ICSE_Tekie_G8_Main_AY24_Final by Uolo

Computer Science

About the Book This book embodies the principles outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It unveils the world of computer science through a unique and captivating pedagogical approach—seamlessly integrating curriculum content into the mesmerizing adventures of Mel and Conji, fictional figures hailing from the enchanting world of Avora. Our aim is to prepare learners for the dynamic and technology-driven landscape of the 21st century, equipping them with the essential skills they need to thrive in an ever-evolving world.

Special Features • Explore More: QR codes to explore an exciting application of the concept. This element builds curiosity in children and helps them grasp concepts through digital visual aids. 8

• Discuss: Questions to trigger engaging group discussions in the classroom. • Think and Tell: Probing questions to stimulate thinking at an individual level. • Did You Know? Interesting facts related to the application of a concept. • Points to Remember: Chapter end summary. • Do It Yourself: Milestone exercises to practice specific concepts. • Chapter Checkup: A pool of questions catering to all topics and skills covered in the chapter.

About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to bring technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 10,000 schools across India, South East Asia, and the Middle East.

Singapore

CS_CB_Grade8_ICSE_Cover.indd All Pages

Gurugram

Bengaluru

hello@uolo.com �550

NEP 2020 based

ICSE compliant

Technology powered

02/12/23 9:45 PM

ICSE

COMPUTER SCIENCE Grade 8

The Quest for the Keystones

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 1

12/13/2023 2:53:31 PM

Foreword

Standing at the forefront of the digital and AI revolution, the importance of coding and computational skills has reached unprecedented heights. In today’s professional landscape, whether it’s in the fields of medicine, space exploration, education, science, or business, no sector remains untouched by this transformative wave. To not just survive but thrive in the 21st century, basic computer literacy is no longer sufficient. Learners must evolve into “digital natives” who can fluently read, write, and communicate in the languages that machines and AI comprehend. Recognizing this imperative, the National Education Policy of 2020 (NEP 2020) has strongly recommended the integration of coding skills, computational thinking, critical analysis, and problem-solving abilities into the curriculum. Moreover, forward-looking subjects like AI, Data Sciences, Computer Applications, and IT have been introduced as elective subjects from grade 9 onwards. It wouldn’t be surprising if further transformative measures are taken even at the elementary education level. Uolo has introduced an innovative 360-degree program for a coding-focused computer science curriculum, known as Tekie, spanning grades 1 to 8. Tekie is a significant stride towards STEM education that aims at making learners future ready—enabling them with skills needed in the ever-changing, technology-driven, and dynamic 21st-century world. Tekie adopts a captivating and engaging approach to learning, in line with the recommendations of the NEP 2020. The curriculum is ingeniously woven into the thrilling adventures of Mel and Conji, fictional characters from the enchanting land of Avora. The Mel and Conji series epitomizes a modern method of acquiring Computer Science knowledge and honing coding skills and computational thinking. Tekie is a technology-empowered curriculum that encompasses a few key components: • • • •

Main Content Books: These introduce learners to the theory of computer science and the tools used in the field. Topics in AI are also covered, along with experiential and curiosity-based learning resources. Coding Book: Specifically designed to nurture coding skills, this booklet aligns with the experiential and contextual learning approach of the curriculum, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

Animated Learning Videos: The program is powered by high-quality animation-based learning videos that deliver learning in an engaging manner. Teacher Manual: This valuable resource supports classroom instruction, ensuring that educators can effectively deliver the curriculum.

Welcome to the captivating realm of Tekie! We hope you relish this educational journey as it equips you with the tools you need to thrive in the exciting and ever-changing world of the 21st century.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 2

12/13/2023 2:53:31 PM

Key Chapter Elements Each chapter has been divided into two key sections. Section A: Story-based Comic In every grade, students embark on an immersive experience in the “Adventures of Mel and Conji”. Within each chapter, in the initial section (Section A), the story unfolds, enveloping learners in an exciting journey. Through the story, students actively connect with fundamental concepts in the realm of Computer Science. Section B: Computer Science Concepts This section of the chapter focuses on the essential academic content. It provides the learning goals and assists teachers in their classroom instruction. This section also includes the following academic assets: QR codes to explore an exciting application of the concept.

HOTS questions

Discuss!

to trigger engaging group

Discuss the concept of storing and sharing data using cloud computing.

discussions in the classroom.

This element builds curiosity in children and helps them grasp concepts through digital visual aids.

Explore More! Interesting facts related to the application of a concept.

Scan the QR code to learn how operating system works.

Did You Know?

Google Sheets allow you to create collaborative charts and dashboards in real-time. Multiple users can work on the same spreadsheet simultaneously, making it easy to update and share visualisations in a collaborative environment.

This is the chapter summary. It enables learners to glance through all key concepts covered in the chapter.

Probing questions to stimulate HOTS at individual level.

Think and Tell

What are the most popular apps according to you?

Milestone exercises to practise specific concepts.

A pool of questions catering to all topics and skills covered in the chapter.

iii

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 3

12/13/2023 2:53:33 PM

Introduction to Avora

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 4

12/13/2023 2:53:35 PM

Places in Avora

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 5

12/13/2023 2:53:37 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 6

12/13/2023 2:53:39 PM

Meet the Characters

vii

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 7

12/13/2023 2:53:40 PM

viii

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 8

12/13/2023 2:53:42 PM

Contents

Operating System     

     

 

  

Types of Operating Systems User Interface (UI)



Adding Charts



Working With Data

Data Visualisation Using Google

Sheets 85 

Understanding Charts



Components of a Chart

Introduction to Computer Networks



Types of Charts



Creating a Chart in Google Sheets

Types of Networks



Moving, Resizing, and Deleting Charts

Network Architecture

Networking Concepts

Cloud Computing Network Security Cyber Ethics

Computational Thinking

Introduction to Algorithms Flowcharts

8 45

Introduction to Apps Accessing Apps

Classification of Mobile Apps

Developing an App

ormulas and Functions in F Google Sheets 

Functions of an Operating System

App Development 

Need of an Operating System

omputational and Algorithmic C Thinking 

Introduction to an Operating System (OS)

Computer Networks 

Understanding Spreadsheets Applying Formulas

Web Application Using a

Database* 101 

Web Application



MySQL Server



Python



Working of a Web Application

Creating Videos with Canva*

116



Creating a Blank Video in Canva



Components of a Video Editor in Canva



Downloading and Sharing Videos

AI—Natural Language

Processing* 144 

Artificial Intelligence (AI)



Types of Artificial Intelligence



Language Translator—App Development

* This chapter is not a part of the prescribed ICSE curriculum. It has been added after consideration of the latest trends in the computer science field. Teaching this chapter or including it in the assessment process is entirely at the discretion of the school and the subject teacher.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 9

12/13/2023 2:53:42 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 10

12/13/2023 2:53:42 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 1

12/13/2023 2:53:43 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 2

12/13/2023 2:53:44 PM

Chapter 1 • Operating System

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 3

12/13/2023 2:53:46 PM

Introduction to an Operating System (OS) An operating system (OS) is an important component of a computer. It is a program that controls and manages computer hardware. An OS acts as an interface between a user and a computer system. The OS gives the facility to smoothly run programs like games, word processors, and web browsers to its users. The operating system controls various activities like organising and storing files on your computer’s storage device effectively and efficiently. An operating system ensures that users can work on multiple programs simultaneously. It also helps you interact with the computer through devices like mouse, keyboard, printer, and monitor. Some examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix. Each of these operating systems has its own features, user interfaces, and characteristics, but they all serve the fundamental purpose of managing computer resources and providing an environment for running applications smoothly.

Did You Know? The original name of Microsoft Windows was “Interface Manager”. Microsoft eventually changed the name to “Windows” because of the rectangular windows that were a prominent feature of the graphical user interface (GUI).

Need of an Operating System An operating system is like the boss of the computer that makes sure everything runs smoothly, keeps things organised, and helps us use the computer easily and safely. Operating system handles the following responsibilities: 

It controls and manages all the computer resources.



It provides an interface to users.



It hides the complexity of software.



It supports multiple execution modes.



It monitors the execution of user programs to prevent errors.

Did You Know? The first computer operating system called General Motors-North American Aviation Input/Output System (GM-NAA I/O) was created in the 1950.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 4

12/13/2023 2:53:47 PM

Functions of an Operating System An operating system carries out various important functions that help in the smooth running of a computer. Here are a few functions of an operating system: 

An operating system manages everything on a computer. It makes sure that all the games, apps, programs, applications, and files work together.



It allocates and deallocates memory space to running processes, ensuring efficient use of RAM.



It is easy to use. You can click icons and buttons because the operating system gives you a friendly way to talk to the computer.



An operating system protects a computer from viruses and hackers. It checks who is allowed to use it.



An operating system detects and handles errors or crashes, preventing a single application or hardware issue from crashing the entire system.

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn how operating system works.

Do It Yourself 1A Write T for True and F for False.

An operating system allows viruses to enter your computer system.

An operating system deallocates memory space to running processes, ensuring efficient use of RAM.

Types of Operating Systems Following are the different types of operating system:

Single-user Operating System A single-user operating system is designed for personal use and allows one person to use the computer at a time. This operating system provides a user-friendly interface, supports various applications, and can be customised to suit individual preferences. It is the type of operating system most people use on their personal laptops or desktop computers. Following are the functions of a single-user OS. 1. In a single-user operating system, only one individual can log in and use the computer at a time. This ensures that the computer’s resources, such as the CPU, memory, and storage, are dedicated to a single user’s tasks and processes.

Chapter 1 • Operating System

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 5

12/13/2023 2:53:48 PM

2. The user of a single-user operating system has the authority to install and run software, manage files and folders, and configure system settings according to their preferences.

Multiuser Operating System A multiuser operating system is a computer system that allows multiple users that are on different computers or terminals to access shared resources and data at the same time. Following are the functions of a multiuser OS. 

Unlike single-user systems where only one user can use the computer at a time, a multiuser operating system allows several users to log in and work on the same machine simultaneously. Each user has their own login credentials and can perform tasks independently.



The operating system efficiently manages and allocates computer resources to different users and their respective processes. This ensures that every user gets a fair share of the available resources.



To maintain privacy and security, a multiuser operating system ensures that one user’s data and activities are isolated from others. Users cannot access each other’s files without proper authorisation.

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn the differences between single-user and multiuser operating systems.

Do It Yourself 1B Fill in the blanks.

In an

operating system, many users can access the resources of the computer simultaneously. operating system can be customised to suit individual preferences.

Multitasking Operating System A multitasking operating system is a type of operating system that allows a computer to run and manage multiple tasks or processes simultaneously. In context to multitasking operating system, some key points are: 1. In a multitasking operating system, simultaneous tasks are like a computer juggling multiple activities at once, such as running different programs or serving multiple users, ensuring everyone can work without interruption. 2. This type of operating system helps your computer effectively manage its resources such as the CPU and memory. The operating system ensures that these resources are used wisely, so your computer can switch between tasks quickly without slowing down. 3. Multitasking operating systems boost your computer’s productivity. They allow you to work more efficiently, making it easier to complete multiple tasks and get things done faster.

Explore More! Scan the QR code to learn more about multitasking operating systems.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 6

12/13/2023 2:53:48 PM

Did You Know? Multitasking operating systems are the reason you can listen to music, browse the web, and chat with friends on your computer or smartphone all at the same time, just like having multiple superpowers for your device!

Real-time Operating System A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a specialised computer operating system designed for tasks that require extremely precise and predictable timing and responsiveness. In context to RTOS, some key points are: 1. A RTOS is engineered to provide rapid and consistent responses to processes or tasks. It ensures that critical actions occur without delay, making it suitable for applications where timing is crucial, such as controlling machinery and instruments. 2. RTOS ensures that tasks start and finish at a specific time, which is essential for applications such as data acquisition, where data must be sampled at fixed intervals without deviation. 3. A RTOS guarantees that tasks are executed with precise and consistent timing. This reliability ensures that critical operations, such as controlling machinery or processing data, occur predictably and within specified time constraints, which is crucial for applications like industrial automation.

Explore More! Scan the QR code to learn more about real-time operating systems.

Do It Yourself 1C Who am I?

I am specially designed for tasks that require extremely precise and predictable timing and responsiveness.

I allow a computer to run and manage multiple tasks or processes simultaneously.

Chapter 1 • Operating System

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 7

12/13/2023 2:53:49 PM

Distributed Operating System A distributed operating system is a type of operating system that manages multiple computers or devices that are connected to each other via a single communication channel, to work together seamlessly as if they were a single, coordinated entity. In context to a distributed operating system, some key points are: 

A distributed operating system allows computers to cooperate on tasks, share resources, and communicate over a network. This networked collaboration enhances the efficiency and capabilities of the entire system.



It facilitates the sharing of computing resources such as CPU power, storage, and data across various computers within the network.



It ensures efficient communication between various computer systems, enabling them to work in harmony and perform tasks that would be challenging for a single computer.

Do It Yourself 1D Fill in the blanks.

A distributed operating system enables

There is a

computers to work together seamlessly.

communication channel in a distributed operating system.

User Interface (UI) A user interface (UI) works as a bridge that allows people to communicate with computers, smartphones, and various digital devices in a manner that is simple and easy to use. A UI encompasses all the elements and design components that users see and interact with on their monitor screens. A UI includes various graphical and interactive elements, such as buttons, menus, forms, icons, text, images, and more. Its primary purpose is to make user interactions with the software efficient.

Did You Know? The smiley face emotion “:-)” created in 1982 is considered one of the earliest forms of user interface design.

Let us discuss the following UIs in this chapter. 

Character user interface



Graphical user interface

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 8

12/13/2023 2:53:49 PM

Character User Interface (CUI) A character user interface, also known as a command line interface (CLI) is a user interface that requires users to type text commands to interact with the computer system. These commands are handled by command-line interpreters. Examples of operating systems that use CUI are DOS, Windows Command Prompt, and Unix.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) A GUI is a user interface that employs graphical elements such as icons, buttons, windows, and menus, to enable users to interact with computers and software applications. It provides an intuitive and visual based means of navigating, controlling, and accessing digital content, making computing more user-friendly for individuals who may not have extensive technical knowledge. Windows is the most popular GUI-based operating system.

Chapter 1 • Operating System

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 9

12/13/2023 2:53:50 PM

Difference between GUIs and CUIs Let’s learn about the striking differences between the two interfaces. Characteristic

GUI

CUI

Appeal

Attractive and appealing

Relatively less appealing

Ease of Learning

Easier to learn and user-friendly

Requires expertise

Interaction Elements

Icons, menus, buttons, etc.

Text-based commands

Command Learning

No need to learn complex commands

Requires memorisation of commands

Multitasking

Supports multitasking with windows

Limited multitasking capability

Input Devices

Supports mouse and keyboard

Keyboard only

Feedback

Provides immediate visual Limited or no visual feedback of feedback of the action performed the action performed

Did You Know? Have you ever wondered why a computer mouse is called a ‘mouse’? Well, it is because the inventor, Douglas Engelbart, thought the cord of the first mouse looked like a tail. So, just like a mouse scurrying around with its tail, the computer mouse helps you move things around on a computer screen!

Think and Tell

Explore the icons and symbols you see on your device. What do these symbols represent, and how do they make using apps and devices easier?

Do It Yourself 1E Write T for True and F for False.

A CUI includes various elements like buttons, menus, and icons.

A GUI does not provide feedback to the user.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 10

12/13/2023 2:53:50 PM

Points to Remember 1

Operating system is a program that controls and manages computer hardware. It acts as an interface between the user and computer system.

There are different types of operating systems like the single-user, multiuser, multitasking, real-time, and distributed operating systems.

In a single-user operating system, one user has exclusive control over the computer’s resources.

A multiuser operating system allows multiple users to work on the same computer simultaneously.

A multitasking operating system allows a computer to run and manage multiple tasks or processes simultaneously.

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is designed for tasks that require extremely precise and predictable timing.

A distributed operating system manages multiple computers that are connected to each other via a single communication channel.

A character User Interface, also known as a Command Line Interface (CLI), is a user interface that requires the user to type text commands to interact with a computer system.

A GUI is a type of user interface that employs graphical elements such as icons, buttons, windows, and menus, to enable users to interact with computers and software applications.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints 1 2

complex

multitasking

operating system

GUI

single-user

is a program that controls and manages computer hardware. The user of the preferences.

operating system has the authority to install and run software according to their

operating systems boost your computer’s productivity.

A menus.

A graphical user interface doesn’t require you to remember

is a type of user interface that employs graphical elements such as icons, buttons, windows, and commands.

