Tekie_G6_Main_CBSE_AY24_Final by Uolo

Computer Science

About the Book This book embodies the principles outlined in the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It unveils the world of computer science through a unique and captivating pedagogical approach— seamlessly integrating curriculum content into the mesmerizing adventures of Mel and Conji, fictional figures hailing from the enchanting world of Avora. Our aim is to prepare learners for the dynamic and technology-driven landscape of the 21st century, equipping them with the essential skills they need to thrive in an ever-evolving world.

Special Features • Explore More: QR codes to explore an exciting application of the concept. This element builds curiosity in children and helps them grasp concepts through digital visual aids. 6

• Discuss: Questions to trigger engaging group discussions in the classroom. • Think and Tell: Probing questions to stimulate thinking at an individual level. • Did You Know? Interesting facts related to the application of a concept. • Points to Remember: Chapter end summary. • Do It Yourself: Milestone exercises to practice specific concepts. • Chapter Checkup: A pool of questions catering to all topics and skills covered in the chapter.

About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to bring technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 10,000 schools across India, South East Asia, and the Middle East.

Singapore

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Gurugram

Bengaluru

hello@uolo.com �550

NEP 2020 based

NCF compliant

Technology powered

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Grade 6

The Secrets of Enigmus

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Foreword

Standing at the forefront of the digital and AI revolution, the importance of coding and computational skills has reached unprecedented heights. In today’s professional landscape, whether it’s in the fields of medicine, space exploration, education, science, or business, no sector remains untouched by this transformative wave. To not just survive but thrive in the 21st century, basic computer literacy is no longer sufficient. Learners must evolve into “digital natives” who can fluently read, write, and communicate in the languages that machines and AI comprehend. Recognizing this imperative, the National Education Policy of 2020 (NEP 2020) has strongly recommended the integration of coding skills, computational thinking, critical analysis, and problem-solving abilities into the curriculum. Moreover, forward-looking subjects like AI, Data Sciences, Computer Applications, and IT have been introduced as elective subjects from grade 9 onwards. It wouldn’t be surprising if further transformative measures are taken even at the elementary education level. Uolo has introduced an innovative 360-degree program for a coding-focused computer science curriculum, known as Tekie, spanning grades 1 to 8. Tekie is a significant stride towards STEM education that aims at making learners future ready—enabling them with skills needed in the ever-changing, technology-driven, and dynamic 21st-century world. Tekie adopts a captivating and engaging approach to learning, in line with the recommendations of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2023 and NEP 2020. The curriculum is ingeniously woven into the thrilling adventures of Mel and Conji, fictional characters from the enchanting land of Avora. The Mel and Conji series epitomizes a modern method of acquiring Computer Science knowledge and honing coding skills and computational thinking. Tekie is a technology-empowered curriculum that encompasses a few key components: • • • •

Main Content Books: These introduce learners to the theory of computer science and the tools used in the field. Topics in AI are also covered, along with experiential and curiosity-based learning resources. Coding Book: Specifically designed to nurture coding skills, this booklet aligns with the experiential and contextual learning approach of the curriculum, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

Animated Learning Videos: The program is powered by high-quality animation-based learning videos that deliver learning in an engaging manner. Teacher Manual: This valuable resource supports classroom instruction, ensuring that educators can effectively deliver the curriculum.

Welcome to the captivating realm of Tekie! We hope you relish this educational journey as it equips you with the tools you need to thrive in the exciting and ever-changing world of the 21st century.

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Key Chapter Elements Each chapter has been divided into two key sections. Section A: Story-based Comic In every grade, students embark on an immersive experience in the “Adventures of Mel and Conji”. Within each chapter, in the initial section (Section A), the story unfolds, enveloping learners in an exciting journey. Through the story, students actively connect with fundamental concepts in the realm of Computer Science. Section B: Computer Science Concepts This section of the chapter focuses on the essential academic content. It provides the learning goals and assists teachers in their classroom instruction. This section also includes the following academic assets: QR codes to explore an exciting application of the concept.

HOTS questions to trigger engaging group discussions in the classroom.

Discuss!

This element builds curiosity in children and helps them grasp concepts through digital visual aids.

What are the different benefits of virtual desktops?

Explore More!

To know how translator programs work, scan this QR code.

Interesting facts related to the application of a concept.

Did You Know? The term “software” was first used by John W. Tukey in 1958.

This is the chapter summary. It enables learners to glance through all key concepts covered in the chapter. Probing questions to stimulate HOTS at individual level.

Think and Tell

How does the Continuum impact on the behaviour of Windows 10 on devices like smartphones and tablets that support it?

Milestone exercises to practise specific concepts.

A pool of questions catering to all topics and skills covered in the chapter.

iii

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Introduction to Avora

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Places in Avora

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Meet the Characters

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viii

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Contents

omputer Languages and Types C of Computers

diting and Formatting Data in E Google Sheets



Computer Languages



Google Sheets



Translator Programs



Entering Data



Categories of Computers



Editing in a Google Sheet



Formatting in a Google Sheet

New in Windows 10 

New Features of Windows 10



Virtual Desktops



Action Centre



More Features of Windows 10



Windows Security

Internet Services

7 38

Image Editing with Canva 

Introduction to Canva



Adding Shapes and Graphics



Editing Image



Introduction to Mind Maps



Creating a Mind Map in Canva

What is the Internet?



Editing and Formatting Text



Popular Services on the Internet



Applying Text Effects



Potential Threats of Using the Internet



Adding Branches to a Mind Map



Netiquette

More Features of Google Slides

100

Creating Mind Maps with Canva 119



AI—Computer Vision 

Artificial Intelligence



Natural Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence



Applying Animation Effects



Applying Transitions



Inserting Multimedia

Introduction to Computer Vision



Augmented Reality



Advanced Features of Google Slides



Virtual Reality



Viewing a Presentation



AI Ethics

150

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Chapter 1 • Computer Languages and Types of Computers

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Computer Languages Have you ever thought about how you communicate with your friends or family using words and sentences? Just like we have languages for humans, computers also have their own languages to understand and follow instructions. These languages are called computer languages. A computer language can be defined as a set of instructions that computers can understand and follow. A computer language is a special language that is in the form of codes and symbols. There are five categories of computer languages based on their development stages. They are called generations. Programming Languages

Low-Level

Firstgeneration

High-Level

Secondgeneration

Thirdgeneration

Fourthgeneration

Fifthgeneration

Let us learn about these five generations of computer languages.

First-generation Languages First-generation language is also called machine language or low-level language. This language is dependent on machines. As you know, the computer is an electronic device. So, it understands the language of electric signals that are symbolised as 0s and 1s, known as binary code. The language that includes the use of binary codes is called binary language.

Advantages of First-generation Language 1. Quick and effective since statements are directly written in a binary language. 2. No translator is necessary.

Disadvantages of First-generation Language 1. Binary codes are difficult to learn. 2. It is very difficult to find and fix errors in programs written in machine language.

Chapter 1 • Computer Languages and Types of Computers

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Second-generation Languages Second-generation language is also called Assembly Language. It is also a low-level language. This language uses a simple mnemonic code instead of binary numbers to communicate with computers. For example, ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, MUL for multiplication, and so on. When compared to programs created in machine language, the programs created in assembly language are simpler to create, understand, and modify.

Advantages of Second-generation Language 1. When compared to machine language, it is simpler to understand. 2. Changes are easy to make. 3. Errors are easy to locate and correct.

Disadvantages of Second-generation Language 1. An assembler is required. 2. The instruction set for this language varies according to the architecture and hardware. 3. You can perform only a limited number of operations using this language.

Third-generation Languages Third-generation languages are called high-level languages. These languages resemble English conversation more closely. The programs written in these languages can be developed in very little time as compared to the first- and second-generation languages. The examples include FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, Java, C#, etc.

Advantages of Third-generation Languages 1. The use of English-like words makes the language easy for others to understand. 2. It requires fewer lines of code than the first- and second-generation languages. 3. By using a compiler specific to that language, the same code can be moved to another system and run on it.

Disadvantages of Third-generation Languages 1. You need a compiler and interpreter to execute a program. 2. Different computers require different compilers.

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Fourth-generation Languages Fourth-generation languages are called non-procedural languages. They are very high-level languages. They enable users to access the database. These languages are easy for people to understand. The fourthgeneration of programming languages was created with the goal of reducing the time, expense, and effort required for creating various software applications. The examples include SQL, Python, FoxPro, and Focus.

Advantages of Fourth-generation Languages 1. These languages are simple to understand and learn. 2. The creation of applications takes less time. 3. The chances of introducing errors in the programs are very low.

Disadvantages of Fourth-generation Languages 1. The programs written in fourth-generation languages occupy more space in memory. 2. They have weak hardware control. 3. They are not very flexible.

Fifth-generation Languages Fifth-generation languages are used for creating programs for Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural Networks are the two main industries using the fifth-generation of computer languages. The examples include Prolog, Mercury, LISP, etc.

Advantages of Fifth-generation Languages 1. Fifth-generation languages focus on the logic of the problems rather than the implementation. 2. They often allow programming in a more natural language like syntax. 3. 5GLs require less code to accomplish tasks. 4. These languages are well-suited for AI and expert system development, where rule-based and symbolic reasoning is essential.

Disadvantages of Fifth-generation Languages 1. 5GLs are often specialised and may not be suitable for all types of programming tasks. 2. 5GLs can be complex to learn. 3. Depending on the implementation, 5GLs may not always offer the same level of performance.

Chapter 1 • Computer Languages and Types of Computers

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Did You Know? Computer languages are based on predefined rules, known as syntax, as human languages are based on words and grammar.

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Translator Programs A translator program for computer languages is similar to a unique tool that enables the computer to understand user requests. It converts instructions written in a computer language into something the machine can understand, much like translating a foreign language into your native language. It is like translating so that speakers of different languages can communicate with one another! There are three main types of translator programs:

Compiler A compiler is a language processor that reads the source programs written in high-level language and converts them into an equivalent program written in machine code in one go. If there are any errors, it immediately informs the programmer about them.

High-level Language

Compiler

Explore More!

To know how translator programs work, scan this QR code.

Machine Language

Interpreter Interpreter is a translator program that converts high-level language code to machine language line by line as the program runs.

High-level Language

Interpreter

Machine Language

Assembler A translator, called an assembler, is used to convert assembly language code into machine language code. Assembly Language

Assembler

Machine Language

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Do It Yourself 1A 1

Fill in the blanks.

A program that converts assembly language into machine language is called

b 2

languages require less code to accomplish tasks.

Write T for True and F for False.

A compiler translates the source code written in high-level language into machine language in one go.

A computer is an intelligent machine, so it does not require a translator.

Categories of Computers A computer is an electronic device. You must have seen the different types of computers, like a desktop, a laptop, or a tablet. There are many more types of computers that are categorised according to their shape, size, and functionality. Let us learn about them one by one.

Supercomputers Supercomputers are super-fast and large computers. They have huge storage space. They can do lots of tasks very quickly, like a billion tasks in just one second! These computers are different from regular personal computers. Supercomputers are used for special jobs, like science research, medicine, simulations, and weather predictions. A special unit called FLOPS, Floating-point Operations Per Second, is used to measure how fast they work. Examples: Summit, Fugaku, Sierra, Sunway TaihuLight, Tianhe-2A, etc.

Advantages of Supercomputers 1. They have huge storage capacity. 2. They work very fast. 3. Many people can use them at the same time.

Disadvantages of Supercomputers 1. They are costly. 2. They use a lot of power. 3. They need experts to take care of them. Chapter 1 • Computer Languages and Types of Computers

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Explore More!

Want to explore the fascinating world of supercomputers? Scan this QR code.

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Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are also big and super-fast, but smaller than supercomputers. They can do lots of jobs quickly. They are used in places where high precision is required, such as in banks to handle money transactions or in aeroplane guidance. Mainframes are super reliable, and they can work for a long time—at least 10 years. Mainframes can also get bigger if needed by adding more parts, like processors and memory. Examples: IBM z15, IBM z14, Unisys ClearPath Libra, Fujitsu GS21 360, and Hitachi VOS3.

Advantages of Mainframe Computers 1. They are very reliable. 2. Their functionality can be extended by adding more parts. 3. They are super safe and used for high-precision tasks. 4. They are quite reliable.

Disadvantages of Mainframe Computers 1. They cost a lot, so mostly big organisations use them. 2. They need a lot of power and specialised cooling to stay cool. 3. Using and fixing them is tricky and needs special knowledge.

Minicomputers Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but still offer significant computing power. They are used in scientific research, industrial control systems, and as servers for midsized organisations. Minicomputers have a large memory storage capacity due to their large number of processors. They can run multiple operating systems simultaneously. Example: IBM System/3, DEC PDP-11, Data General Nova, HP 3000, and Wang VS.

Advantages of Minicomputers 1. Minicomputers are known for their high performance and reliability. 2. Their functionality can be extended by adding more processors. 3. Due to their large number of processors, minicomputers have extensive memory storage capacity. 4. They can do multiple tasks at the same time.

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Disadvantages of Minicomputers 1. Due their cost, only large organisations use them. 2. They require lots of power and cooling to stay cool. 3. They need specialists to fix and use them.

Workstations Workstations are high-performance computers used for specialised tasks like professional photo and video editing, 3D design, scientific modelling, and software development. They have powerful hardware and are often used by professionals in technical fields. They are mostly used by a single user. Examples: Dell Precision Mobile Workstations, HP ZBook Studio Workstation, etc.

Advantages of Workstations 1. Workstations are much faster than regular laptops and can handle tough tasks. 2. Workstations can store huge amounts of data, making them suitable for big projects. 3. They are great at making complex graphics. 4. They keep important data safe, making them ideal for banks and large organisations.

Disadvantages of Workstations 1. Workstations are expensive to buy and maintain, so only big organisations and important places like banks use them. 2. They are not portable because they are big and need to stay plugged in.

Personal Computers (PCs) PCs are the most common type of computer and are designed for individual use. They include desktop computers and laptops. PCs are used for a wide range of tasks, including word processing, internet browsing, gaming, and more.

Advantages of Personal Computers 1. They are used for communicating with friends and family through emails, chat, videos, and more. 2. They can help you search for anything on the internet. 3. They are great for playing games, watching shows or movies, drawing pictures, editing videos, and writing in digital diaries. Chapter 1 • Computer Languages and Types of Computers

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4. They can do tasks very quickly due to their very high-speed processors. 5. PCs have a huge storage capacity to store pictures, videos, presentations, and documents.

