f itj;J. rpwpJ Neuq;fs; kjp ts;spak;khisNa ghu;j;J fz;fs; fyq;f Kopj;jhs;. neQ;NrhL kjpia mizj;jgb ahiuf; $g;gpLtJ vd;W njupahky; capu; typ nfhz;L fjwpj; Jbj;jhu; ts;spak;ik. kjpia KJfpd; gpd;Nd ,ilNahL Nru;j;J mizj;jgb... rw;Nw xU KbTld; ntspNa jiy ePl;bdhu; ts;spak;khs;. ahNuh rpyu; xUtiuj; J}f;fpf; nfhz;L Xbdhu;fs;. ntspNa tuhjPu;fs; vd;W ahNuh jpUk;g jpUk;g nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl mtu;fSld; Xbdhu;. kjpapd; tpau;j;Jg; Nghd fuq;fis kWgb jltpg; ghu;j;J ,Wfg; gw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,d;Dk; rf;jp ,of;fhj jd; tpopfs; tpupa ghu;j;jhu;. Ntl;b xd;W uj;jf; fiwAld; fhw;wpy; gwe;J te;J Kfj;jpy; mbj;jJ. mij tpyf;fp vupe;J nfhz;Nl jd;dpiy ,of;Fk; typAld; jiyapy; if itj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,d;Dk; ghu;itiaf; nfhl;bj; Njbdhu;. Nriyia kl;Lk; rw;Nw vupj;j nry;nyhd;W kjp mk;khit kz;NzhL rpijj;jpUe;jJ. kjpia Njbtu jlk; gjpj;j fhy; rw;Wk; njhlu;gw;W cly; jhz;b gq;fUf;F mUNf tu Kad;W fple;jJ. vl;bg; ghu;j;j kjpia xNu js;shf cs;Ns js;sp mOj;jpg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ts;spak;khs;. kjpapd; ve;jf; Nfs;tpf;Fk; mOiff;Fk; ve;jg; gjpYk; ,y;iy. Fk;kpl xU rhkpAk; ,y;iy vd;w ntWik typ ,Wf;f. ,d;Dk; fjwpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kjpia kl;Lk; gpbtplhky; clYld; gpizj;J ,Uf;Ff; nfhz;lhs;. ,d;Dk; vj;jid kzp Neuj;jpy; jhd; kdpju;fs; tUthu;fs;... kpr;rk; ,Uf;Fk;
KfL
kjpapd; jhapld; cliyahtJ xU Kiw gq;fUf;Fs; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;. Gijf;fg;glNt ,k;kz;zpy; gpwe;J tpl;Nlhk;... ,d;Dk; MNtrj;Jld; cly; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs; ts;spak;ik ,Ul;ll;Lk; ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rk;...
elkhLk; FUjpkhw;W epiyak;
kUj;Jt tuyhw;wpy; ePz;l fhykhfNt> FUjp khw;W rpfpr;irfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;L te;Js;sd. MapDk;> Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; fhag;gl;l tPuu;fis maypy; cs;s kUj;Jtkidf;F nfhz;L nry;tJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1935 k; Mz;L> mjpNy xU Gul;rpfu khw;wk; eilngw;wJ. fhakile;j tPuu;fis Njb kUj;Jtkid te;jJ. mjhtJ> Fspu;rhjdg; ngl;bapy; ciw epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;l FUjpfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> xU thfdk; Xbj; jpupe;jJ. me;j thfdk; Nghu;f;fsj;jpw;Nf nrd;W rpfpr;ir mspj;jJ. mg;NghJ ];ngapd; ehl;by; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpuhq;Nfhtpd; gh]prg; gilfis vjpu;j;J> fk;A+dp];LfSk;> Nrh\ yp];LfSk;> FbauRthjpfSk; jdpj;jdp ,uhZtq;fis mikj;J Nghupl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf> fk;A+dp];Lfspd; gilazpf;F cjTtjw;fhf> gd;dhl;L njhz;lu;fs; tUif je;jdu;. Fiwe;jJ 35000 njhz;lu;fs;> 60 ehLfis Nru;e;jtu;fs;> my;yJ ntt;NtW gl;l ,dj;jtu;fs;> md;W ];ngapdpy; Nghupl;ldu;. mt;thW fdlhtpy; ,Ue;J nrd;w njhz;lu;fspy; ngjpA+Dk; xUtu;.mtNu elkhLk; FUjp khw;W epiyaj;ij epWtpatu;.
a21
nrk;ghl;L epyk; jPgpfh ePz;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF ekJ me;jg; gok;ngUk; nrk;ghl;L epyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; fhY}d;WfpwJ vdJ eLj;ju capu;. milahsk; fz;L jiyahl;Lk; njhl;lhw; RUq;fpapd; ehty; epwg; G+NthL tpopj;njOfpwJ epidT. ,e;jj; Njhl;lj;jpd; eLtpypUe;j vUf;Fk;gpapd; NkNywp epd;W jhd; jpyPgidg; Nghy ehd; Koq;fpNdd;. ,g;gbj; jhd; xU khiyapy; kuts;spj; jbfis Jg;ghf;fpfshfTk; kz;zhq;fl;bfis fpiuizl; Fz;LfshfTk; cUtfg;gLj;jp vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Nfhl;il ,uhZtj;Jf;Fk; ngbaSf;Fkhd khjpupj; jhf;Fjiy tPuj;jpd; kPjhd ftu;r;rpf; fhjNyhL ehq;fs; tpisahbNdhk;.
gp];uiyg; Nghy tise;j jbia ,Lg;Gf; fhw;rl;ilapy; nrUfpf; nfhz;L fpl;Litg; Nghy fl;lisapl;Lf; fhl;baJ vd; ,sq;fd;W taJ. cyq;F thD}u;jpfs; tprpwpnawpAk; gaq;futhjpfs; vd;w thu;j;ij epuk;gpa fl;Lf; fl;lhd nts;isf; fbjq;fis mjpfk; Nru;f;Fk; Nghl;bf;fhf ntl;l ntspj; Njhl;lnkq;Fk; ez;gu;fSld; tpOe;jbj;J XbNdhk;. k;k; ... ,g;NghJ me;jf; fdT epyj;jpy; jd;de;jdpNa ehd; te;J cl;fhu;e;jpUf;fpNwd;. Nfhl;ilAk; ,y;iy. jpyPgDk; ,y;iy. fpl;Lk; ,y;iy. vd; ez;gu;fSk; ,y;iy. ,d;dKk; Rje;jpuj;Jf;F miyAk; fhw;W vd; jiy Nfhjptpl epyj;Jf;Fk; thdj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa kpf nkJthf ePe;jpr; nry;fpwJ Jauk; epiwe;j vd; ngU%r;R. jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a22
%zhj;jhdh
gopjPu;j;Jf; nfhs;thuh uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f? ,yq;ifapy; ikj;jpupghy rpwpNrd [dhjp gjpahfg; gjtpNaw;W E}W ehl;fs; fle;Jtpl;ld. E}W Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fs; nfhz;l nraw;ghLfis Muk;gpj;Jk; E}W ehs;fshfptpl;ld. fle;j [dtup 08 Mk; jpfjp ,yq;ifapy; eilngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; mirf;fKbahj rf;jp tha;e;j kdpjuhf murp ay; ty;Yeu;fshy; fUjg;gl;ltuhd Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;\ 足 Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;NwhL ey;yhl;rp murpd; E}whtJ ehs; epiwtpy;> ikj;jpup muR rhjpj;jJ vd;d vd;w Nfs;tpf;F tpil NjlNtz;ba mtrpaKk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ];uPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp ikj;jpup mzp> k`pe;j mzp vd ,uz;lhfg; gpupe;J vjpUk; GjpUkhf nraw;gl;LtUtijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. gpujku; uzpy; tpf;fpuk rpq;f Rje;jpuf;fl;rpapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Fog;gq;fisAk;> neUf;fbfisAk;> gpupTfisAk;> kfpo;NthL cd;dpg;ghf mtjhdpj;J tUfpd;whu;. 45 ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l uzpy; jiyikapyhd If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp> ikj;jpup muNrhL ,ize;J Njrpa muR vd;w tifapy; Ml;rp mikj;jpUe;jhYk;> rpWghd;ikg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nfhz;l If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp Rje;jpuf; fl;rpaplkpUe;J fLk; tpku;rdq;fisAk; re;jpj;J tUfpd;wJ.
mz;ikapy; ];uPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpiag; gpsTgLj;Jtjw;F R+o;r;rp nra;tjhfTk;> Ntz;Lnkd;Nw If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp k`pe;j uh[gf;足\it Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl Cf;Ftpg;gjhfTk; Kd;idehs; [dhjpgjpahd re;jpupfh FkhuJq;f Fw;wQ;Rkj;jp ,Ue;jhu;. uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f kPJ re;jpupfh mg;gb xU Fw;wk; Rkj;Jtjw;F xU fhuzKk; cz;L. vjpu;tUk; nghJj; Nju;jypy; Rje;jpuf; fl;rp Nghl;bapLfpd;wNghJ k`pe;j mzp> ikj;jpup mzp vd ,uz;lhfg; gpsTgl;Nl Nju;jypy; epw;Fk; vd;Wk;> Rje;jpuf;fl;rp Mjuthsu;fspd; thf;Ffs; ,uz;lhfg; gpupe;J nry;fpd;w tha;g;Gf;fs; cz;L vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd; wJ.
Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; gpsit tpUk;ghj> Rje;jpuf;fl;rp Mjuthsu;fs; thf;fspf;fhJ xJq;fp ,Ug;ghu;fs;. my;yJ If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpf;F xU re;ju;g;gij toq; FNthk; vd;w epiyg;ghl;Lf;F mikthf Rje;jpuf;fl;rp Mjuthsu;fspy; fzprkhNdhu; mg;gbahd KbTf;F tuyhk;. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp jdJ 20 tUlfhy tuyhw;Wj; Njhy;tpfis mLj;JtUk; nghJj; Nju;jypy; re;jpf;f tpUk;ghJ. ,e;j Mz;L eilngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp rhu;gpy; [dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsuhf xUtUk; epWj;jg;gltpy;iy. NkYk;> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpfis If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; kPJ tpku;rdq;fis cs;slf;fp nghJj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;baplf;$Lk;. Kd;itf;fpd;w If;fpa kf;fs; Rje;jpuf; Rje;jpuf; fl;rp gpsTgl;L epw;Fkhapd;> ikj;jpupghy $l;likg;igr; Nru;e;j ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; rpwpNrd jiyikapyhd Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; xU kPJ tirghLtjpy;iy vd;w nfhs;ifAk; I.Nj. gpuptpdu; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J ftplk; cs;sJ. nfhs;sTk; $Lk;.