B. Who Am I? 1

I have the authority to install and run software, manage files and folders, and configure system settings according to my preferences.

I can get you anything at a click of a button, you don’t need to remember any complicated commands.

I ensure efficient communication between various computers so that they can work in harmony.

I am deployed in applications where split-second timing and timely-responsiveness are paramount.

Chapter 1 • Operating System

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 11

12/13/2023 2:53:50 PM

C. Write T for True and F for False. 1

The distributed operating system doesn’t allow computers to share resources.

A GUI is simple and doesn’t require knowing a lot of computer technicalities.

An RTOS guarantees that tasks are executed in a predictable and deterministic manner.

Microsoft Windows is an example of an operating system.

A GUI does not provide feedback to users to let them know what is happening.

D. Answer the Following. 1

What is the need of an operating system?

What is UI?

What is GUI? How does it make our work easier?

Give one difference between the single and multiuser operating systems.

What are the features of a real-time operating system?

E. Apply Your Learning. 1

Mohini’s mother got herself a new computer. Mohini excitedly interacts with the computer through its graphical elements such as icons, buttons, and menus. What type of interface is she using?

Shehnaz is working on a device that allows her to only type the commands using a keyboard. Name the interface that she is working on.

Rohit has an operating system on his laptop that is designed for personal use and allows one person to use the computer at a time. Name the type of operating system he has on his system.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 12

12/13/2023 2:53:51 PM

Chapter 1 • Operating System

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 13

12/13/2023 2:53:53 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 14

12/13/2023 2:53:53 PM

Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 15

12/13/2023 2:53:55 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 16

12/13/2023 2:53:56 PM

Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 17

12/13/2023 2:53:57 PM

Introduction to Computer Networks Computer networks are systems of interconnected computers, devices, or nodes that share resources and information with each other. These computers are linked with each other through transmission media, such as cables, telephone lines, radio waves, or infrared light beams. The network size may vary from small to large depending on the number of computers it connects. A data communication system consists of the following parts: 1. Sender: A sender, also known as a source, is any device or computer that starts communication by creating and sending data, messages, or signals. This can be a computer, smartphone, or any other electronic device which is capable of sending data. 2. Receiver: The receiver is the device or computer that receives the data, messages, or signals sent by the sender. The recipient processes this information and takes appropriate actions based on the data received. 3. Medium: A medium is also called a communication channel or communication media. It is the physical path or method through which data is conveyed from a sender to a receiver. This can include various types of transmission media, which are wired connections such as television cables, telephone cables, and optical fibre, or wireless technologies such as radio waves and infrared signals. 4. Message: The message is the actual information being sent from the sender to the receiver. It could be a text, a picture, a video, or any other type of data. In the context of a letter, it’s the content of the letter itself. On a network, the message is what the sender wants to share with the receiver. 5. Protocols: These are the set of rules and guidelines that ensure seamless and standardised communication between devices on a network. When your computer wants to send a message to another computer, they both need to use the same protocol, just like speaking the same language. These protocols make sure the information travels correctly, gets received properly, and can be understood, creating a reliable way for computers to share data.

Sender

Communication Channel

Receiver

Network Architecture Network architecture refers to the design and structure of devices used in computer networks. These devices such as routers, switches, and modems are built with specific components and connections to enable data exchange between computers. These include the central processing unit (CPU), memory for storage, network interfaces for connections, and the operating system for managing tasks. 18

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 18

12/13/2023 2:53:57 PM

Types of Networks 1. Personal Area Network (PAN): A PAN stands for a personal area network. It includes devices like smartphones, tablets, and accessories which are connected through technologies like Bluetooth. Two smartphones communicating through Bluetooth is an example of a PAN. It can be wired or wireless. 2. Local Area Network (LAN): LAN stands for a local area network. A LAN is a network that connects devices in a limited area, for example, homes, offices, or schools. This network allows devices to share files, printers, and instant accounts. LANs are widely used in homes and small organisations to connect computers and other devices for smooth communication. A school lab is an example of LAN. 3. Campus Area Network (CAN): CAN stands for a campus area network. It connects multiple LANs within a specific area. CAN is a special internet connection that covers a small area, such as a school campus or a big office building. For example, it helps to easily share information between the classrooms of a school. City LAN

LAN

MAN LAN

LAN

Buildings Buildings

Buildings

4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN stands for a metropolitan area network. A MAN covers a large area like a city. It connects multiple LANs within that area which enables communication between various locations. MANs are essential for universities or within cities to connect municipal offices for data exchange and communication. Cable TV networks are an example of MAN.

5. Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN stands for a wide area network. It connects LANs and MANs over long distances that cover cities, nations, or continents. The internet is the most significant WAN that enables global communication.

Discuss!

Discuss the various types of networks and their purposes, coverage areas, and examples of where they are commonly used.

Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 19

12/13/2023 2:54:00 PM

Networking Concepts Networking concepts include various networking devices, terminologies, protocols, and topologies. Let us discuss about them in detail.

Networking Devices Networking devices are the hardware devices that are used to connect computers together to share files or printers. These devices perform different tasks at different segments of a computer network. MODEM: MODEM stands for MOdulator-DEModulator. A modem is a device that connects your computer to the environment which translates the digital data from your computer into signals that can travel over the telephone or cable lines.

Switch: A switch is a device on a network that connects multiple devices (like computers) and directs data only to the device that needs it. A switch improves network efficiency. Hub: A hub is a central device or place that connects multiple devices on a computer network. It allows various devices, such as computers, printers, or other gadgets, to share information and communicate with each other. It sends data to all connected devices, which can lead to inefficiencies.

Router: A router is a device used in computer networks that directs data traffic efficiently between different computer networks. This device ensures that the data reaches the correct destination. Gateway: A gateway connects two different computer networks and allows them to communicate and share information with each other.

Network Terminology Internet: The internet is a global area network that connects millions of computers together across the world. It provides a variety of information and communication facilities. It consists of the interconnected networks that communicate via standardised communication protocols. Intranet: An intranet is a private network within an organisation that is accessible only to its members. It is used for file sharing, internal communication, and other purposes. URL: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is a web address used to locate and access specific content or websites on the internet. For example ”www.examplе.com” is a URL. ISP: ISP stands for internet service provider. An ISP is a company that provides internet access services to individuals and businesses, connecting them to the internet. 20

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 20

12/13/2023 2:54:01 PM

IP Address: IP, here, stands for Internet Protocol. An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to every device (like computers and smartphones) on a network. It is used for identifying and communicating with devices on the internet. For example, an initial IP address is called version 4 (IPv4). It is displayed in a human-readable notation, such as 192.165.16.1. DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. DNS is like the internet’s phone book. It translates humanfriendly domain names (e.g., “google.com”) into IP addresses that computers use to find websites. Web Page: A web page is a single document displayed in a web browser. It can contain text, images, videos, and links to other pages. Web Server: A web server is used to store and deliver the contents of a website to clients such as web browsers. Website: A website is a collection of related web pages that are stored on a web server and can be accessed through the internet. It is the space where individuals, businesses, or organisations can share information, products, services, or entertainment with people from all around the world. To access a website, one has to type the address of the website (URL) in the address bar of a web browser. Web Portal: A web portal is a special website that gathers lots of useful things at one place. This portal provides easy access to various services, information, and tools. Link: A link is a connection between two things on the internet, such as web pages, documents, or websites. For example, when you click a hyperlink on a web page, it redirects you to another page or resource. It can be text or an image. Hyperlink: A hyperlink is a clickable link in a website or document that directs users to another website or resource. A hyperlink makes navigation easy. Hypertext: Hypertext is a way of organising and connecting information in digital documents, such as web pages. It allows you to click the words or phrases (called hyperlinks) to jump to the related information or various sections within the same document or on other web pages. Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the capacity of a network connection. It is measured in bits per second (bps) or Bytes per second (Bps). This capacity determines how much data can be transmitted over the network at a given time. More bandwidth means faster data transmission. Bandwidth is measured in Hz (Hertz).

Do It Yourself 2A Unscramble the following words.

witdhdanb:

inkl:

wischt:

siwebte:

neinrtet:

Protocols In computer networks, protocols are a set of rules and conventions that govern how data is transmitted, received, and processed between devices. Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 21

12/13/2023 2:54:02 PM

Types of Protocols 1. HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web. It is a request-response protocol used for transmitting information and files on the internet. When you type a website address in your browser and press Enter, your browser uses HTTP to request the web page from the server where the website is stored. Another form of HTTP is HTTPS, which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It is used for secure communication over a network. 2.

FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a protocol for transmitting files over the internet. It is commonly used by web developers to upload files to a website’s server. FTP allows the user to upload, download, and manage files on a remote server.

3. TCP/IP: TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is a set of rules and protocols that govern how devices communicate over a network. This protocol provides the fundamental framework for internet communication, allowing computers and devices to share information and resources across the globe.

Sender

IMAP: IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. It is an email protocol that allows you to access and manage emails stored on a mail server. IMAP enables the user to view, organise, and delete emails on the server while keeping copies of messages on the server.

SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is used for sending emails. It works by sending outgoing emails from the sender’s email client to the recipient’s email server. SMTP ensures secure delivery of emails to the designated recipient’s mailbox.

Server

Receiver

Do It Yourself 2B Decode the abbreviations.

IMAP:

SMTP:

HTTP:

FTP:

TCP/IP:

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 22

12/13/2023 2:54:02 PM

Network Topologies Network topologies refer to the arrangement of devices and connections on a computer network. Various topologies define how devices are linked and communicate with each other. Following are the different types of network topologies:

Bus Topology In a bus topology, all devices share a single communication line. In this type of topology, messages travel along the line and only the intended recipient device processes the message. It is simple and inexpensive but can slow down as more devices are added.

Star Topology In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. All communication passes through the central hub which makes it efficient and easy to troubleshoot. The disadvantage of the star topology is that if the hub fails, the whole network will be disabled.

Ring Topology In a ring topology, each device is connected to two other devices by forming a circular network. Data travels in one direction through the ring until it reaches the intended recipient. Although it runs smoothly, it can be slow at times; and if one device breaks, the whole network may get affected.

Mesh Topology In the mesh topology, every node is directly connected to every other node forming a mesh. The disadvantage of the mesh topology is that the network is costly, due to the large number of cables used and it is difficult to find a faulty node. An example of mesh topology is the internet.

Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 23

12/13/2023 2:54:05 PM

Hybrid Topology

STAR NETWORK

A hybrid topology is a combination of two or more types of topologies. It integrates elements from the bus, star, ring, and mesh topologies. It is often used on large networks to enhance performance and reliability.

RING NETWORK

Hub

BUS NETWORK

Do It Yourself 2C Complete the classification diagram. Network Topologies

Bus

Star

Cloud Computing Cloud computing is the process of manipulating, configuring, and accessing online applications. We can use various services and resources over the internet by using it. Cloud computing offers an online data storage facility; one can access them through the internet on remote servers. This means that data can be stored, applications can be run, and tasks can be performed online without needing powerful computers. Cloud computing offers convenience, scalability, and accessibility, allowing users to access data and applications from anywhere with an internet connection. Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Dropbox, and Apple iCloud Drive are some of the common examples of cloud computing.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing 1. On-demand Self-service: Cloud services are available whenever needed. Resources like storage and software can be accessed based on requirements without waiting for any approval or assistance.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 24

12/13/2023 2:54:21 PM

2. Broad Network Access: Cloud services can be accessed from any device with an internet connection, whether it’s a computer, smartphone, or tablet. 3. Resource Pooling: Resource pooling involves gathering all computer resources, such as storage, processing power, and networks from various computers, and using them together. 4. Rapid Elasticity: Rapid elasticity allows quick scaling up or down of computing resources in response to demand. This means that resources like storage, processing power, or bandwidth can be increased or decreased rapidly according to needs. 5. Measured Services: In cloud computing, services are billed only for what is used. This ensures precise charges for the services needed, avoiding unnecessary expenses.

Advantages of Cloud Computing 1. Cost-efficiency: Money is saved because there’s no need to buy and maintain physical supplies or software. Payment is made only for the services used, making it budget-friendly. 2. Scalability: Resources can easily grow or shrink. If a business expands, the cloud grows accordingly. If less is needed, there’s no obligation to use more capacity. 3. Flexibility: Work can be done from anywhere with an internet connection, whether it’s at home, in a cafe, or while travelling. This accessibility supports remote work. 4. Automatic Updates: Cloud services handle updates and maintenance, ensuring the latest features and security without manual installations. 5. Data Security: Cloud service providers prioritise the safety and protection of data. They use encryption and other measures to secure data, making it more reliable than traditional methods. 6. Collaboration: Cloud platforms make it easier to work together. Multiple people can edit files simultaneously, promoting teamwork and improving productivity. 7. Disaster Recovery: Cloud services automatically back up data. Even if a computer crashes, files remain safe and can be recovered.

Storing and Sharing Data/Information Using Cloud Computing Storing and sharing data using cloud computing means saving your files, documents, and information on the internet, rather than on your computer’s hard drive. Cloud computing allows you to access these resources from anywhere using an internet connection. Additionally, you can easily share this data with others which enables collaboration and makes it convenient for remote work or sharing information with colleagues or friends. Such storing and sharing eliminates the need for physical storage devices and offers flexibility and accessibility to your data. The process of storing data Discuss the concept of storing from your computer to cloud storage is called uploading, and sharing data using cloud and the process of copying files from cloud storage to a computing. system is called downloading.

Discuss!

Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 25

12/13/2023 2:54:24 PM

Network Security Network security involves the implementation of strategies, protocols, and tools to protect computer networks, systems, and data from unauthorised access, attacks, and damage. It includes measures like firewalls, antivirus software, encryption, and intrusion detection systems to safeguard sensitive information from cyber threats. Network security ensures that only authorised users can access specific data.

Cyber Ethics Cyber ethics refers to responsible and ethical behaviour on the internet. These ethics involve being respectful, honest, and considerate in online interactions. This includes avoiding cyberbullying, respecting others’ privacy, and giving credit to original content providers for using their online content. By following cyber ethics, we create a safe and positive online space for all.

Points to Remember 1

Computer networks are interconnected devices that share resources and information.

Essential components of a network: sender, receiver, medium (communication channel), message and protocol.

Network devices include routers, switches, modems, etc.

Types of networks are PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN, and WAN.

IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to devices on a network for identification and communication.

Protocols are rules governing data transmission between devices in a network, including HTTP, FTP, TCP/IP, IMAP, and SMTP.

Network topologies refer to the arrangement of devices and connections in a computer network.

Cloud computing enables accessing services and resources over the internet, offering scalability, accessibility, and convenience.

Network security involves strategies like firewalls and encryption to protect computer networks, systems, and data from unauthorised access and attacks.

Cyber ethics refers to responsible online behaviour, including avoiding cyberbullying and respecting others’ privacy, ensuring a positive digital environment.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 26

12/13/2023 2:54:24 PM

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

structure

telephone

ethical

router

source

capacity

A sender, also known as a sending data, messages, or signals.

Network architecture refers to the design and

A modem is a device that connects your computer to the internet and translates digital data into signals that can travel over lines.

A is a device used on computer networks that directs data traffic efficiently between various computer networks.

Bandwidth is the

Cyber ethics refers to responsible and

, is any device or computer that starts communication by creating and of devices used on computer networks.

of a network connection. behaviour on the internet.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

What does LAN stand for in computer networks?

Large area network

Local area network

Long access network

Limited area network

Which network type covers a city and connects multiple LANs?

LAN

PAN

WAN

MAN

What does URL stand for in the context of the internet?

Uniform resource locator

Universal recording language

Unified resource link

User related link

What is the role of a switch in a network?

Connects devices and directs data only to the intended device

Connects multiple LANs within a specific area

Connects two different computer networks

Sends data to all connected devices in the network

Which characteristic of cloud computing allows quick scaling up or down of computing resources?

On-demand self-service

Broad network access

Rapid elasticity

Measured service

Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 27

12/13/2023 2:54:24 PM

C. Who Am I? 1

I am the physical path or method through which data is conveyed from a sender to a receiver in a network.

I translate human-friendly domain names into IP addresses that computers use to find websites on the internet.

I connect two different computer networks and allow them to communicate and share information with each other.

I am a connection between two things on the internet, such as web pages, documents, or websites.

I am a special website that gathers various services, information, and tools in one place for easy access.

I am an email protocol that allows users to access and manage emails stored on a mail server.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

A sender is a device that receives data, messages, or signals sent by the receiver.

In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a central hub.

Cloud computing services are billed based on the resources you actually use.