Disadvantages of Personal Computers 1. Using personal computers for a long duration can have physical health effects, like poor eye-sight, pain in the hands and neck, etc. 2. They are prone to security breaches if not protected. 3. They can experience hardware or software issues that can affect their performance.

Think and Tell

What other tasks can be performed using personal computers?

Tablets and Smartphones These portable devices combine computing capabilities with touchscreens. They are also meant for individual use. They are used for various purposes, such as communication, entertainment, and productivity.

Advantages of Tablets and Smartphones 1. You can carry tablets and smartphones anywhere you want. 2. Their touchscreens are user-friendly and intuitive. 3. They serve as phones, cameras, music players, and more. 4. App stores offer a wide variety of applications. 5. They provide Wi-Fi, cellular data, and Bluetooth connections.

Disadvantages of Tablets and Smartphones 1. They have limited battery life, requiring frequent charging. 2. They have small screens, which may not be suitable for all tasks. 3. They can lead to reduced productivity and social interaction. 4. High-end devices and data plans can be expensive. 5. They are susceptible to security risks like malware and data breaches.

Did You Know? The term “software” was first used by John W. Tukey in 1958.

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Do It Yourself 1B Match the type of computer with its features. Type of Computer

Feature

Tablet and smartphones

Smaller than mainframes

Supercomputer

Need a lot of power and specialised cooling to stay cool

Mainframe computer

Can be carried anywhere

Minicomputer

Performance is measured in FLOPS

Points to Remember 1

A computer language can be defined as a set of instructions that computers can understand and follow.

A computer language is a special language that is in the form of codes and symbols.

There are five categories of computer languages based in their development stages. These are called generations.

Computers can be categorised into supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, personal computers, tablets, and smartphones based on their size and functionality.

Supercomputers are super-fast and very big computers with huge storage space.

Mainframe computers are also big and super-fast, but smaller than supercomputers.

Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but still offer significant computing power.

Workstations are high-performance computers used for specialised tasks like professional photo and video editing, 3D design, scientific modelling, and software development.

PCs are the most common type of computer and are designed for individual use.

Tablets and smartphones are portable devices that combine computing capabilities with touchscreens.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints 1

mnemonic

A special unit called

mainframe

FLOPS

personal

binary

is used to measure how fast supercomputers work.

computers are super reliable, and they can work for a long time—at least 10 years.

computers are the most common type of computer and are designed for individual use.

The language that includes the use of binary codes is called

The assembly language uses simple the computers.

Chapter 1 • Computer Languages and Types of Computers

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language.

code instead of binary numbers to communicate with

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B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

A computer language can be defined as

The language that computers speak.

A way in which computers understand instructions.

A way of computer-to-computer communication.

A way of communication between different types of machines.

Which computer language is used for giving low-level commands to a computer?

Binary

Spanish

Emoji

English

can convert a source code into binary code line-by-line.

Assembler

Interpreter

Compiler

Processor

LISP is a

language.

High-level

Low-level

Assembly

Fifth-generation

generation languages enable users to access the database.

First-generation

Second-generation

Third-generation

Fourth-generation

C. Who Am I? 1

I am a second-generation of programming language, which uses special code symbols like ADD and SUB.

I use 0s and 1s in binary code to give instructions to the computer.

I am a program that helps computers understand various languages.

I am a computer that is used for creating 3D designs.

I am a computer that is portable and can be taken from one place to another.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Many people can use the supercomputers at the same time.

Mainframe computers are bigger than supercomputers.

Minicomputers are small, so they cannot run multiple operating systems simultaneously.

Workstations have touch-enabled screens.

Fourth-generation languages are called procedural languages.

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E. Answer the Following. 1

What is a computer language?

Name the categories of computers based on their size and functionality.

Write the features of mainframe computers.

Differentiate between a compiler and an interpreter.

How is assembly language different from machine language?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Reena’s mother was a computer programmer during the third-generation of computer language. Which kind of language did she use then?

Amit’s brother is a scientist and works in the weather-forecasting department. Which type of computer must he be using?

Aisha wants a computer that she can carry to college. Which type of computer do you suggest she should take?

Rohan is a programmer who writes programs for artificial intelligence machines. Which generation of languages is this?

Asmi wants to convert a program written in a high-level language into a low-level language. Which program should she use to do it?

Chapter 1 • Computer Languages and Types of Computers

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Chapter 2 • New in Windows 10

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New Features of Windows 10 Windows 10 is the successor to Windows 8.1. It offers exciting new features to enhance your computing experience. The Start Menu, which has a new appearance with easy-to-find apps and live tiles, is one of the highlights. With the help of the Continuum feature, Windows 10 adjusts the interface according to the device, like a laptop or tablet. Microsoft Edge, a web browser, has become quicker and more secure. You may also set up additional desktops to keep organised and easily transition between different tasks. Furthermore, Windows 10 has improved security with Windows Defender and provides frequent updates to keep your PC running efficiently and safely. The Windows 10 Anniversary Update released by Microsoft in August 2016 brought enhancements like Windows Ink, improved Windows Hello, and better integration with the Universal Windows Platform.

Did You Know? The latest version of Windows is Windows 11, which was released on October 5, 2021.

Start Menu In Windows 10, the Start Menu is introduced in a new way. It has the functionality of the classic Start menu used in earlier versions of Windows as well as Live Tiles that were introduced in Windows 8. To open the Start Menu, click on the Start button (represented by the Windows logo) in the bottom left-hand corner of the screen. The Start menu is divided into two panes. The left-hand pane of the Start menu shows the list of apps installed on your computer, whereas the right pane shows the Live Tiles of various apps.

Start Menu

Start Button

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Following are the different parts of the Start Menu: Most-used Apps: It is a list of your frequently used apps in the left-hand portion. You can customise this section by pinning or unpinning apps according to your requirements. Live Tiles: These are boxes of different sizes with app icons on the right-hand side. These are dynamic and can show real-time information from certain apps. You can change the size of these tiles, rearrange them, delete them, or uninstall them too. Power Button and User Account: At the top or bottom of the Start menu, depending on your settings, you will find your user account picture along with the Power button. Clicking on your account picture allows you to sign out, lock, or change account settings. Search Bar: It is a box present at the bottom and allows you to quickly search for apps, files, settings, and more on your computer. Just start typing, and Windows will provide relevant suggestions.

Windows 10 Continuum It is a feature in Windows 10 that allows the operating system to adapt to how a device is being used. It is primarily designed for 2-in-1 devices like laptops with detachable keyboards or tablets that can be used as both a traditional laptop and a tablet. The main idea behind Continuum is to provide users with a consistent and optimised experience across various devices: 

Tablet mode: When you detach the keyboard or switch to tablet mode on a 2-in-1 device, Windows 10 will automatically switch to a touch-friendly interface with a full-screen Start menu and apps optimised for touch input.



Desktop mode: When you re-attach the keyboard or use your device in a laptop-like configuration, Windows 10 will switch back to the traditional desktop mode, making it easy to use desktop applications and multitask with a keyboard and mouse.

Chapter 2 • New in Windows 10

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However, here are some of the changes you can see in Windows 10’s tablet mode: •

Start menu as Start screen: In tablet mode, the Start menu is replaced with the Start screen, which is a full-screen interface that displays Live Tiles and app shortcuts in a more touch-friendly layout. This makes it easier to launch apps and access important information.

•

Taskbar changes: The taskbar becomes more touch-optimised, with larger icons and more spacing between them. It can also automatically hide when you are not using it to maximise screen space.

•

Virtual keyboard: Windows 10 provides a virtual keyboard that appears on the screen when you need to input text. This keyboard is designed for touch input and includes features like autocorrect and gesture typing.

•

Edge gestures: Tablet mode introduces touch gestures for navigation, such as swiping from the left to access the Task View, swiping from the right for Security and Maintenance notifications and quick settings, and swiping down to close apps.

•

Full-screen apps: Apps typically open in full-screen mode in tablet mode by default, providing a more immersive experience.

•

Snap Assist: You can use Snap Assist to arrange open apps side by side, making multitasking more accessible on touch-enabled devices.

•

Security and Maintenance: The Security and Maintenance is touch-optimised, making it easy to access notifications and toggle settings like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and screen brightness.

•

Ink Workspace: For devices with pen support, Windows 10 provides the Ink Workspace, which offers tools for drawing, writing, and annotating documents.

•

Task View: Task View allows you to switch between open apps and virtual desktops by swiping or tapping on thumbnails of running applications.

Think and Tell

How does Continuum impact on the behaviour of Windows 10 on devices like smartphones and tablets that support it?

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Do It Yourself 2A 1

Match the following. A

To open the Start Menu

Shows the Live Tiles of various apps

Right-hand pane of the Start Menu

2-in-1 devices

Most-used Apps

Click on the Start button

Continuum is primarily designed for

A list of your frequently used apps

What is the effect of the Tablet mode of Windows 10 on the Start Menu?

Virtual Desktops A virtual desktop is like having multiple computer screens on a single monitor. It helps you organise your work by creating separate desktop spaces for different tasks. There are two ways to create virtual desktops: by using the mouse or by using the keyboard. Steps to create a virtual desktop by using the mouse are: 1. Click on the Task View button on your taskbar as shown.

2. Click on New desktop to create a new virtual desktop. New desktop Option

Chapter 2 • New in Windows 10

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You can create multiple virtual desktops using this method. By using a keyboard, press Win + Ctrl + D keys to create a new virtual desktop quickly.

Switching Between Virtual Desktops You can switch between virtual desktops by using the Task-view button as well as the keyboard. 1. Click on the Task View button. 2. Click on the virtual desktop you want to switch to.

You can also switch between virtual desktops by: 1. Pressing Win + Ctrl + Left Arrow keys to switch to the desktop on the left-hand side of the current desktop. 2. Pressing Win + Ctrl + Right Arrow keys to switch to the desktop on the right-hand side of the current desktop.

Managing Applications in Virtual Desktops You can open different applications on each virtual desktop to keep your work organised. Each virtual desktop has its own taskbar, which shows only the applications open on that desktop. This helps you focus on the task at hand. Steps to manage applications on virtual desktops are: 1. To move an application to a different desktop, open Task View. 2. Right-click on the app. A context menu appears. 3. Choose Move to option. 4. Select the desired virtual desktop. 24

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Closing Virtual Desktops To close a virtual desktop, follow the given steps: 1. Open Task View. 2. Hover over the desktop you want to close. 3. Click on the Close

button that appears.

Discuss!

What are the different benefits of virtual desktops?

Action Centre The Action Centre is a critical component of modern operating systems such as Windows. Its fundamental purpose is to arrange and prioritise system alerts and notifications so that users are informed of key events, changes, and problems. Users may change their settings to receive timely notifications for emails, app upgrades, security warnings, and other things. It increases user productivity, security, and overall user experience by providing a uniform platform for organising and responding to vital information, making it a crucial component of modern computing environments.

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Accessing Action Centre To access the Action Centre on Windows 10, click on the Notification icon on the right side of the taskbar, typically represented as a speech bubble icon or a notification icon (it may vary based on your system settings).

More Features of Windows 10 Apart from the features and facilities that Windows 10 provides, there are many features in Windows 10 that are useful for the users. Let us discuss them one by one.

Microsoft Edge Microsoft Edge is the default web browser that comes with Windows 10. It replaced Internet Explorer and introduced several new features. Here are some features of Microsoft Edge: Web Browsing: It is used to access websites, search the internet, and view online content. Performance: It is designed to be faster and more efficient than Internet Explorer, with better support for modern web browsing. Extensions: It supports browser extensions, which can add additional functionality and customisation options. Security: It includes security features like SmartScreen Filter to protect against malicious websites and InPrivate browsing for private browsing sessions. Reading Mode: It offers a reading mode that makes it easier to read articles and web pages without distractions.

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Do It Yourself 2B 1

Write the shortcut key for.

Creating a new virtual desktop quickly

Switching to the desktop on the left-hand side of the current desktop

. .

Fill in the blanks.

To access the Action Centre on Windows 10, click on the

icon.

allows InPrivate Browsing for private browsing sessions.

Windows Hello Windows Hello is a feature in Windows 10 that lets you sign-in to your device using your face, fingerprint, or PIN. It is a more secure and convenient way to sign-in than using a password because you do not have to remember a password or type it every time you want to sign into your device. It uses your unique biometric features to verify your identity.

Setting up Windows Hello To set up Windows Hello, you will need a device with a compatible fingerprint reader or webcam. Once you have a compatible device, you can follow these steps to set up Windows Hello: 1. Click on the Start button. 2. Click on the Settings icon to open the Settings app.

3. Click on Accounts.

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Windows User

4. Click Sign-in option. 5. Select the type of sign-in option you want to add (face, fingerprint, or PIN). 6. Click on the Set up button. Follow the on-screen instructions to set up your sign-in option.

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Uses of Windows Hello There are several benefits to using Windows Hello, including: 

It is a more secure way for everyone to sign-in to their devices than using passwords.



No need to remember a password or type it in every time to sign in to the device.



It increases interest in using the device.

Snip & Sketch Snip & Sketch is a newer utility software that was introduced in Windows 10. This tool helps you take quick screenshots and record screens in any application on Windows. It has all of the same features as the Snipping Tool, plus some additional features, such as: 

Annotations: The Snip & Sketch tool allows you to annotate your screenshots with text, arrows, and other shapes.



Screen recording: This tool can be used to record your screen, which can be useful for creating tutorials or demonstrations.



Sharing: This tool makes it easy to share your screenshots with others via email, social media, or other messaging apps.

To open Snip & Sketch, press the Win + Shift + S keys. You can then choose one of the four capture modes. Once you have captured an image, Snip & Sketch will open a window where you can annotate, save, or share the image.

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Settings App The Settings app in Windows 10 is used for configuring your computer’s settings. It is easy to use and navigate, and it covers everything—from personalising the appearance of your Windows to managing your security and privacy. To open the Settings app, click on the Start button and then click on the Settings gear icon. The Settings app opens.

Windows User

Here is a brief overview of some of the most important settings in the Settings app: 

Personalisation: This section allows you to change your computer’s background, lock screen, colours, fonts, and more.



Time and language: This section allows you to set your computer’s date, time, region, language, and keyboard settings.



Gaming: This section allows you to manage your gaming settings, such as graphics performance, game mode, and streaming.



Privacy: This section allows you to control which apps have access to your personal information and devices.



Security: This section allows you to manage your security settings, such as Windows Defender, Windows Firewall, and account protection.



System: This section allows you to manage your system settings, such as power and sleep, notifications, and updates.

Here are some examples of how you can use the Settings app to customise your computer: 

To change your desktop background, go to Personalization > Background.