KfL
a23
k`pe;j uh[gf;\ 足 2010 Mk; Mz;Lg; nghJj; Nju;jypd;NghJ %d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyapy;> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J 20 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fisg; gpupj;njLj;J %d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ikg; gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
ikj;jpup muRf;F Kl;Lf;fl;ilfisAk;> njhlu; neUf;fbfisAk; k`pe;j mzpapdu; jpdKk; nfhLj;JtUfpd;wdu;.
mur mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;ij ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Mjutspf;fhj ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdUf;F vjpu;tUk; nghJj;Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl tha;g;G toq; fg;Nghtjpy;iy vd ];uPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J NkYk; rpy fl;rpAk; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpAk; nrd;w thuk; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; k`pe;j muRld; mwptpj;jpUe;jd. ,ize;jdu;. k`pe;j If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpiaAk;> rhjhuz rpWghd;ik fl;rpfisg; Nghd;W If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp> murpaypy; vg;gbahd murpaypy; eypTepiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Kw;gl;lhu;. Njhw;wg;ghL Vw;gl;lhYk; ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;Jld; k`pe;j epidj;jJ Nghy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpAk; ntw;wpngw;W Njrpa muR mikf;Fk; vd gytPdkile;jJ.If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpiag; gy vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nju;jy;fspy; Njhw;fbj;j ngUikiaAk; If;fpa kf;fs; Rje;jpuf; $l;likg;G nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Rj;jpuf;fl;rpapy; ikj;jpup mzpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; mjpf gpujp epjpj;Jtj;ijg; ngWthu;fs;. Mdhy;> 20 tUlq;fs; tiuapy; If;fpa Njrpaf; me;jf; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j rpNu\;l cWg;gpdNu fl;rpia gytPdkhf;fpa If;fpa kf;fs; Rje;jpuf; gpujkuhfyhk;. mg;gb xU epiy Vw;gLkhdhy; $l;likg;gpd; gpujhd fl;rpahd ];uPyq;fh re;jpupfh gpujkuhFk; tha;g;G Vw;glyhk;. If;fpa Rje;jpuf; fl;rp gpsTgLtJ vd;gJ> Njrpaf; fl;rp mjpf gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg; ngWkhapd;> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; jiyikf;F cs;Shu kPz;Lk; uzpy; gpujkuhfyhk;. ,e;jepiyapy; kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,d;W vdf;F - ehis k`pe;jNth> jhd; murpaypy; ,Ue;J cdf;F vd;gJNghy uzpy; jkJ fl;rpf;F Xa;Tngwg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;W $wpapUe;jhu;. Vw;gl;lij ,g;gbahf epidj;J re;Njh足\ ,jdhy; murpay; jpUg;gq;fSf;F ,dpNky; kilayhk;. md;W vkJ fl;rpapypUe;J gy FiwtpUf;fhJ. cWg;gpdu;fis k`pe;j muR gwpj;J vLj;jJ. Mdhy;> Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; xU rpyuhtJ fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;stpy;iy. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; $l cl;fl;rp Kuz;ghLfs;> neUf; fbfs; vd mbf;fb Njhd;wp ,Ue;jhYk;> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp ,uz;lhf cile;J jdpj; jdp jiyikahf cUth tij If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapdu; tpUk;gp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ikj;jpup muR kl;Lky;y If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpAk; Rje;jpuf; fl;rpAk; $l ehl;L kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUk; tpku;rdq;fSf;F cs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;wd. ikj;jpup - uzpy; $l;luR MdJ E}W ehs; Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;W fle;j 23Mk; jpfjpAld; (23.04.2015) E}W ehs; tpohitf; nfhz;lhbAs;sJ. ,e;jNtisapy;>
cd;dhy; vijr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;a KbAk; vd;W ek;GfpwhNah mijj; jPtpukhfr; nra;J Kbf;f Kaw;rp nra;. mJNt ntw;wp ngw cw;w top. fhuy; khu;f;]; jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a24
fiyAk; tho;Tk; ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rpdpkhtpd; Muk;gk;
r
pdpkh vd;gJ Xu; cd;djf; fiyr;rhjdkhFk;. vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; jd;Ds;Ns mlf;fp itj;jpUf;Fk; gpugykhd fiyahFk;. Ntbf;ifahf Muk;gpj;j rpdpkhf;fiy Ntfkhf cyfnky;yhk; gutp midj;J kf;fisAk; <u;j;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,e;jr; rpdpkh> fiy uPjpahfTk; njhopy; uPjpahfTk; vkJ ,yq;if ehl;by; risj;Jtpltpy;iy. ru;tNjrg; guprpy;fisg; ngWksTf;Fg; gy rpq;fsg; glq;fs; ,q;fpUe;J cUthfpapUf;fpd;wd. me;jr; rpq;fsg; glj;njhopiy ek;gpNa gy fiyQu;fs; epiyf;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;lhu;fs;. mJ ngupa njhopyhfNt khwptpl;lJ. ,e;j cau;e;j epiy ,yq;ifj; jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fSf;F kl;Lk; Vd; Vw;gltpy;iy? ,yq;ifapd; jkpo;j; jpiu cyfk; ,we;Jtpl;lJ Nghd;W fhzg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? ,it Nghd;w Nfs;tpfs; vd; kdj;jpy; cjpj;jSk; kdj;ij cWj;jpd. 1991Mk; Mz;L N[.tp.gpapdupd; mr;RWj;jyhy; ,yq;ifapy; ,e;jpag; glq;fs; rpykhjq;fs; jpiuaplg;glhky; ,Ue;jd. mg;nghOJ rpy
KfL
gioa ,yq;ifj; jkpo;g; glq;fs; nfhOk;gpy; kl;Lk; fhl;rp je;J kiwe;jd. gy glq;fs; vq;Nf vd;W njupatpy;iy. gy jahupg;ghsu;fs; jk; glq;fis miuFiwahf itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. gy jpiug;glq;fisj; jpiug;glf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; vupj;Jtpl;lJ. vj;jidNah tUlq;fs; mUk;ghLgl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ,j;jpiug;glq;fspd; tuyhNw mope;JtpLk; NghypUf;fpwJ! me;jf; fiyQu;fspd; ngau;fis vy;NyhUNk kwe;JtpLk; epiy cUthfptpl;lJ. ,e;jf; fiyQu;fspd; fiyagpkhdj;ij kw;wtu;fSk; mwpaNtz;lhkh? ,t;thwhd gyj;j NtjidfshYk; cuj;j Nfs;tpf;fizfshYk; me;j tuyhw;iwg; Gul;bg; ghu;g;Nghkh vd;W vz;zj;Njhd;wpaJ. ehd; vOJtJ ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rpdpkhtpd; fijkl;Lky;y ek; ehl;Lr; rpdpkhf; fiykPJ Mirnfhz;l mgpkhdpfspd; Nrhf tuyhWk;$l. ,e;j tuyhNw vq;fs; urpfu;fspd; kdj;ij Ml;nfhs;shjh? jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fs; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if>
a25
kNyrpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; jahupf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. MdhYk;> njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa mjpfkhd jkpo;g; glq;fs; cUthfpapUf;fpd;wd. neLq;fhykhfNt ,e;jpaj; jkpo;g; glq;fis ,yq;if urpfu;fs; ghu;j;J tUfpwhu;fs;. Muk;g fhyr; rpq;fsg; glq;fs;$lj; njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa jahupf;fg;gl;Lte;jd. 1956Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;Gjhd; ,yq;ifapYk; rpq;fsg; glq;fisj; jahupf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. ,g;nghOJ Mz;Lfs; 25f;F Nkw;gl;l rpq;fsg; glq;fs; jpiuf;F tUfpd;wd. me;jsTf;F Kd;Ndwptpl;ld. 1950Mk; Mz;bNyNa ,yq;ifapy; jkpo;g;glj; jahupg;G Kaw;rpfs; Muk;gkhfptpl;ld. ,Jtiu 50f;F Nkw;gl;l jkpo;g; glq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ljhf nra;jpfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. MdhYk;> mtw;wpy; 36 glq;fs; kl;LNk jpiuf;F te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; cUthd fijj; jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fis ehd;F tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mitahtd:(1) FWe; jpiug;glq;fs; (16 kpy;yp kPl;lu;) (2) rpq;fs nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l glq;fs; (lg; glq;fs;) (3) jkpo; nkhopapNyNa jahupf;fg;gl;l KOePsg; glq;fs;. (4) ,yq;if - ,e;jpaf; $l;Lj; jahupg;Gfs;. ‘rKjhak;’> ‘ghrepyh’ Mfpa ,uz;L glq;fSk; 16 kpy;yp kPl;lupy; jahupf;fg;gl;l Few; jpiug;glq;fshFk;. ‘fypAffhyk;’> ‘ehd;F yl;rk;’> ‘ahu; mts;’> ‘Rkjp vq;Nf’> ‘xU jiyf;fhjy;’> ‘gdpkyu;fs;’> ‘,tSk; xUngz;’> ‘m[hrj;j’ Nghd;w vl;Lg; glq;fSk; rpq;fs nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F lg; nra;ag;gl;l glq;fshFk;. ‘Njhl;lf;fhup’> ‘flikapd; vy;iy’> ‘lhf;]p biutu;’> ‘epu;kyh’> ‘kQ;rs; Fq;Fkk;’> ‘ntz;rq;F’> ‘Fj;J tpsf;F’> ‘kPdtg; ngz;’> ‘Gjpa fhw;W’> ‘Nfhkhspfs;’> ‘nghd;kzp’> ‘fhj;jpUg;Ngd; cdf;fhf’> ‘ehd; cq;fs; Njhod;’> ‘thilf;fhw;W’> ‘njd;wYk; GaYk;’> ‘nja;tk; je;j tPL’> ‘Vkhspfs;’> ‘mDuhfk;’> ‘vq;fspy; xUtd;’> ‘khkpahu; tPL’> ‘neQ;Rf;F ePjp’> ‘,uj;jj;jpd; ,uj;jNk’> ‘mts; xU [Ptejp’> ‘ehL Nghw;w tho;T’> ‘ghij khwpa gUtq;fs;’> ‘\u;kpshtpd; ,jauhfk;’ Nghd;w 26 jpiug;glq;fSk; KOePsg; glq;fshFk;. mtw;wpy; ‘nja;tk; je;j tPL’ vd;w glk; mfyj;jpiuap;y (70
kp.kP) vLf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ‘igyl; gpNuk;ehj;’> ‘jP’> ‘eq;$uk;’> Nkhfdg; Gd;dif’> ‘tre;jj;jpy; Xu; thdtpy;’ Nghd;w glq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; vLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpag; glq;fs;. ,tw;Wld; ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fSf;Fj; njhlu;gpUe;jhYk; jahupg;G vd;w uPjpapy; ,it ,e;jpag; glq;fNs. ,yq;if ,e;jpaf; $l;Lj; jahupg;Gfs; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. ,yq;ifapy; cUthd ,j;jid glq;fSk; jukhditah? jukw;witah? vd;gJ NtW tplak;. ,j;jid glq;fisAk; cUthf;f ek; fiyQu;fs; vj;jid ghLgl;bUg;ghu;fs;? mtu;fs; vj;jidNah jilfisj; jhz;b tuNtz;bapUe;jJ. cz;ikahd fiyQu;fs; gyupd; fz;zPu; nts;sj;jpy; kpje;J gpwe;jitjhk; ,e;j ,yq;ifj; jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fs;. jkpo;r; rpdpkh gpwe;j njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa ,d;W $lj; jahupg;ghsu;fs; urpfu;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbahky; jpz;lhLfpwhu;fs;. fiy uPjpahfTk; njhopy; uPjpahfTk; tsu;e;Jtpl;l mq;F$l ,g;gbahd xUepiy. trjpfs; mjpfkw;w me;jf; fhyj;jpNyNa njhlu;r;rp 41k; gf;fk;...
jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a26
Kw;wj;jpy; Kw;Wg; ngwhj Kw;wj;jpy; epd;W kPz;Lk; vk; ,dj;jpd; tpLjiyf;F xU KfTiu vOJfpd;Nwd; vk; tPuk; fz;L ty;yuRfs; $l nky;nyd tpopj;jd JNuhfj;jpd; Jizapy; vk; GwKJfpy; Fw;wptpl;L New;NwhL vy;yhk; Kbe;Jtpl;ljha; KZKZg;G... rj;jkpd;wp rhfbj;jhy; nkhj;jKk; Kbe;JtplhJ Ks;sptha;f;fhypy; <o tpLjiyf;F fs;spg;ghy; nfhLj;jjha; fatu;fspd; nfhf;fupg;G fij Kbe;Jtpl;lhy; vjw;flh ,g;Ngh Ks;Ntyp....? NghupYk; ju;k epajp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw cyf muq;fpy; ehq;fs; kl;Lk; mjw;F nghUj;jkw;wtu;fsh...? ngh];guR tPrp nfhj;jzp Fz;Lfis nfhl;b jPu;j;J ,ilntspapd;wp vwpfiz
KfL
neLkhwd; njhLj;jhu;fs; nfhQ;rKk; <tpuf;fKd;wp khtpyhW njhlq;fp Ks;sptha;f;fy; tiuAk; gl;bdp Nghl;L fl;ba JzpNahL fiyj;J vk; ,dj;jpid $z;NlhL mopj;J Fk;khskpl;lhu;fs;...! kdpj ehfuPfNk njupahj ,tu;fNshL ekf;F vjw;F ju;kAj;jk; ehq;fshfNt nksdpj;Njhk; mLj;j fl;l efu;Tf;fha; fl;b Mz;l epyj;ijAk; fUtpfisANk ,oe;NjhNk jtpu ,d;Dk; nfhs;ifapy; nfhOe;J tpl;L vupf;fpd;Nwhk; vd;w gakpUf;fpwjy;yth gifNa cdf;F mJ NghJk; vk; tpLjiyia ntd;nwLj;jpl kuzk; vik mizj;jhYk; kWgbAk; NjLNk jiyKiw kPz;Lk; vkf;fhd tpLjiyia...!!
a27
k
r;rhd; b nrhy;Y ,jpy Nghl;L lf;nfd;W thwd; vd;W nrhy;ypagb ifNgrpapd; j piuapy; iffis mOj;jpagb ele;jhd; uNk]; >cs; kdjpy; ,d;whtJ miuthrp je;jhy; ey;yJ thq;fp mg;gbNa mDg;gp Nghlyhk; mg;ghf;F Ntw xg;Nu\d; ,Uf;F >Kjy; khwpa tl;b fhR Ntw nfhLf;f tpy;iy jpUk;gpAk; Nfl;lhy; vg;gb jUtPdk; vd vz;zpf;nfhz;L Ntfkh ele;jhd; ,uapy; epiyak; Nehf;fp ,td; vd;dlh Ntiy Kba thlh CUf;F fhR NghlZk; vd;dplk; tp]h ,y;iy ePjhd; Nghl;L juDk; vd;W nrhy;ypg;Nghl;L >b nrhy;Y thwd; vz;Ll;L vq;f Nghwhd; ,td; vd jdf;Fs; fLg;ghfpagb eFyd; tPjpia mYg;gh ghu;j;jhd; >tul;Lk; tutpl;L b Fbg;gk; ,g;g ntspapy epg;gk; Vupahtpy; vd;d elf;F vd;W ghu;j;jgb eFyd; epidf;f >mz;Nz ePq;f tlfhlh vd;W xUtd; iffis nfhLf;f Vtpagb Nfs;tpia Nfl;lhd; . ,jpy;jhNd thwd; vd;W nrhd;dhd; vq;f Nghapl;lhd; vd;W kPz;Lk; mtd; ,yf;fj;Jf;F njhlu;ig nfhLj;jhd; uNk]; >vjpuhsp miog;gpy; tu mz;Nz vq;f ehd; fjTf;F fpl;lth epf;fpwd; ePq;f vq;f >Xk; jk;gp ,e;jh te;jpl;ld; uapy; nfhQ;rkh Rdq;fpl;L mJjhd; vd;W Ntfkh te;J iffis nfhLj;jhu; f[d; gpwF vq;fthJ b Fbg;gkh vd;wgb Nfs;tpia njhLf;f . eFydpd; miog;G kPz;Lk; vq;flh epf;fpw tUtpah ehd; Nghfth vd;wJ >,y;ylh nghW nghW xU Ie;J epkplj;jpy; thwd; Ms; te;jpl;L ,g;g thwd; vd;W Jz;bj;jhd; miog;ig >gpwF f[d; mz;Nz vg;gb Rfk; fdfhyk; fz;L >ehd; Nghd; mbj;jhy; $l vLg;gjpy;iy ePq;fs; ,y;iyNah ,Uf;Nfh Nghid vLj;J fijAq;Nfh mz;Nz mjpy vd;d te;jJ vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L Nru;j;J ele;jhd; uNk]; .
mQ;rudpd;
ahu; ey;ytd;;? cdf;F njupAk; jhNd rPl;Lf;fhud; Rj;jp Nghl;lhd; mJjhd; cz;l fhR juKbatpy;iy cdf;Fk; f\;lk; >tp]h Ntw ,y;yhky; Ntiy nra;fpw fhR mJjhd; vdf;F kdR f\;lkh Nghapl;L fhR ifapy fpilf;f fhy; gz;Ztk; vd;Wjhd; ehd; vLf;fNt ,y;iy ,t;tsT ehSk; gpwF mg;ghf;F Rfkh cly; epiy . eFydplk; iffis nfhLj;jtd; cq;fis mq;f fz;bUf;fpwd; ePq;f ,d;dhupd; ngbad; jhNd vd;W tpsf;fk; Nfl;f njhlq;fpdhd; >Xk; ePq;f ahU vd;W vdf;F rupaha; njupatpy;iy mJjhd; Fog;gk; vd;whd; eFyd; >ml jk;gp ePq;f mg;g rpd;d ngbay; ehq;f cq;fl Njhl;lj;Jf;F Ntiyf;F tUk; NghJ fS\hd; $l ,y;yhky; tpisahbf;nfhz;L ,Ue;j Ms; eP mz;zd; vy;yhk; >mg;gh mk;kh vy;NyhUk; Rfkh mf;fhf;F fypahzk; KbQ;Rjh vd;W vy;yhk; >vNjh cupik cs;stu; Nghy Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;lhu; mtu; . uNk]; cdf;F mtid njupahJ jhNd ehd; rPl;L Nghl;ltid >,y;iy f[d; mz;Nz ePq;f nrhy;y Nfs;tp Mis fz;ljpy;iy vt;tsT fhR fdNgUf;F nfhLf;fZk; Nghy mg;gbah vd;whd; >Xk; jk;gp ehY rPl;Lf;F Nky vdf;F ,uz;L rPl;Lf;fhR filrpah vLg;gk; vd;W tpl;ld; mJ >vy;yhk; Nghapl;L ,g;g vd;d gz;ZwJ mtid fhzTk; ,y;iy ,g;g Nghd; ek;gu; NtW khw;wp jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a28
Nghl;lhd; vd Mjq;fg;gl;lgb %r;R tplhu; f[d; . eFyd; Nfl;lhd; ePq;f fd fhyk; te;J >vd;d Ntiy nra;Awpq;f tPL vy;yhk; thq;fpahr;Nr vd njhLf;f> ,y;iy jk;gp ,g;gTk; xU rPl;Lf;fhR thq;fpw mYtyhj;jhd; te;jdhd; ,e;j thwd; vd;whd; Misf;fhzk; NghidAk; fhdk; >X ngupa rPl;lh rpd;d rPl;lh >,y;iy rpd;d rPl;L jhd; mJ vg;gNth Kbr;R Nghapl;L ,d;Dk; fhR jutpy;iy jk;gp ,Of;fpwhd; itj;J Rj;J khj;J Ntiy Nghyj;jhd; fplf;F >vd;d nra;fpwJ nkJth jhd; thq;fp vLf;fZk; >Cuh rz;ilf;F Nghf ,q;f njupAkh jhNd vtDk; ey;ytd; ,y;iy jk;gp ftdk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; vy;yhk; . ,g;gbNa Ngrpf;nfhz;L f[Dk; uNkRk; eFyd; epf;Fk; filabf;F fpl;lth tu >f[dpd; Kfk; khwpaJ jk;gp uNk]; ,jpy ,Uf;fpw filapy; b Fbg;gk; vJf;F mq;fpd J}ukh Nghthd; vd;whu; >,y;iy mz;Nz fhR mDg;g tp]h cs;s ngbad; mq;fjhd; epf;fpwhd; mJjhd; ehd; mq;f NghfpNwd; vd;wd; uNk]; . ey;yh Ngrpf;nfhz;L ,Ue;j eFyd; jpBu; vd;W mtrukh rup mz;Nz Neuk; Nghl;LJ mtrukh NghfNtZk; re;jpg;gk; vd;W iffis nfhLj;J tpl;L Ntfkh re;jpia fle;J Nghdhd; >vd;dlh epz;lthf;fpy Nghwhd; xU gpNsz;b $l Fbf;fhky; vd;W kdJf;Fs; mYj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. uNkRld; Nghdhy; mtuplk; khl;lNtDk; vd;d gz;ZwJ vd;W Nahrpr;rgb f[d; kdk; ,d;wp fhy;fis nkJth itj;jhd; >fhR Ntw nfhz;Ltutpy;iy ,td; ehd; fhR nfhz;Lte;jpUg;gd; mDg;gyhk; vd;Wjhd; thuhd; ,jpy Ntw me;jhs; epf;F vy;yhk; rpf;fyh NghfNghFJ >vd;d gz;zyhk; vd;W kdjpy; Ntfkh fzf;F Nghl;lhd; f[d; . filabf;F te;j uNk]; Rw;wp Rw;wp ghu;j;jhd; vq;flh Nghapl;lhd; ,td; Nghd; $l mbf;ftpy;iy vd;W rypj;Jf;nfhz;L ifNgrpia vLj;jhd; >mg;nghOJ mNla; f[d; eP capNuhL ,Uf;fpwpah vd;wgb >vl;b f[id gpbj;jhu; Nrhjpau; tpLq;f mz;Nz ifia vd;W jl;b tpl;lhd; f[d; >vd;d VJ vd;W Gupahky; Kop gpJq;fp epd;whd; uNk]; >ehd; xd;W NtZk; vd;W nra;atpy;iy me;j tlfhl;L eFy; jhd; rPl;L Vkhw;wp Nghl;lhd; mtid Nrhjpau; mJjhd; gpur;rpid ePq;f vd;Dld; gpbj;j rPl;L
KfL
juKbahky; NghdJ . Nla; mtNdh mtd; ,g;gj;jhd; ,jpy vd;Ndhl fijr;Rf;nfhz;L epz;ltd; lf;nfd;W ifia nfhLj;jpl;L Nghl;L thwd; vd;W nrhy;ypl;L ,e;jgf;fkh Xbdhd; >vdf;F njupahJ mtd; jhd; vd;W my;yJ Mis gpbr;R itj;jpUg;gNd vd;whu; Nrhjpau; . INah mz;Nz mtd; jhd; eFyd; vdf;F fhR Nghlte;jtd; tp]h cs;s ngbad; >,jpy epz;ltd; vd;W nrhd;dhd; uNk]; ml Cupy mtd; mg;gdpd; ngau; tpyhrk; vd;d ,td; ,q;f ,g;gb Ciu Vkhw;wp jpupAwhd; ey;ytd; Nghy my;yth ,g;g Ngrpl;L ,Ue;jhd; Nr ..... f[Df;F eFyd; nfhLf;fZk; >NrhjpaUf;F f[d; nfhLf;fZk; ,uz;Lk; elf;fZk; vd;why; eFyd; f[Df;F nfhLf;fZk; >vd cs;shu Nahrpidapy; Mo;j;jhd; uNk]; fhyKd; R+oYk; >Ntfkh gzf;fhud; MfZk; vd;Dk; NtfKk; vg;gb vy;yhk; Ra fTutj;ij tpl;L Vkhw;w gz;ZJ kdpjiu >,q;F ahu;jhd; ey;ytu;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; gpd;Df;F xU ngUk; fij ,Ue;Jnfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; Nghy INuhg;gh tho;tpd; R+o;r;rpkk; mJjhd; Mf;Fk; vd vz;zpagb uNk]; f[id ghu;j;jhd; ........ jk;gp Nfhtpf;fhj Ntiy rk;gsk; nrf; nfhLj;jdhd; tp]hf;fhud; ,d;Dk; fhR jutpy;iy ,z;ilf;F nfhz;Lte;J jhud; vd;wtd; >mJjhd; ehd; cd;id tur;nrhd;ddhd; nghW mtDf;F mbg;gk; vd;W mLj;j rk;khl;b mbia jiyapy; ,wf;fpdhu; f[d; . vjpu; Kidapy; miog;G nfhLf;f Neubah njhiyNgrp epWj;jpitf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ rpWJ Neuj;jpd; gpd; Kaw;r;rpf;fTk; vd $wp mize;jJ njhlu;G .