IMAP is an email protocol that allows you to access and manage emails stored on a mail server.

WAN stands for Wide Area Network and covers a limited area like a city or a campus.

E. Answer the Following. 1

Mention any two points of difference between PAN and CAN.

Define Hypertext and its purpose in digital documents.

What do you understand about the term “Cloud Computing”?

Name one characteristic of Cloud Computing.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 28

12/13/2023 2:54:24 PM

What is Cyber Ethics, and why is it important?

What does ISP stand for, and what is its role in internet connectivity?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Jashan wants to understand the role of protocols in computer networks. Choose one protocol (e.g., HTTP, FTP) and explain it to him.

Harpreet is trying to explain computer networks to her younger brother. How would you explain the concept of LAN (Local Area Network) to a younger sibling in simple words?

Deepak is at home and needs to share a large presentation file with his classmate who lives in another city. Which type of network would be most suitable for this task, and why?

Sakshi is planning to run a cloud-based software business. Explain to her the characteristics of cloud computing, like “on-demand self-service” and “measured service”.

Chapter 2 • Computer Networks

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 29

12/13/2023 2:54:24 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 30

12/13/2023 2:54:26 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 31

12/13/2023 2:54:26 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 32

12/13/2023 2:54:28 PM

Chapter 3 • Computational and Algorithmic Thinking

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 33

12/13/2023 2:54:29 PM

Computational Thinking Computational thinking (CT) is the process of conceptualising problems in such a way that the resulting solutions can be viewed as computational operations and algorithms. In simple words, it’s like turning a big problem into small, easy-to-understand pieces that you can solve. It’s the first thing you do before you start telling a computer what to do. You break the problem into tiny steps, like giving the computer a recipe to follow. Using computational thinking, you can solve puzzles, play games, do homework, break big problems into smaller steps, or find patterns.

Pillars of Computational Thinking In order to carry out computational thinking, there are four essential skills/pillars that must be acquired. Let us discuss them one at a time. •

Decomposition

•

Abstraction

•

Pattern recognition

•

Algorithmic design

4 Pillars of Computational Thinking

Decomposition

Pattern Recognition

Abstraction

Algorithmic Design

Decomposition Decomposition is the process of dividing a difficult activity or problem into smaller, easier-to-solve components or sub-problems.

Through independent analysis and treatment of each smaller component, this method makes problemsolving more feasible.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 34

12/13/2023 2:54:29 PM

The stages you usually take while decomposing a problem are as follows: Identify the Problem

Clearly state the objectives and conditions of the issue you are trying to solve.

Break It Down

Separate the main issue into smaller issues or jobs. Each minor issue ought to be a stand-alone solution that aids in resolving the main issue.

Suppose you want to go on a trip to Nainital. Before the trip, you need to ensure that everything is arranged. Here, the problem statement is to check if all the arrangements for a trip to Nainital are done. Now, let us break down this problem into smaller subproblems: 1. How many travellers are there? 2. When is the departure date? 3. When is the arrival date? 4. How long will the trip last? 5. What are the places to visit?

Pattern Recognition Pattern recognition is a data analysis method that uses machine learning algorithms to automatically recognise patterns and regularities in data. This data can be anything from text and images to sounds or other definable qualities. Pattern recognition systems can recognise familiar patterns quickly and accurately. Now, to identify the places to visit in Nainital, we need to identify the pattern of people frequently visiting places. The technique we use to identify the most visited places is pattern recognition. Pattern recognition is also applied when we observe our current problems and check if a previously identified solution can solve them.

Abstraction Abstraction means focusing on the most important parts and ignoring the details that don’t matter. Imagine you want to go on a hike during your trip. You can bring a map of the hiking route with you. Maps are a great example of abstraction. You can just focus on the hiking route you will take. This way, you can leave out all the unnecessary details on the map that you don’t need to know to go on this hike.

Chapter 3 • Computational and Algorithmic Thinking

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 35

12/13/2023 2:54:30 PM

Algorithmic Design In computer science, the set of steps that solves a specific problem is called an algorithm. Algorithmic design is a critical problem-solving skill. It strengthens the ability to create a process for finding a solution as opposed to focusing on the answer itself.

Solution Idea

Efficient Algorithm

Correct Code

While trekking, when we reach the top, we need to set up a tent to spend the night there. Let us look at the steps to set up the tent: 1. Find a clean, flat spot. 2. Lay out the tent and its parts. 3. Connect the sticks and put them through the tent. 4. Attach the cover and secure it with pegs. 5. Double-check everything to make sure it’s set up right. This set of steps makes the task of building the tent much easier. One of the main reasons that algorithmic thinking is important for students is because it enhances a student’s ability to think critically. It broadens their minds to the additional capabilities of a particular solution and helps them see a problem more holistically. After understanding the computational thinking approach and its usage for problem-solving, let’s explore algorithms and flowcharts.

Discuss!

In what ways can computational thinking be integrated into various subjects, such as mathematics, science, or social studies, to enhance problem-solving skills and critical thinking?

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 36

12/13/2023 2:54:30 PM

Introduction to Algorithms An algorithm is a step-by-step process to complete a task or solve a particular problem.

Characteristics of a Good Algorithm The key characteristics of a good algorithm are: 

Clear Inputs and Outputs: A good algorithm specifies what information is needed at the beginning (inputs) and what it will produce at the end (outputs).



No Ambiguity: Its instructions must be crystal clear, avoiding any confusion.



Precise Steps: It should offer specific steps for problem-solving, eliminating uncertainties.



Efficiency: A good algorithm should solve problems quickly and efficiently.



Termination: It must end after a finite number of steps, preventing endless loops.



Universal: Algorithms should work across various programming languages, ensuring versatility.

These qualities make algorithms effective and reliable for solving a wide range of problems.

Explore More! To learn more about computational thinking, scan the QR code.

Discuss!

Why is algorithmic thinking important? Explain with the help of an example.

Think and Tell

Imagine you have a box of colourful crayons. You want to arrange them in a pattern, but you can use only two colours at a time. How would you create a beautiful pattern using your crayons?

Steps to Develop an Algorithm The steps to develop an algorithm are: 1. Understanding the Problem: Clearly understand the problem to be solved. 2. Defining Inputs and Outputs: Identify what information the algorithm will take as an input and what it will produce as an output. 3. Designing the Algorithm: Plan the step-by-step process to solve the problem. Chapter 3 • Computational and Algorithmic Thinking

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 37

12/13/2023 2:54:32 PM

4. Testing and Debugging: Testing is the process of evaluating a software application or code to identify and fix issues or bugs. Debugging is the process of identifying, analysing, and fixing errors or bugs in the code that cause the software to behave incorrectly.

Discuss!

How can computational thinking concepts, such as algorithms and problem-solving, be applied to everyday life situations outside the classroom?

Here is an example of an algorithm. Example: Algorithm to go to school: Step 1: Wake up.

Step 5: Keep your lunch and bottle.

Step 2: Get ready.

Step 6: Leave home.

Step 3: Have breakfast.

Step 7: Travel to school.

Step 4: Check your bag.

Step 8: Stop.

Do It Yourself 3A Fill in the Blanks.

Computational thinking involves breaking down complex problems into

steps.

is a process of simplifying a problem by removing unnecessary details.

Writing Algorithms Algorithms can be written in various forms, including natural language, pseudocode, or programming languages like Python. Some samples of how an algorithm can be expressed in various forms are: Natural Language

Pseudocode

Python

Algorithm: Calculate the sum of two numbers. Step 1: Start Step 2: Get the first number Step 3: Get the second number Step 4: Add the first number to the second number Step 5: Display the result as the sum Step 6: Stop

Algorithm: Calculate the sum of two numbers. START INPUT firstNumber INPUT secondNumber result = firstNumber + secondNumber OUTPUT result END

Algorithm: Calculate the sum of two numbers # Input num1 = float (input (“Enter the first number: “)) num2 = float (input (“Enter the second number: “)) # Calculate the sum sum_result = num1 + num2 # Display the result print (“The sum of”, num1, “and”, num2, “is:”, sum_result)

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 38

12/13/2023 2:54:32 PM

These samples illustrate how the same algorithm, which calculates the sum of two numbers, can be expressed in natural language, pseudocode, and the Python programming language. Each form provides a way to describe the steps involved in solving a problem, catering to various levels of detail and specificity.

Flowcharts A flowchart is a visual representation of an algorithm or process, using symbols and arrows to illustrate the sequence of steps.

Explore More! To learn more about algorithmic thinking, scan this QR code.

Think and Tell

Imagine you are a chef, and your job is to bake a perfect chocolate cake. Just like following a recipe, you have to follow a set of step-by-step instructions. What do you think would happen if you mixed up the steps or left some out? How important is it to follow the ‘algorithm’ (recipe) correctly when baking a cake?

Various Symbols Used in Flowcharts Flowcharts use symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals, and arrows to represent various elements and actions, such as processes, decisions, and the flow of control of an algorithm. The following figure shows the symbol, its name, and its description: Symbol

Symbol Name

Description

Start/stop terminal

This symbol is used to represent the start and stop of the flowchart.

Input/output

This symbol is used to represent the input and output of the flowchart.

Processing

This symbol is used to represent the processing like arithmetic operations, data assignments, etc.

Decision

This symbol is used to check whether condition is true (yes) or false (no).

Flow lines (arrows)

This symbol is used to connect the symbols. It indicates the direction of the flow.

Chapter 3 • Computational and Algorithmic Thinking

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 39

12/13/2023 2:54:33 PM

Solving Problems Using Flowcharts From simple calculations to complex decision-making processes, flowcharts are employed to address a wide range of problems. They help visualise solutions and dissect challenges into manageable steps. Here is an example of a flowchart that calculates the sum of two numbers. Start Input variables num1, num2, and sum Read num1 and num2 sum = num1 + num2 Print sum Stop If you want to determine whether the sum of two numbers is even or odd, you need to use a decision block (often represented by a diamond shape in flowcharts). Here is an updated flowchart that includes a decision block: Start Input variables num1, num2, and sum Read num1 and num2 sum = num1 + num2 Display sum

Yes

If sum%2==0?

Even number

Odd number Stop

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 40

12/13/2023 2:54:33 PM

Do It Yourself 3B In a real-world scenario, think about how you would apply computational thinking elements like decomposition, pattern matching, abstraction, and algorithm design to plan and organise a school event, such as a science fair. Describe how you would use these elements to ensure that the event runs smoothly and efficiently.

Points to Remember 1

Computational thinking is a strategy for solving problems that is used to handle complex problems.

Decomposition is the process of breaking problems into smaller ones in order to make them easier to solve.

To establish detailed problem-solving techniques, algorithms are built.

A fundamental idea is an abstraction, which focuses on important aspects while discarding unimportant details.

Pattern recognition simplifies the identification of recurring themes within problem solutions.

Algorithmic thinking is a component of computational thinking. It emphasises creating step-by-step algorithms to solve specific problems.

An algorithm is a step-by-step process to complete a task or solve a particular problem.

A flowchart is a visual representation of an algorithm or process using symbols and arrows to illustrate the sequence of steps.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

pattern

algorithmic

simpler

solving

flowchart

Computational thinking is a strategy for

A is a visual representation of an algorithm or process using symbols and arrows to illustrate the sequence of steps.

The four pillars that define computational thinking are decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and design.

Decomposition is the process of breaking down complex problems into

problems that is used to handle complex problems.

parts.

recognition simplifies the identification of recurring themes within problem solutions.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

What is computational thinking?

A type of computer programming language

A strategy for solving problems

A hardware component of a computer

A type of computer virus

Chapter 3 • Computational and Algorithmic Thinking

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 41

12/13/2023 2:54:33 PM

Algorithmic thinking involves:

Creating random steps to solve a problem

b Developing a step-by-step process for problem-solving

Drawing pictures to represent solutions

Ignoring data and patterns

Which of the following is NOT a pillar of computational thinking?

Decomposition

Pattern recognition

Abstraction

Flowchart

When you break down a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts, you are using:

Pattern recognition

Abstraction

Decomposition

Algorithmic design

An algorithm must be:

Ambiguous and open to interpretation

Written in natural language

Well-defined and unambiguous

Complex and lengthy

C. Who Am I? 1

I focus on the most important parts and ignore the details that don’t matter.

I am a step-by-step set of instructions for solving a specific problem.

I involve recognising patterns and similarities in data to make sense of information.

I am a fundamental concept in computer science, involving the development of efficient problem-solving strategies.

I am the visual representation of an algorithm or process using symbols and arrows to illustrate the sequence of steps.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Abstraction is one of the key pillars of computational thinking.

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

Algorithms should work across various programming languages, ensuring versatility.

Computational thinking is only applicable to computer science and programming.

A good flowchart should solve problems quickly and efficiently.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 42

12/13/2023 2:54:33 PM

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is computational thinking, and how does it differ from algorithmic thinking?

Why do you use the decision box in a flowchart? Explain.

Write the names of any two symbols that are used in a flowchart. Also, draw their symbols and write their functions.

Write any three characteristics of an algorithm.

What is the benefit of using an algorithm and a flowchart together?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Pari wants to design a step-by-step algorithm to plan a trip. Help her do so.

Roop has been given the task of drawing a flowchart to calculate the area of a circle. How can she do it?

Lakshay wants to create a flowchart for calculating the average of a list of numbers. Help him by discussing all the symbols used to create a flowchart.

Shaurya wants to display a condition X < Y while creating a flowchart. Suggest her the correct shape to put the statement.

Pihu has drawn a flowchart, but she used a wrong shape to display the statement Z = A + B + C. Suggest her a correct shape to put the statement.

Chapter 3 • Computational and Algorithmic Thinking

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 43

12/13/2023 2:54:33 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 44

12/13/2023 2:54:35 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 45

12/13/2023 2:54:35 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 46

12/13/2023 2:54:37 PM

Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 47

12/13/2023 2:54:38 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 48

12/13/2023 2:54:39 PM

Introduction to Apps Suppose you are ordering food for dinner tonight. You will fetch your phone, use a food ordering app, and place the order. It is that simple! Your smartphone must have a variety of apps. Do you ever realise how these apps are created and how they work? Well, you will learn about apps in this chapter. Apps or Applications are software programs or mobile applications that can be downloaded and installed on electronic devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers. These apps serve various purposes and can be used for playing games, accessing social media, learning, productivity, communication, and many other activities. You are likely to be familiar with popular apps and may use them regularly for entertainment, education, or communication. In short, an app refers to a program or software application designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer, smartphone, tablet, or other kinds of digital devices.

Did You Know? The first mobile app store was launched by Apple in July 2008, alongside the release of the iPhone 3G. It was called the “App Store”, and it initially featured 500 apps.

Different Types of Apps 1. Social Networking Apps: Social networking apps are apps that help people connect and share with others online. They let you make friends, post updates, and chat. Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Snapchat, and Twitter are some of the commonly used social networking apps.

2. Productivity Apps: Productivity apps are apps that help you get things done and be more organised. Microsoft Word, Google Drive, Snapseed, and YouTube Studio are a few examples of productivity apps.

3. Gaming Apps: Gaming apps are apps where you can play fun games. These apps provide entertainment and challenges, allowing you to explore virtual worlds, solve puzzles, or compete with others. Temple Run, Angry Bird, Sportify, MineCraft, and Fruit Ninja are few examples of gaming apps.

4. Food Delivery and Cooking Apps: Food and cooking apps are apps that help you discover recipes, cook delicious meals, learn about food, and order food. Zomato, Swiggy, DoorDash, Insta Mart, and Zepto are few examples of food delivery and cooking apps. Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 49

12/13/2023 2:54:47 PM

Think and Tell

What are the most popular apps according to you?

Discuss!

Why do you think apps were invented? How do they make our lives easy?

Accessing Apps You can access apps from your mobile phone, desktop, or directly from the web. Let us learn all these methods to access the apps.

Desktop Apps Desktop apps are like the computer version of the apps you use on your phone, but they are designed to work on your computer and do all sorts of different things, from writing documents to playing games or editing pictures. Desktop apps are like special programs or software applications that you can use on your computer, just like you use games or apps on your smartphone. They are like tools or games that you can open and use while you are on your computer. Desktop apps can be used on a computer or a laptop where they are installed and run locally. Desktop applications do not require an internet connection to run. For example, Microsoft Word is a desktop app that helps you write essays and stories on your computer. There are also games like Minecraft that you can play on your computer. Skype, Microsoft PowerPoint, Paint, Microsoft Excel, and iTunes are a few examples of desktop apps.