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

To change your lock screen image, go to Personalization > Lock screen.



To change your computer’s colours, go to Personalization > Colors.



To change your computer’s fonts, go to Personalization > Fonts.



To change your keyboard settings, go to Time and language > Language > Keyboard.



To manage your game settings, go to Gaming.



To control the apps that have access to your personal information, go to Privacy.



To manage your security settings, go to Security.



To manage your system settings, go to System.

Windows Security Windows Security is a complete security suite that helps protect your computer from viruses, malware, and other online threats. It includes a variety of features, such as antivirus and anti-malware protection, a firewall, web filtering, and device security.

How Does Windows Security Protect Your Computer? 

Antivirus and anti-malware protection: Windows Security scans your computer for viruses, malware, and other threats. If it finds a threat, it will remove it or quarantine it so that it cannot harm your computer. Quarantine means to save the infected file or virus at a secure location on your computer, so that it cannot spread the infection to other files.



Firewall: The firewall helps protect your computer from unauthorised access to the internet. It monitors incoming and outgoing traffic and blocks any traffic that is not authorised.



Web filtering: Web filtering helps protect you from harmful websites. It can block websites that are known to contain malware, viruses, or other threats.



Device security: Device security helps protect your computer from unauthorised access and tampering. It includes features such as BitLocker encryption and Trusted Platform Module (TPM).

Using Windows Security 1. Click on the Start button; the Start Menu appears. 2. Click on Security and Maintenance in the Start Menu. 3. Once you open the Security and Maintenance window, you can view and interact with your notifications, access various quick settings, and perform actions like adjusting brightness, connecting to Wi-Fi networks, and more, depending on your system’s configuration.

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Explore More!

How do we use Windows Defender in Windows 10?

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Do It Yourself 2C 1

Complete the following statements.

The firewall helps protect your computer from

To open Snip & Sketch, press

To set up Windows Hello, you will need a device with a compatible

. . .

Identify the sections of the Settings app based on the following clues:

It allows you to change your computer’s background.

It allows you to set your computer’s date, time, region, language, and keyboard settings.

It allows you to control the apps that have access to your personal information and devices.

It allows you to manage your system settings, such as power and sleep, notifications, and updates.

Points to Remember 1

Windows 10 is the successor to Windows 8.1.

Start Menu has the functionality of the classic Start menu used in earlier versions of Windows as well as Live Tiles that were introduced in Windows 8.

Continuum is a feature in Windows 10 that allows the operating system to adapt to how a device is being used.

A virtual desktop is like having multiple computer screens on a single monitor.

Each virtual desktop has its own taskbar, which shows only the applications open on that desktop.

The fundamental purpose of Action Centre is to arrange and prioritise system alerts and notifications so that users are informed of key events, changes, and problems.

Microsoft Edge is the default web browser that comes with Windows 10.

Windows Hello is a feature in Windows 10 that lets you sign in to your device using your face, fingerprint, or PIN.

Snip & Sketch is a newer utility software that was introduced in Windows 10.

The Settings app in Windows 10 is used for configuring your computer settings.

Windows Security is a complete security suite that helps protect your computer from viruses, malware, and other online threats.

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Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints 1

desktop

The Start Menu is divided into

2 3

Edge

Action Centre

Task View

panes.

button allows you to switch between open apps and virtual desktops. Virtual tasks.

4 5

two

helps you organise your work by creating separate desktop spaces for different of Windows prioritise system alerts and notifications.

Microsoft

is the default web browser that comes with Windows 10.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

Which of the following features are enhanced in the Anniversary Update of Windows 10?

Windows Ink

Windows Hello

Both a and b

None of these

Which of the following are different-sized boxes with app icons on the right of the Start Menu?

Live Tiles

Apps

Power button and User Account

Notifications

Which of the following is a feature of Microsoft Edge?

It is used to access websites, search the internet, and view online content.

It allows features like Cortana and the taskbar to work seamlessly with the browser.

It supports browser extensions, which can add additional functionality and customisation options.

It offers a reading mode that makes it easier to read articles and web pages without distractions.

Which of the following uses unique biometric features to verify identity?

Start Menu

Microsoft Edge

Windows Hello

None of these

Which of the following apps is used for configuring your computer’s settings?

Settings

Snip & Sketch

Windows Hello

Microsoft Edge

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C. Who Am I? 1

I am a new feature in Windows 10 that has a new appearance with easy-to-find apps and live tiles as some of the highlights.

I am a feature of Windows 10 that allows you to set up additional desktops to keep organised and easily transition between tasks.

I am a box present at the bottom of the Start Menu that allows you to quickly find apps, files, settings, and more on your computer.

I am the default web browser in Windows 10.

I allow you to sign in to your device using your face, fingerprint, or PIN.

D. Write T for True or F for False. 1

The left pane of the Start Menu shows the list of apps installed on your computer.

Windows Hello is a feature in Windows 10 that allows the operating system to adapt to how a device is being used.

In Desktop mode, Windows 10 automatically switches to a touch-friendly interface.

Windows Ink offers tools for drawing, writing, and annotating documents.

The Accounts option of the Settings app is used to activate the Windows Hello feature.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is the similarity between the Start Menu of Windows 10 and the earlier versions of Windows?

What is the primary purpose of Windows 10 Continuum?

Write the steps to create a virtual desktop.

What is the way to access the Action Centre?

What are the requirements to activate the Windows Hello feature?

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F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Divya has purchased a computer with Windows 10. Tell her any two features of Windows 10.

Ananya and Rishi are talking about a feature of Windows 10 that provides users with a consistent and optimised experience across various devices. Identify the feature they are talking about.

Reena wants to create virtual desktops on her laptop. Which button should she click to do so?

Chirag wants to apply a face lock to his Windows 10 computer. Which feature can help him achieve this?

Ruhi wants to annotate her screenshots with text, arrows, and other shapes. Which feature of Windows 10 should she use?

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Chapter 2 • New in Windows 10

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Chapter 3 • Internet Services

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What is the Internet? Do you use the internet to search for any topic, send a message to your friend, play a game, etc.? Have you ever wondered how the internet works and what it is? We use the internet in many instances in our lives. The internet is a network that connects computers all over the world. You can communicate with people and transfer data from anywhere around the globe with a web connection. The internet is also known as the ‘net’. In this chapter, you will learn what exactly the internet is and its advantages and disadvantages. Let us surf the internet and realise its benefits!

History of the Internet The history of the internet is fascinating and has evolved over several decades. The foundation of the Internet was laid in the early 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense established Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPANET) in 1969. ARPANET was created using a group of personal computers at various colleges for sharing information and messages. The key protocol for internet communication is called the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which allowed computers on different networks to communicate with each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially adopted the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, marking the transition to the modern internet. This date is often considered the official birthday of the internet. The adoption of TCP/IP made it possible for different computer networks to communicate using a common language, enabling the global network we know as the internet today.

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Advantages of the Internet The internet is one of the most powerful and brilliant creations that offers endless knowledge and enjoyment to human beings. Let us learn more about the benefits of the internet. Chapter 3 • Internet Services

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Communication: The internet has revolutionised the way we communicate. It allows people to connect instantly through email, social media, video calls, and messaging apps, making it easy to stay in touch with family, friends, and colleagues worldwide.

Online Learning: The internet offers access to a vast number of educational resources and online courses. Students and learners of all ages can acquire new skills, take courses, and earn degrees from the comfort of their homes.

Maps and Navigation: Online maps and GPS services help people find addresses, get directions, and navigate unfamiliar places effortlessly. Services like Google Maps provide real-time traffic updates and even public transportation options.

Online Shopping: E-commerce platforms have made shopping more convenient than ever before. People can browse and purchase products from a wide range of retailers, without leaving their homes. Online shopping also offers the advantage of comparing prices and reading reviews.

Online Payment: The internet has streamlined financial transactions through online payment systems like PayPal and Paytm, and digital wallets. Such services make it secure and easy to send and receive money, pay bills, and make online purchases.

Disadvantages of the Internet Despite many advantages, the internet has some disadvantages too. Wastage of Time: The internet has a lot of information that can kill people’s time while surfing the internet. Impact on Health: People may become addicted to using the internet. It can disturb their minds and affect their physical health in the long run. Spending an excessive amount of time on phones, laptops, or other such devices can cause health problems such as reduced eyesight, lower backache, and neckache. Cybersecurity Threats: The internet, if not used correctly, can be a bit like leaving your front door unlocked. Some not-so-nice people may try to sneak into your personal networks and systems and cause harm for their gain or just for fun. If your computer is not secured, they can gain unauthorised access to your personal documents and other information such as stealing your bank account details and using them for their benefit. 42

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Misinformation and Fake News: Sometimes, there can be articles or information posted by random people that is not true. On the internet, these made-up stories can spread fast and confuse everyone. It is, therefore, advisable to check the reality and truthfulness of news before sharing it with anyone. Cyberbullying: On the internet, some people can be mean to others and send messages that may affect them negatively. In some cases, you may not even know these people. If you receive messages from strangers or even known people that start affecting you in an odd way even if not negatively, inform your elders immediately. Lack of Face-to-face Interaction: When you spend too much time on the internet, you may not talk to and play with your friends and family in person. Such instances can affect both your physical and mental health. It is important to balance online and offline time so that you can keep your social skills and friendships strong.

Think and Tell

Is using the internet an advantage or a disadvantage?

Do It Yourself 3A Name the following advantages of the internet.

Popular Services on the Internet Some popular services on the internet are:

Email and Its Features Email stands for electronic mail. It is a way to send messages over the internet to other people. Emails can be used to send textual content, photos, documents, and others as attachments. The features of email are as follows: 

You can write and receive emails to and from anyone with an email address.



You can attach files such as photos or documents with your emails.



You can save email addresses of your contacts for easy access in the contacts list.

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

The emails can be sorted into separate folders for easy tracking.



You can respond to emails or share them with others.



You can look for specific emails, using keywords.



You can use the filters provided by the email service to block unwanted emails.



You can add your name and contact information to the end of your emails.

Advantages of Using Email 1. Most email services are free and easy to use.

Explore More!

2. You can send a message in real time to a person anywhere across the globe.

To know how to create an email account using Gmail, scan this QR code.

3. Emails are personal and are secured with passwords.

Disadvantages of Using Email 1. You can only attach a file with a limited size. For example, through Gmail, you can send a file with a maximum size of 25 MB. 2. Email services are prone to attack by hackers. 3. Emails are often used by malicious users to send unwelcome and harmful messages to other users.

Think and Tell

Is using email a more convenient way to send or receive messages than the traditional mail?

Google Drive Google Drive is a cloud storage service that lets you store files online and access them from anywhere using an internet connection.

Features of Google Drive 1. You can use Google Drive to share large files that cannot be attached to an email. 2. It is a trusted storage location, as it is protected by a password. 3. You can access your files anytime anywhere. 4. As you are storing your files on a cloud storage, your computer storage space is not consumed.

E-commerce E-commerce, or digital commerce, refers to the buying and selling of products and services online. It is a convenient way to shop for products and services from a variety of retailers without leaving your home. 44

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Advantages of E-commerce 1. Customers can shop from anywhere at any time, making it convenient for both buyers and sellers. 2. E-commerce allows businesses to reach a global audience, expanding their customer base. 3. Operating an online store is often more cost-effective than a physical one, reducing overhead expenses. 4. E-commerce websites can personalise recommendations and offers, based on a user’s browsing and purchasing history. 5. Shoppers can easily compare products, prices, and reviews online before making a purchase decision.

Disadvantages of E-commerce 1. Online transactions may be vulnerable to security breaches and data theft, causing privacy concerns. 2. Buyers cannot physically inspect products before a purchase, which can lead to dissatisfaction if the product does not meet expectations and does not have a return policy. 3. Technical issues, such as website crashes or payment gateway failures, can disrupt a shopping experience. 4. E-commerce platforms face intense competition, making it challenging for new businesses to stand out. 5. Shipping delays and issues can lead to customer frustration and affect the overall shopping experience.

Modes of Online Payments Modes of online payments are the one-of-a-kind methods through which you can pay for goods and services online. There are many modes of online payments available, each with its personal set of functions. Examples of Modes of Online Payments Credit Card: Customers can make online payments using their credit cards. The customers need to enter card details like card number, expiry date, and CVV code for transactions. Debit Card: Debit cards are another popular option for making online payments. These cards allow users to pay online by entering debit card information, and the transaction amount is deducted directly from their bank account. Net Banking: Net banking enables users to transfer money directly from their bank accounts to the recipient’s account through online banking services provided by their banks. Mobile Wallet: Mobile wallets or digital wallets are apps that store payment information. Users can deposit money into the wallet and use it for various online transactions. Examples include PayPal, Amazon Pay, Google Pay, and Paytm. Unified Payments Interface: A unified payments interface (UPI) is a real-time payment system in India that allows users to send and receive money using their smartphones. This system is widely used for online transactions and bill payments.

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Did You Know? CVV stands for ‘Card Verification Value’. It is a three- or four-digit security code that is printed on the back of credit and debit cards.

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Blogging A blog is a website where people can write about their thoughts, experiences, and interests. Blogs are updated according to the blog owner’s interest, and they may be regularly written in a conversational style. The creator of a blog is called a blogger, and the process of writing or creating a blog is called blogging.

Advantages of Blogging 1. Blogging provides a platform for individuals to express their thoughts, ideas, and creativity. 2. Bloggers can share their expertise and knowledge on specific topics, helping others to learn and gain insights. 3. Blogs can raise a sense of community and connection among like-minded individuals who share similar interests. 4. Blogging can enhance an individual’s or a business’s online presence, making it easier for others to discover them. 5. Bloggers often connect with others in their area of expertise or industry, leading to networking opportunities and collaborations. 6. Some bloggers can generate income through advertising, sponsored content, affiliate marketing, or product/service sales. 7. Successful bloggers may attract career opportunities in writing, speaking, consulting, or related fields. 8. Regular writing and engagement with an audience can lead to personal growth and improved communication skills.