,uj;jj;ij jhUq;fs; cq;fSf;F tpLjiyiag; ngw;W jUfpNwd; Nejh[p
a29
jhyp
fle;j ,U khjq;fshf “jhyp“ gw;wpa tpthjk; kpf gugug;ghf gy kl;lq;fspy; ele;J tUfpd;wJ. jkpo; ehl;by; ,J rhu;e;J gy Nghuhl;lq;fSk; ele;J tpl;ld. ,jd; Muk;gk; “Gjpa jiyKiw“ vd;Dk; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ntspahd xU tpsk;guk;. jhyp Njitah? vd;fpd;w tpthj epfo;r;rpf;fhd tpsk;guj;ij me;jj; njhiyf;fhl;rp njhlu;r;rpahf xspgug;gpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j tpsk;guj;jpy; xU fhl;rp. xU ngz; jdJ jhypiaf; fow;wp> ,J jdf;F Njitapy;iy vd;fpd;whh;. ,Jjhd; jw;Nghija gpur;ridapd; Muk;gk;. ,e;j epfo;r;rpf;F gy ,e;J ,af;fq;fsplk; ,Ue;J vjpu;g;G tu Muk;gpj;jd. ,e;j epfo;r;rpia xspgug;gf; $lhJ vd;W Gjpa jiyKiwf;F kpul;ly;fs; te;jd. cr;rf;fl;lkhf GjpajiyKiw mYtyfj;jpd; kPJ Fz;L tPr;Rk; ele;jJ. kpul;ly;fSf;F gzpe;j Gjpa jiyKiw me;j epfo;r;rpia xspgug;ghkNyNa tpl;L tpl;lJ. Mdhy; jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fs; ,ijf; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;ld. “jhyp mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lj;ij“ jpuhtplH fofk; mwptpj;jJ. 21 ngz;fs; ngupahu; jplypy; ele;j epfo;r;rpapy; jkJ jhypfis mfw;wpf; nfhz;ldu; jkpo; tuyhw;wpy; Kjd; Kiwahf jhypia epuhfupj;J Ngrpath; “je;ijngupahh’; jhyp
tp.rNgrd;
ngz;fis mbikahf;FfpwJ vd;Wk;> jhypia ngz;fs; mzpa Ntz;baJ ,y;iy vd;Wk; mtu; typAWj;jpdhu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J jkpo;ehl;by; jhyp gw;wpa ru;r;ir ntbj;jJ. gy jkpowpQu;fs; jhyp gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu;fs;. jhyp jkpou;fspd; gz;ghLjhdh vd;fpd;w Ma;TfSk; thjg; gpujpthjq;fSk; ele;jd. 1954,y; ftpQu; fz;zjhrd; khNghrpAld; elj;jpa tpthjk; Fwpg;gplf; $ba xd;W. ftpQu; fz;zjhrd; jhyp jkpou;fspd; kuG ,y;iy vd;W thjpl;lhh;. “kq;fy mzp“ vd;W jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $WtJ jhypiaj;jhd; vd;W kNghrp thjpl> mJ ,aw;if moif Fwpf;fpwJ vd;W fz;zjhrd; thjpl;lhh;. ngUk;ghyhd jkpowpQu;;fspd; Ma;Tk; jhyp jkpo; kuG ,y;iy vd;gjhfj;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ‘kq;fy mzp“ vd;W nrhy; tUtJ cz;ikjhd;. kNghrp Nghd;wtu;fs; nrhy;tJ Nghy; mJ rpy Ntisfspy; jhypiaNah my;yJ xU Mguzj;ijNah Fwpf;fTk; $Lk;. Mdhy; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ me;j kq;fy mzpia Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; fOj;jpy; fl;bajhf ve;jf; Fwpg;GNk rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,y;iy. Nfhtyd; khjtpaplk; Nghfpd;w NghJ> fz;zfp jhNd jhyp fl;ba kidtp vd;W nrhy;tjhd fhl;rpAk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,y;iy. NfhtyDf;F jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a30
kuz jz;lid epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpwF ePjp Nfl;f tUfpd;w fz;zfp jdJ jhypiaf; fhl;b epahak; Nfl;ftpy;iy. jhyp gw;wp fz;zfp ve;j ,lj;jpYk; Ngrtpy;iy. fp.gp.7Mk;E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j Mz;lhspd; ghly;fspYk; jhyp ,y;iy. Mz;lhs; fz;zDld; jdf;F jpUkzk; elg;gjhf ghLfpwhs;. Iau; te;J ke;jpuq;fs; nrhy;yp jpUkzk; elg;gjhfj;jhd; Mz;lhs; ghLfpwhs;. khiyfSk; khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. jpUkzk; elf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; jhyp vd;gJ Mz;lhSf;F fl;lg;gLtjhf ghlypy; ,y;iy. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ jhyp fl;Lk; gof;fk; cUthftpy;iy vd;gjhfNt ,ij Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. rq;f fhy ghly;fspYk; jpUkzk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; tUfpd;wd. mitfs; kQ;rs; ePuhLfpd;w epfo;Tfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. jpUkzj;jpy; jhyp fl;lg;gl;ljhd Fwpg;G vq;Fk; ,y;iy. MapDk; jhyp vd;fpd;w Mguzk; gw;wp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ngrg;gl;bUg;gJk; cz;ikjhd;. rpWtu;fSf;F miuQhz; fapwhf fl;lg;gl;l Ik;gilj; jhyp gw;wp nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,isQu;fs; jkJ fOj;jpy; Gypg; gy;iy Nru;j;J fl;bapUe;J jhyp gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk; Mz;fSf;F cupahjhd xU Mguzkhfj;jhd; jhypia jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ngz;fs; jhyp fl;bapUe;j Fwpg;Gf;fs; ntF FiwthfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. jpUkzj;jpy; fl;lg;gLk; XU Mguzkhf jhypia jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy vd;gJjhd; ,jpy; kPz;Lk; epidTgLj;jf; $baJ. fp.gp 10Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F gpd;Gjhd; jhyp jkpou;jpUkzj;jpy; ,lk;ngwj; njhlq;fpajhf rpy jkpowpQu;fs; $Wfpd;whu;fs;. mjw;Fk; kpfg; gpe;jpNa jhyp jpUkzj;jpd; milahskhf khwpaJ vd;gJ rpy jkpowpQu;fspd; thjk;. nkhfhyau;fspd; Ml;rp> gpd;du; INuhg;gpau;fspd; Ml;rp Mfpa fhyq;fspy; jhyp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf khwpaJ vd;fpd;w xU Ma;Tk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. me;epau;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jpUkzk; Mfhj ,sk; ngz;fis mtu;fs; ftu;e;J nrd;W tpLtjhy;> jpUkzk; Mfp tpl;lJ vd;W fhl;Ltjw;fhf jhypia ngupa mstpy;
KfL
vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupAk;gb ngz;fs; mzpfpd;w tof;fk; cUthfpaJ vd;gjhf me;j Ma;T nrhy;fpd;wJ. ,ij cz;ik vd;W vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> jhyp vd;gJ ngz;fSf;F kl;Lky;y> ,dj;jpw;Nf mbikr; rpd;dk; vd;W Mfp tpLfpwJ. MapDk; jhyp gw;wpa ru;r;ir vd;gJ tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdJ my;y. mJ Mguzkhf ,Ug;gjpNyh> jpUkzj;jpy; mzpag;gLtjpNyh ahUf;Fk; ve;j rpf;fYk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; gpur;rid vq;Nf tUfpwJ vd;why;> mjw;F xU Gdpjj;ij cUthf;fp> jhyp vd;gij kdpju;fSf;Fk; Nkyhd xd;whf khw;wp> mij xU MAjkhf itj;J ngz; vd;gts; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ> gpur;rid cUthfpd;wJ. Mz; vg;gbahf ,Ue;jhYk;> jhyp fl;b tpl;lhy; mtDf;F mlq;fpg; NghFk;gb ngz;Zf;F r%fk; Nghjpf;fpd;wJ. ngz;iz mlf;Ffpd;w MAjkhf jhypia r%fk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. jpuhtplu; fofk; “jhyp mfw;Wk; epfo;T“ gw;wp mwpf;if tpLj;jJk; ,e;Jj;Jtthjpfs; nghq;fpdhu;fs;. jhyp mWf;Fk; epfo;T elf;f ,Ug;gjhf jpupT gLj;jpdhu;fs;.cz;ikapy; ,e;Jj;Jtthjpfs;jhd; jhypia mWf;fpd;whu;fs;. xU ngz;zpd; fztd; ,we;J tpl;lhy;> mtspd; jhypia mWj;J> nkhl;il mbj;J rlq;Ffis elj;Jgtu;fs; ,tu;fs;jhd;.fztid ,oe;J tpl;l ngz;iz “mWjhyp“ vd;W ,opTgLj;jp> mtis ve;j xU epfo;tpYk; fye;J nfhs;stplhky; nra;J> xU %iyapy; milj;J itj;J nfhLikg;gLj;Jgtu;fshf ,tu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;.xU jhypia itj;Jj;jhd; me;j ngz;zpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,tu;fs; vil NghLfpd;whu;fs;. ,g;gbahd tplaq;fs;jhd; jhyp gw;wpia ru;r;iria Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jhyp vd;gJ xU ngz;zpd; KbT. mij mzptJk; mfw;WtJk; mtspd; cupik. mjpy; MNzh> r%fNkh jiyapl KbahJ. jhyp md;gpd; milahsk; vd;W xU ngz; fUjp mij mzpe;jpUf;fyhk;. mbikr; rpd;dk; vd;W fUjp mij mfw;wp tplyhk;. jd; fOj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Mguzk; kPjhd cupik me;jg; ngz;zpw;Fj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
a31
gpzk; fhf;Fk; kuk;
ixU kuzj;jpd; fpuPlkhf me;j kuj;jpd; fpisfspy; FbNaWfpd;wd fhfq;fs;! II. mtw;wpd; ,wf;ifabg;Gf;fspd; cury;fs; mjd; cjpu;e;JtpOk; ,iyfspd; rurug;Gfshf! III. me;jkuk;> fhfq;fspd; mywy;fshy; rpijf;fg;gl;Lj;> jkJ J}f;fj;jpw;fhd fk;gpfshf ifg;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd! IV. mjd; njsptw;w mirTfis> xU Fbfhudpd; eldNkh vd;W me;jf; fhw;W Muhr;rpnra;fpwJ!