Web Apps A web app is a software application that operates on web servers and is accessed by users through web browsers over the internet. Web apps, short for web applications, are software applications that run on web servers and are accessed through web browsers over the internet. These applications provide a user interface and functionality similar to traditional desktop applications but are designed to be used within a web browser. As web apps are hosted on web servers, users can access them from anywhere, using various devices, without the need for installation. This ease of accessibility is a significant advantage for both users and developers. Web apps can be accessed from any device with a web browser and an internet connection. They are not

Padlet

Gmail

Youtube YouTube

X Google Twitter Drive

Snapchat

Facebook

Instagram

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 50

12/13/2023 2:54:50 PM

tied to a specific operating system, making them platform-independent. Padlet, YouTube, Gmail, and Google Drive are a few examples of web apps.

Mobile Apps Mobile apps are the programs that you install on your phone to make it more fun or helpful for whatever you want to do. A mobile app is a computer program with a tiny icon that you can download and use on your smartphone or tablet. It is like having a special tool or game that makes your phone do fun or useful things beyond making calls or sending texts. Mobile apps can be games you play, tools that help with homework, maps that show you where to go, or even things like filters that make your photos look cool. Mobile apps can be downloaded from the app stores available on your mobile. An app store can host large numbers of mobile apps. You can check the various features of the app you want to download and compare it with other related mobile apps available on the app store. Instagram, Camera, Telegram, iMusic, and Google Maps are a few examples of mobile apps.

Explore More!

To know more about web apps, scan this code.

Do It Yourself 4A Fill in the Blanks.

1 2

and Apps can be

3 4

are social media apps. and installed on electronic devices.

run on web servers and are accessed through web browsers over the internet. You can download a mobile app from

available on your phone.

are like special programs or software applications that you can use on your computer.

Classification of Mobile Apps Apps can be classified based on the technology used to create them and their usage. Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 51

12/13/2023 2:54:56 PM

Based on How They Are Created There are two types of apps based on how they are made. They are:

Native Apps Native apps are specifically designed for a particular type of phone, such as iPhones or Android phones. They are known for their high speed and excellent performance because they are designed exclusively for your phone. Examples of native apps include Camera, Gallery, Clock, Maps, and Settings.

Hybrid Apps Hybrid apps can work on different types of phones and use web technologies, allowing them to work on multiple platforms and access device features. They are compatible with both iPhones and Android phones and can be downloaded and installed from their respective app stores, such as the Google Play Store for Android phones and App Store for iPhones. Although they may not match the speed and smoothness of native apps, they offer versatility by running on a wide range of smartphones. Examples of hybrid apps include Uber, Zomato, Instagram, Telegram, and X (formerly known as Twitter).

Difference Between Native Apps and Hybrid Apps Native Apps

Hybrid Apps

Native apps are built specifically for one type of mobile operating system, such as iOS (for Apple devices) or Android (for Android devices).

Hybrid apps are developed using web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript and can run on multiple platforms (iOS, Android, etc.) with some modifications.

They typically offer the best performance and responsiveness because they are optimised for the particular device and its features.

Hybrid apps might not feel as fast or quick as regular apps because they use a part that is like a web browser to show things, and that can be a bit slow.

Native apps have complete access to device Hybrid apps can access device features to some features, like the camera, GPS, and sensors, allowing extent using plugins, but not as exclusively as native them to take full advantage of these capabilities. apps. They are distributed through platform-specific app Hybrid apps can be distributed through web stores like the Apple App Store and Google Play browsers as web applications. They can also be distributed through app stores. Store.

Did You Know? Native apps can sometimes be used even without an internet connection! That is because they are installed directly on your device, and many of them store information on your phone. It is like having a little piece of the internet right on your device!

Discuss!

How can we get hybrid apps in our phones? Is it similar to how we get native apps?

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 52

12/13/2023 2:54:56 PM

Based on Usage There are many apps based on their usage. They are:

Educational Apps

Drive Drive DriveDrive

Evemote Evemote Evemote Evemote

Hangouts Hangouts Hangouts Hangouts

Educational apps are software applications designed to facilitate learning and provide educational content on various subjects and skills. These apps are Minecraft Math Fact MathMaster FactMaster Master Trello Trello Minecraft MathMath Fact Master Fact TrelloTrello Minecraft Minecraft developed to make learning more engaging, interactive, and accessible for users of all ages, from children to adults. Google+ Google+ Adobe Adobe Voice Voice Google+ Google+ Adobe Adobe VoiceVoice

Social Networking Apps Social networking apps are like virtual platforms where you can meet and talk to your friends and even make new ones. They are special apps on your phone or computer that help you connect with people, share things about your life, and see what your friends are up to.

Duolingo Duolingo Duolingo Duolingo

YouTube

X Twitter

Snapchat

Facebook

Instagram

Entertainment Apps Entertainment apps are online portals for having fun and enjoyment on your phone or tablet. They are special apps that offer all sorts of things to make you happy and have a great time.

Banking Apps

YouTube

Netﬂix

Hotstar

YouTube TV

Prime Video

YouTube Kids

MX Player

Jiocinema

Sony Liv

Banking apps are like a virtual bank branch on your phone or tablet. They are the special apps provided by your bank to help you do immediate money transactions without going to the bank in person.

E-commerce Apps E-commerce apps are online stores on your phone or tablet. They are special apps that let you shop for all sorts of things without having to go to a physical store.

Did You Know? Did you know that the "Like" button on Facebook was originally going to be called the "Awesome" button? Facebook's founder Mark Zuckerberg considered various names for it before settling on "Like". So, every time you click "Like" on a post, you are giving it a little touch of awesomeness!

Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 53

Discuss!

In your opinion, from the various categories of apps, which ones are most widely used and by whom?

Explore More!

To know more about mobile applications, scan this QR code.

12/13/2023 2:55:02 PM

Do It Yourself 4B 1

Name five native apps and five hybrid apps. Which one between the two categories do you use the most?

Who am I?

These apps can help users develop a wide range of skills, including reading, writing, maths, and problem-solving.

These apps are like virtual platforms where you can meet and talk to your friends.

c d e

These apps provide you with help when you do important financial transactions. These apps let you shop for all sorts of things without having to go to a physical store. These apps are the portals for fun and enjoyment on your phone or tablet.

Developing an App MIT App Inventor is a visual development platform that allows users to create mobile applications for Android devices without the need to write traditional codes. It is designed to make app development more accessible to a wide range of people, including those who do not have extensive programming experience. MIT App Inventor provides a visual, drag-and-drop interface for designing the user interface and functionality. Users can assemble components and connect blocks to create the app’s logic. Let us create a simple app using MIT App Inventor.

Idea of the App The name of this app will be Magic_Button. The app will have the following components: 1. A button 2. An image (Download any image from the internet and save it on your computer for later use.) These two components will be added in the app design. Initially, the image will not be visible. The idea is to display the image only after the user clicks the button. Let us design the app now.

Creating an App 1. Visit the following link to open MIT App Inventor: https://appinventor.mit.edu/ 2.

The following screen appears:

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 54

12/13/2023 2:55:02 PM

Click the Create Apps! button.

A sign-in screen appears. You can use your Gmail ID to login, or you can create a new one as well.

After signing in, the Welcome to MIT App Inventor pop-up box appears. Click the Continue button at the bottom of the screen.

Another screen appears, from which you can choose to view the tutorials or start a new blank project.

Click START A BLANK PROJECT.

Continue Button

Click here to start a blank project

The Project View window appears.

A dialog box appears, asking you to give a project name to your project.

10. Give an appropriate name to your project, for example, Magic_Button and click OK. 11. A new project with the same name will be created. 12. The Project View window will open.

Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 55

12/13/2023 2:55:02 PM

Sections of the Project View Window The Project View window is divided into four sections:

Palette

Properties

Viewer Components

Palette: Various components are presented under various categories in the palette. Viewer: You can select any component from the palette and drag it onto the screen in the Viewer section. Components: The Components section shows the various components that are placed in the Viewer. Properties: The Properties section shows the properties of the selected components.

Working with the Palette Section Let us now create the interface of the app. 1. From the Palette section, click the Layout tab.

2. Drag the VerticalArrangement component and place it on the screen in the Viewer section.

3. Now, click the VericleArrangement1 component in the Components section and go to the Properties section.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 56

12/13/2023 2:55:03 PM

4. Scroll down to the Height property and click it. 5. Select the Fill parent option and click OK.

6. Similarly, select the same option for the Width property. The VerticalArrangement component will fill the whole screen. 7. Now, from the User Interface tab, drag the Button component and drop it on the screen. 8. You can also observe that the Button1 component is added under the Components section.

Setting the Properties of the Button 1. Now in the Properties section, scroll down to the Text property of the button. Replace the text “Text for Button1” with “Magic_Button”.

Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 57

12/13/2023 2:55:03 PM

2. From the Palette section, drag the Button component and place it in the Viewer section on Screen1. 3. Now, change some more properties of the button in a similar way from the Properties section: 

Font Size: 20



Background Colour: Cyan



Text Colour: Blue



Shape: Rounded



Height: 10 percent



Width: Fill parent

4. Now, drag an Image component from the User Interface section and place it on the screen. 5. From the Components section, select Image1 and click the Picture option in the Properties section. A drop-down will appear. Click the Upload File option.

6. The Upload File dialog box will open. Click the Choose File option.

7. An Open dialog box appears. Select the picture that you have downloaded from the internet and click Open. 8. The image will appear on the screen.

Setting the Properties of an Image You can now set the properties of the image. 

Height: Fit to parent



Width: Fit to parent



Visible: Uncheck (to hide the image initially)

After setting all the properties of both objects, the screen will look as shown here: 58

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 58

12/13/2023 2:55:03 PM

Creating Code for the App After that, you have arranged your components on the screen. Let us now create the code for the app. Coding in MIT App Inventor is very easy and user-friendly. You can create code for your app by using various blocks present in the Blocks Editor. To create code for your app: 1.

Click the Blocks Editor button on the right-hand upper corner of the Project View window.

The Blocks Editor will open with the Blocks section on the left and the Viewer section on the right.

Click Screen1 > Button1 from the Blocks pane.

The blocks related to Button1 will appear.

Drag when Button1.Click block from the Blocks drawer and drop it in the Viewer pane.

Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 59

12/13/2023 2:55:04 PM

Now, click the Image1 component in the Blocks panel. The blocks related to the image are displayed.

Drag set Image1.Visible to block and drop it inside the when Button1.Click block.

Now, from the Built-in > Logic drawer, drag the true block and snap it together with the set Image1. Visible to block.

The code for your app is complete.

10. Now, when you click the Magic_Button on your mobile app, you will see a picture of a flower.

Testing the App 1.

To test your app, you will need a mobile phone.

Go to the Google Play Store of your android phone and search MIT AI2 Companion App.

Install the app by clicking “Install”.

After installation, open the app. You have to provide a six-character code to connect.

Now, to get the code, go to your computer where you have created your app.

Go to the Connect menu and select the AI Companion option.

Explore More!

You can scan this QR Code to get the MIT AI2 Companion App on your mobile phone.

Magic_Button

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 60

12/13/2023 2:55:04 PM

A Connect to Companion window will open with a six-character code.

You can now fill in this six-character code on the mobile phone app.

The app will now open on your mobile.

10. Click the button that you have created, which is the Magic_Button. 11. You will be able to see an image of a flower.

Do It Yourself 4C Create an app on MIT App Inventor to show your name when you click a button.

Points to Remember 1

Apps or Applications are software programs or mobile applications that can be downloaded and installed on electronic devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers.

Social Networking Apps, Productivity Apps, Gaming Apps, Food Delivery and Cooking Apps are different types of apps.

You can access apps from your mobile phone, desktop, or directly from the web.

Desktop apps are like special programs or software applications that you can use on your computer, just like you use games or apps on your smartphone.

Web apps, short for web applications, are software applications that run on web servers and are accessed through web browsers over the internet.

A mobile app is a tiny computer program that you can download and used on your smartphone or tablet.

Native apps are specifically designed for a particular type of phone, such as iPhones or Android phones.

Hybrid apps can work on different types of phones and use web technologies, allowing them to work on multiple platforms and access device features.

MIT App Inventor is a visual development platform that allows users to create mobile applications for Android devices without the need to write traditional codes.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints 1

A/An

2 3

palette

app

e-commerce

social networking

hybrid

is a computer program that you can download and use on your smartphone or tablet. apps are special apps that let you shop for all sorts of things without having to go to a physical store.

platforms.

apps are developed using web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript and can run on multiple

Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 61

12/13/2023 2:55:04 PM

In MIT App Inventor, various components are present under various categories in

apps are apps that help people connect and share with others online.

B. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Apps are software programs that can be installed on your desktop.

There are two types of apps: hybrid and native.

Web apps do not operate on web servers and are not accessed by users through web browsers.

Native apps provide the best performance as they are optimised for a specific device.

MIT App Inventor is an online platform that makes it easy for people to create their own mobile apps.

C. Who Am I? 1

I am like a virtual bank branch on your phone or tablet.

I can assist you to design and make the app of your dreams.

I am a computer program that you can download and use on your smartphone.

I can show the properties of the selected components.

I am a type of app that can work on various types of phones, like both iPhones and Android phones.

D. Answer the Following. 1

What are banking apps?

What are hybrid apps? How are they useful?

How are desktop apps different from web apps?

What are Native Apps? Give examples.

What is MIT App Inventor?

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 62

12/13/2023 2:55:04 PM

E. Apply Your Learning. 1

Ramesh wants to design an app. Which platform can he use?

Tia wants to understand the e-commerce apps and know a few examples. Can you explain it to her?

Umang wants to download a specific app for his iPhone. What type of app will it be?

Geet is using her computer and wants to learn about web apps. Can you help her understand about them?

Meher has installed an app on her phone that was not a preloaded app. What type of app has she downloaded?

Chapter 4 • App Development

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 63

12/13/2023 2:55:05 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 64

12/13/2023 2:55:06 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 65

12/13/2023 2:55:07 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 66

12/13/2023 2:55:08 PM

Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 67

12/13/2023 2:55:10 PM

Understanding Spreadsheets Let us say your parents allow you to have lunch with your friends in the school canteen. Can you find out how much money you and your friends spent in the canteen altogether? Yes, you can with the help of a spreadsheet! A spreadsheet is a tool that helps you organise data in rows and columns and do calculations. There are many spreadsheet software options available, such as Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets. While Excel is a licenced software, whereas Google Sheets is free. Google Sheets lets you create spreadsheets online and collaborate with others.

Creating a Spreadsheet Let us create a spreadsheet to track how much money you have spent eating in the canteen. To do this: 1. Open the Google Chrome browser and visit the link: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/ 2. The home page appears, as shown below. Click the plus ‘+’ sign to open a blank spreadsheet.

3. In your new spreadsheet, go to the Rename textbox given at the top left corner of the sheet and rename the spreadsheet file “Canteen Expenses”.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 68

12/13/2023 2:55:13 PM

Elements of a Spreadsheet A spreadsheet consists of a grid-like structure. The various components of a spreadsheet are discussed as follows: Column/Field Row: The horizontal set of boxes is called a row or record. Column: The vertical set of boxes is called a column or field.

Row/Record

Cell: The intersection of a row and a column is called a cell.

Cell

Cell Naming A cell is a rectangular block in the sheet that can hold data. Data can be numbers, strings, or symbols. To refer to a cell, we use cell names. A cell name is a combination of letters and numbers. Letters represent columns, and numbers represent rows.

Column A Row 1

For example, look at this image. The first cell is called A1, where A stands for the column and 1 stands for the row where the cell is. Now, let us start entering the data in the sheet. Follow these steps:

Cell name A1

1. Select a cell where you want to add data using the mouse or the arrow keys. 2. Type in numbers, text, or any other information you want, to add data. 3. Press the Tab key to move to the next cell in a row. 4. Press the Enter key to move to the next cell in a column. Now, type the data as shown in this image.

Applying Formulas Now that you have added the details of your expenses, let us apply a formula to find the total expense. To do so: 1. Select the cell where you want the total to appear, for example, cell B13. 2. Type the equals sign ‘=’. Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 69

12/13/2023 2:55:13 PM

3. Now, click on the cell B3, type a plus ‘+’ symbol, and click on cell B4. 4. Repeat this process up to cell B12 and then press the Enter key. The sum of cells B3 to B12 will appear in cell B13. Similarly, to find the average price, you need to divide the total amount of expenses by 10, as there are 10 cells that have the “Price” data. To do so: 1. Select the cell where you want the average to appear. For example, B14. 2. Type the equals sign ‘=’. 3. Now, click on the cell B13, type ‘/’ symbol after 190, for division; and then type “10”. 4. Press the Enter key. The average of values will appear in the cell B14.