Podcasting Podcasting involves creating and sharing audio content. This content can include discussions, interviews, storytelling, music, and more. The e-Podcasts can be updated and shared regularly, as they are usually released in episodes. Some of the features of podcasts are as follows: 1. Podcasts are mostly released in an episodic form, which means they are organised into episodes. Each episode focuses on a specific topic or theme. 2. Users can subscribe to their favourite podcasts, using podcast apps or platforms. Subscriptions ensure that they receive updates when new episodes are released. 3. Podcasts are accessible through various devices, including smartphones, tablets, computers, and dedicated podcast players. Podcasts cover a wide range of topics and genres, catering to various interests, such as news, entertainment, education, technology, and more. 4. Listeners have the flexibility to choose when and where they want to listen to podcasts. They can stream or download episodes to their devices for offline listening. Listeners can engage with podcasts by leaving reviews, comments, or ratings. They can also share episodes on social media. 46

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5. Podcasts are hosted and produced by individuals or teams known as podcasters. They are responsible for creating and publishing audio content. 6. Podcasts are distributed through podcast platforms such as Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, and others. 7. Some podcasters monetise their content through advertising, sponsorships, listener support, or premium content subscriptions. 8. Podcasts have a global audience, allowing creators to connect with listeners from around the world.

Potential Threats of Using the Internet Using the internet poses various potential threats and risks, which are as follows: Malicious Software: While using the internet, malicious software like viruses, ransomware, and spyware can get downloaded on your computer, which can infect your devices and steal or damage your data. Phishing: Phishing is an offence where scammers use fake links to trick you to reveal sensitive information such as passwords and credit card details. Financial Fraud: Cybercriminals can get access to debit and credit card details and use it to steal money from the card owner’s bank account. Data Breach: Large organisations can also experience data breaches, exposing their sensitive and secret information to cybercriminals. Digital Footprints: When you surf the internet, your history is stored on each website that you visit. This history leaves an online data trail called a digital footprint. Even if you sign out from the various services, your information remains there on the websites that you visited. This information can lead to privacy invasions and unwelcome targeted advertising. Identity Theft: Identity theft happens when some cybercriminals steal your personal information or financial data and pretend to be you for conducting online transactions. It is dangerous as you may not know that or may come to know quite late that a crime has been committed in your name. Cyberbullying: Cyberbullying is an act of harassing or threatening others online, often through social media or messaging platforms. If you receive an inappropriate message or comment from anyone known or unknown on the internet, immediately inform your guardians. Internet Addiction: Excessive use of the internet, social media, or online gaming can lead to addiction and have a negative impact on mental health and well-being.

Netiquette Netiquette refers to a set of rules and regulations for behaving politely and respectfully online. It is a combination of two terms ‘network’ and ‘etiquette’. While using the internet, you must follow these guidelines: Chapter 3 • Internet Services

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1. Treat others on the internet the way you want to be treated. Do not say or write mean or hurtful things. 2. Write in a way that is easy to understand, and avoid using all capital letters (LIKE THIS) or unnecessary punctuation (!!! or *!?*#), which can seem like shouting or being rude. 3. Do not share other people’s private information without their permission. 4. Before you send a message or post something, think if it is something you would say in person. If not, it may not be nice online either. 5. Do not be mean or make fun of others online. Cyberbullying hurts people, just like physical bullying. 6. Do not share your personal information such as your address or phone number with strangers. It is the same as not talking to strangers on the street. 7. If you use someone else’s work or idea, give them credit, as you do at school with poems or articles. 8. In online discussions, stick to the topic and avoid going off at unrelated tangents. 9. Emojis can help show emotions, but do not use too many. It can be confusing. 10. Sometimes, people on the internet may not respond right away. Be patient and give them time.

Do It Yourself 3B Identify which of the following are good net practices. Write G for good and B for bad practices.

Sharing personal information with unknown persons online.

Using emojis.

Using capital letters while chatting.

Using someone else's work or ideas without their knowledge.

Making fun of your friends by sending them messages online.

Points to Remember 1

The internet is a global network of computers that are connected to each other.

The advantages of the internet are: access to information, communication, entertainment, etc.

The disadvantages of the internet are: addiction, cybercrime, privacy concerns, etc.

E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is convenient and free of charge.

Google Drive is a cloud storage where we can store any data or information.

E-commerce is the buying or selling of goods and services online.

We have various types of modes of online payment, such as credit cards, debit cards, and UPI.

A blog is a website where we can share our thoughts.

Podcasting is a way to create and distribute audio content.

Potential online threats are the risks that can impact on a system, process, or organisation.

Netiquette is a combination of two different words ‘network’ and ‘etiquette’.

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Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

1960s

The internet is a

network of computers that are connected to each other.

Email is a way to

and receive messages over the internet.

A blog is a website to

The internet was invented in the

E-commerce is used to buy and

goods and services online.

sell

global

send

thoughts.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

Which of the following is not an internet service?

Google Drive

Chatting

Television

What is a blog?

A writer’s thoughts and opinions on a particular topic

News and current events

Product reviews

All of these

What is a podcast?

An audio or video recording that is published online and can be downloaded or streamed

A live radio broadcast

A short video clip that is shared online

None of these

Which of the following is NOT a good netiquette practice?

Be polite and respectful to others.

Avoid using offensive language.

Share personal information about yourself or others.

Avoid using capital letters.

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What are some of the benefits of blogging?

You can share your thoughts and experiences with the world.

You can connect with other people who share your interests.

You can learn new things.

The content on a blog is in the audio form.

C. Who Am I? 1

I allow you to send and receive messages electronically.

I am a website where you can share your thoughts and ideas.

I am a type of digital audio recording that can be shared online.

I have a set of rules for online behaviour.

I allow you to make online payments.

D. Write T for True or F for False. 1

The internet serves as a network connecting various computer systems.

There is no limit for file size while attaching with email on Gmail.

A blog is used to share thoughts.

A podcast is a way to share thoughts in an audio form.

Email is a slower method compared to traditional mail.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is the internet?

What is Email? What are the advantages of Email?

What is podcasting?

What netiquette should you follow while online?

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Name and explain two online payment methods.

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Nishi is working on a science project. She requires some information for the project but does not know how to get it. How does she search for information online?

Mihir was given a task by his computer teacher about writing the names of various messaging apps. He does not know much. Help him find various messaging apps or platforms used for online communication.

Anaya was using the internet when she received an email asking her for personal information. Should she share the information or not? What potential threats can she be exposed to?

Naman has a bent towards writing. He wants to share his personal thoughts and ideas with an audience over the internet through his articles. Which internet service can he use?

Lovey is chatting with her friend Sharvi on an online chat platform. Which netiquette should she keep in mind while sending messages?

Chapter 3 • Internet Services

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Chapter 3 • Internet Services

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Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Applying Animation Effects Animation effects are like magic tricks for text, images, or other objects on a computer screen. They make objects move, change their size, or appear and disappear in a fun and interesting way. People use animation effects to make websites, games, and even educational videos more interesting and engaging. Animations are special visual effects that you add to text and different objects on a slide. To apply animation effects in Google Slides: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, create a new presentation or open your existing one. (https://slides.google.com/) 2. Insert an object: Create or select the object (text, image, shape, etc.) to which you want to add an animation. 3. Motion pane: Click on the Insert menu from the menu bar. Select the Animation option from the drop-down list. The Motion pane will open on the right-hand side.

2 3 1

4. Choose an animation: In the Motion pane, go to the Object Animations section. Here, the first option is Animation type. Click on this option and select an animation from the drop-down list. 5. Start condition: The next option is the Start condition. Select one of the following options from the drop-down list: On click: Animation starts when you click on the slide.

After previous: Animation starts after the previous animation ends. With previous: Animation starts with the previous animation.

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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6. Applying animation to text: If the object is a placeholder or text box, the By paragraph checkbox will be displayed. If this checkbox is checked, each paragraph of text in the box will be displayed one-by-one. Otherwise, the entire box will be displayed at once. 7. Add more animations: Select an object and click on the Add animation option. 8. Preview the animation: Click on the Play button to check how that animation effect works on the selected object.

Did You Know? Google Slides allows you to add a “Spin” animation to objects, which can make them rotate like a spinning wheel. This animation can be a creative way to draw attention to specific elements in your presentation, and it’s a fun way to add a little extra flair to your slides. So, if you want to make an object in your presentation spin like magic, you can do it with Google Slides!

Discuss!

How do animations add life to videos and presentations?

Do It Yourself 4A Write T for True and F for False.

To animate text, first click on Slide and then Animation.

Click on the Play button to check how that animation effect works on the selected object.

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Applying Transitions Transitions in presentations refer to the visual effects that occur when you move from one slide to another within a presentation. Using transitions in presentations enhances flow, engages the audience, and adds visual appeal. The way one slide follows the other on the screen in a presentation is called transition. To add transitions to your presentations: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, open a new presentation or an existing one. 2. Select a slide: Click on the Slide in the Slide Navigation on the left-hand side of the screen. This is the slide to which you want to add a transition. 3. Transition panel: In the menu bar, click on Slide and then select Transition. A sidebar on the right will appear with various transition options. Alternatively, you can right-click on the selected slide from the Slide Navigation pane and click on the Transition option. 1 3

4. Choose a transition: In the Transition sidebar, under “Transition,” you can select the type of transition effect you want from the drop-down menu. You can choose from options like “Dissolve”, “Fade”, “Cube” and more. 5. Set transition options (optional): Depending on the transition you choose, you may have additional options to customise the transition. For example, you might be able to select the duration of the transition by dragging the slider. 6. Apply the transition: If you want the transition to apply to all slides, click the “Apply to all slides” button. If you do not click this button, the transition will be applied to the current slide only. Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Transition type

Duration

7. Preview the transition: You can preview the transition by clicking the Play button in the Transition sidebar to see what it will look like when you move from one slide to another.

Did You Know? Whatever you do on Google Slides gets automatically saved.

Explore More!

To know how to apply transitions, scan this QR code.

Discuss!

When you make a presentation on Google Slides, what is the most common transition that you use and why is it your favourite?

Do It Yourself 4B Explain the functions of these icons.

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Inserting Multimedia Multimedia refers to the combination of multiple forms of content, such as text, audio, video, images, etc. We can insert multimedia in Google Slides to convey information or engage the audience. Let’s learn how to insert audio and video in Google Slides.

Inserting Sounds Sound can capture the audience’s attention and make the presentation more engaging and memorable. It can create a dynamic and immersive experience, especially for multimedia presentations. To add sounds to your presentations: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, create a new presentation or open an existing one. 2. Upload an audio file: You can upload an audio file to Google Drive by opening the link drive.google.com > clicking on the New button > selecting the File upload option > selecting the audio file to upload > click Open.

3. Insert audio: Once you have uploaded an audio file, click on the slide where you want to add sound. Then, from the menu bar, click on Insert and select the Audio option from the drop-down menu.

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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4. Select the audio: After selecting the Audio option, the Insert audio window will open. Select the audio file that you want to add and click on the Insert button. 5. The Speaker icon on the slide indicates that the audio file is attached to your presentation. You can play it using the Play button.

Did You Know? In Google Slides, you can use Google’s sound effects library for fun and creative additions to your presentations, including applause, drumrolls, and animal noises. No need to search for external audio clips. It is all there for added humour and surprise!

Do It Yourself 4C 1

What does the speaker icon on the slide indicate?

What is the use of inserting sound in presentations?

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Inserting Videos Adding videos to a presentation can make it stand out in several ways. Videos can break the monotony of text and static images, making the content more engaging. While videos can make your presentation unique and interesting, it is important to use them thoughtfully and ensure they are relevant to your topic and add meaning to your message. To insert videos into your presentations: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, create a new presentation or open an existing one. 2. Select a slide: Click on the slide where you want to add the video. This is the slide where the video will appear. 3. Insert a video: Click on Insert in the menu bar. Choose Video from the drop-down menu.

4. Choose a video source: You can choose one of the following options from the Insert video dialog box. 

YouTube: Look for a video on YouTube by typing keywords in the search box.



Google Drive: You can also insert an uploaded video from your Google Drive.



URL: You can paste the URL of a specific YouTube video or the link of an uploaded video from Google Drive in the search bar.

5. Select the video: Select the video you want to insert in the slide. 6. Insert the video: Click the Insert button. The video will now appear on your slide. Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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7. Play the video: You can see the inserted video on the slide. Click on the Play button.

Explore More!

To learn how to embed videos in a presentation, scan this QR code.

Think and Tell

What is the importance of videos? Should they be used or avoided? Present your opinion.

Do It Yourself 4D Fill in the blanks.

To insert a video, click on

You can paste the

in the menu bar and then

from the drop-down menu.

of a specific YouTube video in the search bar.

Advanced Features of Google Slides Google Slides offers advanced features to boost productivity and creativity. Some of these advanced features include using action buttons, importing data from various sources, using a dictionary to use content with good vocabulary, adding comments for collaborative feedback, using the ink annotation feature to mark or highlight important information in a presentation, etc. Let us learn about these features one by one.

Using Action Buttons Action buttons in a presentation are like magic buttons. You can use them to make your slides more interactive. You can set action buttons to open external content, such as a website, another PowerPoint presentation, a document, a spreadsheet, and much more. Here’s how you do it: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, open your presentation. 2. Select a slide: Click on the slide where you want to add an action button. This is the slide where the button will appear. 3. Insert a shape: 

Click on Insert in the menu bar.



Choose Shape from the drop-down menu.

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4. Choose a shape: Select a shape that you want to use as an action button. For example, you can use rectangles, circles, arrows, or any other shape you like. Here, we have chosen the Arrows shape.

5. Draw the shape: Click and drag on the slide to draw the shape. This will be the action button.

6. Add a link: With the button selected, click on Insert in the menu bar. Choose Link from the drop-down menu. In the Link dialog box, you can add a link to a specific slide such as the Previous Slide or Slide 1 in your presentation. You can also add a link to websites by pasting its URL in the Search bar.

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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7. Test the button: To test the action button, click the Slideshow button at the top right-hand corner of Google Slides and go to the slide with the action button that you have created. Click on the button to see it in action.

Did You Know? You can use action button in Google Slides not only for navigation but also to create interactive games and quizzes, making your presentation fun and engaging for your audience.

Discuss!

If you are given an option to choose the shape for an action button you would like to insert in your presentation, which one would you select and why do you think it will be suitable?

Do It Yourself 4E 1

Name the menu you click to select an action button.

How do we add an action for a button we have chosen?

Importing Data Importing data into a presentation is the process of bringing external content or data into your own presentation. Importing slides helps to add slides from another presentation to your current presentation. You can also import data from Google Sheets into your Google Slides presentation. To import data from Google Sheets: 1. Open Google Slides: Open Google Slides by visiting the link (slides.google.com) to create a new presentation or to open an existing one. 2. Open Google Sheets: To import data from Google Sheets, first visit the link https://docs.google.com/ spreadsheets/ to open Google Sheets. 3. Copy the data you want to insert in your presentation from Google Sheets by selecting Copy option from the Edit menu. 68

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4. Select a slide: Click on the slide where you want to import your data. This is the slide where the data will appear. 5. Right-click on the blank space on the slide and click on Paste.