Rfp Rtp];
V. my;yJ mjd; xu; mirthdJ> epyj;jpNy Nt&d;wpf; fhw;wpNy cau;e;jhLk; xU ghk;igg;Nghy; ,Ue;jNjh? VI. MdhYk; mjw;Fj; njupe;jpUf;fpwJ> Xu; capu; cs;spUe;J ntspNawp fhzhky; mope;JNghtjw;F vt;tsT mtfhrk; Njitnad;gJ! mq;Nf> xU kdpjdpd; capuw;w cly; - mJ> xU kiyAr;rpapd;kPJ fple;J> vQ;rpa jd; tho;ehspy; ,Uf;fpd;w filrpf; fzj;jpy; rpije;J> mOfpg;Nghfpd;wJ! %yk; Nghu;j;JfPrpa nkhop jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a32
thrfu; fUj;Jf;fs; ujp Nkhfd; KfL gw;wpa rpy tupfs; kz;zpd; typfis jd;dfj;Nj Rke;JtUk; ,e;j rQ;rpifia thrpj;J tUk; thrfu;fspy; ehDk; xUtu;> Njrpaj;ij ikakhf nfhz;LtUk; rpWfijfs; > ftpijfs; > fl;Liufs; >ek; fpuhkq;fspd; juprdk;> njupahj gy jfty;fs;> Gyk; ngau; fiyQu;fs; gf;fk;. vd ey;y gy tplaq;fis mLf;fpf;nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;> NkYk; nkUNfw vk; Gyj;J ,d;dy;fs;> vk; tUq;fhy rKjhak; gw;wpa rpy myry;fisAk; Nru;f;fyhk; vd;gJ vd; fUj;jhFk;... jkpo; tsu;g;Nghk;. Rthrpg;Nghk;. ghuhl;Lf;fs;! vd;Wk; md;Gld; ujp Nkhfd; KfL Mrpupau; cq;fs; fUj;jf;fSf;F ed;wp ujp Nkhfd;. njhlu;e;J KfL ,jio thrpj;J cq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itAq;fs;.KfL ,jo; KOikahf ,sk; vOj;J Mu;tsu;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L ntsptUfpd;wJ.ePq;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ Nghy; ,sk; jiyKiwfspd; tsu;rpapd; NjitNahL $batifapy; vjpu;tUq;fhyq;fspy; KfL ,jo; fpilf;fg;ngWk; vd cWjp $WfpNwhk;. ed;wp. Nah.Gul;rp. KfL rQ;rpif ,j;jid epiwNthL ,Uf;Fnkd ehd; vjpu;ghu;f;ftpy;iy. jkpo;j; Njrpaj;jpid typikahf;Fk; gilg;Gf;fs;> mj;Jld; vk; kd;zpd; typfisr; nrhy;Yk; nkhopfs;> gpw ehl;L Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;> ek;Njr fpuhkg; gfpu;Tfs;> rpWfij vy;yhNk gpbj;jpUf;fpwJ. ml;ilg; glj;jpy; tz;zkakhd fhyb Vnddg; Gupatpy;iy. jj;Jtk;> nghJ mwpT cz;ikapy; nrwpT. jFjpkpf;f fl;Liufs;. tho;j;Jf;fSlDk;> md;GlDk;> Nah.Gul;rp. KfL Mrpupau; vk;NkhL cq;fs; fUj;ij gfpu;e;jikf;F ed;wpfs;. ,jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Xtpak; Gyj;jpy; gdpfhyj;jpy; Nghu;itf;Fs; jd; cliykiwj;Jf;nfhz;L> ghjj;ij ntspNa njupa tPjpapy; cwq;Fk; xU kdpjdpy; ghjk;.
midj;J
KfL
“KfL’
thrfu;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; fUj;Jf;fis ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup (mukadu.editer@gmail.com) ed;wp
vjpu;
a33
jw;Nghija fha;efu;j;jyhFk;. jdJ epiyg;ghl;ilj; jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;> fl;rpapd; xj;Jiog;ig tYg;gLj;jTk; $bajhd xd;whfNt kpff; $Ljyhd uPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fSf;F mtu; mikr;Rg; gjtpfis toq;fpAs;shu;.
k`pe;jit Xuq;fl;l Jzpe;J fsj;jpy; Fjpg;ghuh ikj;jpup? - te;jpaj;Njtu; -
k`pe;jTf;F Mjuthd Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; kj;jpa cWg;gpdu;fs; Itiu gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wpAs;shu;. jkf;F vjpuhdtu;fisg; gjtpfspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;fpf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jd;id tYg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sj; Njitahdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sj; Jzpe;Js;shu;.
Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;\足it kPz;Lk; murpaYf;F nfhz;L te;J mtiug; gpujkuhf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fq;fzk; fl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; tpky; tPutd;]> cja fk;kd;gpy kw;Wk; ];uPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLfshy; nghWik ,oe;j [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupg hy rpwpNrd> k`pe;jTf;F vjpuhf mtu; kPz;Lk; murpaypy; gpuNtrpf;fhJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd jdJ fha;efu;j;jy;fis Muk;gpj;Jtpl;ljhfj; njupfpd;wJ.
k`pe;j Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtjpy; Ml;Nrgid ,y;iy vd;W $wpte;j ikj;jpupghy rpwpNrd jhd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffShlhf k`pe;jit murpaypy; ,Ue;J jhdhfNt xJq;fpf;nfhs;sr; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhu; NghYk;. vdpDk;> mikr;ru; gjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l k`pe;j ahg;gh mNgatu;j;jd Nghd;wtu;fs; kPJk; [dhjpgjpapd; eltbf;iffs; Njit. k`pe;jit murpaYf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjpy; jPtpukhf cs;stu;fspy; k`pe;j ahg;ghTk; xUtu;. jdJ MjuT k`pe;jTf;Nf vd;W ntspg;gilahf mtu; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gw $wpAs;shu;. kf;fspilNa k`pe;jTf;fhd nry;thf;F ,d;dKk; fzprkhd tsu;r;rp nfhz;ljhfNt mlf;FKiwaw;w [dehaf uPjpapyhd xUtu; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpdrup nkjKyd nry;Yk; vd ikj;jpupf;F ngaUz;L. ,Ue;jhYk; ngUk;ghd;ikapd kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if [dehafj;Jf;F KuzhdNghf;Filatu;fs; kPJ cd;dpg;ghd mtjhdj;Jld; [dehafj;ijf; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. fhg;ghw;wNtz;ba nghWg;Gk; jd;dplk; cz;L k`pe;jit kPz;Lk; gpujkuhf;fpg; ghu;f;fNtz;Lk; vdTk; rthy;fis vjpu;nfhz;L ehl;bd; vd;gJ mtuJ tpRthrpfSf;F mtrpakhf ];jpuj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhf;fNtz;ba flikAk; cs;sJ. mtu;fs; gyjug;gl;l Coy; Nkhrb fspy; jdf;Fz;L vd;gjhy; muirg; gpur;rpidfspy; ,Ue;J jg;gpg;gpiof;f k`pe;jTf;fhd mjpfhuk; ,Ue;J mtu; kPl;nlLf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mjw;fhf kpf;f gjtp Njit. k`pe;j kPz;Lk; murpay; eltbf;iffisf; iff; nfhz;Nlahf Ntz;Lk;. gpuNtrk; nra;tjpy; cs;s Mgj;ij [dhjpgjp kl;Lkd;wp mtuJ murpay; vjpupfSk; czuj;jhd; nra;thu;fs;. vdNt> mtiu murpaypy; ,Ue;J Xuq;fl;l [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupAk; rup Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp re;jpupfh FkhuJq;fTk; rup Kd; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;baJ ,d;wpa ikahjJ. mjd; Muk;gNk [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupapd;
,jd;gb Nju;jy; fhyj;J thf;FWjpahd epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisf; Fiwj;jy;> Nju;jy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> jfty;fs; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;ij eil Kiwg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ehlhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyg;gjpYk; cWjpahd jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a34
KbTfis vLf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jJld;> E}Wehs; jpl;lj;jpd; fPohd Nahridfis tpiue;J nraw;gLj;jTk; KbTnra;Js;shu;. ,yq;iff;F ,g;NghJ vy;yh kf;fisAk; mtu;fSf;fhd cupikfs; Rje;jpuk; - [dehafj;Jld; mutizj;Jr; nry;yf;$ba jiyikAk; Ml;rpANk Njit. xU [dehaf uPjpapyhd jiytu; ikj;jpupghy rpwpNrd vd;gjpy; mtUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp vjpu;fhyj;jpYk;$l ,e;j mk;rq;fs; epiyj;J epw;ff;$bajhd J}a;ikahd topfhl;ly; Njit vd;gjhy; ru;thjpfhuj;Jld;$ba FLk;g Ml;rpKiwf;F rhT kzp mbf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; ikj;jpup muRf;fhdNj. mjw;fhd ghijiaj; jpwg;gJk; mtuJ flik vd;gjhy; rl;lj;Jf;Fk;> ePjpf;Fk; Gwk;ghd Nfhl;ghLfisj; jfu;j;J Kwpabf;Fk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;nd Lg;gJld; Nju;jy;fspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu;fs; Nghl;bapLtijAk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; jLf;f eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. k`pe;j ehl;L kf;fSf;F toq;fpa R+g; kpfTk; NkhrkhdJjhd;. mJ nfhLikfs;> muh[fk; fye;j Nkhrkhd R+g;ghFk;. rpiwj;jz;lid> gjtp gwpg;G> gl;lq;fs; gwpg;G vd Kd;dhs; ,uhZtj; jsgjp ruj; nghd;NrfhTf;F k`pe;j toq;fpa R+g; gOjile;j Nkhrkhd xd;Wjhd; vd;gijj; jdJ Mjq;fj;jpd; %yk; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;jpa ruj; nghd;Nrfh> gwpf;fg; gl;l tpUJfs; gjtpfis kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJld; gPy;l; khu;\ y; me;j];Jf;Fk; cau;j;jg;gl;Ls;shu;. ikj;jpup murhy; toq;fg;gl;l ,e;jf; fQ;rp kpfTk; rpwe;jJ vd;gijAk; Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;jpAs;shu;. xU ey;y kdpjuhfr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLk; ikj;jpupghy rpwpNrd ehl;ilr; rPuopf;ff; fhuzkhd murpay;thjpfSf;F ,lkspf;ff;$bajhf nkd;Nghf;iff; ifahsg; Nghfpwhuh? my;yJ xU ey;y vjpu;fhyj;ij cUthf;ff;$bajhd Jzpr;riyj; njhlug;Nghfpwhuh? mjhtJ> ruj; nghd;Nrfh ghzpapy; nrhy;tJ vd;why; ehl;Lf;F Nkhrkhd R+g;ig toq;fg; Nghfpwhuh? rpwe;j fQ;rpg ;ghidiaf; fhl;lg;Nghfpwhuh?