Explore More!

To know how to insert images in a cell, scan this QR code.

14 15

Do It Yourself 5A 1

Match the highlighted cells with their correct cell names. Cell

Cell Name

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 70

12/13/2023 2:55:14 PM

Write the formula to calculate the total of cells B1, C1, and D1 in cell E1.

Functions You have learnt in the previous section how to calculate the sum and average price of items using formulas. However, formulae are longer ways of calculation. Now, let us learn a quicker way to find the sum and average using functions. Functions allow you to calculate more efficiently, using cell ranges instead of typing the name of each cell. A cell range is a group of cells selected together. We can apply functions to cell ranges. Functions are like in-built formulae in Google Sheets. They perform calculations, handle data, and analyse information. When we want to use a function on a range of cells, we type the range instead of typing the name of each cell. To type a cell range, first, we type the name of the first cell, a colon (:), and then the name of the last cell. For example, A1:A4. To use a function, first type the ‘=’ sign, then the function name, followed by cell names or cell ranges inside the brackets. For example, =SUM(A1:A4) Let us try functions in place of formulas to find the total expense and average of items.

FUNCTION NAME CELL RANGE

Using the SUM() Function The SUM( ) function is used to add the values given in a specific cell range. To use the SUM( ) function: 1. Click on the cell where you want the sum to appear, for example, cell B13. 2. Type an equal to symbol ‘=’ and then the function name SUM. 3. Type the opening parentheses ‘(‘ after the function name. 4. Inside the brackets, add the cell range for which you want to calculate the total. For example, B3:B12. 5. Press Enter to complete. You can see the result in the cell B13. Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 71

12/13/2023 2:55:14 PM

Using the AVERAGE() Function The AVERAGE() function is used to find the average of a set of numbers. To use the AVERAGE() function: 1. Click on the cell where you want the average to appear, for example, cell B14. 2. Type symbol ‘=’ and then the function name “AVERAGE”. 3. Type the opening parentheses ‘(‘ after the function name. 4. Inside the brackets, add the cell range for which the average is to be calculated, that is, B3:B12.

5. Press Enter to complete. You can see the result in cell B14.

Common Functions Used in Google Sheets Let us look at some more functions that are used in Google Sheets. Refer to the cell addresses used in the chapter for the examples given. Function Name PRODUCT

Purpose

Example

Multiplies the values in the specified range of cells

=PRODUCT(B3:B5)

MOD

Returns remainder when the dividend is divided by the divisor.

=MOD(Dividend, Divisor) =MOD(B3,B12) Output: 5

SQRT

Returns the square root of a number

=SQRT(B3)

INT

Rounds the number to an integer value

=INT(number) =INT(3.2)

POWER ABS COUNT

Output: 7500

Output: 5 Output: 3

Returns the result of raising a number to a specified power =POWER(cell, power) =POWER(B4, 2) Output: 100 Returns the absolute or non-negative value of a given number

=ABS(number) =ABS(-23) Output: 23

Returns the count of the number of values in a range of cells =COUNT(B3:B12)

Output: 10

MIN

Returns the lowest value in a range of cells

=MIN(B3:B12)

Output: 10

MAX

Returns the highest value in a range of cells

=MAX(B3:B12)

Output: 33

Verifies if the provided condition is met. It returns the value 1 when the condition is true or the value 2 when the condition is false.

= IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_ false) = IF(B3>18, “Affordable item”, “Costly item”) Output: Affordable item

Combines multiple text strings into one

=CONCATENATE(A4, A10) Output: ChipsPatty

LEN

Returns the length of the text string

=LEN(A2)

UPPER

Converts the text into uppercase

=UPPER(A12)

Output: SANDWICH

LOWER

Converts the text into lowercase

=LOWER(A6)

Output: orange juice

TODAY

Returns the current date

=TODAY()

NOW

Returns the current date and time

=NOW()

CONCATENATE

Output: 4

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 72

12/13/2023 2:55:14 PM

Think and Tell

You are tracking the number of hours you study, for different subjects, in a Google Sheet. Which function would you use to find the subject that you have studied the longest? Hint: Refer to the table given above.

Discuss!

How are formulas and functions different?

Do It Yourself 5B 1

Label the parts of the given function.

=MIN(B1:B6)

A group of friends went on a trip. Their individual expenses are given in the table below. Calculate the total and average expense of the trip in the cells B10 and B11, respectively.

Explore More!

To create your own Random Number Generator game, scan this QR code.

Sorting Sorting means to arrange data in a particular sequence based on specific criteria. It allows us to reorganise data in rows or columns, making it simpler to locate, analyse, and understand. Let us again consider the example of the canteen expense sheet. Suppose you want to find out which item is the most expensive. Then, you can sort the data of the sheet in descending order. To do so: 1. Choose the range of cells that contains the data you want to sort. 2. Go to the Data menu. 3. Select Sort range > Advanced range sorting options from the menu.

Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 73

12/13/2023 2:55:15 PM

4. A dialog box appears. In the Sort by drop-down, select Column B and then check Z to A checkbox to arrange data in column B in the descending order.

Grouping of Data Suppose you are interested in finding how many items have the same price in the canteen expense sheet. This way, you can display each snack item just once, without repeating it multiple times. This is done with the help of grouping of data. In Google sheets, grouping means putting similar things together. Grouping keeps things tidy and helps you find what you need faster. Follow the steps to group data of the canteen expense sheet: 1. Sort the data in ascending order by column B in the canteen expense sheet.

2. Select the rows that you want to group. Then, go to the View menu. 3. Select the Group option > Group rows 4-5.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 74

12/13/2023 2:55:16 PM

4. Use the plus ‘+’ button to show the group and the minus ‘−’ button to hide the group.

Filtering Data Suppose you want to see only those items that cost more than ₹20. To resolve this, another powerful feature called Filters is used. Filters are a useful feature used in Google sheets that enables you to display data according to specific criteria. Filters can help narrow down the options to what we want and hide the rest. Filtering allows us to focus on specific parts of our data that meet certain conditions. By using filters in spreadsheets, you can easily find specific data, answer specific questions, and understand information in a better way. Let us try to filter data to find items that cost more than ₹20 in the Canteen Expense sheet. 1. Select the range to which you want to apply the filter. 2. Go to the Data menu and choose Create a filter option.

3. Click on the Filter symbol then choose your rule.

, select Filter by condition and

4. After selecting the required rule, click OK.

Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 75

12/13/2023 2:55:16 PM

5. The spreadsheet hides unmatched rows, showing only the data that fits the chosen criteria.

Discuss!

How is filtering different from grouping?

Do It Yourself 5C 1

You have a list of animals in a spreadsheet, and you want to see only the ones that are mammals. What should you use?

a Sorting b Filtering c Formatting d Deleting 2

Write T for True and F for False.

List of Animals

Animals

Class

Lion

Mammals

Shark

Fish

Crocodile Tortoise

Reptiles Reptiles

Giraffe

Mammals

Kangaroo

Mammals

Elephant

Mammals

a You have created a list of cars and their speeds in a Google Sheet. You can use the sorting

feature to put them in order from the highest to lowest speed to view the fastest car at the top.

b Grouping data is only useful when working with numbers, and it doesn’t apply to other types of information.

Charts Charts help us look at data in the form of pictures. This helps us to understand the data in a better way. Charts are common in everyday life, such as weather forecasts on TV. These charts use images and colours to display daily temperatures or chances of rain. Just like looking at the weather without too many numbers, charts help us see information in pictures, making it easier for our eyes and brains to quickly understand. 76

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 76

12/13/2023 2:55:17 PM

In Google Sheets, there are various types of charts available to visually represent data. Let us explore some common types of charts: Column Chart: It uses vertical bars for comparing data or showing quantities. Each bar represents a category, and its height shows the value or amount. Bar Chart: It is similar to a column chart but with horizontal bars.

Aama Shruti Daisy Faisal Garima 0

Pie Chart: It displays parts of a whole as slices of a pizza. Each slice represents a category, and its size shows the proportion or percentage.

Line Chart: A line chart uses lines to show how something changes over time by connecting dots. This helps us spot trends, such as temperature changes throughout a year or the progression of a plant’s growth.

Creating a Chart 1. Choose the cells that contain the data you want to present using a chart.

Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 77

12/13/2023 2:55:17 PM

2. Go to the Insert tab and select the Chart option.

3. A chart appears along with a Chart editor menu on the right-hand side of the page. 4. Select the appropriate type of chart from the Chart editor menu. In this example, we are creating a stacked column chart.

5. After selecting a chart type, you can customise it from the customise section in the Chart editor menu. As you can see in the image, the background is changed to grey and the 3D version of the chart is enabled.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 78

12/13/2023 2:55:18 PM

Sheet Tabs So far, you were working on the Canteen Expense sheet. If you want to track your subject marks throughout the year, you need not to create a new spreadsheet. Instead, you can keep adding new sheets in the same spreadsheet.

Explore More!

To know more about different types of charts in Google Spreadsheets, scan this QR code.

To add a new sheet tab in Google Sheets: 1. Click on the plus ‘+’ symbol at the bottom left corner of the Google sheet. 2. A new sheet tab will appear, ready for you to work on.

Colouring Sheet Tabs Colouring sheet tabs in a Google Spreadsheet means assigning different colours to the names of the sheets. Let us colour-code the sheet tabs to organise the spreadsheet, making it easier to find the information you need. The steps for colouring sheet tabs are: 1. Right-click on the tab you want to colour. 2. Click on the Change color option. 3. A palette of colours will be displayed. Select the colour you like by clicking on it. The sheet tab will be coloured.

Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 79

12/13/2023 2:55:18 PM

Do It Yourself 5D Tick () the correct answer.

Why do we use charts in Google Sheets?

To make the data look fancy

To make the numbers bigger

To help understand and analyse data more easily

To hide the data from others

Which type of chart looks like a pizza divided into slices?

Bar chart

Line graph

Pie chart

Scatter plot

Points to Remember 1

A spreadsheet is a tool that helps you organise data and do calculations.

A cell is a rectangular block in the sheet that can hold data.

A cell name is a combination of letters and numbers.

Functions are pre-built formulas that you can use to perform various calculations or operations on your data.

A cell range is a group of cells selected together.

ome functions are: SUM (adding numbers), AVERAGE (finding the mean value), MAX (finding the highest S value), MIN (finding the lowest value), and COUNT (counting the number of cells with numbers).

Sorting refers to arranging data in a particular sequence based on specific criteria.

In Google Spreadsheets, grouping means putting similar things together.

he purpose of filters in Google Sheets is to help you view and analyse specific subsets of data within a T larger dataset.

10 Charts are a method of presenting data as visual representations that make understanding information easier.

11 Column Chart uses vertical bars for comparing data or showing quantities. 12 Bar Chart is similar to a column chart, but with horizontal bars. 13 Pie Chart displays parts of a whole as slices of a pizza. 14 A line graph uses lines to show how something changes over time by connecting dots. 15 Colouring sheet tabs in a Google Spreadsheet means assigning different colours to the names of the sheets.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 80

12/13/2023 2:55:19 PM

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

A1:A5

letters, numbers

length

average

visual

A bar chart is like a graph made up of colourful rectangular bars, where each bar represents a category, and its shows the value or amount.

The

Charts are

A cell name is a combination of

The SUM function helps us add numbers together. To find the sum of a group of numbers, we can use the formula “=SUM(A1:A5)”. Here, represents the range of cells.

function helps us to find the mean of multiple numbers in spreadsheets. representation of data. and

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

Consider a list of toys and their prices. What function will you use to view the price of the most expensive toy?

AVERAGE

SUM

MAX

COUNT

Grouping in spreadsheets refers to:

Colouring sheet tabs

Arranging data in a specific order

Combining related rows or columns together

Creating formulas to perform calculations

What do charts do in spreadsheets?

Perform calculations.

Show data visually and help understand it.

Sort data alphabetically.

Change the font style of the spreadsheet.

What do functions do in spreadsheets?

They organise your files.

They make spreadsheets look colourful.

They do specific tasks with data.

They create fun animations.

Formulas in spreadsheets are used for:

Changing the font style of cells

b Performing calculations and handling data

Applying filters to data

Grouping rows and columns

C. Who Am I? 1

I am a special command in spreadsheets that automatically handles complex calculations or data tasks.

I am a function in spreadsheets that gives you the number of cells in a range containing data.

I am a type of chart that uses colourful and rectangular vertical bars to compare quantities or values.

Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 81

12/13/2023 2:55:19 PM

I am a process in spreadsheets that involves arranging data in a specific order based on certain criteria.

I am a feature in spreadsheets that allows users to change the appearance of sheet tabs by adding colours.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Pie charts are suitable for comparing quantities or values, whereas line graphs are used to show changes over time.

Filtering data in spreadsheets permanently removes hidden rows or columns from the dataset.

Sorting in spreadsheets refers to arranging data in a specific order based on certain criteria, making it easier to locate and analyse.

The COUNT function in spreadsheets counts both numerical values and empty cells within a range.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is the basic element of a spreadsheet called, and what does it hold?

What formula would you use if you want to multiply all the values in cells B1 to B7?

What are the different criteria for arranging data?

Why are functions used in spreadsheets? Name any five basic functions.

What type of chart would be appropriate to display the names of TV shows and the number of students who like each show?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Ishita has to organise a list of words in dictionary order. What methods should she use to convert List 1 into List 2?

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 82

12/13/2023 2:55:19 PM

Arjun gets ₹400 as pocket money every month. He spends some money and saves the rest. He uses spreadsheets to list his savings for each month. Using the spreadsheet given below: a. Which formula should he apply to get his total savings per month? b. What is the cell name where he can get the total value at?

Somya wrote the text in small letters instead of capital letters. What function should she use to convert the text to all capital letters?

my name is somya arora.

MY NAME IS SOMYA ARORA.

Raj has created several tricky questions for his friends to guess the function he has used in the result column. Write down the formulas in the blank boxes.

Column 1

Column 2

Result

Chapter 5 • Formulas and Functions in Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 83

Formula

12/13/2023 2:55:19 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 84

12/13/2023 2:55:21 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 85

12/13/2023 2:55:21 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 86

12/13/2023 2:55:23 PM

Chapter 6 • Data Visualisation Using Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 87

12/13/2023 2:55:24 PM

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 88

12/13/2023 2:55:25 PM

Effective data interpretation and presentation is an essential talent in today’s data-driven environment. Data visualisation is the process of graphically presenting data to reveal patterns, trends, and insights. In Google Sheets, powerful features are available for making many types of charts and graphs. In this chapter, we will explore the world of data visualisation with Google Sheets. Google Sheets is a spreadsheet program developed by Google as part of the Google Workspace productivity suite. It is a web-based application that allows you to create, edit, and store spreadsheets online.

Understanding Charts Charts are visual representations of data that help you understand information more easily. They provide a clear and concise way to display numerical data, making it easier to identify patterns and trends. Charts are widely used in business, science, and various other fields to convey information effectively.

Why Use Charts for Data Visualisation? Charts are vital for data visualisation because they simplify complex information, making it easy to understand. They also look visually appealing, which keeps us interested. Charts help with comparing data, making decisions, and communicating effectively. When included in reports and presentations, they make the information more engaging and easier to grasp.

Did You Know? Google Sheets allow you to create collaborative charts and dashboards in real-time. Multiple users can work on the same spreadsheet simultaneously, making it easy to update and share visualisations in a collaborative environment.

Components of a Chart Following are the components of a chart: Chart Title

Chart Area

Data Series

Plot Area

Legend

Gridlines

Y- Axis Title

Chapter 6 • Data Visualisation Using Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 89

X- Axis Title

12/13/2023 2:55:26 PM



Chart Title: The title of a chart provides a brief description of the data it represents. It should be clear and concise, summarising the chart’s purpose.



Axes (X-axis and Y-axis): Axes serve as the reference lines for the data points on the chart. The X-axis represents categories or time, whereas the Y-axis represents values or measurements.



X-Axis Title: The X-axis title is a label added to the horizontal axis of a chart.



Y-Axis Title: The Y-axis title is a label added to the vertical axis of a chart.



Data Series: Data series are the actual data points or values plotted on the chart. These are often represented as bars, lines, or other symbols, depending on the chart type.



Legends: Legends are used to label different data series on the chart. It is useful when there are multiple data series in the chart. Labels display the data series with predetermined colour and series name.



Data Labels: Labels are applied to individual data points that shows their values or other relevant information.