6. A Paste table dialog box will appear on the screen. Click on the Link to spreadsheet radio button and then click on the Paste button. The data from the spreadsheet will be displayed on the selected slide. 7. A linked table appears on the slide as shown.

Think and Tell

In what ways can importing data benefit the presenter?

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Do It Yourself 4F Write T for True and F for False.

Importing slides helps to add slides from another presentation to your current presentation.

You cannot import data into Google Slides from any other data source other than Google Slides.

Adding Comments Adding comments is a helpful feature for collaboration and feedback. It allows you to annotate your presentation slides with notes, feedback, or explanations. Comments facilitate collaboration among multiple authors or reviewers working on the same presentation. To add comments in a presentation: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides (slides.google.com), open the presentation where you want to add comments. 2. Select the slide: Click on the slide where you want to leave a comment. This is the slide you will be commenting on. 3. Add a comment: 

Click on Insert in the menu bar.



Choose Comment from the drop-down menu.

4. Type your comment: A comment box will appear on the right-hand side of the slide. Type your comment in the box. 5. Save the comment: Click the Comment button to save your comment.

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6. Reply to comments: You can see all the comments on the right-hand side of the slide. To reply to a comment, click on it and type your response in the comment box. Click the Reply button.

The Comment feature of Google Slides is handy for getting feedback from teachers, classmates, or anyone you are working with on a presentation.

Discuss!

In your opinion, what is more beneficial while giving feedback or taking notes, written comments or verbal comments?

Do It Yourself 4G Fill in the blanks.

To add a comment, click on menu.

To save your comment in the Comment box, click the

in the menu bar and then choose

from the drop-down

button.

Dictionary Using the “Dictionary” feature in presentations can help you learn more about words or phrases used in your presentation. This allows you to quickly access definitions, explanations, and other relevant information about a word or phrase within your presentation.

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Here’s how to use Smart Lookup: 1. Open Google Slides: Go to Google Slides (slides.google.com) and open your presentation. 2. Select a word or phrase: Click on the word or phrase in your slide that you want to look up. This is the word you want more information about. 3. Access dictionary: Right-click on the selected word or phrase. From the context menu that appears, choose Define.

4. Review the results: A sidebar on the right-hand side will open with search results from the web. You will see definitions and information related to the word or phrase you selected.

5. Close dictionary: To close the Dictionary sidebar, click the “X” button in the top-right corner of the sidebar. 6. Continue editing: After you have found the information you need, you can continue editing your presentation.

Do It Yourself 4H Write T for True and F for False.

To access the Dictionary feature, right click on the word and choose “Define” from the context menu.

To close the Dictionary sidebar, click the “-” in the top right-hand corner of the sidebar.

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Ink Annotation Ink annotation in presentations is like drawing or writing on the slides with colourful pens, just like we do on paper. It helps to make your presentation interactive and interesting because you can draw or highlight things to show everyone what is really important. To use Ink Annotation: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides (slides.google.com) open your presentation. 2. Enable ink annotation: Click on View in the menu bar. Choose Slideshow from the drop-down menu. 3. Access the annotation tool: At the bottom left of the screen, click the three-dots menu and select the Turn on the pen option to activate the ink annotation tool.

4. Draw or write: Click and hold the mouse button (if you are using a computer) or use your finger or a stylus (if you are using a touch-enabled device) to draw or write directly on the slide.

Explore More!

To learn how to use the Annotation tool, scan this QR code.

Think and Tell You can erase annotations by selecting the Eraser tool in the bottom left viewer menu. Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Do ink annotations make the work of the presenter easy or tough? Present your opinion.

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Slide Zoom Feature Slide zoom in presentation makes a small part of your slides look enlarged on the screen. It is like using a magnifying glass to show something important. To use the Slide Zoom feature: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, Slides open your presentation. 2. Select View: Click on View in the menu bar. Choose Zoom menu from the drop-down menu.

3. Select zoom sizes: 

Zoom In: To make the content on a slide appear larger, choose the Zoom in option. Or Press the “=” key again and again while you hold the “Ctrl” key. This action will increase the zoom in percentage.



Zoom Out: To make the content on a slide appear smaller, choose the Zoom out option. Or Press the “–” key again and again while you hold the “Ctrl” key. This action will increase the zoom out percentage.

Explore More!

To learn how to use zoom options, scan this QR code.

Rearranging Slides Rearranging slides means changing the order of your slides in your presentation. To rearrange slides in a presentation, you can follow these simple steps: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides (slides.google.com) open your presentation.

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2. View the Slide Sorter: At the bottom left-hand corner of the screen, click on the Grid view This is the Slide Sorter view.

icon.

3. Select a slide: Click on the slide you want to move. It will be outlined or highlighted when selected. 4. Drag and drop: Click and hold the selected slide. Drag and drop it to the new position where you want it to be in the presentation.

Did You Know? You can rearrange your slides by selecting the slide in the Slide Navigation pane and using the keyboard shortcuts (Ctrl + Up/Down arrows) to rearrange slides in Google Slides. This makes it even faster and easier to organise your presentation.

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Viewing a Presentation Viewing a presentation means to watch the slides in action. It is when you sit and watch what is on the screen or the board while someone talks about it. The presenter might show pictures, talk about a topic, or share a story. You can pay attention, listen, and maybe ask questions if you are curious. It is an opportunity to learn, be entertained, or gain insights from what is being shared by the presenter. To view a presentation: 1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides (slides.google.com) open your presentation. 2. Running slideshow: Click on View in the menu bar. Choose Slideshow from the drop-down menu.

3. Navigate through slides: To move to the next slide, you can click anywhere on the slide, press the Spacebar key, or use the right arrow key on your keyboard. 4. End the presentation: To end the presentation, press the Esc key on your keyboard or click the “X” button at the top of the screen. 5. Close Google Slides: When you are done with your presentation, you can close Google Slides by clicking the “X” button of the tab.

Do It Yourself 4I Arrange the following steps for viewing a presentation in the correct order. Running a slideshow Close Google Slides Navigate through slides Open your presentation in Google Slides End the presentation

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Points to Remember 1

Animations are special visual effects that you add to text and different objects on a slide.

The way one slide follows the other on the screen in a presentation is called transition.

Once you have uploaded an audio file, click on the slide where you want to add sound. Then, from the menu bar, click on Insert and select the Audio option from the drop-down menu.

To insert a video in the Google Slides, you can choose one of the following options from the Insert video dialog box: YouTube, Google Drive, or URL.

Action buttons in a presentation are like magic buttons. You can set action buttons to open external content, such as a website, another PowerPoint presentation, a document, a spreadsheet, and much more.

Importing data into a presentation is the process of bringing external content or data into your presentation.

The Dictionary feature of Google Slides allows you to quickly access definitions, explanations, and other relevant information about a word or phrase within your presentation.

Ink annotation in presentations is like drawing or writing on the slides with colourful pens.

Viewing a presentation means to watch the slides in action

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

Dictionary

View

Play

Insert

Slide Sorter

Zoom menu

To zoom in a slide, first click on option from the drop-down menu.

The feature of Google Slides allows you to quickly access definitions, explanations, and other relevant information about a word or phrase.

Click on the

To insert a video, click on

The Grid view icon at the bottom left corner of the screen enables the

in the menu bar and then choose the

button to check how an animation effect works on the selected object. in the menu bar. view.

B. Write T for True and F for False. 1

To start the slideshow in Google Slides, click on “View” and then “Motion”.

Animation effects help us add links to our slides.

Videos can only be inserted in slides by adding video URLs.

Viewing a presentation means to watch the slides in action.

One cannot add comments in slides.

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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C. Explain the Functions of the Icons. 1

D. Answer the Following. 1

Explain the Dictionary feature of Google Slides.

What is the use of Action buttons?

Explain the three types of sources of videos that can be inserted in a slide.

Differentiate between animation and transition.

What do you mean by importing data in a presentation?

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E. Apply Your Learning. 1

Mahima is presenting her slides in the classroom. She wants to write and highlight a few points with the mouse directly in her slide. Name the feature of Google Slides that can help her achieve this.

Keerat wants to zoom in on her presentation slide. What shortcut key must she use to do so?

Reena wants to give a presentation to her students. She gets caught on a word she does not understand while giving a presentation. Which feature of Google Slides will be helpful to her?

Tina has created a presentation in Google Slides. She then sends the presentation to her teacher for her to review. The teacher leaves comments on the slides for Tina. How can Tina respond to those comments?

Chapter 4 • More Features of Google Slides

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Chapter 5 • Editing and Formatting Data in Google Sheets

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Google Sheets Google Sheets is a web-based application program that helps you to manage information, do calculations, and display data graphically using charts. This program is like a digital notebook where data is organised neatly into rows and columns, which is called a worksheet. Before the arrival of computers, people used to arrange information in a similar way, using pen and paper. In Google Sheets, we do it electronically, but the basic idea is the same. In the same way you learn to use basic features in documents for writing and making things look nice, Google Sheets has its own tools to create, edit, and format. A Google Sheets file is known as a spreadsheet, like a notebook containing multiple separate sheets. Within each sheet, data is structured in columns running vertically and rows running horizontally. A letter identifies each column, and a number identifies each row.

Did You Know? By default, the total number of rows and columns in Google Sheets is 1,000 and 26 respectively.

Features of Google Sheets The features of Google Sheets are: 

Easy editing and formatting of data



Printable sheets



Use of formulas and functions



Use of charts for data analysis

Starting Google Sheets To open Google Sheets on your computer: 1. Ensure that your computer is connected to the internet. 2. Open a web browser such as Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, or Mozilla Firefox. 3. Sign in to your Google account. 4. Type sheets.google.com and then press Enter, or click the Apps icon (represented by nine grid dots) in the top right corner and then select Sheets from the list. 5. To create a new sheet, click the Blank option.

Apps icon

Chapter 5 • Editing and Formatting Data in Google Sheets

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A blank Untitled spreadsheet is displayed. 1

2 3

Components of Google Sheets Google Sheets has various components that make it an easy tool for creating, managing, and analysing data. Here are the main components of Google Sheets: 1. Spreadsheet title: The primary workspace in Google Sheets is the spreadsheet itself. The box with the spreadsheet name is in the top left-hand corner. The default name of the Google Sheets spreadsheet is Untitled spreadsheet. You can double-click Untitled spreadsheet and assign it a new name. 2. Menu bar: The menu bar contains a range of drop-down menus, including File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Data, and more. These menus offer access to a wide variety of functions and tools for working with your spreadsheet. 3. Toolbar: The toolbar is located at the top of the Google Sheets interface and provides quick access to various commands and formatting options. The toolbar includes buttons for common actions like formatting, inserting, and editing. 4. Formula bar: Located just below the toolbar, the formula bar displays the contents of the currently selected cell. You can use it to input and edit cell contents, including formulas. 5. Cells: The intersection of a column and a row is called a cell. A cell is the basic unit of a sheet in which you can input data, formulas, and text to create and organise your information. A cell is identified as the intersection of a column and a row in which it is located. For example, the intersection of column B and row 5 is referred to as cell B5, which is called a cell address. Cells may contain three types of data: labels (text), values (numbers), and formulas (expressions). 6. Name box: It is a box that shows the cell address when a cell in a sheet is selected. 7. Sheets tab: Google Sheets supports multiple sheets within a single spreadsheet. You can use the sheet tabs at the bottom of the interface to switch between different sheets, making it easy to organise and categorise data.

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Entering Data The first task that you perform after making a spreadsheet is to enter data. You can enter numbers or words. To enter data in a cell, you can simply click inside it and start typing. As you enter data in cells, notice that the numbers are right-aligned and the text is left aligned. To enter data: 1. Open a new Google Sheet. 2. Click the cell in which you want to enter data. 3. Type what you want to store. The information you typed is displayed in the cell and the formula bar. 4. Press Enter to move to the next cell in the column. 5. To move around and enter more data, use the Arrow keys. 6. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until you finish entering complete data.

Formula Bar

Selecting Cells Google Sheets allows you to select a cell, row, column, or an entire sheet. This program also allows you to select a row range or a column range. You can do this by using a mouse or a keyboard. 

To select a cell

Click the cell you want to select or use the Arrow keys to move to the required cell. When a cell is selected, it becomes active and a dark border is displayed around it. Its address is shown in the Name box on the top left.

Chapter 5 • Editing and Formatting Data in Google Sheets

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

To select a row

Click the number of the row or the row heading you want to select or press Shift + Spacebar keys.



To select a column

Click the letter of the column or the column heading you want to select or press the Ctrl + Spacebar keys.



To select a group of cells

Place your mouse pointer over the first cell you want to select and then drag the mouse until you highlight all the desired cells. To select multiple groups of cells, press and hold the Ctrl key and then repeat the above process.

Did You Know? Multiple users can work on the same Google Sheets file simultaneously, making it easy to collaborate with other classmates or employees.

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Do It Yourself 5A 1

Match the following. Column A

Column B

Ctrl + Spacebar key

Untitled spreadsheet

Shift + Spacebar key

Used to move down to the next cell

Enter key

Used to select a row

Default Title

Used to select a column

Identify and write the cell addresses of the following.

First cell of the column D

Fifth cell of the tenth row

Last cell of the spreadsheet

First cell of the spreadsheet

Editing in a Google Sheet Editing means changing data values in your sheet. You can do this to fix mistakes or update information. For example, you may need to change numbers or add text to a cell. To edit data: 1. Double-click the cell you want to change (or press F2). The cell becomes editable, and you see a blinking cursor where you can make changes. 2. Use the Arrow keys on your keyboard to move to the location where you want to add or remove data. 3. To erase what is to the left of the blinking line, press Backspace. 4. To add new data where the blinking line is, type it. 5. After making all the changes, press Enter.

Copying and Moving Cell Data In Sheets, you can use commands such as Cut, Copy, and Paste to duplicate or shift information and share it with others. For instance, you may want to move a row to another worksheet or make a copy of the data in one cell to another cell in the same worksheet. You can also move data within a worksheet by dragging and dropping it. Moving data helps you rearrange information; and when you move it, it disappears from its original place. Copying data lets you repeat information in your worksheet without retyping it. When you copy data, it shows up at both the original and new locations.

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Here is how you do it: 1. Select the cell or cells that have the data you want to move or copy. 2. Click Edit menu and then select Cut or Copy. 

Cut (press Ctrl + X) to move data.



Copy (or press Ctrl + C) to duplicate data.

3. Click the cell where you want to put the data. 4. Select the Paste option after right-clicking the cell (or press Ctrl + V) to place the data at the new place. The data now appears in the new location.