tptrha tuyhW “tptrha tuyhW’ kdpj tuyhw;wpy; cyfshtpa r%f-nghUshjhu khw;wj;jpw;F xU Kf;fpakhd fhuzpahf ,Ue;jJ. tptrha Kd;Ndw;wk; kdpj ehfupfj;jpy; xU ngUk; gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ vdyhk;. Ntshz;ikNa kw;w vy;yh fiyfSf;Fk;> Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;l mikg;GfSf;Fk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. tptrhapfs; jq;fs; FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czit cw;gj;jp nra;Jnfhs;Sk;NghJ> me;j r%fj;jpYs;s kw;wtu;fs; czT cw;gj;jp jtpu;j;j kw;w gzpfspy; jq;fis mu;g;gzpj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. tuyhw;whrpupau;fSk; khDltpayhsu;fSk; tptrhaj;jpd; tsu;r;rpNa kdpj ehfuPfj;ij rhj;jpakhf;fpAs;sJ vd;W ePz;l fhykhf tpthjpj;J te;Js;sdu;.
mstpy; tpuptile;Js;sJ. ,e;j tpupthf;fj;jpD} lhf> Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fSk; Gjpa gapu;fSk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ePu;g;ghrdk;> gapu; Row;rp> cuq;fs;> kw;Wk; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; Nghd;w tptrha Kiwfs; ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Ntshz; njhopy; vd;gJ Rkhu; 10>000 cUthfptpl;ld> Mdhy; fle;j E}w;whz;by;jhd; Mz;Lfs; gioikahdJ. ,J gy;NtW ngUk; khWjiy epfo;j;jpd. fhyfl;lq;fspy; epyg;gug;gpYk; kfR+ypYk; ngupa
KfL
a35
,lk;ngau;e;j Cupy; ,lk;ngauh eha; xl;bAs;s ce;jpf;F cztpl tUtPNuh... ,y;iy.. capu;Nghd gpd;$l Cu;tu khl;BNuh.. ngz;eha; ehndd gpwe;j tPl;lhu; njUtpy; tPr md;Gld; J}f;fp te;J Mjupj;j v[khNd... gf;Ftkha; kbapUj;jp ghy;je;j ghrq;fNs.. ghu;f;ftu khl;BNuh ghrj;J [pk;kpia. md;nwhU ehs; mtyq;fs; R+o Cu;tpl;L vy;NyhUk; Xbg; NghifapNy jdpahf ehd;kl;Lk; jtpj;Jg; NghNdNd.. coT ,ae;jpuj;jpd; gpd;Nd
Nah.Gul;rp Xb ehd; te;jNghJ ,wq;fp te;J ePq;fs; tsTf;Fs; Nghntd tha;r;nrhy;yhy; VrpdPu;fs;. cq;fspd; czTd;L capu; tsu;j;j ehd; fd;zPUlNd ePq;fspl;l fl;lisf;F fl;Lz;Nld;. md;WNghd ePq;fs; ,d;Wtiu tutpiyNa. epj;jKk; fd;zPUld; nrj;J tho;fpNwd;. vd;Nghd;w gyupq;Nf ,we;jdu; vwpfidapy;. cq;fs; khkuq;fSk; njd;dQ;NrhiyfSk; NtypNahug; gyhf;fSk; Ntypf;fpSitfShk; Fw;Wapuha; mOfpd;wd. fOj;jWj;jhd; Nrty; kl;Lk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a36
capjg;gp cyTfpd;wJ. vdf;fhf ePq;fs; fl;bj; je;j $Lk; MAis mz;kpf;fpwJ. njUf;fple;j vd;id cUg;gbahf;fpa cwTfNs cztpl;l cq;fSf;fha; tpjp KbAk;tiu tPL fhg;Ngd;. filrpf; fzg;nghOJtiu fz;fshy; thriy Nehf;fpapUg;Ngd;. ePq;fs; te;jhy; capu; gpiog;Ngd;. tuhtpl;lhy; thrw;gbapNyNa capu; Jwg;Ngd;. ePq;fs; Ritj;j ftpijapd; fUg;nghUsha; mike;j ehapd; ngau; vdf;Fj; njupahJ. 2008k; Mz;L etk;gu; khjk; tTdpah khtl;lk; fdfuhad;Fsk; gFjpapy; vd; tho;T. Aj;jk; fhuzkhf vy;yh kf;fSk; ,lk;ngau Cu; mehijahdJ. jghy; epiyaj;J mUfpYs;s tPl;by;> ,d;dKk; ,lk;ngauhj vYk;Gk; NjhYkhd xU eha;. ePz;l ehl;fs; mjw;F czTk;> ePUk; ,y;iy vd;gJ njspthfj; njupe;jJ. epiwar; NrhW nfhLj;Njd;. NrhW cz;zf;$l ,ayhj eha; rpwpjsNt cz;lJ. ,J ele;jJ xU khiy. kWehs; fhiy gpl;L vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ehaplk; NghNdd;. ehd; neQ;rilj;Jg; NghNdd;. me;j tPl;L thrypNyNa me;j eha; cwT nrj;Jf; fple;jJ. ngau;$lj; njupahj me;j eha;jhd; ,e;jf; ftpijf;F Mjhuk;. ,e;jf; ftpijapy; tUk; [pk;kp eha; ehk; filrpahf tsu;j;j eha;. mijAk; ,lg;ngau;T fhyj;jpy; ehk; ,oe;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
mfjp vd;gJ> ,dk;> rkak;> Njrpa ,dk;> Fwpg;gpl;l r%ff; FOnthd;wpy; cWg;ghz;ik>murpay; fUj;J vd;git fhuzkhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltUk;; mtUila ehl;Lf;F my;yJ nrhe;j ,lj;Jf;F ntspapy; ,Ug;gtUk;; me;ehl;bDila ghJfhg;igg; ngw Kbahj my;yJ gak; fhuzkhf mt;thwhd ghJfhg;ig ehl tpUk;ghjtUkhd xUtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;. KfL
a37
n[dh n[arPyd;;
Pongal tirunal Pongal est une fête traditionnelle tamoule. On la célèbre au mois de janvier pour remercier le soleil. Ce jour là, les tamouls font beaucoup de préparatifs dont le but de rendre hommage au soleil. Ils font du pongal qu'ils font bénir avant de le manger avec leur famille et leurs amis. Ce jour est très important et fait partis de notre culture malheureusement elle n'est pas aussi essentielle en France. jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
fpA+ghtpd; Foe;ijfs;
a38
fpA+ghtpd; Foe;ijfs; ghlrhiyapy; kjpa ,ilNtisapd; NghJ rpwpJ Neuk; J}q;fp Xa;ntLf;fpwhu;fs;. fpA+gh xU %d;whk; cyf twpa ehlhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> mq;Fs;s Foe;ijfs; Cl;lr;rj;Jf; Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg; gltpy;iy. ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; njUtpy; gpr;ir vLf;ftpy;iy my;yJ Fw;wthspf; Fk;gy;fSld; Nrutpy;iy. epy mgfupg;ghy;> my;yJ thlif fl;l Kbahjjhy;> ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; mJ trpj;J te;j tPl;by; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg; gltpy;iy. jukhd kUj;JtKk; midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; xU Nrh\ypr fl;likg;gpd; fPo; cWjpg; gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sd. "cd;dhy; KbAk; jk;gp!" xU ehl;by; Nrh\yprj;jhy; kl;LNk> vOj;jwptpd;ikia xopf;f KbAk; vd;gJ kPz;Lk; xU jlit ep&gpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. fle;j gj;jhz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf Nrh\ypr nfhs;iffis gpd;gw;wp tUk; VNth nkhuhNy];rpd; nghyptpahtpy; vOj;jwptpd;ik xopf;fg; gl;L tpl;ljhf UNESCO mwptpj;Js;sJ. UNESCO msTNfhypd; gb xU ehl;by; vOj;jwptw;wtu;fs; tpfpjhrhuk; 4% f;Fk; fPNo ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vOj;jwptpd;ikia xopg;gjw;fhf fpA+gh jahupj;j tpNrl fy;tpj; jpl;lkhd "Yo> sí puedo" (vd;dhy; KbAk;) ,jw;F ngupJk; cjtpAs;sjhf UNESCO Gfohuk; R+l;bAs;sJ. fpA+gh xt;nthU tUlKk; fy;tpf;f;fhf gl;n[l;by; fzprkhd msT epjpia xJf;fp tUtJ njupe;jNj. yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy;> Nrh\ypr nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;Wk;> fpA+gh> ntdpRNtyh> nghyptpah Mfpa ehLfspy; kl;LNk vOj;jwptpd;ik xopf;fg; gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ. Nrh\yprj;ij Mjupf;Fk; Ml;rpahsu;fisf; nfhz;l vf;FtNlhu;> cUFNt> Mu;n[e;jPdh Mfpa ehLfspYk; fpA+ghtpd; "Yo> sí puedo" fy;tpj;jpl;lk; Vw;fdNt eilKiwg; gLj;jg; gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ntFtpiutpy; me;j ehLfSk; UNESCO gl;baypy; ,lk;ngWk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg; gLfpd;wJ. ed;wp fiyafk;
KfL
a 39
Ks;sptha;fhypy; ,dg;gLnfhiyf;F cs;shd jkpo; kf;fSf;F xU epidTj;Jhgpia fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;
m.kA+ud;. Clftpayhsu; yz;ld;.