Gridlines: Gridlines are the same as the lines on graph paper. They help you see where different points on the chart are located. These lines make it easier to read the value of each data point on the chart more accurately. They create a grid-like pattern on the chart.



Chart Area: The chart area includes the whole area and objects in the chart.



Plot Area: A plot area is a window within a chart area. It contains the main chart. It’s that area in the chart where all your data and visual elements are shown.

Types of Charts Google Sheets offers a variety of chart types to help you visualise your data effectively. Here are some of the most commonly used chart types available in Google Sheets:

Column Charts Column charts are used for comparing values across different categories. They consist of vertical bars. It is suitable for showing trends over time or comparing items.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 90

12/13/2023 2:55:26 PM

Bar Charts Bar charts are used to compare different categories or groups of data. They consist of horizontal bars, with the length or height of each bar representing a value. Bar charts are ideal for showing comparisons between items or tracking changes over time.

Line Charts Line charts are commonly used to display data trends over a continuous range, such as time. They are created by connecting data points with lines, making it easy to visualise how values change over a specific time.

Pie Charts Pie charts represent data as slices of a circle, where each slice represents a proportion of the whole. They are useful for showing the composition of a whole, where the total sum equals 100%. Pie charts can help visualise percentages or parts of a whole.

Chapter 6 • Data Visualisation Using Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 91

12/13/2023 2:55:26 PM

Scatter Plots A scatter plot is a type of graph that uses dots to show the relationship between two variables in a dataset. The independent variable is plotted on the X-axis, and the dependent variable is plotted on the Y-axis. The positions of each dot on the horizontal and vertical axes indicate values for an individual data point.

Area Chart An area chart is a visual representation of data that contains both lines and filled areas to convey information. This type of chart is effective in representing data trends and variations over a specified period or across different categories.

Creating a Chart in Google Sheets Creating a chart in Google Sheets is a simple process, and it is a useful skill for every student to learn as it helps to visualise the data in an understandable way. Steps to create a basic column chart in Google Sheets are as follows: 1. Open the Google Sheets spreadsheet. 92

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 92

12/13/2023 2:55:26 PM

2. Enter the data into Google Sheets. In this case, we have entered the following data: Months

Sales

January

100

February

150

March

200

April

120

May

180

June

160

3. Select the data in the spreadsheet for creating a chart. In this case, select the “Months” column and the “Sales” column data. 4. Go to the Insert menu in the Menu bar of the Google Sheet and click on Chart.

Click here to insert a chart

5. A column chart is created by default and displayed on the spreadsheet. Also, the Chart editor panel will appear on the right side of the screen.

Chart editor panel

Chapter 6 • Data Visualisation Using Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 93

12/13/2023 2:55:27 PM

6. Click on the Chart type list box. A drop-down list appears. Select the desired chart type from the dropdown menu that you want to create. 7. You can customise your chart by adjusting various options available under the Customize tab in the Chart editor. For example, you can provide a title for your chart, modify the axes labels, and change the colours and style of your chart.

As you make changes in the Chart editor, you can preview your chart in real time to see how it will look.

Chart shifted to the right

8. Click and drag the chart to the desired location within your spreadsheet. 9. Give your spreadsheet a suitable name. 94

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 94

12/13/2023 2:55:27 PM

This process of creating charts can be used for any chart type by selecting a different chart type in steps 6 and 7.

Think and Tell

Describe a real-world situation where effective data visualisation could improve decision-making. Explain the data, suitable chart type, and benefits.

Moving, Resizing, and Deleting Charts In Google Sheets, you can create charts from your data to help visualise and analyse information. You can easily move, resize, and delete charts within a spreadsheet.

Moving a Chart To reposition a chart: 1. Click on the chart where you want to move. 2. Drag it to the desired location. You can also move a chart to a different sheet within the same file by using the Cut and Paste options.

Chapter 6 • Data Visualisation Using Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 95

12/13/2023 2:55:27 PM

Resizing a Chart To resize a chart: 1. Click on the chart that you want to resize. 2. Drag its corner or edge handle to make it larger or smaller. You can maintain the aspect ratio of the chart by holding down the Shift key while resizing. Corner handle

Edge handle

Deleting a Chart To delete a chart: 1. Click on the chart. 2. Then, click on the three dots in the top right corner and select Delete chart. The deleted charts can often be restored through the Undo option in the Edit menu or by using the Ctrl + Z key combination.

Click here to delete the chart.

Discuss!

Share your experience with creating a chart or graph using Google Sheets. What were the challenges you faced, and how did you customise the chart to effectively present your data?

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 96

12/13/2023 2:55:28 PM

Points to Remember 1

Data visualisation is the process of presenting data in a graphical format to reveal patterns and trends.

Charts are visual representations of data that help to understand complex information and aid in effective communication.

Components of a chart include the chart title, axes, data series, legends, data labels, gridlines, plot area, and chart area.

Google Sheets offers various chart types, including column chart, bar chart, line chart, pie chart, and scatter plot.

Creating a chart in Google Sheets involves entering data, selecting the data, choosing a chart type, customising the chart, and positioning it within the spreadsheet.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

drag

1 2

pie

dots

charts

categories

are visual representations of data that help to understand complex information. The X-axis in a chart typically represents

or time.

charts are useful for showing the composition of a whole, where the total equals 100%.

A scatter plot is a type of graph that uses dataset.

To reposition a chart within a Google Spreadsheet, click and

to show the relationship between two variables in a it to the desired location.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

What is the primary purpose of data visualisation?

To make data more complex

To hide patterns and trends in data

To simplify data and reveal patterns

To confuse the audience

The

component of a chart provides a brief description of the data it represents.

Axes

b Data Series

Chart Title

The

Gridlines

type of chart is ideal for displaying data trends over time by connecting data points with lines.

Column chart

Pie chart

Line chart

Scatter plot

Chapter 6 • Data Visualisation Using Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 97

12/13/2023 2:55:28 PM

How can you reposition a chart within Google Sheets?

Right-click and select “Move”.

Use the arrow keys on your keyboard.

Click and drag it to the desired location.

Double-click on it and move.

When resizing a chart in Google Sheets, which key should you hold down to maintain the aspect ratio of the chart?

Shift

Ctrl

Alt

Tab

C. Who Am I? 1

I am a visual representation of data that consists of vertical or horizontal bars and is used for comparing values across categories.

I am a type of chart ideal for displaying data trends over time in coloured areas that are filled in beneath the data lines.

I am used to represent data as slices of a circle, with each slice showing a proportion of the whole.

I am a key element in explaining data or symbols in various visual representations.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Charts are primarily used for making data more complex to understand.

Data labels in a chart provide specific information about each data point.

Legends in a chart help viewers understand which data series corresponds to which category.

Pie charts are suitable for comparing values across different categories.

Resizing a chart while holding down the Shift key maintains its aspect ratio.

E. Answer the Following. 1

Why is data visualisation important in today’s data-driven environment?

What are the key components of a chart?

Name three commonly used chart types in Google Sheets and briefly describe each of them.

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 98

12/13/2023 2:55:28 PM

What are the steps to resize a chart in Google Sheets?

How can you delete a chart from your Google Sheets spreadsheet?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Imagine you have a data with monthly expenditure data for a year. Which type of chart would you choose to visualise this data, and why?

You have created a chart in Google Sheets, but it doesn’t accurately represent the data. What steps can you take to customise the chart and improve its effectiveness in conveying the intended information?

Chapter 6 • Data Visualisation Using Google Sheets

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 99

12/13/2023 2:55:29 PM

100

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 100

12/13/2023 2:55:30 PM

101

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 101

12/13/2023 2:55:31 PM

102

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 102

12/13/2023 2:55:32 PM

Chapter 7 • Web Application Using a Database

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 103

103

12/13/2023 2:55:34 PM

104

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 104

12/13/2023 2:55:36 PM

Web Application A web application is a software application that runs on your web browser. Businesses need to exchange information and deliver services remotely. They use web applications to connect with customers conveniently and securely. Common website features like shopping carts, product item search and filtering, instant messaging, and social media news feeds are all web applications by design.

Some Common Web Applications There are many types of web applications. Here are some of the well-known ones. Workplace Collaboration Web Applications: The web apps allow team members to access documents, shared calendars, business instant messaging services, and other enterprise tools. Ecommerce Web Applications: Ecommerce web apps such as ‘Amazon.com’ enable users to browse, search, and pay for products online. Email Web Applications: Webmail apps are widely used by enterprises and personal users to access their emails. They often include other communication tools such as instant messaging and video meetings. Online Banking Web Applications: Business and personal users widely use online banking web apps to access their accounts and other financial products such as loans and mortgages. Technical Documentation: You can use web applications to create and share technical documentation such as user manuals, how-to guides, and device specifications.

Think and Tell

What is the purpose of the <html> tag in an HTML document for the formation of a web app?

Working of Web Applications Web applications work on client-server architecture. Their code is divided into two components: client-side scripts and server-side scripts. Let us learn more about these. Chapter 7 • Web Application Using a Database

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 105

105

12/13/2023 2:55:37 PM

Client-side Architecture The client-side script deals with user interface functionalities like buttons and drop-down boxes. When an end user clicks a web app link, the web browser loads the client-side script and renders the graphic elements and text for user interaction. The client-side script is also called the front-end of an application. For example, a user can read content, watch videos, or fill details on a contact form. Actions such as clicking a Submit button go to the server as a client request.

Server-side Architecture The server-side means everything that happens on the server. Server-side code is often written in languages such as Python, Java, or JavaScript (Node.js) and is executed on the server. It is called the back-end of an application. For example, large-scale services like Facebook, Amazon, and Netflix rely on server-side architecture to efficiently handle millions of user requests, process data, and deliver content.

Collect Data

Request

Display Results

Response

Users

What the User Sees and Interacts with HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Front End

Contains App Logic PHP, JavaScript, Python, Java

Web Server

File System HTML, CSS, Images

Database MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB

Back End

So, let us discuss the front end and the back end to understand their relationship clearly. Front End

Back End

1. The front end of a web application is the part that users directly see and interact with.

1. The back end of a web application collects data from its front end.

2. It includes the user interface (UI) elements, design, and presentation layer.

2. It is responsible for handling data storage, retrieval, and the core logic of the application.

3. In Python web development, popular front-end frameworks like Flask or Django are often used to create the user interface and render dynamic web pages based on user input and data from the back end.

3. In the context of MySQL, the back end can involve creating a database schema, establishing a connection to the MySQL server, and performing CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) operations on the data.

106

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 106

12/13/2023 2:55:37 PM

Front-End

Point of Contact—Your Website

Data

Interface Content

Design

Content

Administrators • Staff • Executives • Contractors

Data

Content

Web User • Customers • Suppliers • General Public

Back-End

Behind The Scenes—IgnitionWeb This is How You Control Your Site

Programming

In this chapter, we will explore the process by which web applications send and receive information. Let us now create a web application using the front end and back end. For this, the following are required:

MySQL Server MySQL server provides a database management system (DBMS) with querying and connectivity capabilities, as well as the ability to have excellent data structure and integration with various platforms. This DBMS can handle large databases reliably and quickly in high-demand production environments. MySQL server also has features such as connectivity, speed, and security that make it suitable for accessing databases. Let us understand it through an example. Imagine that you are the owner of an online store that sells various products. To efficiently manage your business, you use MySQL as your database system. Here’s how MySQL is applied in this scenario: 1. Database Creation: In MySQL, you create a database named ‘OnlineStore’ to store all your business data. 2. Tables: In the OnlineStore database, you create tables to represent various aspects of your business. For example:   

Products table, to store product details such as name, price, and availability Customer table, to store customer information Orders table, to track customer orders

3. Data Insertion: Insert data in these tables. For instance, add product listings, customer profiles, and order records. 4. Querying: MySQL allows you to perform queries to retrieve specific information. You can:   

Retrieve a list of all products in stock.

Find out which customers have made the most orders. Calculate the total revenue for a specific period.

Chapter 7 • Web Application Using a Database

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 107

107

12/13/2023 2:55:37 PM

5. Updating and Managing Data: You can easily update product prices, customer details, and order statuses as your business evolves. 6. Security: MySQL provides user authentication and authorisation features, ensuring that only authorised personnel can access and modify data. 7. Scalability: As your online store grows, MySQL allows you to scale your database infrastructure to handle increased traffic and data. In this real-life example, MySQL serves as the backbone of your online business, helping you store, manage, and retrieve data effectively, which is crucial for running a successful e-commerce operation.

Do It Yourself 7A 1

Create a table Student in the School database. Each row should represent a student, and each column should represent a piece of information (name, age, grade, and favourite subject).

Insert the student information in the database.

Python Python is a programming language that helps easily communicate with databases. Python is commonly used to build both the front end and back end of web applications. The front end focuses on the user interface and presentation, whereas the back end handles data management, including interactions with the MySQL server for data storage and retrieval. The relationship between Python and the MySQL server is like a conversation between two friends: 1. Python as the Speaker: Python is like a friend who wants to communicate and share information. 2. MySQL Server as the Listener: The MySQL Server is like a friend who listens carefully and stores information. The My SQL specialises in efficiently storing and managing data. Here is How Their Conversation Works: 1. Python speaks to the MySQL Server by sending messages (commands) in a language that both understand. 2. The MySQL server listens, processes Python’s requests, and stores data securely, like a note-taker who jots down important information. 3. When Python needs information (data), it asks the MySQL Server, and the MySQL Server responds with the requested data. 4. They continue this friendly exchange, allowing Python to access, manage, and update data stored on the MySQL Server, just like friends sharing and updating their notes. Let us create a small web application using HTML. You need a database, which we will create using MySQL.

Think and Tell

Who invented Python, and what was the motivation behind its creation?

108

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 108

12/13/2023 2:55:38 PM

Then, a Python script will be used to connect the HTML form to the database. The idea of the project is as follows:

Working of a Web Application 1. An HTML form is created. 2. The HTML form collects the information. 3. The Python script ‘app1.py’ uses Flask to handle form submissions. 4. Using SQL queries, form data is inserted into the MySQL database. 5. The Python script uses the mysql.connector library to connect the form to a MySQL database. 6. When the form is submitted, the data is inserted into a table. To connect an HTML form to a MySQL database using Python: Step 1: Install Flask and MySQL Connector.

Ensure that you install Flask and the MySQL Connector Python library by executing the following commands on the prompt: pip install Flask pip install Flask mysql-connector-python Step 2: Create MySQL Database and Table.

We need to create the MySQL database webapp and then the item table to store user information. To create and use the webapp database: mysql> create database webapp; mysql> use webapp; To create the item table: mysql> create table item (id int not null primary key, name varchar(15)); Step 3: Insert Values in the Table. mysql> insert into item

values (1001, ‘Item 1’); Step 4: View Records from the Table. mysql> select * from item;

Step 5: Create a Python Script to Handle form Submission.

To write the Python code, you need to install the necessary Python packages, including a MySQL connector library such as mysql-connector-python or pymysql.

Chapter 7 • Web Application Using a Database

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 109

109

12/13/2023 2:55:38 PM

Code # import all libraries here from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for, session from flask_mysqldb import MySQL import MySQLdb.cursors # MySQL Configuration db = mysql.connector.connect( host=”localhost”, user=”root”, password=””, database=”webapp” ) cursor = db.cursor() cursor.execute(“SELECT id, name FROM item”) items = cursor.fetchall() cursor.close() item_name = request.form[‘item_name’] cursor = db.cursor() cursor.execute(“INSERT INTO item (name) VALUES (%s)”, (item_name,)) db.commit() cursor.close() Step 6: Create the HTML Form ‘index.html’. HTML is a programming language used to define the structure and content of web pages. To create a form with the fields that you will use to collect data, create the ‘index.html’ file in the ‘templates1’ directory. Code

Output

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Simple Web App</title> </head> <body> <h1>Items</h1> <ul> {% for item in items %} <li>{{ item[1] }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <h2>Add Item</h2> <form method=”POST” action=”/add”> <input type=”text” name=”item_name” required> <button type=”submit”>Add</button> </form> </body> </html> 110

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 110

12/13/2023 2:55:38 PM

Did You Know? The first web application was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, developed the World Wide Web (WWW) while working at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research.

Step 7: Run the Application. 1. Run the Python script. 2. Extract the data submitted through the form, using the request object (Flask or Django) or the CGI library. 3. Access the HTML form from your web browser by navigating to http://localhost:5000/. You can type the information and submit it to store it in the MySQL database. Step 8: Close the Database Connection. >>> mysql.connection.commit()

Step 9: Run the HTML Web Application. 1. Open the HTML file in the web browser. 2. Type the name of the item in the text box on the form. 3. Click Add. 4. Check the table using the Select * from item query in MySQL. 5. You can observe the newly added item in your table.