Changing the Column Width and Row Height You may need to make columns wider or rows taller in sheets to fit your data better. This is helpful when the information in the cells is too wide to fit within the regular column size. To adjust a column’s width: 1. Bring your mouse over the right edge of the column heading. 2. Your mouse pointer turns into a double-sided arrow. 3. Drag the column’s edge until a grey line shows the width you want. The column will now be the new width you have set. You can also change the height of rows, just like the column width, in your worksheet. This option provides various uses and can help improve what your sheet looks like. The default row height is 21 pixels and the default column width is 120 pixels.

Using Undo and Redo Google Sheets remembers the last changes you made to the spreadsheet. If these changes were made by mistake, you can cancel them using the Undo feature. To undo the last performed action, click the Undo button on Toolbar or press Ctrl + Z. Sheets cancels the last change you made to your spreadsheet. To reverse the results of using the Undo feature, click the Redo button from Toolbar or press Ctrl + Y.

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Inserting Cells, Columns, and Rows To insert cells: 1. Select the cell where you want to insert a new cell. 2. Right-click the cell and then select Insert cells. After clicking, you get two options: 

Insert cells and shift right: This option inserts a new cell and shifts the currently selected cell to the right.



Insert cells and shift down: This option inserts a new cell and shifts the currently selected cell down.

To insert columns: 1. Select the column where you want to insert a new column. 2. Right-click the column. You get two options of inserting a column: 

Insert 1 column left: This option inserts a new column to the left of the selected column.



Insert 1 column right: This option inserts a new column to the right of the selected column.

To insert rows: 1. Select the row where you want to insert a new row. 2. Right-click the row. You get two options of inserting a row: 

Insert 1 row above: This option inserts a new row above the selected row.



Insert 1 row below: This option inserts a new row below the selected row.

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Deleting Cells, Columns, Rows To delete cells: 1. Select the cell that you want to delete. 2. Go to the Edit menu and then select Delete. 3. Select the Values option to remove the text of the cell or the Cells and shift up or Cells and shift left option to remove the cell.

Or you can right-click the cell, select Delete cells, and then select the desired option. 

Delete cells and shift left: This option deletes the selected cell and shifts the next cell to the left.



Delete cells and shift up: This option deletes the selected cell and shifts the next cell to the up.

To delete columns: 1. Select the column which you want to delete. 2. Go to the Edit menu and then choose Column ‘Name’, where ‘Name’ is the column letter like ‘A’. 92

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Or right-click the column and then select the Delete column option. To delete rows: 1. Select the row which you want to delete. 2. Go to the Edit menu and then choose Row ‘Number’.

Discuss!

What happens if we press the Delete key after selecting a cell, row, or column?

Or right-click the row and then select the Delete row option.

Do It Yourself 5B 1

Write the shortcut key used to perform the following operations.

To make a cell editable

To copy a cell

Write the use of the following two options.

Insert 1 row above

Insert 1 row below

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Formatting in a Google Sheet Formatting is a crucial feature in Google Sheets. Formatting displays the data with an attractive look. You can make your sheet more presentable by applying one or several formatting features.

Applying Text Effects You can apply various effects on the text in the cells. Let us learn how to apply text effects.

Changing Font You can change the font in a Google sheet to improve the readability and appearance of your text. To change the font: 1. Select the cells containing data. 2. Click the Font drop-down from Toolbar, to display a list of the available fonts. 3. Click the font you want to apply. Google Sheets immediately applies the new font.

Changing Font Colour and Size You can change the font size and colour of data. To change the font size: 1. Select the cells containing data. 2. Click the ‘+’ sign of Font size, to increase the font size or ‘–’ sign to decrease the font size. The selected size will be applied to the text. You can also type the number to set the font size. To change the text colour: 1. Select the cells containing data that you want to change. 2. Click the Text color button on Toolbar, to display a list of the available colours. 3. Select the desired colour from the list. The selected colour will be applied to the data.

Applying Bold Effect To apply the bold effect on the cell data: 1. Select the cells containing data you want to make bold. 94

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2. Click the Bold button on Toolbar, or press Ctrl + B keys. The selected text is changed to bold.

Applying Italics Effect To apply the italics effect on the cell data: 1. Select the cells containing data that you want to italicise. 2. Click the Italic button on Toolbar, or press the Ctrl + I keys. The selected text is italicised.

Adding and Formatting Cell Borders To add borders around cells: 1. Select the cells containing data where you want to put a border. 2. Click the Borders button from Toolbar. 3. Choose the type of border you want to apply. The selected cells will have border around them.

Freezing Row and Column Freezing rows in Google Sheets allows you to pin data in place so that you can see it while scrolling. To freeze a row/column: 1. Select the row/column you want to freeze. 2. Click the View menu. 3. Click the Freeze option. 4. Select the number of rows or columns you want to freeze. You can also freeze multiple rows by moving the grey line further down the spreadsheet. When you hover over the grey line, the cursor turns to a hand icon.

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Do It Yourself 5C 1

Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence to apply border in Google Sheets. Click the Borders button from Toolbar. Select the cells containing data where you want to put borders. Choose the type of border you want to apply.

Write the use of the following shortcut key combinations.

Ctrl + B

Ctrl + I

Points to Remember 1

Google Sheets is a web-based application program that helps you to manage information, do calculations, and display data graphically using charts.

A spreadsheet is a file containing multiple sheets, each consisting of columns (identified by letters) and rows (identified by numbers).

Cells are the basic units where data is entered, identified by the coordinates of the intersecting column and row (cell addresses).

You can select a cell, row, column, or an entire sheet by using a mouse or a keyboard.

Editing means changing data values in your sheet.

Moving data helps you rearrange information; and when you move it, it disappears from its original place.

The Undo feature is used to cancel the last changes.

The Redo feature reverses the actions performed using the Undo feature.

You can delete a cell, row, or column from a sheet.

You can make your sheet more presentable by applying one or several formatting features.

Freezing rows in Google Sheets allows you to pin data in place so that you can see it while scrolling.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

scrolling

worksheet

cell

Ctrl+Z

In Google Sheets, a spreadsheet file is known as a

The intersection of a column and a row is called a

To undo the last action in Google Sheets, you can press the

font

key.

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To change the font of selected data in Google Sheets, you can click the down arrow of the

Freezing rows in Google Sheets allows you to pin data in place so you can see it while

option. .

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

What is the primary purpose of Google Sheets?

Sending emails

Creating digital art

Organising and analysing data

Playing video games

What identifies each column in Google Sheets?

Numbers

Symbols

Letters

Colours

How can you reverse the action of undo in Google Sheets?

By pressing Ctrl + Z

By pressing Ctrl + Y

By pressing Ctrl + C

By pressing Ctrl + P

Which of the following is the basic unit in Google Sheets where data is entered?

Cell

Row

Column

Sheet

Which of the following shows the cell address when a cell is selected in a sheet?

Formula bar

Name box

Toolbar

None of these

C. Who Am I? 1

I am a web-based application program that helps you to manage information, do calculations, and display data graphically using charts.

You can find me at the intersection of a column and a row.

I am a component of Google Sheets that displays the contents of the currently selected cell.

I am a key that is used to select multiple groups of cells in Google Sheets.

I let you repeat information in your worksheet without retyping it.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Google Sheets is a digital program used for organising, calculating, and visualising data in rows and columns.

Each column in Google Sheets is identified by a number, whereas each row is identified by a letter.

To undo the last action in Google Sheets, you can press Ctrl + Z.

You cannot move data in Google Sheets.

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The Borders button on the Toolbar lets you apply a border in Google Sheets.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What are the features of Google Sheets?

Identify the row and column in the cell address, H5.

What types of data can you type in a cell?

How do you select a row in Google Sheets?

What is the purpose of formatting in Google Sheets?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Your teacher has provided you with a list of 10 problems and their solutions. Create a simple Google Sheets spreadsheet to list these problems in one column and their corresponding solutions in another.

You are planning a small class event, and you need to keep track of the number of students attending it along with their food preferences (vegetarian or non-vegetarian). Use Google Sheets to create a registration form and record the responses from your classmates.

You collected data on the number of books read by each student in your class over the past month. Create a Google Sheets spreadsheet to display the names of the books read by all the students.

Type the information Names, Hobbies, Games, etc., of any four of your classmates using Google Sheets. Rename the sheet as Classmates. The details of each classmate should be in a different colour.

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Chapter 6 • Image Editing with Canva

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Introduction to Canva In this chapter, we will explore the exciting world of image editing with Canva. Canva is a user-friendly online tool that allows you to create and edit images, design cards, and make various visual projects. You can use Canva for doing a variety of things like creating and editing cards, videos, docs, presentations, etc. Card: In Canva, cards are like digital or printable greeting cards. They are special images with words and designs that you can create for birthdays, holidays, or other occasions. You can create these cards with the help of Canva. Before creating a blank card, we should know the dimensions of the card because this helps us decide how big or small our card will be. It is like choosing the right-sized paper for drawing a picture. So, here are some commonly used dimensions for creating a card:

Card Type

Dimensions (Width × Height)

Standard Greeting Card

5 inches × 7 inches

Square Card

5 inches × 5 inches

Postcard

4 inches × 6 inches

A2 Card (Thank-You Card)

4.25 inches × 5.5 inches

A6 Card

4.5 inches × 6.25 inches

A7 Card (Invitation)

5 inches × 7 inches

Did You Know? Canva was co-founded by Melanie Perkins and Cliff Obrecht. They started Canva in 2012.

Opening Canva Before we start making cards, let us learn how to open Canva. To start Canva: 1. Open your web browser like Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox. 2. Type www.canva.com in the Address bar and press Enter. Following screen will appear.

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Creating a Blank Card Creating a blank card in Canva means starting with an empty canvas where you can design your own card from scratch. Steps to follow to create a blank card are: 1. On the Home page of Canva, click on the Create a design button.

2. Click on the Custom Size button and enter the dimensions according to the project that you want to create.

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3. The Canva editor window with a blank canvas for designing will open:

2 3 4 1 8 6

Components of Canva Editor Window 1. Canvas: This is the central workspace where you design your card. It is a blank or customisable area where you add and arrange card elements. 2. Design: There is a design tool having different types of templates and styles to make your card beautiful. It provides access to a wide range of professionally designed templates and style options. 3. Elements: The Elements section offers a wide range of design elements, including photos, videos, stickers, shapes, and icons. You can search and browse for elements to enhance the visual appeal of your project. 4. Text tools: These tools allow you to add and edit text on your card. You can change fonts, sizes, styles, colours, and alignment for your card’s text. 5. Zoom controls: You can use Zoom controls to get a closer look at your card design or to see the entire card at once. 6. Notes: You can add notes to your project to keep track of ideas, reminders, or specific instructions. Notes are useful for collaborating with others on your project. 7. Preview: The Preview option allows you to see how your design will appear after finishing. It is a useful tool for reviewing your design before finalising it, ensuring everything looks just right. 8. Draw tool: This tool allows you to create freehand drawings or sketches directly on your canvas. You can choose different brush sizes, colours, and opacities to customise your drawings.

Applying Templates in Canva Templates are the ready-made designs available in Canva to help you start your project. It is similar to colouring in a colouring book where the outlines are already there, and you add your colours and details.

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Follow the given steps to create a design using a template: 1. Click on the Design option in the left-hand side bar. 2. Click on the Templates tab.

3. Click on the category of templates. You can get more categories by clicking on the ‘>’ button. You can also search a particular category by typing the name in the Search templates box.

2 3

4. Click on a template that you like for your card. The template applies to the canvas with default text and design. Here, a template for Birthday Card has been selected. 5. You can make the changes to personalise the design following your requirements.

Applying Styles in Canva Styles provide a unique look to your project. Canva provides you with special colour combinations and font styles that you can use to make your project look appealing and special. To apply styles: 1. Click on a particular shape or text to which you want to apply the style. 2. Now, click on the Styles tab in the left-hand panel. 3. Select any colour combination from the Color palettes and font style from the Font sets sections, respectively. 4. The changes will be applied to your design as shown. Chapter 6 • Image Editing with Canva

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Do It Yourself 6A Match the component of Canva with its correct description.

Notes

Different types of templates and styles

Design

Wide range of design elements

Canvas

Notes to keep track of ideas, reminders, etc.

Elements

Central workspace

Adding Shapes and Graphics By adding lines, shapes, and graphics in Canva, you can design and modify the template used in your design. These can be lines that go straight or curvy, shapes like circles or stars, and pictures or icons that make your work interesting. Follow the given steps: 1. Click on the Elements tab on the left-hand side of the screen. You will find a variety of options, including lines, shapes, and graphics. 2. Click on the one you want to add.

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3. Click on the desired element that you want to add in your design. The selected element will appear on the canvas. You can click on it and drag it to the desired place where you want to keep it.

4. Move and resize the element as needed to fit your design. 5. You can also change its colours and other details to match your project.

Discuss!

Imagine you are designing a Christmas card for your best friend. What elements would you include in the card, and how would you make it special?

Editing Image Editing an image in Canva means making changes to a picture to make it look better or different. It includes editing the colour scheme and style, cropping, and flipping an image. Canva offers tools to help you enhance images for your card or project.

Changing Colour Scheme and Style To make any changes to the image, you need to upload it onto your canvas. You can select any image that is saved on your computer. To bring the image to your canvas, follow the steps: 1. Click on the Uploads tab from the left-hand panel. 2. Click on the Upload files button. The Open dialog box will appear. 3. Select the image you want to edit in Canva and click on the Open button. Your image will appear below the Upload files button. Chapter 6 • Image Editing with Canva

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4. Click on the uploaded image. The image will appear on the Canvas. 5. Select the image on the Canvas to open the editing menu. 6. Click on the Edit photo button on the editing menu. On the left-hand side, a pane will appear containing effects and filters. 7. Look for options like Filters or Effects.

8. A list of different filters and effects will appear. Click on the one you would like to apply to your image. 9. Experiment with different filters and effects until your image looks the way you want it.

Flipping an Image Flipping an image means creating a mirrored or reversed version of the original image. Steps to follow for flipping an image: 1. Select the image you want to flip.

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2. Click on the Flip button. 3. Choose whether you want to flip the image horizontally or vertically by clicking on Flip horizontal or Flip vertical.

The image will flip according to your choice.

Auto-adjust, Foreground, Background There are many options that you can apply to your design to make it attractive. You can change the foreground and background of the image. Also, you can select the option to auto-adjust various aspects of your image. Let us apply these effects to the image that you have added in your design. Steps to follow: 1. Select the image you want to edit. 2. Click on the Edit photo button. 3. Click on the Adjust tab. You will find options like Auto-adjust, Foreground, Background, and more. 4. Click on the option you want to use.