,dg;gLnfhiyf;F cs;shd jkpo; kf;fSf;F xU epidTj;J}gpia fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;’. ey;ypzf;fk; gw;wp NgRk; rpq;fs murplk; ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; Nguhy; kf;fspd; kd MWjYf;fhf nfhy;yg;gl;l kf;fSf;F xU epidT ];J}gpia vOg;gp ey;ypzf;fj;ij mq;fpUe;J fl;bnaOg;g njhlq;Fq;fs;. fp.K.480Mk; Mz;L ghurPf gilnaLg;Gf;F vjpuhf ];ghu;l;lh kd;dd; ypNahdplh]; (Leonidas) jiyikapy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd ghurPfgilapdiu vjpu;j;J 300 fpNuf;f tPuu;fs; Thermopylae vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghupl;L midtUk; khz;ldNu MapDk; mjd; tpisthf fpNuf;fu;fs; xd;Wjpuz;L ngUk;ghurPfg; gilia ,Wjpapy; Njhw;fbj;jdu;. me;j 300 tPuu;fSk; khz;l ,lj;jpy; tuyhw;W gpurpj;jpngw;w epidTr; rpd;dk; khu;gpy; fy;ypy; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2500 Mz;LfSf;F gpd;Gk; tuyhW me;j epidTr; rpd;dj;jpdhy; epidT$wg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a40
1919Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; [hypad;thyhghf; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; epfo;e;j gLnfhiyapd; Nguyhy; mg;gLnfhiyf;F cs;shd fsk; ,d;Wtiu ,e;jpa murhy; epidTr; rpd;dg; gFjpahf Ngzg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j Mz;L Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; mnkupf;fhTf;F muR gazk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j [g;ghdpag; gpujku; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ [g;ghdpag; gil nfh^ukhd kdpjtu;f;fg; gLnfhiyfis Gupe;jikf;fhf tUj;jk; njuptpj;J mnkupf;f fhq;fpu]; mitapy; ciuahw;wpAs;shu;. 1915Mk; Mz;L Mu;kPdpa fpwp];jtu;fs; ,dg;gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;likia xU E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd; gupRj;j ghg; muru; fz;ldk; njuptpj;J ciu epfo;j;jpaJld; mjw;fhf cynfq;Fk; cs;s fpwp];jt Njthyaq;fspy; rpwg;Gg; G+irfSk;> gpuhu;j;jidfSk; ,lk;ngwr; nra;Js;shu;. Mdhy; MW Mz;LfSf;F Kd; 2009Mk; Mz;L vk; fz; Kd;dhy; vk; ,dpa cwtpdu;fSk;> ez;gu;fSk;> maytu;fSk;> Mz; - ngz;> rpWtu;-KjpNahu;> fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khu;> NehAw;Nwhu; vd;w vt;tpj NtWghbd;wp Rkhuhf xd;wiu yl;rk; kf;fs; rpq;fs ,uhZtj;jhy; ,dg;gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,tu;fis epidT $wTk; ,tu;fspd; Mj;khf;fs; rhe;jpaila mtu;fSf;fhf gpuhu;j;jpf;fTk; ehk; kd MWjy; milaTk; vkf;F xU epidTj;J}gp mikf;fg;gLjy; mtrpakhFk;> vdNt ,e;j tUlj;jpyhtJ tUk; 18Mk; jpfjp ,jw;fhd mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gLjy; mtrpak; vd epidf;fpd;Nwd;. ,jw;F Vw;w ,lj;ij njupT nra;J xU epidT ];J}gpia vOg;g Ntz;baJ vkJ cupikapd; NguhYk;> nghWg;gpd; NguhYk; khfhz Kjyikr;rUk;> jkpo;j; Njrpa $l;likg;gpdupd; flikahFk;> vdNt ,tw;iw ftdjpy; vLj;J cldbahf Mtz nra;J tUk; 18Mk; Njjp ,jw;fhd itgtj;ij mbf;fy; ehl;b itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;>
KfL
a41
njhlHr;rp gf;fk; - 25........ ,yq;ifapy; ,j;jid jkpo;g; glq;fis cUthf;fpapUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;why;> ,e;jf; fiyQu;fs;` vj;jid ngupa nfl;bf;fhuu;fs; Mj;k jpUg;jpf;fhf mtu;fs; <Lgl;l khngUk; Kaw;rpfs; vj;jid ngUik tha;e;jit. KjyhtJ rpq;fsg; NgRk; glk; 1956Mk; Mz;L ntspte;jJ. mjd; ngau; ‘flTD nghwe;Jt’ (cile;j cWjpnkhop) vd;gjhFk;. ,e;jg; glj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu jkpo; NgRk; kf;fshfpa ehk; ngUikg; glyhk;. Vnddpy;> me;j KjyhtJ rpq;fsg; glj;ijj; jahupj;jtu; jkpouhd v];.vk;. ehafk; vd;gtNu. cz;ikahd rpq;fsf; fyhrhuj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fhyOk; gpwnkhopg; glq;fis lg; nra;Jk; Muk;gpj;j rpq;fsr; rpdpkh> ,d;W jdf;nfd xU ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jtpl;lJ. rpq;fsr; rpdpkhit Muk;gpj;J itj;jtu;fs; kl;Lky;y> tsu;j;Jtpl;ltu;fSk; jkpo; NgRk; fiyQu;fNs! ,tu;fs; jhd; rpq;fsf; fyhrhuj;ijNa rpdpkhtpy; rPuopj;jtu;fs; vd;w ngaiuAk; gpd;dhspy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ rpq;fsg; glj;ijj; jahupj;jtu; jkpou; vd;gJNghy KjyhtJ jkpo;g;glj;ij (16 kp.kP) jahupj;jtu; xU rpq;fstu;. md;WKjy; ,d;Wtiu ,yq;ifapy; cUthFk;
midj;J rpq;fs> jkpo;g; glq;fspYk; rpq;fs jkpo; K];ypk; fiyQu;fs; xw;Wikahf <Lgl;L tUfpwhu;fs;. ,yq;ifapy; jkpo;g;glj; jahupg;G Kaw;rpfs; 1951Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;Ng Muk;gkhfptpl;ld. Kf;fpakhf ‘FRkyjh’ vd;w jkpo;g; glj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhf Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jpiug;glk; 1951-12-29 ,y; jpiuaplg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. gp.V.lgps;A+. epWtdj;jpdu; jahupj;j ,g;glj;jpy; vbn[akhd> Uf;kzpNjtp N[hbahf ebj;jhu;fs;. ,g;glj;jpd; ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;w ,irj;jl;nlhd;W ,g;nghOJk; ,yq;if thndhyp epiyaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. 1951Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; ‘rq;fTD gpypJw’ vd;w rpq;fsg; glj;ijj; jahupj;jhu;fs;. mg;glk; ,yq;ifapy; 1951-05-20,y; jpiuaplg;gl;lJ. gp.V.lgps;A+. n[akhd;d vd;gtu; ,g;glj;ijj; jahupj;J newpahz;lhu;. ,r;rpq;fsg; glj;ijNa jkpOf;F lg; nra;J ‘FRkyjh’ vd;w ngaiu itj;jhu;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,r;rpq;fsg;glj;Jf;F ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fisf; nfhz;Nl jkpo;f;Fuy; toq;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy;’ FRkyjhit’ ,yq;ifj; jkpo;g; glk; vd;W Kw;W KOjhfr; nrhy;yptpl KbahNj! jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a42
mf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; jkpo;g; glq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w vz;zk; gy fiyQu;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; cUthfpapUe;jJ. jpiug;glj; jahupg;G vd;gJ gzj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ vd;gjhy; gyu; Kd;tutpy;iy. fiyahu;tk; nfhz;l nry;te;ju;fs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. rpy nry;te;ju;fs; ,e;jpaj; jkpo;g;glq;fis ,q;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;J jpiuaplg;ngUe; njhopyhfNt khw;wpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,yq;if urpfu;fSk; mg;glq;fisNa ghu;j;J urpf;fg; gofpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,d;W xU Gjpa rpq;fsg; glk; xNu Neuj;jpy; 16 jpNal;lu;fspy; XLfpwJ. ,ijg; NghyNt me;jf; fhyj;jpy; xU Gjpa ,e;jpaj; jkpo;g; glk; 16 jpNal;lu;fspy; XbapUf;fpwJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;epiy khwp te;jJ. ,yq;ifj; jkpo;g; glq;fspy; Mu;tKk; NjrhgpkhdKk; nfhz;l gyu; jiyefupYk; kiyafj;jpYk; tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspYk; mbf;fb Jspu;tpl;Lf; nfhz;NlapUe;jdu;. 1952 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ehlf mDgtKk; rpdpkh Mu;tKKs;s ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs; rpyu; kiyafj;jpy; nfh];ye;ij vd;w Cupy; xd;W$bdhu;fs;. me;jf; fiyQu;fs;jhk; ,yq;ifapy; jkpo;r; rpdpkhit Muk;gpj;J itj;jtu;fs; vd;w ngUikiaj; Njbf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. mtu;fs;jhk; vk;.tp.uhkd;> V.mUzd;> tp.jq;fNtY> n`d;wp re;jputd;] Nghd;w fiyQu;fs;. rpdpkh vd;gJ xU $l;L Kaw;rp vd;gjhy; ,tu;fs; midtUk; xd;W$b xU KbTf;F te;jhu;fs;. vy;NyhUk; Nru;e;J xU jpiug;glj;ij cUthf;FtJ vd;gJjhd; me;j KbT. me;j vz;zq;fspd; gpujpgydhff; fiyQu;fs; vy;NyhUk; xd;W Nru;e;J ‘rpdpkhf; fyhepiyak;’ vd;w kd;wj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. kd;wj;jpd; Kjy; Kaw;rp Muk;gkhfptpl;lJ mtu;fs; $l;LwT Kiwapy; fWg;G nts;is epwj;jpy; jkpo;j; jpiug;glnkhd;iwj; jahupf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;fs;. ed;wp ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rpdpkhtpd; fij
jk;gpIah Njtjh]; (B.A.(Cey.) B.Ed.(Cey.) Diploma in Journalism.