Do It Yourself 7B Use HTML to create a form related to library information. Type the name of your favourite book in the form and save the entry in the library database.

Points to Remember 1

A web application is a software application that runs on your web browser. There are many web applications available, such as ecommerce, online banking, email, workplace collaboration, etc.

Web applications work on the client-server architecture. Their code is divided into two components: clientside scripts and server-side scripts.

The client-side script deals with user interface functionalities like buttons and drop-down boxes.

Server-side code is often written in languages such as Python, Java, or JavaScript (Node.js) and is executed on the server.

Chapter 7 • Web Application Using a Database

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 111

111

12/13/2023 2:55:38 PM

MySQL server provides a database management system (DBMS) with querying and connectivity capabilities.

Python is a programming language that helps easily communicate with databases.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints 1

server-side

MySQL

client-side

HTML

is a software application that runs on your web browser.

2 3

web application

is used to collect information. The

script deals with user interface functionalities like buttons and drop-down boxes.

code is often written in languages such as Python, Java, or JavaScript.

can handle large databases reliably and quickly in high-demand production environments.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

Business and personal users widely use online

web apps to access their accounts.

Banking

Fitness

Business

Shopping

On which architecture do the web apps work?

Server-side

Client-server

Client-side

None of these

Server-side architecture of a web application is also known as its

Server-end

Client-end

Back-end

Front-end

Which server has features such as connectivity, speed, and security that make it suitable for accessing databases?

YourSQL

Free-SQL

MySQL

MyServer

Which programming language is commonly used to build both the front end and back end of web applications?

Fortran

C Language

D Language

Python

112

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 112

12/13/2023 2:55:39 PM

C. Who Am I? 1

I am a type of web app that enables users to browse, search, and pay for products online.

I am a server that provides a database management system (DBMS) with querying and connectivity capabilities.

I am a management system that can handle large databases reliably and quickly in high-demand production environments.

I am a component of the web app that includes the user interface (UI) elements, design, and presentation layer.

I am a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using tables. I am known for my reliability and ease of use.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

Python is a programming language commonly used for web development.

MySQL is a type of database management system used to store data for web applications.

HTML is a language that is used to define the structure and content of web pages.

In web development, CSS is primarily used for database management.

MySQL has the ability to have excellent data structure and integration with various platforms.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is a web application?

Differentiate between front-end and back-end applications.

What are some common web applications?

How do web applications work?

Chapter 7 • Web Application Using a Database

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 113

113

12/13/2023 2:55:39 PM

How does the choice of database technology impact on the performance and scalability of a modern web applications?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Create a simple HTML form that collects a user’s name and email address. Implement validation to ensure that both fields are filled before submission.

Design an HTML form for the registration page of a website. Include fields for user name, password, email, and a drop-down menu for selecting the user’s country. Ensure that the password input is masked for security.

Develop an HTML form that allows users to upload an image file. Implement a file type validation to accept only image files (e.g., .jpg, .png). Upon submission, display the uploaded image on the same page.

Build an HTML form with a check box group for selecting multiple programming languages. When the user selects languages and submits the form, display a message listing the chosen languages.

Create a contact form with fields for name, email, subject, and a text area for the message. On submission, validate that the email is in the correct format and that the message is not empty. If the validation passes, send form data to a server using an appropriate HTTP method (e.g., POST).

114

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 114

12/13/2023 2:55:40 PM

Chapter 7 • Web Application Using a Database

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 115

115

12/13/2023 2:55:41 PM

116

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 116

12/13/2023 2:55:42 PM

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 117

117

12/13/2023 2:55:43 PM

118

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 118

12/13/2023 2:55:45 PM

Creating a Blank Video in Canva Welcome to the exciting world of video creation with Canva! In this chapter, you will discover how we can make videos with the help of Canva, which is an amazing tool for creating videos. Let us start a video project from scratch. Steps to Create a Blank Video in Canva: 1. Log in to www.canva.com and create an account if you do not have one.

2. Click on the Create a design button on the home page. 3. A drop-down list of options will appear. 4. Click on the Video option. 5. A blank video will be created, and the following window will appear:

Did You Know? You can also click on the Video icon options.

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 119

on the home page and select from the various

119

12/13/2023 2:55:45 PM

6 7 1 8

9 10 11

Components of a Video Editor in Canva 1.

Canvas: The canvas is your workspace, where you build and design your video. It’s where you add and arrange all the elements of your video project, including text, images, videos, and audio.

Timeline: The timeline is a critical component that allows you to control the timing of your video. You can arrange elements on the timeline to determine when they appear and for how long. It helps you arrange objects like text, images, and videos in the desired sequence.

Zoom Controls: Canva offers zoom controls that allow you to zoom in and out of your canvas. This feature helps you focus on specific details while working on your video.

Grid View: Grid view provides an overview of all the pages in your video project, helping you visualise the structure and flow of your video. It is a useful tool for organising your content effectively.

Preview: The Preview option allows you to see how your video will appear to your audience. It is a valuable tool for reviewing your video before finalising it, ensuring that everything looks and sounds just right.

Elements: The Elements option offers a wide range of design elements, including photos, videos, stickers, shapes, and icons. You can search for and browse elements to enhance the visual appeal of your video project.

Text Tool: Canva’s Text tool enables you to add text to your video. You can choose from various fonts, colours, sizes, and styles to customise your text elements. This is essential for creating titles, captions, and on-screen messages.

Uploads: This feature allows you to upload your own media files, such as images, videos, and audio clips, to incorporate them into your video project. It is a way to personalise your content and add unique elements.

Draw: You can draw any shape in your video by using the tools present under this drawer.

120

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 120

12/13/2023 2:55:46 PM

10. Projects: You can view all your projects that you have created up to now under this option. You can select any one of them to work upon. 11. Notes: You can add notes to your project to keep track of ideas, reminders, or specific instructions. Notes are useful for collaborating with others on your video project. 12. Canva Assistant: This is a very interesting artificial intelligence tool that helps you with your queries during the project. You can ask any query by clicking on the Canva Assistant button.

Adding Background Adding background is the initial step in creating any video. This step creates a base for all elements inside the video. Steps to Add Background in Canva: 1. Click on the Elements option on the side bar.

2. Type "environment" in the Search bar displayed at the top and press Enter. The backgrounds related to environment are displayed.

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 121

121

12/13/2023 2:55:46 PM

3. Click on the background to add it to your blank video.

4. Adjust the size of the image as you want it to be.

5. The background will be added to your video.

Adding Text Adding text in Canva is like writing words on your video to explain or highlight something. Steps to Add Text in the Video: 1. Click Text: On the left side bar, click Text.

122

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 122

12/13/2023 2:55:46 PM

2. Choose a Text Style: Pick a text style you like by clicking on it. 3. Add Text: Click on the text box that appears in the video and start typing according to your video project.

4. Edit Text: You can change the font, size, colour, and more by clicking on the text box.

5. Position Text: Drag the text to where you want it in your video. Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 123

123

12/13/2023 2:55:47 PM

Adding Photos You can add more pictures in your video as you want to make it interesting and informative. Steps to Add Photos in the Video: 1. Click Elements: On the left hand side panel, click Elements.

2. Choose Graphics: Under Elements, scroll down and then select Graphics to find graphics for your video project.

124

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 124

12/13/2023 2:55:47 PM

3. Search and Select the Graphic: Search for the graphic that you want in your video and click on it to add it to the video.

4. Move and Resize: Drag the photo to where you want it and adjust the size, as needed.

5. Customise: If you want, you can make the photo look different by cropping, changing colours, or adding filters.

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 125

125

12/13/2023 2:55:48 PM

For instance, this is the video after dragging and resizing. You can change it according to your needs.

You can also flip the added picture horizontally as well as vertically, as shown above. 6. Add More Photos: Repeat these steps to add more photos to your video.

Adding Videos Adding videos in Canva is similar to including moving clips in your video project to make it more vibrant and engaging. Steps to add videos to your video project in Canva: 1. Click Elements: On the left, click Elements.

126

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 126

12/13/2023 2:55:48 PM

2. Choose Videos: Under Elements, select Videos.

3. Select a Video: Click on a video you like, and it will appear in your project.

4. Add Page: You can also add a new page and then add the video on that page.

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 127

127

12/13/2023 2:55:48 PM

5. Select a Video: Now, you can select any video according to your video project.

6. Resize It: You can resize it from the ends of the video to fit it according to the dimensions.

Do It Yourself 8A Write T for True and F for False.

You cannot add a new page into your Canva video.

You can make the photo look different by cropping, changing colours, or adding filters.

Canva Assistant is artifical intelligence enabled.

Adding Audio Adding audio in Canva means putting sound, like music or talking, into your video to make it more exciting. 1. Click Elements: On the left, click Elements. 128

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 128

12/13/2023 2:55:49 PM

2. Choose Audio: Under Elements, select Audio.

3. Select an Audio: Click on an audio you like, and it will be added to your project.

4. Position the Audio: Drag the audio to where you want it in your video. 5. Adjust Volume: You can make the audio louder or quieter if needed.

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 129

129

12/13/2023 2:55:49 PM

6. Preview Your Video: Click on the video to hear how it sounds in your project.

Adding and Moving Pages Adding and moving pages in Canva is like organising your video project into various parts and deciding where each part goes. Here’s how to do it: Steps to Add and Move Pages in Canva: 1. Find Pages: In your video timeline (the part at the bottom of your project), hold the cursor in the gap between two pages for a moment, and the Add page option will be visible to you.

130

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 130

12/13/2023 2:55:49 PM

2. Add Page: Click Add page to create a new page in your video project. It’s like adding a new scene.

3. Arrange Pages: You can click and drag the pages to change their order. Move them up or down to change how your video is intended to flow.

4. Edit Each Page: Click on a page to edit what’s on it, like text, images, or videos.

Splitting Audio

Discuss!

What are the different types of audio effects you can use in Canva?

Splitting audio in a video project in Canva is like cutting a sound into smaller parts to use them at different times. Here’s how you can do it: Steps to Split Audio in Canva: 1. Click on the Audio: Find the audio you want to split on your video’s timeline (the part at the bottom of your project) and then right-click on it. You will find a Split audio option.

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 131

131

12/13/2023 2:55:49 PM

2. Click Split Audio: Click on the Split audio option, and your audio will split into two parts at that point.

3. Drag and Adjust: You can now drag and adjust the two audio pieces separately on the timeline.

Arranging Objects in Timeline Arranging objects in the timeline of a video project in Canva is like organising the order of things in your video. Here is how you can do it. Steps to Arrange Objects in the Timeline in Canva: 1. Access the Timeline: Look for the timeline at the bottom of your video project. It shows all the elements in your video.

2. Select an Object: Click on an object, like text, an image, or video, in the timeline that you want to move. 3. Drag and Drop: Click and drag the selected object to a new position in the timeline. This changes when it appears in your video. 4. Arrange All Objects: Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each object until they are in the order you want.

132

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 132

12/13/2023 2:55:50 PM

Setting Audio Volume and Effects Setting audio effects and volume in a video project in Canva is like making the sound in your video more interesting and easier to hear. Here’s how you can do it: Steps to Set Audio Volume and Effects in Canva: 1. Access the Audio: Find the audio you want to adjust on the timeline (the part at the bottom of your project). 2. Select the Audio: Click on the audio to select it. 3. Adjust Volume: Right-click on the audio and you can see the Volume option. Click on it and move the slider to make the audio louder or softer. 4. Apply Effects: If you want to add effects like making it sound like an echo or changing the pitch, find the audio effects options and apply them as needed.

Either you can right-click on the audio to find the “audio effects” or you can just click on the audio and you will find Audio effects option on the top of your canvas.

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 133

133

12/13/2023 2:55:50 PM

5. Preview: Click the audio to hear how it sounds with the changes you made.

Adding Notes Adding notes in a video project in Canva is like leaving reminders or comments for yourself or others while working on your project. Here’s how you can do it. Steps to Add Notes in Canva: 1. Find Notes: Either you can select the page in the video timeline and right-click on it where you want your notes to be. or You can just click on the timeline where you want the notes, and you can see a Notes option at the bottom of the video timeline.

134

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 134

12/13/2023 2:55:50 PM

2. Add a Note: Click on Notes. 3. Write Your Note: A box will appear where you can type your note. Write down any ideas, reminders, or comments you may have. 4. View Your Notes: You can usually see your notes in the Notes section whenever you need to refer to them.

Discuss!

How can adding notes in Canva assist in collaboration with others when working on a video project?

Zoom In and Out Pages and Thumbnails Zooming in and out of pages and thumbnails in a video project in Canva is like getting a closer or wider view of your work to see details or the big picture. Steps to Zoom In and Out Pages and Thumbnails in Canva: 1. Look for Zoom Controls: You can find zoom controls below the video timeline. Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 135

135

12/13/2023 2:55:50 PM

2. Zoom In and Out Pages: You can drag right or left to zoom in and zoom out the pages.

3. Zoom In and Out Thumbnails: To change the Zoom controls of the page to Thumbnails, you have to click on the icon

you find below the video timeline and before the zoom control slide bar. After

clicking, it will be changed to a different icon . Now you can zoom the thumbnails. You can drag right or left to zoom in and zoom out in the thumbnails.

4. Adjust as Needed: You can adjust them as you want to see the wider or closer look of your work.

Grid View and Preview Grid view and preview in a video project in Canva to help you see your work differently and check how it will appear to others. Grid View: Grid view is like looking at all the pages of your video project at once, like a grid of small pictures. This view helps you organise and see the structure of your project.

136

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 136

12/13/2023 2:55:51 PM

Steps to Access Grid View: 1. In your video project, look for an option that says “Grid View” or an icon that looks like a grid of squares. You will find it below the video timeline.

2. Click it to switch to grid view. Preview:

Preview lets you watch your video to see what it will look like and sound to your audience before you finish it. Steps to Preview Your Video: 1. In your video project, find a button or option that says Preview or Play. You will find it below the video timeline bar.

2. Click it to watch your video. Using the grid view helps you organise your project, whereas preview helps you check how your video will turn out. Both are important for creating a great video in Canva!

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 137

137

12/13/2023 2:55:51 PM

Downloading and Sharing Videos Downloading and sharing a video in Canva means saving your video project to your computer or sharing it with others. Here’s how to do it: Steps to Download and Share a Video in Canva: 1. Click Share Option: Click the Share option in the top right corner of the canvas. 2. Click Download: When you click on the Share option, you will find the Download option.

3. Choose File Type: Click on it and choose the format you want, like MP4 or MOV. 4. Select Quality: Pick the quality you prefer, such as HD or standard.

5. Click Download: Finally, click the Download button to save your video to your computer.

138

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 138

12/13/2023 2:55:51 PM

6. Click Share: Find a button or option that says Share. It is located at the top right corner of the canvas. 7. Choose Share Settings: Set the sharing options, like who can see your video and if they can edit it.

8. Copy Link: Click to get a shareable link or choose how you want to share it, like through email or social media. Downloading lets you save your video, whereas sharing helps you show it to others or collaborate on it. It’s a great way to get your video out there!

Think and Tell

Think about the Canva feature you like the most (for example, adding photos, splitting audio, or using text). Tell your friends why you find it interesting.

Do It Yourself 8B Write the names of the following icons of Canva:

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 139

139

12/13/2023 2:55:51 PM

Points to Remember 1

You can create, modify, and share interesting videos using Canva.

Key components of Canva’s video editor include the canvas, timeline, text, elements, uploads, and audio controls.

You can add text in your video to express your thoughts along with the video.

You can add pictures in your video in Canva to enhance the presentation of the video.

Adding videos in Canva brings motion to your project, with options to resize and preview.

You can insert audio in Canva for background music, sound effects, or voiceovers, with volume control.

You can organise your project by adding and moving pages, changing their order as needed.

You can split audio in Canva to cut and arrange sound clips for precise timing.

You can arrange objects in the timeline to control the order of text, images, and videos.

10 You can adjust audio effects and volume, add notes, and use zoom controls for detailed work.

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

styles

audio

sequence

pages

preview

The key components of the Canva video editor include the canvas, timeline, text tool, elements, uploads, and controls.

To add text to your video in Canva, you can choose from various fonts, colours, sizes, and

When adding videos to your project, you can position, resize, and

The timeline in Canva helps you arrange objects like text, images, and videos in the desired .

