INS_G03_EMESSG_Term2_AY25

3 Insights

Unlock Learning Across Subjects

Term 2

Insights

3 Term

2

English Mathematics

General Knowledge Science

Social Science

Acknowledgements

Academic Authors: Melanie Grobler, Chandani Goyal, Neena Aul, Animesh Mittal, Muskan Panjwani, Sneha Sharma, Anuj Gupta

Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish

Book Production: Sanjay Kumar Goel, Tauheed Danish, Amisha Gupta

Project Lead: Chandani Goyal

VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners.

© Uolo EdTech Private Limited

First impression 2025

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book.

Book Title: Insights 3 Term 2

ISBN: 978-81-981206-4-9

Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited

Corporate Office Address:

85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003

CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986

Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com

All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

Social Science

Talking about a favourite holiday

Listen and sequence

Personal & possessive pronouns

Travel-related vocabulary

Short and long vowel ( a, e ) sounds–mat, mate, fell, feel

Factual questions Identiying setting Identifying problems and solutions Identifying chracters’ feelings Making connections

Realistic fiction

Subhadra Sen Gupta

Diary entry 6. Travel and Tourism Travel

Poster making

Group discussion

Listen and fill in key details

Prepositions of time, place and movement

Invitation

Interview

Listen and choose the correct answer

Simple present tense

Present continuous tense

Factual questions Identifying setting Poetry appreciation– inferring mood

Travel-related vocabulary Project

Short and long vowel (i,o,u) sounds–fit, side, hot, pole, sun, tune One word for the word group

Collocations

Prefixes and suffixes

Chwords with sounds /ch/ and /k/–chain, chaos

Factual questions Analysing character’s feelings Inferring message Making connections

Biography

Factual questions Ordering Contextual meaning Making connections

Biographical story

for Fun Santhini Govindan Poem

2: My Travel Journal

Teamwork The Story of Helen Keller

8. Protecting Animals Carpet Sahib

Travel and Tourism

5 . Sailing Home

Draw the path to help the children reach the ship. Get Set

Basava and Sundari’s father is a sailor. He has been out on the sea for months. They are waiting for him to return. Let us read to see when he comes back.

—Subhadra Sen Gupta

Talking Book

Basava and his sister Sundari sat on the sand, watching the sunrise over the sea. They were waiting for their father’s ship.

‘It’s been so many months,’ Sundari said sadly. ‘Appa has never been away for so long.’

‘Remember the big storm last week?’ Basava said worriedly. ‘I hope Appa’s ship is safe.’

After a while, they saw a ship. As it came closer, the children saw that it had black and green sails.

Their father’s ship had red sails with a flying eagle. They felt sad and went to help their mother.

Think and Tell

How do you think

Basava and Sundari felt when they saw the black and green sail?

She sold vegetables in the market. Sundari liked going to the market. Sailors from different lands came to buy and sell things.

Appa: father in Tamil sails: large pieces of cloth that catch the wind to drive the ship forward sailor: a person who works on the ship

A trader’s wife told Sundari and Basava to ask about their father’s ship at the jetty.

So, Basava and Sundari went to the jetty. There they saw three ships, including the one with the black and green sails. They met a soldier at the jetty.

‘We are looking for a ship from Kamboja,’ Sundari said to him. The soldier pointed to the ship with the black and green sails and said, ‘That ship came from there.’ The children ran to the ship, hoping to find some news about their father. The sailors on that ship did not speak their language.

‘Oh no!’ Basava sighed. ‘How do we talk to them?’

‘Easy!’ Sundari grinned. ‘We talk to them like Amma does when they come to buy vegetables.’

Think and Tell

What do you think Basava and Sundari should do now?

They went to an old sailor and asked, ‘Kamboja?’ He nodded. Basava pointed to the sail and Sundari’s red skirt, saying, ‘Ship? Red sail?’

The sailor gestured with his hands, mimicking the graceful motion of a bird in flight. Seeing his gestures, the children shouted, ‘Yes! A flying eagle on the sail!’

trader: a person who buys or sells things jetty: a wide stone wall at the shore, where ships and boats stop sighed: let out a deep breath to show sadness Amma: mother in Tamil mimicking: (here) using hand movements to show something

The man took them to the back of the ship and pointed out to the sea. They saw a ship coming closer and closer. Then they saw it—the red sails with a flying eagle. The children clapped and cheered with joy!

‘Your Appa is a sailor?’ the old sailor asked gently.

‘You can speak our language!’ Sundari exclaimed.

‘A little bit,’ the man laughed.

Basava and Sundari felt very happy. Finally, after many weeks, Appa was sailing back home.

‘Feeling blue’ means to feel sad. In the old days, when a captain or an important officer died during a journey, sailors flew a blue flag to tell other ships and show their sorrow. Did You Know?

exclaimed: (here) spoke loudly because of shock

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Choose the correct answers.

a How long had Basava and Sundari’s father been away from home?

i several weeks ii many months

iii a few days iv a year

b What did Sundari enjoy about visiting the market?

i seeing sailors from different places ii seeing interesting ships

iii selling vegetables iv watching the sunrise

c What colour were the sails of their father’s ship?

i red with a flying eagle ii black and green

iii blue with a dolphin iv white with stripes

d What did the old sailor at the jetty show the children?

i a map ii his ship

iii the fish he had caught iv their father’s ship

2. Write True or False.

a Basava and Sundari’s father had never been away for such a long time before.

b The children immediately found their father’s ship with red sails and a flying eagle.

c Sundari did not enjoy visiting the market where her mother sold vegetables.

d Sundari’s mother communicated with the sailors by using her hands to show what she meant.

e The sailor they met at the jetty spoke their language very well.

3. Answer the questions in one or two sentences.

a Describe the places that Basava and Sundari go to in the story.

b Why were Basava and Sundari sitting on the sand at the beginning of the story?

c How did Basava and Sundari feel about their father being away for so long?

d Where did Basava and Sundari go to ask about their father’s ship? What did they find out there?

e Describe how Basava and Sundari communicated with the sailor on the ship from Kamboja.

Think and Answer

1. Identify the problem and the solution in the story by answering these questions.

a What is the main problem that Basava and Sundari face in the story?

b What do they do to try and solve their problem?

c How is the problem solved at the end of the story?

2. For each event, choose how Sundari and Basava probably felt.

Hint Box: worried    disappointed    hopeful     delighted

a Watching the sunrise while waiting for their father.

b Remembering the big storm from last week.

c Seeing the ship with the black and green sails.

d Finally, seeing their father’s ship with red sails and a flying eagle.

Big Idea

Think about a time when someone in your family went on a long trip.

a How did you feel while they were away? How did you feel when they came back?

b How was your experience similar or different to Sundari and Basava’s?

Pronounce Well Listen to the words here.

Work with a partner and take turns to read the words aloud. Then, underline the words that make the sound given in the heading. Some have been done for you.

Short a Long A sound

More long A words

Short e Long E sound More long E sounds

mat mate stray fell feel be

plan plane crayon met meet even

sack sake they swept sweep evening

rack rake prey guess geese female am aim lady bet beat thief

pad paid baby speck speak niece

ran rain break left leaf piece

man main great less least believe

Note: The magic e in words like mate make the short sound in mat long.

Fill in the blanks with correct letters to complete the words. Then, read the sentences aloud.

a The kids played in the s nd at the beach.

b The children were happy to m t new travellers.

c The kids felt s f when they saw their father’s ship.

d One traveller wore a r d hat.

e The ship had black and gr n sails.

Vocabulary

1. These are words related to travel. Match the words and the pictures.

ship

harbour

sailor

life jacket

cruise ship

Then, fill in the blanks with the words.

a Basava’s father is a . He spends most of his time at sea.

b Basava’s father’s faced a storm at sea.

c During the storm, everyone on board had to wear a for safety.

d The ship docked safely in the .

e After their father’s return, the family decided on a week-long vacation on a .

2. Arrange the following list of words in alphabetical order in your notebook. shouted sea soldier sand ship sails sell sailor storm safely

Personal Pronouns

Remember!

We use special words in the place of nouns so that we need not repeat the nouns. These words are I, you, he, she, they, we and it. These words are called pronouns.

Personal pronouns can be used in the place of names and of people, animals or things.

I, he, she, we, you, they, and it are personal pronouns.