ahu; ,e;j fk; gthupjp n[auh[; (Fkud; fjph;fhkh;)
fk;gthupjp ,.n[auh[;>(jkpo;j;Njrpak; gpbf;fhj xU gpuhkzu;)>,tiu tpku;rpf;Fk; jkpof ezg;u;fSk;>Gyk;ngau;e;Njhupy; mjpfkhNdhUf;Fk;>Vd; Cupy; ,Ug;gtu;fspy; nfhOk;NghL rk;ge;jkpy;yhj mj;jidNgUf;Fk; ,tiu njupahJ.mjhdhy; RUf;fkhf ,tiug;gw;wp. ,tu; ,uhkhazj;ij fiuj;Jf;Fbj;J>Mq;fhq;Nf Nfhapy; jpUtpoh Nkilfspy; Jg;gp>ngau; ngw;wtu;.gpwF nfhOk;G fk;gd; fofj;j;Jf;Fs; Eioe;J mij jd;trg;gLj;jp >jd; FLk;g nrhj;jhf;fpatu;. tUrhtUrk; ,tUk; ,tupd; mbg;nghbfSk; fk;gd;tpoh vd;nwhd;W elhj;Jthu;fs;.mjpy; ,tUf;Fk; fofj;Jf;Fk; Njitg;gl;l>gLfpw rpyiu mjpYk; Kf;fhy;thrpg;Ngu; ,e;jpahtpy; ,yf;fpathjpfsha; gioa Guhzq;fis J}rpjl;bf;nfhz;L ,Ug;gtu;fs;.NgUf;F Cupy; cs;s xU rpyUf;F fk;gd; tpUJ vd;W toq;Fthu;. Mapuk; Mapuk; ,isQu;fSk; AtjpfSk; Mirf;fdNthL ngw;W tsu;j;jtu;fis J}f;fp vwpe;Jtpl;L tpLjiy xd;Wjhd; ekf;F Njit vd tuyhw;wpy; vd;WNk epfohj xU ngUk; rupj;jpuj;ij fz;Kd;dhy; epfo;j;jpf;nfhz;bUf;f>,e;j mitf;Fjth fk;gthupjp gok;ghly;fis gbj;Jk;>gl;bkd;wq;fspy; gf;fk; gpupj;J eifr;Rit nrhy;ypAk; ,yf;fpak; tsu;f;fpNwd; vz;L tapW tsu;j;Jf;nfhz;L jpupe;jhu;.xU fl;lj;jpy; Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;Fk; mJ rhu;e;j ,yf;fpa gz;ghl;L mikTfSf;Fk; fpQ;rpj;Jk; gydpy;yhj ,e;j fk;gthupjpia aho;g;ghzj;ij tpl;L tpul;bdhu;fs;. mj;NjhL aho;g;ghz fk;gNfhl;lk; ,y;yhky; NghdJ.mjd;gpwFjhd; nfhOk;G Ngha; nfhOk;G fk;gd; fofj;ij nfhs;is mbj;j fij.
KfL
a43
Nghd;w my;yf;iffs; jrujr;rf;utu;j;jp vdg;Gfo;e;J kpfg;ngUk; nfsutj;ij nfhLj;jdu;. ,ij Vndz;W Nfl;L fbjk; mDg;gpdhy;>kWnkhopf;fbjk; KOtJk; Vfhe;jKk;>vs;sYk; vLgl;l fijAkha;>cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;j xUtupd; Cj;ij Kfj;ij fhl;b ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,J fPNo Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy; cjad; ehspjopy; ntspte;j nra;jp.
Gypfs; ,Ue;j fhyq;fspy; Njrpaf;ftpQd; GJitia ftpij thrpf;f $l mDkjpahjtu;. ve;j murpay; fyg;Gk; ,y;yhj ,yf;fpa fofkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd jpkpNuhL ,Ue;jtu;. GJit>,sq;Fkud; Nghd;w Gypfspd; fy;tp fiy ,yf;fpa gz;ghl;L Kf;fpa];ju;fSf;F $l NkilNaw mDkjp kWj;jtu;.Nfl;lhy; murpay; Ntz;lhk; ,yf;fpak; NghJnkd;ghu;.fsj;jpy; Ngha; fhtpakhFk; ,sk; nkhl;Lf;fis>fUk;Gypahfp rhFk; Neuk; njupe;Jk; ,dj;Jf;fhf Ngha; ntbf;Fk; fe;jf FQ;Rfis ghlNtz;lhk;.ghLk; tha;fSf;F ,e;j fk;gd; fofKk;>fk;gthupjpAk; fsk; mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jpUe;jhy;>,d;W Gyk;ngau;e;jtu;fs; jiyaplNtz;lhk; vq;fs; ehl;L epfo;Tfis ehq;fs; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Nthk; vd;W ,e;j fk;gthupjp $Wtij Vw;fyhk;.,e;jf;fofj;ij kf;fs; kag;gLj;jhky; ntWk; uhkfhij ghb>ahu; ahUf;nfy;yhk; nrhk;gbj;J gpd;gf;fk; fOtptpl;lhy; gzk; ghu;f;fyhNkh mtu;fis vy;yhk; uhkDf;F mLj;jgb ey;ytu;fshf;fp ghu;j;J>gzk; fwg;gJ ,e;j ey;ytu; fhyk; fhykha; gz;Zk; njhopy;.,ij $l;bf;nfhLg;gJ vd;W ahUk; nrhd;dhy; ehd; nghWg;gpy;iy.
vkJ ,dk; Fwpj;J cz;ikahd mf;fiw nfhz;l xNu xU jiytu; mikr;ru; lf;s]; Njthde;jhthk;! fk;gthupjp ,.n[auh[; rdp> 26 khu;r; 2011 jkpo; kf;fSf;fhd rpwe;j jiyikj;Jtk; cs;stuhf kl;Lky;yhky; ,dk; gw;wpa cz;ikahd md;Gk;> mf;fiwAk; nfhz;ltuhfTk;> Rakhf KbntLf;ff; $batUkhf mikr;ru; lf;s]; Njthde;jh mtu;fs; kl;LNk tpsq;fp tUfpd;whu; vd fk;gd; fof ];jhgfu; fk;gthupjp ,.n[auh[; mtu;fs; njuptpj;Js;shu;. nfhOk;G nts;stj;ijapy; mike;Js;s fk;gd; fof Nfl;Nghu; $lj;jpy; fofj;ijr; rhu;e;NjhUld; ghuk;gupa ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; rpWnjhopy; Kaw;rp mgptpUj;jp mikr;ru; lf;s]; Njthde;jh mtu;fs; ,d;W fye;Jiuahba NghNj n[auh[; ,t;thW njuptpj;Js;shu;. mtu; NkYk; njuptpf;ifapy; jkpo; kf;fSf;fhd
mg;bahg;gl;l fk;gthupjp jhd;>Ml;rpf;F te;J jkpou;fSf;F vJTk; nra;ahj >,Wjp Aj;jfhyj;jpy; ghJfhg;G mikr;ruhf jhe;jhd; ,Ue;Njd; vd khu;jl;Lk;>,dg;gLnfhiy> Nghu;f;Fw;wk; njhlu;ghf ntspaftprhuiz vjw;Fk; mDkjpf;fhj ,yq;if [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupghy rpuPNrdit fk;gd;tpoh Nkilapy; mupahrdj;jpy; ,Uj;jp>Filnfhb Mytl;lj;NjhL>Rke;jpud; jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a 44
rpwe;j jiyikj;Jtk; cs;stuhf mikr;ru; lf;s]; Njthde;jh mtu;fs; kl;LNk tpsq;fp tUfpd;whu; vd;gJld; ,dk; gw;wpa cz;ikahd mf;fiw nfhz;ltuhfTk;> md;G nfhz;ltuhfTk; ,Ue;JtUfpd;whu; vd;gij ehq;fs; czu;TG+u;tkhf mwpNthk;. jkpou;fSf;fhd Ranfsutk;> gz;ghL> tho;tpay; cs;spl;l rfy cupikfisAk; muRld; Ngrpg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gk;> jkpo; kf;fs; Rakpoe;J thohky; ,Ug;gjw;F kl;Lky;yhky; nfsutkhd tho;it thof;$ba epiyia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk; mikr;ru; mtu;fshy; kl;LNk KbAk;. mj;Jld; 2004Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,af;fj;ij [dehaf ePNuhl;lj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;jtu; mikr;ru; vd;Wk; ,jd; NghJ mtu; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;. ,ij gbf;ifapNyNa ,tuJ Njrj;Jf;fhd ehl;Lf;fhd gq;fspg;Gf;fs; ve;j epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vd;gJ GupAk;.NkNy ehd; cjad; nra;jpia Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;baJ>VNjh ikj;jpupf;F kupahij nra;jij nghWj;Jf;nfhs;shky; ehiye;J rpd;dg;ngbas; rj;jk; NghLwhq;fs; vd;W ,ijg;gbg;gtu;fs; Ngrf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf. mtuJ fbjj;jpy; mtu; the;jp vLj;J itj;J>mtu; ntz;zPW G+rpa Kfj;jpy; NrW G+r itj;J>mjw;fhf mtu; tUe;jg;Nghfpw Kf;fpakhd thu;j;ijfs; ,it. 1) ehl;iltpl;L Xba Gyk;ngau;e;j vtUk; jhafj;jpy; eilngWk; rk;gtq;fSf;F topfhl;bfshf ,Uf;fKbahJ. kPwp> ahuhtJ vkf;F MNyhrid je;jhYk; ehk; mij Vw;fg;Nghtjpy;iy. 2) %d;whtJ jiyKiwf;F gpwF jkpo; njupahky; ,dk; khwg;NghFk; Gyk;ngau; jiyKiw <oj;ij nghWj;jtiu ghu;itahsu;fshf ,Ue;Jtpl;Lg;Nghfl;Lk;> gq;fhspfshf KbahJ.
3) Jg;ghf;fpf;F gae;J ,j;jidfhyKk; fk;gd; fofk; murpay; Ngrtpy;iy.ikj;jpupapd; ey;yhl;rpapy; ,dp fk;gd; fofk; murpay; NgRk;. 4) fk;gd; fofj;Jf;F gzk;>nghUs; nfhLj;jtu;fSk;>ehl;by; Ajj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpjitfSf;F tho;T nfhLj;jtu;fs; vd;w jFjpAilatu;fs; kl;LNk> fk;gd; fofj;ij Nfs;tp Nfl;fKbAk;. 5) vdJ tUiff;fhf Gyk;ngau;e;j fhjpjg;Gypfs; cl;gl midtUk; jtkpUf;fNtz;Lk;. ehd; tUtJ Gyk;ngau;e;j kf;fSf;Fj;jhd; ngUikNa xopa vdf;fy;y. ,itjhk; mtu; mUspaitfspy; Kf;fpakhdit.,tw;Wf;F gjpy; nrhy;tnjd;gij tpl>,tw;Wf;fhd tpsf;fj;ij Gyk;ngau;e;j xt;nthUtUk;>fk;gthupjp Nghd;w gd;dhilfSf;F nghd;dhil Nghu;j;Jk; $l;lKk;>ntspehLfSf;F fiyr;Nritf;F njd;dpe;jpa $j;jhbfis mioj;J tpau;it rpe;jpa <oj;jkpod; gzj;ij ms;spf;nfhLj;J tpLNthUk; rpe;jpf;fNtz;Lk;. ehq;fs; $j;jhbf;nfhz;bUf;fTk;>mtw;iw jrpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fTk; jhd; Ik;gjhapuk; thoNtz;ba gjpd;k taJ ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; Ngha; ve;j gpujpgyDk; ek;kplk; Nfl;fhky;>mtu;fs; FLk;gj;ij ehk; ftdpg;Nghk; vd;fpw cWjpia $l mtu;fs; ek;kplk; Nfl;ftpy;iy.mg;gbahdtu;fs; Ngha; fsj;jpy; kupj;jhu;fsh?rpe;jpf;fNtz;Lk;.,ij gbj;jgpwF neQ;rpd; xU %iyapy; ehk; vq;Nf epw;fpNwhk; vd;W Njhd;wp>ek;kPNj ntWg;G Njhd;Wkhapd; ,ij vOjpajpy; ehDk;>gbj;jjpy; ePq;fSk; gadile;Njhk;.
KfL
a
jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,isQu; Nguit
a
KfL