The grid view in Canva provides an overview of all the

. them as needed.

in your project.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

What is the purpose of adding photos in Canva?

Creating audio effect

Enhancing visuals

Adding text

Adding pages

What can you add using the text tool in Canva?

Images

Videos

Audio

Text

140

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 140

12/13/2023 2:55:52 PM

What is the purpose of “Grid View” in the Canva video editor?

To add text to the video

c To see an overview of all the pages in the video project

b To arrange elements on the timeline

To apply audio effects

Which component of the Video Editor in Canva allows you to control the timing of your video?

Canvas

Timeline

Text Tool

Grid View

What can you add to your video in Canva to create background music or voiceovers?

Elements

Text

Audio

Canvas

C. Who Am I? 1

I help you get a closer or wider view of your work in Canva, allowing you to focus on specific details or see the big picture.

I enable you to upload your own media files, such as images, videos, and audio clips, to personalise your video project.

I am the workspace in Canva where you create and design your video project from scratch.

I am a feature in Canva that allows you to leave reminders or comments for yourself or collaborators during your video project.

I am the feature in Canva that allows you to watch your video to see what it will look like and sound to your audience.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

This icon is for grid view.

You cannot download your video project in Canva.

Adding and moving pages in Canva has no impact on organising your video project or changing the order of elements.

Splitting audio in a video project in Canva is like cutting a sound into smaller parts to use them at various times.

You cannot add more than one video to your video project in Canva.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is the use of the Draw tab in Canva?

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 141

141

12/13/2023 2:55:52 PM

What do you mean by downloading a video in Canva?

What is Canva Assistant?

How can you share your video?

How can you adjust the audio volume in Canva’s video editor?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Rahul wants to add text to his Canva video. How can he customise the text elements to create engaging titles and captions?

Neha is enhancing her Canva video by adding photos. What are the steps she should follow to resize the video clips effectively?

Vikram is arranging objects in the timeline to control their appearance. Why is the timeline useful for this, and how can he rearrange objects?

Kavita wants to make her Canva video more exciting with background music. How can she add effects, like making it sound like an echo or changing the pitch?

Arjun is including videos in his Canva project to make it dynamic. How can he position and resize the video clips effectively?

142

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 142

12/13/2023 2:55:52 PM

Chapter 8 • Creating Videos with Canva

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 143

143

12/13/2023 2:55:53 PM

144

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 144

12/13/2023 2:55:54 PM

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Have you ever talked to your phone or a smart speaker to get information or set reminders? Or when you watch a video on YouTube or a show on Netflix, have you noticed how they recommend other videos or shows you might like? Yes! There is a technology behind all of this called Artificial Intelligence. AI is all around us, making our lives more convenient and efficient. It is a rapidly growing field with endless possibilities, from voice assistants in our smartphones to self-driving cars and even in healthcare. A robot is capable of recognising voices, playing games, and even doing household chores. Let us learn more about artificial intelligence in this chapter. Artificial intelligence is the process of giving a computer the capability to think, learn, and make decisions, just like humans do.

Applications of AI

Did You Know?

John McCarthy is recognised as the creator of Artificial Intelligence. He was an American computer scientist who coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” in 1956.

From enterprise to home, AI technology has not only helped people but also opened the door to the entire human being by bringing new business opportunities for small as well as large companies. For example, Uber became a billion-dollar company just by using the technology through which riders are connected to the taxis. Let us discuss more about the usage of AI in our daily lives. Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots in education can assist both students and teachers with various tasks, such as preparing study material, doing school work, and answering questions. They also help in the customer service industry. Recommendation Systems: AI can suggest books, movies, or music based on users’ tastes. It learns from their preferences. Voice Assistants: AI is used in voice assistants like Siri or Alexa to recognise and carry out spoken orders. They can play music, answer queries, store schedules, and set alarms. Image Recognition: AI can identify objects in pictures. For example, it can help to sort photos or even recognise animals and plants on the basis of their facial features. This technique is also used in object recognition. Language Translation: AI has the ability to translate languages, making it simpler to communicate with individuals throughout the world. Game Development: AI can be used in game development to generate non-player characters who act intelligently, increasing the difficulty level of the game. Medical Diagnosis: AI helps doctors analyse medical Chapter 9 • AI—Natural Language Processing

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 145

145

12/13/2023 2:55:55 PM

images like X-rays and MRIs to detect diseases.

Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars use AI to navigate and make decisions, like avoiding obstacles.

Predicting Weather: AI analyses data to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. Agriculture: Artificial Intelligence, or AI, assists farmers in optimising their crop production by making use of drones. AI ensures efficient water usage for plants and aids in the early detection and control of pests, resulting in increased food production and environmental benefits.

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): Artificial intelligence improves virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) experiences by allowing virtual objects to interact with the real environment. These are just a few examples of how AI is applied in our daily lives. Recently, India landed successfully on the Moon by using this amazing technology.

Think and Tell

How has artificial intelligence helped India in the Chandrayan-3 mission?

Do It Yourself 9A Match the following. Healthcare

Using drones to monitor crop health

Customer service

Self-driving cars and traffic management

Transportation

Helping doctors diagnose diseases

Agriculture

Chatbots answering questions on website

146

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 146

12/13/2023 2:55:59 PM

Types of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence is used in a variety of applications, either at home, in offices, or elsewhere. A general question might come to your mind: can one type of AI be able to handle this wide range of applications? Certainly not. Based on its functionality and capability, AI is divided into various categories: 

Narrow AI



General AI



Super AI Narrow Dedicated for AI one task

General Perform like AI human

Super AI

More intelligent than human

Narrow AI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence or ANI) Imagine you have a robot vacuum cleaner at home. This cleaner cleans your house with utmost accuracy. It even cleans up in your absence. It can move around the house with the help of its sensors and avoid any types of obstacles. But apart from cleaning, it does not know how to do anything else. It cannot make you a sandwich, it cannot drive a car, and it cannot even tell you a joke. This is an example of a weak AI. Narrow AI, also known as Weak AI, is good at doing one specific task, but it does not understand or think like humans do. Voice assistants such as Alexa, Apple Siri, and Google Assistant are all examples of narrow artificial intelligence because they only do a small set of predefined tasks. Narrow AI includes playing chess, getting suggestions for goods on an e-commerce site, speech recognition, and image identification.

Explore More! Scan this QR code to watch the robots at restaurants.

General AI (Artificial General Intelligence or AGI) General AI, also known as Artificial General Intelligence or AGI, is like a super-smart computer that can learn, understand, and do many tasks just like human beings. This kind of machine intelligence is not limited to a single task, like a voice assistant or a robot vacuum cleaner; but it can do all sorts of things, from solving problems to talking and learning new things on its own. It is like having a robot friend that can do almost anything you teach it to do! The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI. A self-driving car is an example of general AI. Chapter 9 • AI—Natural Language Processing

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 147

Explore More! To know how a self-driving car works, scan this QR code.

147

12/13/2023 2:56:00 PM

Super Artificial Intelligence (Strong AI) Super AI (Super Artificial Intelligence) is like a super-smart computer program that can think, learn, and solve really complicated problems all on its own. It is far more intelligent than typical computer programs and is even capable of understanding and performing tasks that only humans can do, including making decisions, having conversations, and other activities. Super AI is like a super-brain for computers! Super AI is still an imaginary concept of Artificial Intelligence. It is still a hard effort to develop such systems in the real world.

Did You Know?  Narrow AI is highly specialised and cannot perform tasks outside its designed scope.  Achieving AGI would mean creating machines with human-like cognitive abilities.

Domains of AI The various domains of AI that are working as driving forces for this wide range of applications are used to solve problems, automate tasks, and make predictions. Some key domains of AI are: Computer Vision: With computer vision, computers have the ability to interpret and understand visual information from the world, including images and videos. It is mostly used in facial recognition, object detection, and autonomous vehicles. Machine Learning (ML): Using machine learning, AI-enabled models are created that make computers learn from data, make predictions, and improve their performance over time. It includes subdomains like supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Natural Language Processing (NLP): The superpower of AI is research NLP, or the ability to understand and communicate with humans in their own languages. It is similar to teaching your robot friend to understand your speech in Spanish, English, or another language. Google Assistant is an app found on smartphones and other devices, and this app is capable of having conversations with people and responding to their questions in a helpful manner. Let us use this concept of NLP to design an app that translates the text written in one language to another.

Did You Know? Can art be produced by AI? Some AI programs can come up with music, artwork, and even poetry!

148

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 148

12/13/2023 2:56:00 PM

Language Translator—App Development In the previous class, you created an app using MIT App Inventor that is capable of recognising text and converting it into speech. Let us now create another app that can translate the text written in one language to another. Before starting, let us learn what MIT App Inventor is.

MIT App Inventor MIT App Inventor is an online platform for creating apps for mobile phones and tablets. It is a very user-friendly platform to learn app creation and coding. This platform focuses on making everyone, especially young children, create their own apps. No coding skill is required to build your own app using MIT App Inventor. Apps are software programs that can be downloaded and installed on electronic devices. MIT app inventor can be accessed from the link: https://appinventor.mit.edu/ Here, you will learn the easy steps to design a guide app that will convert text to speech and translate languages from English to Spanish. Step 1: Set Up MIT App Inventor

1. Go to the MIT App Inventor website (https://appinventor.mit.edu/). 2. Log in with your Google account. If you do not have one, ask your teacher or parents to help you create one. 3. Click Start new project and assign your project a fun name, like “ToggleTutorial”.

Step 2: Design Your App

1. You will see a screen where you can design your app. This is like drawing a picture. 2. From the left-hand side, drag the following things on the screen: 

Text Box



Label



Translate Button



Translator



Text to Speech

Chapter 9 • AI—Natural Language Processing

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 149

149

12/13/2023 2:56:01 PM

3. Arrange these on the screen the way you like. Give them names or change their colours, if you want. Step 3: Add Translator Component

1. Click on the Palette tab on the left side. 2. Find Translate in the list of components under Media and drag it onto your screen.

Step 4: Make Your App Translate and Talk Now, let the app translate English to Spanish and speak it when you press the button! 1. Click on the Blocks button to switch to the Blocks Editor window. 2. You will see various blocks that you can use in your app on the left-hand side of your screen. 3. Click on the TextToSpeech button on the left-hand side of the screen. 4. Find the block when TextToSpeech1.BeforeSpeaking and drag it onto the screen.

150

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 150

12/13/2023 2:56:01 PM

5. Next, click on the Translator option and drag out the label call Translator1.Request Translation language To Translate To Text To Translate. 6. Drag this component and place it in front of the do label of the when Translate block.

7. Click on Text in the Blocks palette and find an empty component to write the code “en-es”, which are the codes for English-Spanish. 8. Next, click on TextBox1 and drag the TextBox1.Text.

Now, we must add the translation codes: 1. Click on Translator and select when Translator1.GotTranslation. Chapter 9 • AI—Natural Language Processing

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 151

151

12/13/2023 2:56:01 PM

2. From the Label1 button, drag out set Label.Text to block. 3. When you hover your mouse over the Translator1 button, you will be able to see get translation block. Drag and connect it to the set Label1.Text to block.

Now, let us create the code that will translate and recite our text: 1. Click on the Translate_Button and select the when Translate_Button.Click. 2. Click the TextToSpeech button and drag out the call TextToSpeech1.Speak and place it in front of the label do. 3. Select a blank component from Text and place it in front of the message label. 4. Drag another call TextToSpeech1.Speak block and place it under the previous call TextToSpeech1. Speak block. Now, select the Label1.Text component from under the Label option and place it in front of the message label.

Step 5: Test Your App To test your app, on a mobile phone: 1.

Go to the Google Play Store on your Android phone and download the MIT AI2 Companion App.

152

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 152

12/13/2023 2:56:01 PM

Install the app by clicking on Install.

After installation, open the app. You have to provide a six-character code to connect.

Now, to get the code, go to your computer where you have created your app.

Go to the Connect menu and then select the AI Companion option.

A Connect to Companion window will open with a six-character code.

You can now fill this six-character code in the mobile phone app.

The app will now open on your mobile.

Click on the button that you have created.

10. Your app is now ready. You have created a simple translation app to convert Text-to-Speech and do language translation from English to Spanish using MIT App Inventor. 11. Type something in English in your app, click the button, and see and listen to it in Spanish!

Discuss

Problems or causes that affect your education, and how you can use the technology or build an app to solve it.

Explore More!

To know more about MIT App Inventor, scan this QR code.

Did You Know? MIT App Inventor was initially developed by Google and later released as an open-source project.

Chapter 9 • AI—Natural Language Processing

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 153

153

12/13/2023 2:56:02 PM

Explore More!

To know how Text Sentiment Analysis is done by using AI, scan this QR code.

Do It Yourself 9B Tick () odd one out.

2 1

4 1

Points to Remember 1

Artificial intelligence is the process of giving a computer the capability to think, learn, and make decisions, just like humans do.

AI is used in voice assistants like Siri or Alexa to recognise and carry out spoken orders.

YouTube and Netflix recommend other videos or shows you might like based on your past preferences.

Weak AI, also known as Narrow AI, is good at doing one specific task, but it does not understand or think like humans do.

General AI, also known as Artificial General Intelligence or AGI, is like a super-smart computer that can learn, understand, and do many different tasks just like human beings.

Super Artificial Intelligence (Super AI) is like a super-smart computer program that can think, learn, and solve really complicated problems all on its own.

The three domains of AI are machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing.

MIT App Inventor is an online platform for creating apps for mobile phones and tablets.

154

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 154

12/13/2023 2:56:05 PM

Chapter Checkup A. Fill in the Blanks. Hints

assistants

in education can assist both students and teachers with various tasks.

AI-powered

chatbots

weak

strong

recommendation

systems learn from your preferences.

Voice

AI is good at doing one specific task.

AI is still an imaginary concept of artificial intelligence.

can play music, answer queries, store schedules, and set alarms.

B. Tick () the Correct Option. 1

Voice assistants such as Alexa and Siri are examples of narrow artificial intelligence because:

They can perform any task that you ask them to do.

b They only do a small set of

They can think on their own.

pre-defined tasks.

They have narrow thinking.

Which of the following does not represent an application of AI?

A chatbot

Autonomous vehicles

Microwaves

Voice assistants

What is the primary purpose of a recommendation system in AI?

To send spam emails

b To suggest products or content

To play video games

based on user preferences To control traffic lights

Which domain of AI focuses on creating machines that can think and reason like humans?

Machine Learning

Natural Language Processing

Robotics

Cognitive Computing

A self-driving car is an example of

AI.

Weak

Strong

Narrow

General

C. Who Am I? 1

I am a type of AI that allows computers to understand and translate a human language.

I am an application of AI that can help sort photos or even recognise animals and plants on the basis of their facial features.

I am in the domain of AI, using which AI-enabled models are created to make computers learn from data.

Chapter 9 • AI—Natural Language Processing

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 155

155

12/13/2023 2:56:05 PM

I am a type of AI that will make machines think on their own and make decisions in really complicated situations.

I am an intelligent flying machine that helps farmers in agriculture.

D. Write T for True and F for False. 1

AI machines cannot think on their own.

Artificial intelligence analyses data to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts.

Any language can be easily understood and spoken by AI.

AI has improved AR and VR experiences by allowing virtual objects to interact with the real environment.

AI machines can perform only one type of specific task.

E. Answer the Following. 1

What is artificial intelligence? Write its two applications.

What is the difference between weak AI and strong AI?

What is general AI? Give one example.

What is MIT app inventor?

Is it possible to have strong AI machines? Why/Why not?

F. Apply Your Learning. 1

Can you give a real-world example of AI in action?

156

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 156

12/13/2023 2:56:05 PM

Sahil does not know how AI is used in everyday life. Can you tell him?

Diya wants to know about an exciting future possibility for Strong AI. Discuss with her how strong AI machines will help mankind.

Rohan has a robot pet dog. Is it an example of a strong AI or a weak AI?

Lovey wants to open her restaurant for which she needs to create an app that can understand the language of foreign customers as well. Which platform can she use to create this app?

Chapter 9 • AI—Natural Language Processing

CS_UT24_ICSE_G8.indb 157

157

12/13/2023 2:56:05 PM

Computer Science

Special Features • Explore More: QR codes to explore an exciting application of the concept. This element builds curiosity in children and helps them grasp concepts through digital visual aids. 8

Singapore

CS_CB_Grade8_ICSE_Cover.indd All Pages

Gurugram

Bengaluru

hello@uolo.com �550

NEP 2020 based

ICSE compliant

Technology powered

02/12/23 9:45 PM