For example:

Basava and Sundari saw a ship. They were excited. (Here, they is used for Basava and Sundari.)

Go Grammar

1. Imagine you are Basava. Fill in the blanks with the correct personal pronouns.

I am Basava. My father is a sailor and hasn’t been home for months. Sundari and I are worried and cannot help thinking about the storm last week. damaged quite a few ships. go down to the harbour and see a ship, but has the wrong sails and are disappointed.

Sundari and I go to the market where my mother works. sells vegetables to sailors from all over. have interesting stories to tell.

Possessive Pronouns

Some pronouns show belonging. They come at the end of a sentence and are not followed by a noun. They are used to show that the subject of the sentence owns or has something. Mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours and its are possessive pronouns.

For example: This sailor’s cap is mine. (Here, mine is used for Basava’s father.)

2. Write the correct possessive pronouns for the pictures.

a Whose father is this? He is  . (theirs/their).

b She is saying the cap is  . (her/hers)

c This is her father’s ship. It is  . (his/hers)

d I wish all the gold on the ship were  . (myself/mine)

e This boat is  . (our/ours)

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen to the story carefully. Number the sentences in the correct order.

After setting up their tent, they went hiking.

Last summer, Sahil went on a trip to the mountains with his family.

Sahil had a wonderful time and couldn’t wait to go on another trip.

First, they packed their bags and got into the car. In the evening, they ate hot chapatis and told stories.

Then, they drove for a few hours and reached the mountains.

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Sit in a group of four. Tell your friends about a place you travelled to and what you did there. You can use these clues to help you.

Where? When?

With?

My parents and I went on a trip to Lansdowne last summer.

Give details Ending

We We also saw The day/thing I enjoyed most was because I wish that It was a lovely holiday and I was sorry we had to go home but

Use simple words and sentences when talking.

Look at your classmates while you are talking. Show that you are listening to your classmates when they speak.

Write Well

We keep a diary to write about what we do everyday and to express our feelings.

Model Answer

15 June 2025

9 p.m.

Monday

Dear Diary,

Today, I visited the zoo for the first time. I saw so many amazing animals, like lions and elephants. My favourite was the playful monkeys. They were so funny! I had a great time and can’t wait to visit again. I think I want to work with animals one day.

Goodnight, Sahil

Greeting

Thoughts and activities

Closure

Name

Write a diary entry about a place you visited. You can use the sentence starters in the box to help you.

Today, I visited... I saw... I did...

My favourite part was... I felt...

Travel and Tourism

6 . Travel for Fun

—Santhini Govindan

If you had a magical carpet and could travel anywhere in the world, where would it be and why? Discuss with your friends.

The poet loves to travel but does not want to travel by train or aeroplane. Let’s read the poem and see how the poet wants to travel and where to.

Let’s Read

I want to travel around the world for fun, And see different lands, one by one. But I would not like to travel by aeroplane, train, or by car –I would like to have a magic carpet that will take me afar. I will keep the carpet under my bed, rolled upright, So it will be easy to reach when I want to take a flight. I won’t need to get a passport, or buy a ticket when I want to fly, I’ll just sit on my magic carpet, and wave everyone good-bye!

Talking Book

afar: very far away upright: straight up

passport: a special identity card that allows us to travel to other countries

I’ll cross rivers and valleys, and the snowy Himalayas so tall, And fly to faraway China to see the Great Wall. Then I’ll float to Egypt, and visit the great Nile, And see the pyramids, and the Sphinx’s mysterious smile.

I’ll travel to the African jungles where wild animals roam, And visit European cities like London, Paris, and Rome But on my magic carpet, before I eagerly set out, There’s something that I’m a little worried about.

I keep thinking of it, again and again –What will happen if my magic carpet gets caught in the rain?

I’m sure that soaking wet carpets can’t fly far away –So, to travel for fun, I must find another way!

Did

You Know?

In Africa, the five largest and most dangerous animals are: lions, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, and Cape buffaloes. They are called the “Big Five”.

mysterious: hard to understand or explain roam: to move freely eagerly: excitedly soaking: completely filled with water

Listen

Read and Respond

1. Tick () the correct answers.

a How does the boy want to travel around the world?

i By train

ii By magic carpet

b Where does the boy keep the magic carpet?

i In a closet

ii Under the bed

c What does the boy not need if he travels on the carpet?

i A passport

ii His carpet

d Which famous place in China does the boy want to see?

i The Great Wall

ii The Forbidden City

e What is the boy worried about when using the magic carpet?

i It will get lost.

ii It will get caught in the rain.

2. Match the places and what the boy will see there.

Place What the boy will see

Egypt  snowy mountains

Europe

China

Himalayas

Africa

the River Nile and the Pyramids

jungles with wild animals

the Great Wall

London, Paris and Rome

3. Answer the questions in one to two sentences.

a Who is ‘I’ in the poem?

b Why does the boy keep the magic carpet rolled up under his bed?

c Why does the boy want to travel by magic carpet?

d Name all the places that the boy sees.

e Explain why a soaking wet carpet cannot fly.

4. Read these lines from the poem and answer the questions. I want to travel around the world for fun, And see different lands, one by one. But I would not like to travel by aeroplane, train, or by car –I would like to have a magic carpet that will take me afar.

a What does the boy want to do?

b How would the boy not want to travel?

c What does the boy wish to have?

Big Idea

You set out on an adventure on your magic carpet! Pack your bag with the most important items you will take with you. Write why you want to take them along.

My Magic Adventure!

For this adventure, I will need: 1. 2. 3.

The first item I need is... because...

The second item I need is... because...

The third item I need is... because... When I go on my magic carpet adventure, I will feel...

Vocabulary

1. Match the travel words and the pictures. In your notebook, make sentences with the words.

passport

boarding pass

camera luggage taxi

TRAVELING ELEMENTS

2. Read the words aloud. Write the names in the correct line.

Hint Box:

Land transport

Water transport

Air transport

The mood of a poem is how it makes you feel.

What is the mood of the poem ‘Travel for Fun’?

The mood of the poem is . carefree  imaginative  playful  jovial  dreamy

List two lines from the poem that made you choose this word.

My Travel Journal

Project 2

You’re going to make a fun Picture Travel Journal to show where you went for your vacation. Whether it’s a trip to a museum, a tourist spot or a visit to your grandparents’ house, share what you saw, what you ate, and the special moments you had.

What you need for the project

• A4-size sheet

• Glue or tape

• Markers, crayons, or coloured pencils

• Scissors

• Photos or drawings of the places you visited

• Stickers or other decorations (optional)

Steps:

• Fold an A4-sheet to make a card. Decorate the front page with the title ‘My Travel Journal’ and your name. You can also draw or add a picture of the places you visited.

• On the inside, write about the places you visited, what you saw and interesting or fun things you did, on one side.

• On the other page, write about the food you ate, new things you tried, your favourite dishes, and how you felt about the trip.

• Paste or draw pictures of your trip in your journal.

• Make your journal colourful by adding doodles, stickers, or decorations.

Finally, present your travel journal in class.

Teamwork

7 . The Story of Helen Keller

Imagine your friend has broken an arm and was absent from school for a long time. Discuss in class how you would help your friend in the following situations.

Helen Keller was a little girl who fell sick at a young age. Her life changed forever but with time, she became stronger. Today, the story of her courage is known around the world. What did she do, and who helped her? Let us read about Helen Keller’s journey.

Let’s Read

Helen Keller and her family lived in a small town in America. She was like any other child and loved to play, laugh, and explore the world around her. When she was almost two years old, she became very ill. She got better, but she could no longer see or hear.

Think and Tell

Talking Book

As Helen grew up, she realised that she was different. Her mother taught her to express herself by pointing and nodding or shaking her head. She was a clever child and was always learning new things. At the age of five, she knew how to fold clothes and where to put them. Sometimes, when people spoke, Helen would touch their lips. When she could not understand what they were saying or they did not understand her, she would kick and scream until she was exhausted.

Why do you think Helen would kick and scream?

express: say what she thought or wanted to exhausted: very tired

The third of March, 1887, was the most wonderful day of Helen’s life. She met an incredible teacher named Anne Sullivan. Miss Sullivan was kind and patient with Helen and soon she was learning numbers, letters and words. Miss Sullivan started off by using her fingers to spell words on the palm of Helen’s hand. For a long time, Helen did not understand and would pull back her hand or sometimes show anger but Miss Sullivan didn’t give up.