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5. Canva will automatically adjust the photo based on the option you selected. 6. You can finetune the adjustments if needed.

White Balance, Light, Colour To adjust the brightness of the image, various options are available. Follow the given steps: 1. Select the photo you want to edit. 2. Click on the Edit photo option. 3. Click on the Adjust tab. 4. Look for the options like Whites, Blacks, Light, Colour. Click on the option you want to adjust. 5. Use the sliders or settings to change the white balance, brightness, colours, or texture of the photo.

Explore More!

Learn how to use texture and pattern in Canva.

Cropping and Rotating an Image You can also crop and rotate your image in Canva. Cropping means to remove the unwanted parts from your image so that you can focus on the important area of your image. Follow the given steps to crop the image: 1. Select the image you want to crop in Canva. 2. Click on the Edit photo button to open the editing menu. 3. Click on the Crop tab. You will see handles or corners around the image. 4. Click and drag these handles to select the part of the image you want to keep. 5. Adjust the cropping area until it looks the way you want. 112

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6. You can choose Smart Crop to automatically adjust the cropping for the best look. Or, you can pick an Aspect Ratio to crop the photo in a specific shape. 7. To rotate the photo, use the Rotate option and rotate the image according to your requirement.

Think and Tell

Suppose you have taken a picture using your digital camera. How could you use Canva to enhance it or add a creative touch?

Do It Yourself 6B What is the difference between flip and crop operations in Canva?

Points to Remember 1

Canva is a user-friendly online tool that allows you to create and edit images, design cards, and make various visual projects.

Cards in Canva are special images with words and designs.

Canvas is the central workspace where you design your card.

Templates are the ready-made designs available in Canva to help you start your project.

Styles provide a unique look to your project in Canva.

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By adding lines, shapes, and other graphics in Canva, you can design and modify the template used in your design.

Editing an image in Canva means making changes to a picture to make it look better or different.

Flipping an image means creating a mirrored or reversed version of the original image.

Cropping means to remove the unwanted parts from your image so that you can focus on the important area of your image.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

Design

zoom

flipping

Create a design

message

A card is like a special

The

button is used to start creating a design.

The

tab provides access to a wide range of professionally designed templates and style options.

You can use

for sending messages to loved ones.

controls to get a closer look at your card design. an image means creating a mirrored or reversed version of the original image.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

What is Canva primarily used for?

Creating and editing images

Baking cakes

Playing video games

Sending emails

What does cropping an image in Canva involve?

Removing all parts of the image

Selecting the part you want to keep

Changing the image’s size

Adding new elements to the image

It is a sidebar

What is canvas in Canva?

It is a toolbar

It is a set of elements

d It is the working area where you create your project

Which tab in Canva allows you to add lines, shapes, and graphics to your project?

Draw

Text

Elements

Design

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Which tab allows you to upload an image from your computer to Canva?

Uploads

Design

Templates

None of these

C. Who Am I? 1

I am a tool in Canva that flips things around.

I am used to adjust the size and shape of an image.

I allow you to customise the size of your canvas.

I am the space where you create your design.

I can automatically adjust the cropping for the best look.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Canvas is not a part of the Canva editor window.

You cannot specify the dimensions of the canvas in Canva.

Templates are ready-made designs.

You can change colours and fonts in Canva templates to make your project unique.

Cropping an image means selecting the part you want to remove.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is Canva primarily used for?

What does editing an image mean?

Differentiate between flipping and cropping an image.

What is the purpose of applying templates in Canva?

What are the two flipping options in Canva?

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F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Lisa is designing a birthday card for her friend using Canva. What steps should she follow to create a blank canvas of dimensions 5 inches by 7 inches?

Jake is adding a picture of his pet dog to his Canva project. Which option should he use to flip the image horizontally to create a mirrored effect?

Mike is editing a photo of his vacation in Canva. He wants to make the image brighter and adjust the colours. Which Canva tool should he use for this purpose?

James has designed a fantastic birthday card for his sister, but he wants to change the font style and colour of the text. Where can he find the options to achieve this in Canva?

Sofia wants to adjust the cropping of a picture in Canva. Explain the steps she should follow to crop the image to focus on a specific part.

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Chapter 7 • Creating Mind Maps with Canva

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Introduction to Mind Maps Consider that your school is planning a day trip to a historical site. You know that before going on any trip, proper planning is required. Let us create a list of things that are required for this planning: Idea: ‘Field Trip to a Historical Site’ 1. Decide the destination: Name and location 2. Date and time: Proposed date and times 3. Transportation: Bus arrangements and seating assignments 4. Activities: Guided tour, exhibits, and programs 5. Lunch: Lunch packets Noting down this information and reading it out is a cumbersome task. Instead of writing the steps, we can use mind maps to make it clearer. Mind maps provide a creative way to visually organise and connect ideas using text, shapes, colours, and lines. Let us draw a mind map for the above description: Decide on the Destination

Date and Time

Lunch

Field Trip to a Historical Site

Transportation

Activities

Note that by looking at the mind map, the information is clear and planning for the trip can be done efficiently. You can use Canva to create mind maps. Let us learn how to do it.

Creating a Mind Map in Canva Canva is an interesting tool to create mind maps. It helps you to make a clear and attractive representation of your ideas. This helps in easy idea sharing, planning, and communicating. You can use Canva tools and templates for creating these visual mind maps. Let us get started.

Did You Know? Mind mapping in Canva is not limited to just text. You can also add images, icons, and charts to enhance the visual representation of your ideas.

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Creating a Blank Canvas Creating a blank canvas in Canva for mind mapping means starting a new, empty workspace where you can design your mind map from the start. To create a blank canvas: 1. Open Canva and type ‘mindmap’ in the Search box. A list of options appears. 2. Select the Mind Map option from the list.

3. Select the Create blank option from the Mindmap templates window, as shown in the figure.

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4. A blank canvas appears.

Adding a Background Adding a background to the canvas provides a base on which you can create your mind map. You can add any colour or image to the background. To add a background: 1. Click the blank canvas. 2. Click the Background colour option that appears in the top left-hand corner of the canvas.

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3. The colour palette with Default colours opens. Select any colour of your choice.

4. The selected colour will be applied to the background.

Did You Know? Canva offers a wide range of predesigned mind map templates for various themes and purposes which makes it easy to kick-start your creativity.

Adding Shapes Adding shapes to a mind map helps visually represent and categorise ideas. It enhances the organisation of and clarity in the mind map. To add shapes in a mind map: 1. Click the Elements tab on the left menu.

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2. Select any of the available shapes to start with and then click on it, for example, a circle.

3. The shape appears on the canvas.

4. You can resize the shape by dragging the side handle of the shape, as shown in the figure.

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5. You can also change the colour of the shape. Click on the Shape to select it and then click the Colour icon at the top of the canvas. Select the desired colour to fill in the shape.

6. Add more shapes and make the changes, as required, for creating the mind map.

Adding Text Adding text is an essential step while creating a mind map, as it allows you to convey your ideas clearly. To add text: 1. Click the Text option in the left-hand menu. 128

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2. Click Add a text box.

3. A text box appears on the canvas.

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4. Click the text box that appears to select it and then type the text that you want to add.

5. Add more text boxes for other shapes, as required.

Discuss!

Discuss the role of a background in a mind map. How does it contribute to the overall design?

Editing and Formatting Text Editing and formatting text in a mind map allows you to customise the appearance of your text for better clarity and visual appeal. Editing text includes making changes to the text. Formatting includes moving and resizing the text box and applying the font style, font size, font colour, and other effects such as bold, italic, and underline. Let us discuss each of these one by one. 130

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Applying a Font Style You can apply various font styles to your text that are available in Canva to change the overall appearance of the text in the mind map. To change the font style, follow the steps: 1. Click the text box and look for the option of changing the font style at the top of the canvas.

2. Click it and then multiple font style options appear. Select any font type from these options.

3. You will note that the previous font style is changed to a new one that you just selected. Chapter 7 • Creating Mind Maps with Canva

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Changing the Font Size To increase or decrease the font size: 1. Click the text box and look for the font size option at the top of the canvas.

2. Click the font size and then select the appropriate size you want.

3. The size is changed, as shown in the figure.

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Changing the Text Colour To select a specific colour for your text to match your design’s colour scheme, follow the steps: 1. Click the text box. The Text colour option appears on the top bar.

2. Click it and then the colour palette appears in the left-hand side panel.

3. Select any colour of your choice by clicking it. The selected colour is applied to the text.

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Applying Text Formatting You can also apply bold (B), Italic (I), and underline (U) options (if they are available in the applied font style) for formatting your text. Bold (B): The Bold option makes the text appear thicker and stand out from the rest. You can select the bold B icon from the top bar to apply the bold effect to regular text or remove the bold effect from already bold text.

Italic (I): The Italic (italicised) text is slanted to the right. Italicising text is often used to emphasise certain words or phrases. It gives the text a distinct appearance, indicating that it is different from the surrounding text. You can select the italic I icon to apply the italic effect to regular text or remove the italic effect from italicised text.

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Underline (U): Underlined text has a horizontal line beneath it. Underlining is commonly used for headings or to emphasise specific points. If you cannot find the Underline option in the top bar, then click the More icon on the right side of the top bar. Select the underline U icon to apply the underline effect to the required text.

Strikethrough (S): When the Strikethrough formatting option is applied to a text, a horizontal line is shown passing through the middle of the text. It is used to indicate that a word or phrase is no longer valid or has been replaced. If you cannot find the Strikethrough option in the top bar, then click the More icon on the right-hand side of the top bar. Select the Strikethrough S icon to apply the strikethrough effect to the text.

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Change case (aA): The Change case option is used to make all the letters capital if they are small and vice versa. The capital letters can be used for headings or to convey a strong message in your mind map. Click the More icon on the right side of the top bar. Select the Change case aA icon to apply the desired text case.

Do It Yourself 7A Match the following. Column A

Change case Italic Bold

Strikethrough Underline

Column B Text Text Text

TEXT Text

Applying Text Effects You can apply various text effects to the text given in the mind maps. For example, you can change the text alignment, apply styles, adjust letter and line spacing, and so on. Let us learn about them.

Changing Text Alignment Text alignment in Canva refers to the position of the text within a text box or a shape. This option determines how text is arranged horizontally within defined boundaries. Proper alignment enhances the visual appeal and readability of your designs. 136

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Types of text alignment are: 1. Left alignment: Text starts from the left edge of the text box or shape. This is the default alignment and is used often for body text in many designs. 2. Centre alignment: Text is centred horizontally within the text box or shape. The Centre alignment is useful for headings or titles, creating a balanced and visually appealing design. 3. Right alignment: Text starts from the right edge of the text box or shape. Right-aligned text is commonly used for specific design elements or captions, providing a unique look within the design. 4. Justified Alignment: Text is aligned between left and right edges of the text box. To change the alignment of the text, follow the given steps: 1. Select the text box by clicking it and look for the Alignment option on top of the canvas.

Here, the text is aligned to the left. 2. To change the text alignment, click the required Alignment option once.

Now, the text is aligned in the centre. Chapter 7 • Creating Mind Maps with Canva

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3. You can also change the alignment of the text to the right by clicking the Alignment option and selecting the option.

Using Effects Option You can apply various effects to the text in your mind maps to make them visually appealing. To apply effects, follow the given steps: 1. Select the text box on which you want to apply effects and look for the Effects option on the top bar. A list of effects appears on the left-hand side.

2. Select any effect to be applied to your text. For example, you can select the Shadow effect. There are other effects also that can be applied to a text style. You can select any one of these, as required.

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Here are the before and after effects of applying a style.

You can also curve your text by selecting the Curve effect from the side pane.

Adjusting Letter and Line Spacing Letter spacing and line spacing are the crucial design elements in Canva that allow you to control the distance between letters (characters) and lines of text. Adjusting spaces between letters and lines can make your text easier to read and look better overall. Let us take another design to understand it better. To change line spacing in text, follow the steps: 1. Select the text box and then click the Spacing option on the top bar.

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2. The drop-down menu of the Spacing option appears with two options, Letter spacing and Line spacing.

3. Select the desired option and then increase or decrease the letter and line spacing by adjusting the slider accordingly.

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Using the List Option The List option in a text box allows you to create bulleted or numbered lists within the text. It is a helpful tool when you want to present information in a clear and organised manner. To use the List option in Canva, follow the given steps: 1. Select the text box in which you want to convert the text to a list.

2. Click the List icon in the top bar. Your text will be arranged in bulleted points.

Discuss!

What effects can be applied to text in mind maps?

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Do It Yourself 7B 1

Select the odd one out.

Bold

Italic

Underline

Blank Canvas

Write the names of the following symbols.

a b c

Adding Branches to a Mind Map Adding branches to a mind map means creating links between the main topic and the subtopics. A branch connects the main idea of a mind map with other related aspects or its subtopics. Branching helps us understand the topic better. You can add various types of arrows and lines for creating branches. Consider the Uses of Canva mind map once again. To add branches, follow the given steps: 1. Click the Elements tab on the left menu.

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2. Type ‘Arrow’ in the search bar and then press Enter.

3. All the shapes, graphics, photos, and videos related to the arrows appear.

4. You can choose any type of arrow according to your mind map and click the arrow. It appears on your canvas. Chapter 7 • Creating Mind Maps with Canva

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5. Add and place more arrows in your mind map to make it clearer.

6. You can also change the colour of the arrows, if required, by following the arrows in the figure below.

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This is the final output after changing the colours of the arrows.

Do It Yourself 7C Using Canva, create a mind map to display your family tree.

Points to Remember 1

Mind maps provide a creative way to visually organise and connect ideas using text, shapes, colours, and lines.

You can use Canva tools and templates for creating visual mind maps.

Applying background colours or images provide a base for your mind map.

You can add shapes to your mind map by using the Elements tab from the side bar in Canva.

You can add text to the mind map by clicking the Text tab from the side bar.

Various editing and formatting effects can be applied to the text in Canva by selecting the text and then the required options from the top bar.

Various text alignment options available in Canva are left, right, centre, and justify.

You can adjust the spacing between letters and lines for better readability.

You can create bulleted or numbered lists within text boxes for organising information.

To connect the various components of a mind map, you can add arrows from the Elements tab.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

right alignment

background

Blank canvas means starting a new, empty

Adding

formatting

letter

digital page

where you can design your mind map from scratch.

provides a base on which you can create your mind map in Canva.

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workspace

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In Canva, the text alignment that starts from the right edge of the text box or shape is known as

spacing allows you to control the distance between letters in your text in Canva.