One day, while they were at the water pump, Miss Sullivan spelt ‘W-AT-E-R’ in Helen’s palm while letting water flow over it. Suddenly, Helen understood! She realised that the cool liquid flowing over her hand was called ‘water.’

‘W-A-T-E-R!’ Helen spelt back, a huge smile spreading across her face. Helen was overjoyed! She quickly learnt more words by spelling them out. It was like learning a new secret language. Helen’s family joined in too. ‘Look, Helen, this is a D-O-L-L,’ her mother spelt , handing her a favourite toy. They practised spelling words with Helen every day. They were a team, working together to help Helen understand the world around her.

Sign language is a special way of talking using your hands and fingers to help people who cannot hear. September 23 is celebrated as International Sign Language Day every year. Did You Know?

incredible: extraordinary

When she was eight, Helen started attending the Perkins Institution where she learnt braille, a form of writing that can be read by feeling raised dots on a page. Once she could read, she was taught to speak by Miss Fuller. Now Helen could communicate with other children.

As Helen grew older, she faced many challenges, but she didn’t face them alone. With Miss Sullivan by her side, and with the support of her family, Helen completed school and went to college where she was one of the best students!

Helen became a well-known writer and speaker. She and Miss Sullivan travelled around the world, sharing Helen’s story and making people aware of what blind and deaf people could achieve. Miss Sullivan stayed at Helen’s side for 49 years as her guide and friend

In a note to Miss Sullivan Helen wrote, ‘Dear Teacher, You showed me that alone we can do so little and together we can do so much.’

Helen Keller became the first person with visual and hearing challenges to get a college degree. Did You Know?

Think and Tell

Why was Helen Keller so thankful to Miss Sullivan?

challenges: difficulties or problems achieve: good things they could do

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Write True or False.

a Helen Keller was born without the ability to see or hear.

b Miss Sullivan was a kind nurse who helped Helen.

c Helen understood the word ‘fire’ the first time Miss Sullivan spelt it on her hand.

d Helen learned to read and write with the help of her family and Miss Sullivan.

e Helen Keller went to college and later became a writer and a speaker.

2. Tick () the correct answers.

a How did Helen’s mother first teach her to express herself?

i By teaching her to read braille. ii By teaching her to speak.

iii By teaching her to point and nod or shake her head.

b What did Helen do when she could not understand what people were saying or when they did not understand her?

i She would touch their lips. ii She would kick and scream.

iii She would write notes to them.

c What message did Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan share with the world?

i Blind and deaf people cannot achieve much.

ii Blind and deaf people can achieve great things.

iii It is impossible to teach someone who is blind and deaf.

3. Answer the questions in one or two sentences.

a What happened to Helen when she was a baby?

b What was Miss Sullivan’s special way of teaching Helen?

c How did Helen’s family help her learn new words?

d What was Helen Keller able to achieve as she grew older?

e What did Helen write in the note to Miss Sullivan?

Think and Answer

Read the actions of the people in the story. Then, write what you think Helen thinks or feels.

Actions What Helen thinks or feels

When people spoke, Helen would touch their lips.

what they are trying to say

Helen thinks about . Miss Sullivan used her fingers to spell words on Helen’s palm.

Helen thinks . Helen would not understand anything and pull back her hand.

Helen feels . Helen writes a letter to Miss Sullivan. Helen feels .

Big Idea

Helen, her family and Miss Sullivan teach us the important lesson of teamwork.

Write down a goal you want to achieve in the future. It could be learning a new sport, being more organised with school work or making a new friend. Then, list who can help you reach your goal and how. For example: Goal: Improve my grades in Maths.

People who can help me: My father, My teacher, My grandmother

1. My father can help me practise. He can give me some questions to work on every day and check my progress.

2. My teacher can help me by explaining the concepts again.

3. My grandmother can help me learn my tables.

Pronounce Well

Listen to the words here.

Short vowel sounds are: a in at, e in egg, i in ink, o in hot and u in up.

Long vowel sounds are said like the name of the letter in the alphabet –The A sound in ape, E in see, I in kite, O in old and U in tube.

Read these words aloud.

Short Vowel Sound

cat fish bed dog pig cup

Long Vowel Sound

kite bake boat team tube feast

If you slowly say a short vowel and a long vowel word, you will be able to notice the difference—mat and mate, set and seat, bit and bite, cot and coat, tub and tube.

Read the words in the box aloud. Then, write them in the correct box.

Hint Box: duty   cope   kind   doll   kick   upset

Short Vowel Sounds

Long Vowel Sounds

Now, complete the sentences with the words in the box.

a Helen hugged her favourite when she was sad.

b Miss Sullivan was very to Helen.

c Helen’s teacher felt it was her to help Helen learn.

d Helen would and scream when she was .

e Helen learnt to with her fears.

Vocabulary

There are words that can be used to explain other words. For example: the word ‘fruit’ can be used for apples, oranges watermelons, and plums.

Find one word for the items below.

• car, truck, ship:

• sunny, rainy, windy:

• shirt, jeans, dress:

• square, circle, triangle:

• pen, paper, eraser:

Complete the sentences with the words.

a We should wear clean to school every day.

b I need some new when I go back to school.

c We can use different to make a drawing.

d The smoke from can cause air pollution.

e The is so pleasant today.

Prepositions

Prepositions of time: These words tell us when something happens.

Prepositions of time

Meaning

Remember!

Prepositions (Position words) tell us where something is, where it is moving or when something happens.

Examples at

We use at for the exact time. Our school starts at 8 o’clock. on

We use on for days and dates. I play football on Wednesdays. I will see you on the 3rd of July. in We use in for months or years. My birthday is in September. I was born in 2016. before

We use before for things that happen first. I will say goodbye before I go. after

We use after for things that happen next. I will see you after the match.

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition of time.

a Miss Sullivan came (in/on) the morning.

b Helen’s mother helped Helen practise her spelling (on/at) noon.

c Her birthday is on 7 June, two days (on/before) mine.

d Helen hugged Miss Sullivan (in/on) her birthday.

e Helen went to college (at/after) school.

Prepositions of place: These words tell where something is placed.

Prepositions of place

Meaning Examples at

We use at to show a specific place. I will meet you at the station. on

We use on to show something touching the top of something else.

The ball is on the table. in

We use in to show that something is inside. My father is in the kitchen. behind

We use behind to show something further back, usually hidden by something.

The mouse is behind the clock, so I cannot see it. under

We use under to show something below another thing.

The dog is under the table.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions of place.

a Helen is her library.

b There are many books the shelves.

c The trees are the water pump.

d Miss Sullivan and Helen are the water pump.

e Helen’s hand is the tap.

Prepositions of movement: These words tell us how something moves or in which direction.

Preposition of movement

Meaning up

We use up to show movement to a higher position. down

We use down to show movement to a lower position. around

We use around to show movement in a circular direction. through We use through to show movement from one end to another within something.

3. Match the pictures and the correct prepositions of movement.

Hint Box: Look at the arrows to understand the direction.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Hint Box: water   success   river   trees   animals   well

a The near the village had dried up.

b Villagers needed water for their crops and .

c The villagers dug channels to bring from another river.

d Some of the villagers built a to collect rainwater.

e The children helped by planting in the village.

f The villagers celebrated the of their teamwork. Practise speaking here.

Speak Well

Sit in groups of four. Share your thoughts on the words ‘Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much’. You may use the sentence starters given below.

Sharing personal experiences:

• Once, when I worked with my friends, we . Expressing ideas and opinions:

• I think teamwork is important because .

• When we help each other, it makes me feel .

Listening to others:

• I agree with what you said about .

Asking questions:

• How did you feel when we worked together?

• Why is it important to help each other?

Listen carefully to the other members and wait for your turn to speak.

Participate and share your ideas. Use kind words and listen to what others have to say, even if you don’t agree.

Stay on the topic of discussion.

Write Well

A poster should have three parts: Title, images and a message or a slogan.

Title: Give a title that is catchy and sounds good when it is read.

Images: Draw or paste in pictures on the topic. You may add one big picture or many smaller ones.

Message/Slogan: Write a short sentence or a phrase related to the theme. It should be crisp and catchy. It can include a rhyme.

Working Together

Form a group of four. Make a poster on ‘Teamwork’.

Teamwork is Dreamwork

Protecting Animals

8 . Carpet Sahib

Discuss your ideas in class. Get Set

There are many animals that live in the wild. What can we do to see that these animals are safe? 1.

Many years ago, in a small village, a man-eating tiger started attacking humans. The villagers were helpless and needed someone to protect them. They went to Carpet Sahib for help. Who was Carpet Sahib? What did he do to help the villagers? Let us read the story to find out.

Let’s Read

The moon shone brightly over the thick jungle of Nainital as Jim Corbett moved quietly through the bushes. The night was silent, and every sound made Jim’s heart beat faster.

Talking Book

‘Please, Carpet Sahib, you must help us,’ the villagers had begged him earlier that day. ‘The leopard is attacking our people. We are too scared to go outside.’ The villagers trusted Jim and called him Carpet Sahib because they could not say his surname. He knew that a leopard could be dangerous and that he had to help his friends.

Jim Corbett was a hunter, but he did a lot to protect wildlife in India. He was also a good photographer. He took beautiful photos of wild animals and used them to talk to people about how to care for animals and nature.

begged: asked for something again and again protect: look after and keep safe photographer: person who takes photos

Think and Tell Why did Jim’s heart beat faster?

Jim entered the forest with a guard or two and waited patiently at the spot where the cat was last seen. The thick trees did not let any moonlight through, making it very difficult to see in the darkness. Suddenly, Jim heard it—a low growl that made his heart race. The leopard was close.

Jim and his guards held their guns tightly, listening very carefully. There, in the distance, he saw two glowing eyes. The leopard was watching him. It moved with a limp—the leopard had been hurt. Jim felt sad for the leopard. He realised it might be attacking people because it was very hungry and humans were easy prey.

Jim decided to set a trap to capture the leopard without hurting it. He found a safe spot and put food for the cat inside a cage. Then, he waited again, his heart pounding. The jungle was silent except for the rustle of leaves.

Minutes felt like hours. Finally, the leopard came out of the shadows, drawn in by the smell of the food. It walked slowly at first, and then, with a quick move, entered the cage. The door closed behind it.

Jim walked slowly to the cage. ‘It’s okay, my friend,’ he whispered. ‘I am here to help.’

Jim called for the village doctor, and together, they treated the leopard’s injured leg. The villagers watched as Jim gently cared for the big cat. Over time, the leopard got stronger and healthier. When the leopard was well enough, Jim and the villagers released it back into the wild. The leopard looked at Jim one last time, as if saying thank you, before disappearing into the jungle. The villagers were safe again.

growl: a low, angry sound made by an animal made his heart race: made him very excited and scared

prey: a person or animal being hunted capture: catch

Think and Tell

What was the leopard feeling when it looked at Jim for one last time?

his heart pounding: his heart beating very fast

rustle: a soft sound of something moving treated: gave care and help injured: hurt

released: to let something go free

Jim then spent even more time in the village teaching the villagers about animals and helping them understand the jungle and its creatures. Jim showed them how to stay safe and live peacefully with the wildlife around them.

To keep the villagers and animals safe, he built a high wall around the village of Chhoti Haldwani. This wall kept the tigers and leopards away from the village. The wall is still there today.

Wherever he went, Jim taught children why it is important to protect nature and wild animals. His good work led to the creation of India’s first national park, now called the Jim Corbett National Park. This park is home to many tigers and other animals that now live safely in the jungle. Through his actions and teachings, Jim Corbett showed that the villagers and wild animals could live together in peace.

Think and Tell

Why should we protect nature and animals?

peacefully: without trouble

wildlife: animals living in nature creation: making or building

National Park: an area that a country sets aside to protect nature and wildlife

The Jim Corbett National Park is in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It was opened in 1936 and is the oldest national park in India.

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box.

Hint Box: leopard   trap   protect   injured   wall

a Jim Corbett went into the jungle to the villagers.

b Jim set up a with food inside to capture the leopard.

c The had a hurt leg.

d Jim and the village doctor treated the leopard’s leg.

e Jim built a high around the village to keep the leopards away.

2. Number the events of the story, 1–5, in the correct order.

a They treat the leopard and look after it until it is well.

b Jim and his helpers find the leopard and see it is hurt.

c They set the leopard free in the forest.

d The villagers ask for help, as a leopard is attacking people.

e Jim decides to set a trap for the leopard.

3. Answer the questions in one or two sentences.

a Why did the villagers call Jim Corbett ‘Carpet Sahib’?

b How did Jim and the guards know that the leopard was close?

c Why did the leopard start catching people instead of animals?

d Why did Jim spend more time in the village after they released the leopard?

e What was India’s first national park called? Why was it created?

Think and Answer

Answer the questions.

a Find another expression in the text that means almost the same as, ‘Jim’s heart beat faster’.

b Choose one sentence that shows that Jim really cares about the leopard.

c Write the words from the passage that show that the leopard did not get better quickly.

d How would you describe the look that the leopard gives Jim when they release it?

It gave Jim a look.

Big Idea

In India, there are more than three hundred types of animals that are endangered. As a student, write what can you do at your school and at home to protect these animals?

Some of India’s endangered animals:

Bengal Tiger Gharial

Great Indian Bustard

Pronounce Well

Read these words aloud.

ch words with a /ch/ sound

chop chip

chain chest

cheese lunch

Listen to the words here.

ch words with a /k/ sound

ache chorus echo stomach school character

Look at the ch-words in the sentences. Write ch or k based on the sound. Then, read the sentences aloud.

a The baby birds chirp loudly when their stomachs are empty.

b There is chaos when this angry elephant charges through the forest.

c Our school wins every choir competition.

d Your chest aches when you have a cough.

e The ship’s anchor was tied to a chain.

Vocabulary

1. There are some words that usually go together. Match these pairs and then say them aloud.

endangered  tricks

animal  fire

national  animals

monkey  pond

duck  kingdom

forest  park

In your notebook, make three sentences with any of the word pairs you matched.

2. Look at the pictures. Fill in the prefixes re- or un- to complete the words. Make sentences with each word in your notebook.

Remember!

A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. For example: tidy- untidy; use-reuse

3. Complete the sentences by adding a suffix from the box to the words in brackets.

Hint Box: -ess   -ful   -less   -ness   -ly   -ers

a Rangers are the of animals. (protect)

b Rangers can give people information. (help)

c The actions of people can harm animals. (care)

d The zookeeper handles the animals . (safe)

e A female lion is called a . (lion)

f We should show to animals. (kind)

Go

Grammar

The Simple Present Tense

• We use the simple present tense to talk about things that happen every day. These can be habits. For example: The rangers pump water every morning.

We use different forms of doing words (verbs) to show the time things happen.

• There are also things that are true all the time. In such sentences, we always use the simple form of the doing word (verb). For example: Cows are mammals.

Don’t forget that the simple form of the verb may need -s or -es.

Action done by

He (Ankit)

She (Anu)

Form of doing word (verb)

It (The moon) is -s or -es form of the verb

Ankit is a boy. Anju is a girl. The moon shines at night. Remember!

Examples of facts that are always true

Action done by

You (One or more)

We (Anu and I)

Form of doing word (verb)

They (Reptiles) are simple form of the verb

I am am simple verb

Examples of facts that are always true

You are from India. (one) You are all from India. Anu and I are from Raipur. Frogs and crocodiles are reptiles. Reptiles have scales.

Owls catch their prey at night.

I am a girl. I belong to the human race.

The Present Continuous Tense

• The present continuous tense is used to show that actions are happening or continue at the time of speaking.

Here, is, are and am are helping verbs. The main verb takes -ing.

Look, the bird is building a nest!

We use the is/are/am + ing form of the verb.

For example:

The rangers are busy pumping water for the animals.

1. A. Underline the verbs in the sentences to see how they are different. Write (SP) if the sentence is in the simple present and (PC) if the sentence is in the present continuous tense.

a The sun usually shines during the day. The sun is shining at the moment.

b Is the earth moving around the sun now? The earth moves around the sun.

c There are rules in the Jim Corbett National Park. The people in that car are breaking the rules!

d Metu, why aren’t you reading the rules?

I always study the rules given at the park gate.