Text

options in Canva allow you to make your text bold, italic, or underline it.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

What is the purpose of adding shapes in a mind map in Canva?

To add colours

b To enhance organisation

To add animations

and clarity To create sounds

Which tab in Canva allows you to add arrows and lines for creating branches in mind maps?

Fonts

Elements

Colours

Layouts

What does the ‘List’ option in Canva help create within a text box?

Animations

Bulleted or numbered lists

Background images

Shapes

What do letter spacing and line spacing in Canva help control?

Distance between shapes

b Distance between lines

Speed of animations

of text and letters Font size

What does the ‘Effects’ option in Canva allow you to do with text in mind maps?

Change the font size

Add shapes

Apply various visual styles like shadows and glows

Change the background colour

C. Who Am I? 1

I help connect the main idea of a mind map with various aspects or subtopics. I am represented by arrows or lines.

I am applied to text in mind maps to make them visually appealing. I include options like shadows, glows, and outlines.

I am a formatting option applied to text. I can make text appear thicker and stand out from the rest.

I am an option in a text box that allows you to create bulleted or numbered lists within the text.

I am a text alignment that starts from the left edge of the text box or shape.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Mind mapping in Canva uses only text to represent ideas.

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You can add only solid colours as background in Canva.

Letter spacing and line spacing in Canva help control the distance between letters and lines of text.

The Effects option in Canva allows you to add animations to your mind maps.

Branching helps us understand the topic better.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What do you mean by a mind map?

Why is adding a background important in mind maps in Canva?

Describe the significance of letter spacing and line spacing in Canva.

What is the underline effect?

Describe the types of text alignment in Canva.

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Raj wants to make his mind map visually appealing. How can he change the font style and size of the text in the Canva mind-mapping tool?

Maya needs to add a background colour to her mind map. Tell her how she can do this.

Sushmita wants to organise her mind map effectively. Explain to her the importance of applying text effects.

Jass wants to make the text italic in his mind map. Which option can he use to do so?

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Artificial Intelligence Imagine a robot or computer that can think and do smart things, like recognising objects, listening to commands, and taking appropriate actions, automating several daily routine tasks, and many more. All of this is possible because of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is the capability of a machine, typically a computer or a robot, to mimic human intelligence. Let us learn how it all started.

Evolution of AI The evolution of AI is its story, how AI got smarter and better over time. Let us learn when AI came into existence and how it was developed into the form that we see today. 1. Initial AI (1950s–1960s): AI came into existence in the 1950s. It could only do very simple things, like adding numbers together or following basic instructions. It was not very smart. 2. Learning AI (1970s–1980s): As time went on, people taught AI to learn from information and data on its own. It became better at recognising patterns, like telling the difference between a cat and a dog in pictures. 3. Talking AI (1990s–2000s): AI learnt to talk and understand human language. It could answer questions and have conversations with people, like the chatbots you might have seen online. 4. Super smart AI (Present): Today, AI has become super smart! It can do amazing things, like play chess and other games, drive cars, and even help doctors diagnose diseases. It is getting smarter and learning new things every day. 5. Future adventures (Future): AI is still growing and learning. In the future, it might become even smarter and help us with even more exciting and important tasks, like exploring space, solving big problems, and making our lives better.

Did You Know? One of the most significant milestones in the field of AI was the creation of the first artificial neural network in the late 1950s. Developed by Frank Rosenblatt, it was called the “Perceptron.” What makes this particularly interesting is that it served as an early model for machine learning and inspired the development of modern deep learning networks.

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Do It Yourself 8A Who am I?

I learnt to talk and understand human language.

I could do very simple things like adding numbers together.

I am learning and growing; I might become more powerful.

I have become super smart and can play chess too.

People taught me information and data.

Applications of AI Applications of AI are the variety of things that smart computers and robots can do to help us in our daily lives. For example, AI can help us play games, talk to us like a friend, drive cars, and even tell us about the weather conditions. It can help us in doing many daily routine tasks. Some of these are discussed as follows: 1. Smart assistants: AI helps make smart assistants like Siri or Alexa. They can answer questions, set reminders, and play music when you ask them. 2. Video games: AI makes video games more fun. It controls characters in games, making them smart opponents, or helpful allies. Minecraft and Stockfish are a few examples of AI video games that are widely played by people. 3. Chatbots: AI helps create chatbots on websites. These chatbots can chat with you and answer your questions, like assisting you when you are shopping online. The most common chatbots that we have interacted with are Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, and Google Assistant. 4. Recommendations: AI suggests things you might like. For example, it suggests movies on Netflix or songs on YouTube based on what you have watched or listened to before. 5. Self-driving cars: AI helps cars drive themselves safely. The cars use sensors and cameras to see the road and make sure they do not crash. Tesla is a world-famous car manufacturing company that has launched an AI-driven, self-driving car. 6. Healthcare: AI can help doctors by analysing X-rays and MRIs to find problems in your body. It can also remind you to take your medicine on time. For instance, Niramai, a Bengaluru-based app, uses AI to detect early cancer. 7. Language translation: AI can translate one language into another. It helps when you want to talk to someone who speaks a different language. Google Translate is a commonly used AI Language Translator. 8. Robots: AI makes robots intelligent. Some robots can clean your floors, while others can even dance and play music! Sophia is one of the most advanced humanoid robots. 9. Weather forecast: AI helps predict the weather. It uses data to tell us if it is going to be sunny or rainy, so we know what to wear and if we need an umbrella or not. AccuWeather is a very popular weather forecasting app. 152

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10. Security: AI helps keep us safe. It can recognise faces and fingerprints to make sure only the right people can enter certain places. Phones and workplaces have face recognition software installed for better experience and security.

Did You Know? In the 1950s, a renowned English scientist named Alan Turing had a question: “Can machines think?” This question sparked the beginning of Artificial Intelligence. Later, John McCarthy officially coined the term “Artificial Intelligence,” earning the title of ‘Father of Artificial Intelligence.’

Explore More!

To learn more applications of AI, scan this QR code.

Do It Yourself 8B Fill in the blanks.

Google Translator is a commonly used AI

AI operated self-driven cars use

. and

to see the road.

Natural Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence Natural Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

Definition—Natural intelligence is the intelligence possessed by living things like humans and animals. It is innate and a part of the biology of living organisms.

Definition—Artificial intelligence is created by humans. It is a product of computer programming and technology.

Learning—Natural intelligence learns from experiences, interactions, and exposure to the environment. It adapts and improves over time through learning.

Learning—Artificial intelligence learns from data and algorithms. It relies on patterns and information provided to it by humans.

Emotions and Consciousness—Natural intelligence has emotions, consciousness, and selfawareness. Humans and animals can experience feelings and have a sense of self.

Emotions and Consciousness—Artificial intelligence lacks emotions, consciousness, and self-awareness. Its operation is based on predefined rules and algorithms without any emotional understanding.

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Natural Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

Flexibility and Adaptability—Natural intelligence can adapt to a wide range of situations, learn new tasks, and think creatively.

Flexibility and Adaptability—Artificial intelligence is typically specialised for specific tasks and may not easily adapt to tasks outside of its programmed capabilities.

Physical Presence—Natural intelligence is embodied in living organisms with physical bodies.

Physical Presence—Artificial intelligence exists as software or hardware and does not have a physical body.

Biological vs. Synthetic—Natural intelligence is biological in nature, arising from the complexity of the brain and nervous system.

Biological vs. Synthetic—Artificial intelligence is synthetic, created by humans using technology and computer systems.

Limitations—While highly adaptable and creative, natural intelligence can be limited by factors like biology, fatigue, and physical constraints.

Limitations—Artificial intelligence can process vast amounts of data quickly but may struggle with tasks that require common-sense reasoning or understanding nuanced human emotions.

Discuss!

Which one is more reliable, artificial intelligence or natural intelligence?

Explore More!

To learn about the difference between human intelligence and AI, scan this QR code.

Do It Yourself 8C Write T for True and F for False.

Artificial Intelligence is created by AI itself.

Natural Intelligence cannot adapt to a wide range of situations.

Introduction to Computer Vision Computer Vision (CV) is a domain of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers and machines to interpret and understand visual information from the real world, typically through cameras. It involves the analysis of images or video streams to identify objects, detect patterns, track movement, and make sense of the visual data. CV is often used for applications like facial recognition, object detection, autonomous vehicles, and medical image analysis. 154

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Working of Computer Vision Just think about how we see things and recognise them. When we see things, our eyes capture visual information, which is then transmitted as signals through our optic nerves to the brain. The brain processes these signals, allowing us to recognise and interpret the images we see. Similarly, in computer vision, cameras act as the “eyes” of AI systems. They capture visual data, which is converted into signals by sensors. These signals are then processed by AI algorithms or programs, which interpret the meaning of the visual data, enabling the system to identify objects or images. The following image explains the workings of computer vision.

Human Vision System Brain

Eyes

Input

Bananas, Grapes and Strawberry Output

Computer Vision System Bananas, Grapes and Strawberry Input

Sensing Device

Interpreting Device

Output

Applications of Computer Vision These are some of the prominent applications of computer vision technology across various industries and fields. Object Recognition: Computer vision helps to identify and classify objects in images and videos for uses in security, manufacturing, and retail. Face Recognition: It is used for recognising individuals based on their facial features in applications, such as security and surveillance. Autonomous Vehicles: Computer vision enables self-driving cars and drones to navigate safely by recognising road signs, pedestrians, and other vehicles. Medical Imaging: It is a boon for the medical industry as it helps doctors to analyse medical images to diagnose diseases and locate abnormalities. Robotics: Robots move because of computer vision. Computer vision allows robots to perceive their surroundings for tasks like object manipulation and navigation. Chapter 8 • AI—Computer Vision

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Computer vision plays a crucial role in the working of two more impressive technologies these days: Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR). Let us learn about them.

Augmented Reality Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that blends digital content with the real world in real-time. It enhances the user’s perception of reality by overlaying virtual elements on their view of the physical environment. 

AR is commonly used in applications like mobile apps, smart glasses, and heads-up displays to provide additional information or interactive experiences related to the user’s surroundings.



Examples of AR include Pokémon Go, where virtual creatures are superimposed on the real world through a smartphone camera, or AR navigation apps that display directions on the road ahead.

Virtual Reality Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that immerses users in a completely digital or virtual environment. It often involves the use of a headset or goggles that block out the real world and replace it with a computergenerated one. 

VR is used to create fully immersive experiences for gaming, training, simulations, education, and entertainment.



Users in VR can interact with and navigate through a computer-generated world, making them feel as if they are inside that environment.

Did You Know? Virtual Reality (VR) can make you feel as if you are on a roller coaster, flying in space, or even standing on top of Mount Everest, all while you are actually just wearing a special headset in your own room!

Explore More!

Mixed reality is the combination of augmented reality and virtual reality. Learn more about this by scanning this QR code.

Do It Yourself 8D Who am I?

I am often used for applications like facial recognition.

I make people feel they are inside the environment.

I superimpose virtual creatures in the real world.

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AI Ethics AI ethics are a set of rules and principles that guide how we should create, use, and interact with artificial intelligence in a fair, responsible, and moral way. It is like a code of conduct for AI, making sure that AI should be used in ways that respect people’s rights, are safe, unbiased, and beneficial for society, just like we follow rules to be good and kind to each other. 1. Bias avoidance: AI should not have unfair preferences. It should treat people of all races, genders, and backgrounds equally. 2. Data protection: AI should keep our personal information safe, just as we keep our secrets and passwords safe from others. 3. Environmental responsibility: AI should be used in ways that do not harm the environment. For example, it can help reduce energy use and pollution by turning off lights when they are not needed. 4. Helping others: AI can be used to help people in need, like diagnosing diseases in healthcare or predicting natural disasters. 5. No cheating: AI should not be used to cheat or do bad things, like hacking into computer systems or cheating in games. 6. Learning and improving: AI should always try to learn and get better at what it does. The more data is fed to the AI machines, the smarter they become. 7. Making the world better: AI can be used to solve big problems, like climate change, finding cures for diseases, and making our world a better place for everyone.

Explore More!

To learn more about AI ethics, scan this QR code.

Do It Yourself 8E Match the following. Column A

Column B

Environmental responsibility

Reduce energy use

Data protection

Making the world better Helping others

Bias avoidance

Treat everyone the same Personal information Solving big problems Diagnosing diseases

Points to Remember 1

Natural Intelligence is biological in nature, arising from the complexity of the brain and nervous system. Artificial Intelligence is synthetic, created by humans using technology and computer systems.

Applications of AI are the different things that smart computers and robots can do to help us in our daily lives. Chatbots, self-driven cars, and robots are a few examples.

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Computer vision focuses on enabling computers and machines to interpret and understand visual information from the real world.

Augmented Reality (AR) blends digital content with the real world in real-time.

Virtual Reality (VR) immerses users in a completely digital or virtual environment.

AI ethics are a set of rules and principles that guide how we should create, use, and interact with artificial intelligence in a fair, responsible, and moral way.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints 1 2

computer vision

virtual reality

equally

chatbot

initial

AI could only do very easy things like, adding numbers, and was not very smart. Apple’s Siri is one of the most common examples of

is commonly used in applications like cameras, smart glasses, and heads-up displays.

is a technology that immerses users in a completely digital or virtual environment.

AI should treat people of all races, genders, and backgrounds

B. Who Am I? 1

Today, I am super smart; I can do amazing things like play chess.

Some of us can clean your floors, while others can even dance and play music.

We are called Alexa and Siri, and we are very smart at answering questions.

This intelligence is biological in nature, arising from the complexity of the brain and nervous system.

I am a technology that blends digital content with the real world in real-time.

C. Write T for True and F for False. 1

AI should have unfair preferences.

Learning AI was like a baby.

Ethical AI must respect people’s privacy.

Artificial Intelligence is the product of computer programming and technology.

Virtual Reality is used for gaming and training.

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D. Answer the Following. 1

Define Artificial Intelligence.

What is Natural Intelligence?

How is AI used in language translation?

What is Learning AI?

What is Computer Vision?

E. Apply Your Learning. 1

How should we tell Suhana the difference between AR and VR?

Meenal wants to know the various applications of AI. Help her understand them.

How will Gurpreet tell her best friend the ethics of AI and how they must be followed?

Let's help Dilraj understand the difference between Natural and Artificial Intelligence.

Explain to Nandini the evolution of AI over the years and discuss the changes.

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Computer Science

Special Features • Explore More: QR codes to explore an exciting application of the concept. This element builds curiosity in children and helps them grasp concepts through digital visual aids. 6

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