B. Write what you noticed about the verbs in each tense. How are they different?

2. Look at the picture and fill in the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

a The jaguar (watch) its prey.

b Look, it (sit) very still.

c Jaguars (be) the third biggest cat after tigers and lions.

d You (see) them mostly in the Amazon jungle.

e Their numbers (decrease) because people keep on (cut) down trees in the forest.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen to the passage carefully. Tick () the correct answers.

a Where did the sea turtles lay their eggs?

i In the ocean ii On the beach iii In the forest

b What problem did the turtles face?

i There were too many people on the beach.

ii There was a lot of garbage on the beach.

iii There were many birds on the beach.

c Who decided to help the turtles?

i The parents ii The children iii The fishermen

d What did the children do to help the turtles?

i They built nests for the turtles.

ii They cleaned up the beach.

iii They moved the eggs to a different place.

e How did the children’s efforts help the turtles?

i The turtles could lay their eggs safely.

ii The turtles found new homes.

iii The baby turtles stayed out of the sea.

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Interview a person in your community, like a vet, a farmer, or someone who knows a lot about or helps birds and other animals.

• Step 1: Decide who you will talk to.

• Step 2: Write down the questions you will ask. Some ideas have been given below.

• Step 3: Remember to introduce yourself at the start and thank the person at the end.

• Step 4: You can record the interview so that you can play it to your classmates. Remember to first ask the person you interview for their permission to record what is said.

Some interview questions:

When did your interest in animals start?

What is the most interesting thing you have done? How long have you been ….?

Write Well

We write an invitation to ask someone to come to an event. An invitation has five sections.

Model Answer

Invitation

Protecting Bat Habitats

Date: Saturday, 15 July 2025

Time: 2–4 p.m.

Where: Central School Hall

Location

Join us for a talk by Dr Rambani of the Wildlife Society to learn more about this interesting topic.

Date and Time

Event Name

No bats, no chocolate!

Details Image

Invite friends and their parents to a tree-planting event in a nearby park. Give your invitation a heading and use the correct format.

Grammar Worksheet 4

Personal and Possessive

Pronouns

1. Write the personal pronouns for this family.

a Our family:

b Bhushan:

c Sia:

d The dog:

e Mother, Father Bhushan and Sia:

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive pronouns.

a The suitcase belongs to Bushan. He says it is (he) and not (me).

b Our parents say we are (they).

c I also have a travel pillow. My friend says it is not as cute as (he). We

d These pieces of luggage are (us). We have to carry them.

e I may not play with my sister’s dolls. She says they are (she) and not (me).

3. Underline the personal pronouns and circle the possessive pronouns in the sentences.

a Basava and Sundari liked to go to the market. They went to buy groceries.

b Basava said, ‘I think my bike is faster than yours.’

c Sundari said, ‘We will see who reaches there first.’

d They parked their bikes and went to the shop.

e The shopkeeper asked them, ‘Are these bikes yours?’

Grammar Worksheet 5 Prepositions of Time, Place and Movement

1. Look at the pictures. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions of place.

Hint Box: on  above  in  under  between

a The dog is the box. b The dog is the box.

c The dog is the box.

d The dog is the boxes.

e  The dog jumps the box.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition of time or place.

a Helen started reading books (after/before) a few years.

b Miss Tanya placed her bag (under/in) the chair.

c Before joining the team (in/by) January, Sam used to work alone.

d He had a great time with his team (before/on) the first day.

e The team is standing (behind/under) the coach in the picture.

3. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box.

Hint Box: around  through  up  down  behind

a She climbed the hill.

b The children must run the field twice.

c The train passed a tunnel.

d You can hide the ball the cupboard.

e The see-saw goes up and .

Grammar Worksheet 6

Present Tense: Simple and Continuous

1. Write the correct doing words to complete the sentences about what happens in a camp every morning.

Hint Box: start   wake up   drink   go   get

a We all very early.

b One person a fire.

c Someone else to fetch water for coffee.

d The rest of us our things to get ready for the trek.

e We all coffee before we leave.

2. Fill in the doing words to make sentences about what is happening in the jungle right now.

Hint Box: swing   read   carry   fly   walk

a The explorers through the jungle.

b They bags on their backs.

c One explorer a map.

d A monkey from the branches.

e The butterflies around.

3. Make sentences in the simple present and in the present continuous tense. Use the verb and the time words given.

a Shine Always: Right now:

b Look Always: Right now:

c Care Always: Right now:

d Feed Always: Right now:

Name of the Student:

Class: 3

Roll Number:

Practice Time-2

Section:

Date:

Section – A (Reading and Vocabulary — 20 marks)

Read the story and answer the questions.

Mariam and Priya went on a school trip to the desert. While exploring the desert, they found an old bottle buried in the sand. When they opened it, a whirlwind of sand swirled around them, and suddenly, they were riding on a giant camel made of sand! The camel took them on a wild ride through the desert, past sand dunes and ancient ruins. As they held on tight, the camel stopped at a hidden oasis with glowing flowers. They found a mysterious message written on the rocks: ‘Come back here when you need another adventure.’ Mariam and Priya knew they would be back someday.

1. Number the events 1 to 5 in the correct order. (5 marks)

a A whirlwind of sand swirled around them when they opened the bottle.

b The camel stopped at a hidden oasis with glowing flowers.

c Mariam and Priya found an old bottle buried in the sand.

d Mariam and Priya rode through the desert on a giant camel made of sand.

e They discovered a mysterious message written on the rocks at the oasis.

2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (5 marks)

a What did Mariam and Priya find buried in the sand?

b What happened when they opened the old bottle?

c Name three things that Mariam and Priya saw in the desert.

d Why did Mariam and Priya have to hold onto the camel tight?

e What did the message on the rocks at the oasis say?

3. Choose the correct synonym for the words in the story based on the given meaning. (2 marks)

a Which word in the story means the same as ‘twirled’ which means a fast and spinning circular movement.

i camel ii swirled iii oasis

b Which word in the story means the same as ‘shining’ which means giving out light?

i sand ii glowing iii ruins

Read the following poem and answer the questions. A journey begins with a map in hand, Through mountains high and golden sand. We sail on boats and climb up trees, Chasing the breeze and feeling the ease.

We find new friends and explore each land, With every step, the adventure is grand. From hidden caves to skies so blue, Each new place brings something new.

With hearts so brave and eyes so wide, Travelling is magic, a joyful ride!

4. Complete the summary of the poem. (6 marks)

The poem is about a which starts with a map in hand. It takes us through and . We travel on boats and climb trees, enjoying the and feeling at ease. Along the way, we meet and explore different lands. Each step makes the adventure grand, from discovering to seeing skies so blue. Every new place brings something new and exciting.

5. Find the opposite of these words from the poem. (2 marks)

a low:

b difficulty:

Section – B (Grammar — 8 marks)

6. Fill in the blanks with the correct personal pronouns. (3 marks)

a Mariam and Priya went on a school trip to the desert. were excited to explore the sandy landscape.

b They saw a camel. took them on a thrilling ride.

c They saw a rock with a message. It said, ‘Come back here when need another adventure.’

7. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb ‘to be’: is, was, or were. (2 marks)

a The giant camel made of sand.

b Mariam and Priya excited about their adventure.

c We saw the hidden oasis that full of glowing flowers.

d Our school planning an adventurous trip next month.

8. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions up, through, around, and down. (3 marks)

a The ride the mountain was beautiful.

b We walked the forest to reach the hidden waterfall.

c The river flowed the mountain, sparkling in the sunlight.

Section – C (Writing — 12 marks)

9. Mariam is writing about her adventure in her diary. She talks about what she did, saw and felt. Complete the diary entry (6 marks)

Dear diary,

Today was an amazing day! Priya and I went on a thrilling adventure. We went to . We saw so many wonderful things, like . We even had a chance to . I felt .

(where you went)

(what you saw) (fun activity you did) (feeling words)

By the end of the day, we were tired but so happy. I can’t wait for our next adventure.

Good night!

Mariam

10. Read the story and write a different ending. (6 marks)

Riya and Arjun went on a boat trip across the lake. Suddenly, there was a big storm. Riya felt scared, but Arjun stayed calm and used his map to guide them to a small island. They found shelter and waited until the storm had passed. Once the weather cleared, they paddled back safely. They were relieved and happy to have made it through the adventure together. Their bravery made them feel like true explorers!

Name of the Student:

Class: 3

Roll Number:

Practice Time-3

Section:

Date:

Section – A (Reading and Vocabulary — 20 marks)

Read the story and answer the questions.

Amit and his elder sister, Anaya loved visiting the jungle near their village. One day, while exploring the jungle, they heard a loud noise coming from a cave. Inside they found a tiger cub stuck in a trap! The cub’s mother roared outside, worried and anxious.

Amit and Anaya knew they had to help. They ran to the village to ask for help. A group of villagers came back with them. First, they lured the tigress into a cage. Then, they carefully used a stick to unlock the trap and set the tiger cub free. The relieved tigress nuzzled her cub with love and affection. Just then, the forest ranger arrived and promised to remove all the dangerous traps from the forest to keep the animals safe.

The villagers were delighted to see the tigress and her cub walk away. They patted Amit and Anaya on their backs for their bravery and kindness. The two children were proud. They had saved the baby tiger and helped protect their jungle friends.

1. Match the characters and their actions. (5 marks)

Characters

Actions

The cub used a stick to unlock the trap

Amit and Anaya nuzzled her cub in affection

The villagers ran to get help

The tigress promised to remove dangerous traps

The forest ranger was caught in a trap

2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (5 marks)

a How did Amit and Anaya know there was something in the cave?

b How did Amit and Anaya help the tiger cub?

c How did the villagers help?

d What did the forest ranger promise to do?

e Why did the villagers pat Amit and Anaya on their backs?

3. Use the suffix in the box to complete the sentences. (2 marks)

Hint Box: -ess  -ful  -less  -ness  -ly  -ers

a The children showed (kind) by helping the tiger’s cub.

b The forest ranger promised to make the jungle (harm) by removing the traps.

c The villagers were (care) not to hurt the cub.

d The villagers rescued the tiger cub (courageous).

Read the following poem and answer the questions given below.

In the jungle bright and green, Lives a tiger, strong and keen. We must protect and keep them clear From hidden traps, dangers near,

With gentle hands and hearts kind, We help the animals we find. A monkey swings from tree to tree, While birds sing songs so wild and free.

Keep them safe in every way, In the jungle, every day. So let’s be heroes, young and true, And guard the wildlife, me and you!

4. Write True or False. (5 marks)

a The poem is about protecting animals in the zoo.

b A tiger needs protection from hidden traps.

c The poem encourages us to be heroes and save wildlife.

d The birds are scared and are hiding in the trees.

e A monkey swings from tree to tree.

5. Answer the questions in one sentence. (3 marks)

a According to the poem, how should we help animals?

b Why does the poet use the word ‘heroes’ for the children?

c What is the main message of the poem?

Section – B (Grammar — 8 marks)

6. Rewrite the sentence with the past tense form of the underlined verbs. (3 marks)

a The cat jumps over the fence. .

b The dog runs in the park.

c The tiger roars for help.

7. Rewrite the simple present sentence to present continuous tense. (3 marks)

a Nisha goes to the animal shelter every day. Right now, .

b Naman bathes his pet and brushes his teeth. At the moment, .

c Mother treats the injured animal. Look, .

8. Underline the verbs that show that the actions will happen in the future. (2 marks)

a The cat will play with a toy.

b Bruno will bark as the postman comes closer.

c We will visit the zoo next weekend.

d The parrot will fly to the top of the cage.

Section – C (Writing — 12 marks)

9. Complete the conversation between Riya and Arjun. (4 marks)

Riya: Hey Arjun, did you know that many animals are in danger because of ?

I think we can . (reason for danger) (action to help)

Arjun: Yes, I heard about that. We should do something to help them.

Riya: We can start by and telling others about it. Every little bit helps!

(activity) (additional action)

Arjun: Great idea! I’ll also and encourage my friends to join us.

10. Write an invitation to your classmates asking them to join you in taking care of the animals at the local animal shelter. (8 marks)

Hint Box:

Include the name of the event, date, time, place and other details like what they could bring with them for the animals at the shelter.

Invitation

Date: Time: Where: We will . (draw here) (Event name)

6 Division

What Division Means

Sera, Mona and Amir have come to Soham’s house to play. Soham’s mother baked cookies for the kids.

Soham, here are 12 cookies. Place an equal number of cookies on 4 plates.

Soham placed the cookies equally on 4 plates. All the kids enjoyed the cookies.

Understanding Division

Soham’s mother asked him to share 12 cookies equally among four plates. Equal sharing is also known as division. In other words, division helps us share or separate things into equal parts. It is represented by the “÷” sign. Let us see how Soham distributed the cookies across four plates!

Equal Sharing

Soham distributed 12 cookies across 4 plates and, each plate had 3 cookies.

Example 1: Swapna has 24 candies. She gives 8 candies to each of her friends. Among how many friends does Swapna share the candies?

Number of candies Swapna has = 24

Number of candies she shares with each friend = 8

To find the number of friends, we will make groups of 8 candies. 8

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

As there are 3 groups of 8 candies, Swapna shares the candies among 3 friends.

Division as Repeated Subtraction

Komal has 20 coins, and she wants to put 5 coins in each pouch. How many pouches does she need? Let us help her divide 20 by 5 using repeated subtraction.

Subtract 5 from 20 until we get 0.

Remember!

Always count how many times the number has been subtracted, not the number itself.

Count the number of times 5 has been subtracted.

We subtracted 5 four times. So, there are four 5s in 20. Hence, Komal requires 4 pouches to keep the coins.

Example 2: How many 7s are there in 21?

Subtract 7 from 21 until we get 0.

Count how many times 7 has been subtracted.

We subtracted seven 3 times. So, there are three 7s in 21.

Circle the objects to share them equally among the number of people shown.

a 4 people

b 7 people

c 9 people

Colour an equal number of balloons in red, blue and green.

Look at the picture. Draw apples to show an equal number of apples in each basket. Fill in the blanks.

Total number of apples =

Number of baskets =

Number of apples in each basket =

Divide using the repeated subtraction method.

a  How many 1s are there in 9?

c  How many 9s are there in 27?

b  How many 11s are there in 22?

d  How many 8s are there in 32?

Kartik helps his parents with household chores. Today he helped his mother cook. Kartik made 15 rotis. If there are 5 family members in the house and each gets an equal number of rotis, how many rotis will each member get?

Naina has 36 matchsticks. If she uses 3 matchsticks every day, how many days will it take her to use up all the matchsticks?

Division and Multiplication

Sudha and Vishal go to the market to sell oranges. Vishal asks, “How many oranges do you have Sudha?”

I have 6 baskets with 4 oranges in each basket. How many oranges do you have?

I have 24 oranges in 6 baskets.

After reaching the market they find that they have an equal number of oranges in each of their baskets.

Writing Divison Sentences

Sudha has 6 baskets with 4 oranges in each basket.

Vishal has 24 oranges in 6 baskets.

So, 24 divided among 6 groups will have 4 each.

Remember!

Division is all about sharing or distributing things into equal groups. On the other hand, multiplication is like adding equal groups of things together.

This can be written as: 24 (number of oranges) ÷ 6 (number of baskets) = 4 (number of oranges in each basket)

This is called ‘Dividend’.

This is called ‘Divisor’.

This is called ‘Quotient’.

The above division can be given as:

Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient, where:

Dividend = The number which is being divided.

Divisor = The number which divides a given number.

Quotient = The number we obtain when we divide one number by another.

Division and Multiplication Facts

In the above example, we saw that 6 × 4 = 24 and 24 ÷ 6 = 4. This tells us that division and multiplication are closely related.

Using the dividend, divisor and quotient, the division and multiplication facts can be given as:

Division fact = Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient or Dividend ÷ Quotient = Divisor

Multiplication fact = Quotient × Divisor = Dividend

Multiplication fact

6 × 4 = 24

Remember!

For most multiplication facts, there are two division facts.

Division fact

24 ÷ 6 = 4

24 ÷ 4 = 6

Error Alert!

A multiplication fact is given as: Quotient × Divisor = Dividend For 10 ÷ 2 = 5.

2 × 10 = 5

Example 3: Write the multiplication fact for 32 ÷ 8 = 4.

Dividend = 32, Divisor = 8, Quotient = 4

Multiplication fact = Quotient × Divisor = Dividend

Therefore, the multiplication fact for 32 ÷ 8 = 4 is 4 × 8 = 32.

Example 4: Write the division facts for 12 × 3 = 36.

Here the dividend is 36. Both 12 and 3 can be the divisor.

So, the division facts are 36 ÷ 3 = 12 and 36 ÷ 12 = 3.

5 × 2 = 10

Using Multiplication Tables

We can use the multiplication tables to help us with division.

Suppose we want to divide 12 bananas equally among 3 children. As we need to divide 12 items among 3 children, we will use the multiplication table of 3 and see how many times 3 is 12.

We can see that, 3 times 4 equals 12. Therefore, each child will get 4 bananas.

Example 5: Find 54 ÷ 6 using the multiplication table.

We look for the multiplication fact that gives us 54 when multiplied by 6.

In the multiplication table for 6, we find that 6 × 9 = 54.

Therefore, 54 ÷ 6 = 9.

Properties of Division

There are four properties of division.

1 When we divide any number by 1, we get the same number.

For example, 2 ÷ 1 = 2.

From the given repeated subtraction, we can say that there are two 1s in 2.

2 When we divide any number by itself, the answer is always 1.

For example, 8 ÷ 8 = 1.

From the repeated subtraction, we can say that there is one 8 in 8.

3 When we divide 0 by any number, the answer is always 0.

For example, 0 ÷ 6 = 0.

If 0 things are divided among 6 children, each child will get nothing. Therefore, 0 divided by a number always equals 0.

This can be seen using repeated subtraction as given:

We will keep on subtracting 0 from the number but will not get 0 as the answer.

Example 6: Find 26 ÷ 1.

When we divide any number by 1, we get the same number. Therefore, 26 ÷ 1 = 26.

Example 7: Find 54 ÷ 54.

When we divide any number by itself, the answer is always 1.

Did You Know?

Brahmagupta was an Indian mathematician who taught us important rules for dividing numbers and even explained what happens when you try to divide by zero.

Do It Yourself 6B

Answer the following using the properties of division.

a  25 ÷ 1 b  12 ÷ 0 c  0 ÷ 5

d  9 ÷ 9 e  0 ÷ 3 f  15 ÷ 0

Fill in the blanks using multiplication tables. a  60 ÷ 6 =

Write the division facts for the multiplication facts.

a  7 × 4 = 28 b  5 × 9 = 45 c  3 × 6 = 18

d  8 × 2 = 16 e  10 × 3 = 30 f  6 × 7 = 42

Find the divisor. Dividend Divisor Quotient a

There are 18 cream rolls at a party. If each child gets 1 cream roll, how many children are there at the party?

A teacher had 45 notebooks to be distributed among 9 students so that each student gets 5 notebooks. Write the multiplication fact.

A group of students is conducting a project to clean up litter from a beach. They collected 36 pieces of trash in one hour. If they want to divide the trash equally into 4 bags for proper disposal, how many pieces of trash will go into each bag?

Create a word problem involving division of two numbers. Also write the multiplication fact.

Setting: In groups of 5

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Materials Required: 30 paper sticks for each group, pen and paper

Method:

1  Distribute the sticks among the groups.

2 The teams need to use the sticks and make as many equal groups of sticks as possible.

3 The teams will write down the multiplication and division facts for the groups formed in their notebook.

4 The team that makes the most correct groups wins!

Chapter Checkup

1  Circle the objects to share them equally among the number of people shown.

2 Divide using the repeated subtraction method.

a  24 ÷ 3

÷

3 Write the multiplication fact for the given division facts. a  36 ÷ 3 = 12

4 Write two division facts for each multiplication fact.

a 9 × 5 = 45 b 4 × 8 = 32

e 4 × 6 = 24 f 9 × 8 = 72

5 Answer the problems using multiplication tables.

6 Write two examples for each property of division.

a When you divide any number by 1, you get the same number.

b  When you divide any number by itself, the answer is always 1.

c  When you divide 0 by any number, the answer is always 0.

d  You can’t divide any number by 0. There is no answer.

7 There are 20 toy cars to be divided among 20 children. How many toy cars will each child receive?

8 Ruma baked 32 cupcakes. If she distributes them equally among 4 children in an NGO, how many cupcakes will each child get?

9 A group of 36 people were travelling to see the 7 wonders of the world. When they reached Agra to see the Taj Mahal, the travel guide divided them into groups of 6. How many groups did the travel guide form?

Challenge

1 Use any two numbers from the box to complete the division sentence on the caterpillar.

2 Each row and column is a division problem. Write the possible numbers in the empty spaces.

Real-Life Maths

2 6 ÷ = 4

Aquarium Arrangement

A marine biologist is a scientist who studies sea animals and their homes. Mr. Sharma is a marine biologist. He made an aquarium for a local science museum. The aquarium has 27 different types of fish. He wants to put these fish into 3 tanks, with each tank having the same number of different types of fish.

Answer the following questions:

1  How many types of fish are there in each tank?

2  Write the division sentence for the number of fish in each tank.

3 If Mr Sharma had 36 different types of fish and still used 3 tanks, how many types of fish would each tank have?

4 If Mr Sharma had 18 types of fish and 3 tanks, each tank would have 6 types of fish. (True/False)

5  What should we do to protect sea creatures? Cross Curricular & Value Development

Division by 1-digit Numbers 7

Dividing Numbers

Arjun has 62 marbles. He wants to share them equally among his 2 friends, Karan and Rohan.

I will put 1 marble at a time in each of two bags until I finish all the 62 marbles.

But that will take a lot of time. We can use the multiplication table of 2.

Long Division

But we only know the table of 2 up to 20!

Sometimes the numbers are large, and we may not be able to divide them using the multiplication table. That is when we use long division. In long division, we write the division terms as shown:

Quotient

A number that divides another number.

Value left after the division.

Divisor Dividend

Remainder

Long Division without Remainder

The number we get when we divide one number by another.

The number that is to be divided.

Let us help Arjun divide the marbles among his friends.

The first thing we do is write the dividend and divisor in the division house. 2 6 2

Step 1

Take the first digit of the dividend (62) which is 6.

Divide it by 2 and write the answer above 6.

Step 2

Multiply 3 and 2 and put the answer right below 6.

Step 3 Step 4

Subtract 6 from 6. That is 6 – 6 = 0.

Now we repeat the same steps for the next digit:

Bring down the next digit 2 of the dividend and write it next to 0.

Did You Know?

Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, introduced the concept of zero, which is very important when we divide numbers, especially when we have remainders.

Therefore, each friend will get 31 marbles.

Arjun, Karan and Rohan are also fond of stamps. They have 489 stamps. They divide the stamps equally using the same method.

On dividing 489 by 3, each friend gets 163 stamps.

Example 1: Divide.

Division with Remainder

Is it always possible to share something equally?

Rohan has 5 crayons, and he wants to share them equally between Arjun and Karan.

Left over

When we divide, it is not always possible for things to be shared equally. This can result in having something left over, which will give us a remainder other than zero.

Kavya has a pack of 35 biscuits. She wants to share the biscuits among her classmates so that each of them gets 3 biscuits. Let us see how many classmates will get 3 biscuits. Do you share your things with your friends?

Divisor

Quotient (Number of classmates who will get 3 biscuits)

Remainder (Number of biscuits Kavya has left)

Is there a way to check whether our division is correct?

Yes, we can check division by using the formula: (Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = Dividend

Can the remainder be greater than the divisor? Think and Tell

Let us check the above division using the formula: Here, Quotient = 11, Divisor = 3, Remainder = 2 and Dividend = 35

(11 × 3) + 2 = 35

33 + 2 = 35

35 = 35

Hence, our division is correct.

Do not forget to add the remainder to the product of the quotient and divisor. The division 67 ÷ 5 = 13, R = 2 can be checked as:

(13 × 5) = 67

(13 × 5) + 2 = 67

Example 2: Divide the numbers. Check your answer. 1 468 ÷ 5

1523 ÷ 7

Checking Division:

(Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = Dividend

(93 × 5) + 3 = 468

465 + 3 = 468

468 = 468

Hence, our division is correct.

Word Problems

Checking Division:

(Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = Dividend

(217 × 7) + 4 = 1523

1519 + 4 = 1523

1523 = 1523

Hence, our division is correct.

Let us explore some word problems on division.

A shopkeeper has 2896 pencils. He keeps the pencils in packs of 8. How many packs of pencils does the shopkeeper have?

What do we know?

Total number of pencils = 2896

Number of pencils in each pack = 8

What do we need to find?

Number of packs of pencils that the shopkeeper has.

How to find?

Divide to find the answer.

2896 ÷ 8

Did You Know?

Yuvraj Panwar from India holds the world record of solving 28 division sums of 4 Digits by 1 Digit in 1 minute.

Solve to find the answer.

We can find the number of packs by dividing the total number of pencils by the number of pencils in each pack.

Therefore, the shopkeeper has 362 packs of pencils.

Example 3: A library has 486 books. If each shelf holds 6 books, what is the total number of shelves in the library?

Total number of books = 486

Number of books each shelf holds = 6

We need to find the number of shelves.

Therefore, there are 81 shelves in the library.

Example 4: Alex has 152 stickers. He divides the stickers equally among 7 of his friends. How many stickers will he have left?

Total number of stickers = 152

Number of friends = 7

We need to find out the number of stickers Alex has left.

Thus, Alex is left with 5 stickers.

Remember!

Number of stickers each friend gets. Stickers Alex has left.

If the question is about what is left after dividing, we find the remainder, not the quotient.

Do It Yourself 7A

Find the quotient using the long division method.

Find the quotient and remainder.

Solve and check your answer.

Match the following.

a  (7 × 5) + 3

b  (12 × 4) + 1

c  (9 × 6) + 5

d  (5 × 8) + 4

e  (20 × 2) + 1  59

Rohan took biscuits for hungry puppies to an animal shelter. There are 57 puppies at the shelter. If each doghouse can hold 9 puppies, how many puppies will be left without a doghouse?

You have 3548 flower seeds. How many seeds will you be left with after planting them in rows of 6?

Water is being collected from various localities at regular intervals to check the level of impurities in it. There are 74 cups of water samples collected from various localities. If each tray holds 8 cups for checking impurity levels, how many trays will be needed?

A school has 513 storybooks. If each classroom gets 9 storybooks, how many classrooms will receive them?

A store puts some shirts of different brands on sale. Answer the questions.

a  What is the price of 1 shirt of Brand A?

b  Which brand shirt is cheaper—Brand B or Brand C?

Math Lab

Setting: In 4 groups

Divide and Learn!

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Materials Required: 6 paper cups, 40 pebbles or beads for each group

Method:

Each group to take 40 pebbles/beads.

Divide the 40 pebbles/beads equally into 6 cups. Write the number of items in each cup. Write a division statement to show the division. 1 2 3

Solve the same problem using long division.

Connect the pebble/bead activity with the long division method.

Chapter Checkup

1  Find the quotient.

5 9 4 5

2  Find the remainder. a  59 ÷ 4

3  Solve and check the divisions.

4  Fill in the blanks with the help of long division.

a  (10 × 4) + = 43 b  ( × 2) + 1 = 49

c  ( × 6) + 2 = 50 d  (7 × 9) + = 64

e  ( × 3) + 1 = 352 f  (42 × 5) + = 214

5  At a zoo, there are 5245 tickets to be sold. If each booklet contains 5 tickets, how many booklets need to be prepared?

6 A firefighter is a person whose job is to put out fires and help people in emergencies. There are 720 firefighters at the fire station, and they need to form 3 equal teams to go to different parts of the city. How many firefighters will be on each team?

7 Nisha collected 156 packets of pulses to give to families affected by the flood. She distributed 10 packets to each family. How many families got the packets?

What number needs to be added to 156 so that it can be divided by 7 without a remainder?

2

The diagram shows a staircase with 16 steps having the same length and a total height of 256 cm. Answer the questions.

a What is the height of each of the 16 steps?

b If the length of the staircase is 600 cm, what is the length of each step?

Total length 600 cm

Value Development & Cross Curricular Real-Life Maths

Exploring Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians constructed massive pyramids and temples using large stone blocks. To move these heavy stones, they used teams of workers. Historians estimated that a single, large stone block could weigh up to 56 tons. Answer the following questions:

1 If the Egyptians divided the weight of the stone (56 tons) equally among the 8 workers, how many tons would each worker have to move?

a  2 tons b  5 tons c  7 tons d  50 tons

2 If they had only 4 workers available, how much heavier would each worker�s load be compared to having 8 workers?

a  Twice as heavy b  Three times as heavy

c  Five times as heavy d  Ten times as heavy

3 Dividing the weight of the stone by the number of workers makes the stone lighter. (True/False)

4 The fewer workers they have, the less each worker needs to carry. (True/False)

5 The 8 workers are going to move the 56-ton block using levers. What�s one important thing they should remember to do so everyone stays safe and healthy?

8 Shapes and Patterns

2-D Shapes

Mohit’s class is playing a ‘shape hunt’ game in the classroom. The teacher asks the students to find objects that have the same shape and raise their hands to answer.

Mohit: I can see rectangles on the noticeboard and in my notebook.

Teacher: Very good, Mohit!

Sujata looks out of the window and says, “I see circles in the sun and the wall clock.”

Teacher: Excellent, Sujata!

The students continue discussing objects with similar shapes.

Features of 2-D Shapes

There are four basic shapes that we can see in objects around us—square, circle, triangle and rectangle.

Basic shapes are also called 2-dimensional or 2-D shapes. They are flat and have no height. So, a 2-D shape has only length and width, or breadth. There are 2 more features of 2-D shapes—sides and corners.

Sides: The line segments that form the shape are called sides.

Corners: A corner is a point where two sides meet.

Square

Triangle Rectangle Circle

Let us check the number of sides and corners in the 4 basic 2-D shapes.

Corners = 4; Sides = 4 Corners = 4; Sides = 4 Corners = 3; Sides = 3 Corners = 0; Sides = 0 Opposite sides are equal. All sides are equal. Sides may or may not be equal. Round in shape.

Let us learn about another feature of a circle.

The distance between the centre and the edge of the circle is always the same.

This is called the radius of the circle.

We can draw 2-D shapes on dot paper by joining the dots. Let us see how.

Think and Tell

How many sides and corners does this shape have? Are the sides in the shape straight?

Rectangle Square Triangle Circle Oval

Example 1: Look at the picture. Count the shapes and fill in the table.

Example 2: Write True or False.

a A rectangle has 4 sides and 4 corners.

b Only the opposite sides are equal in a square.

c Any circle has a centre. True False True

What is the shape of these objects?

Colour the squares red, circles orange, rectangles pink and triangles brown, in the given picture.

Count and write the number of shapes in the figure.

Write True or False.

a  A triangle has 3 curved sides.

b  The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal in length.

c An oval has 0 sides and 0 corners.

d The 4 sides of a square are straight sides.

Create a figure using these shapes. You can use them any number of times.

Symmetry and Maps

Mohit and Sujata enjoyed learning about 2-D shapes in their maths classroom. The art teacher gives them square sheets of paper.

Teacher: Fold the paper in half. Then, open it and draw dotted lines on the fold.

Sujata: Mohit, look! I got two similar rectangles when I drew a line on the fold.

Mohit: But I got two equal triangles! How does this happen?

Let us help Sujata and Mohit understand this!

Symmetry

The two same rectangles or triangles are because of symmetry in a square! A shape is symmetrical if it can be divided in such a way that the two halves are exact copies of each other.

Many figures and shapes around us show symmetry. They are called symmetrical. Look at these examples:

A line that divides the shape into equal halves is called the line of symmetry. It can be a standing, sleeping or slanting line. Let us look at the line of symmetry in 2-D shapes.

Line of Symmetry

Standing lines of symmetry:

Sleeping lines of symmetry: Slanting lines of symmetry:

Some shapes can have more than one line of symmetry. For example, a square can be divided into equal halves by standing, sleeping or two slanting lines. It has 4 lines of symmetry.

Similarly, a rectangle has 2 lines of symmetry. It has a standing and a sleeping line of symmetry.

Did You Know?

In a circle, the number of lines of symmetry cannot be counted. It has infinite lines of symmetry.

Example 3: Which of these shapes do not show symmetry along the dotted line?

A leaf

A jug A smiley face A butterfly

The jug does not show symmetry along the dotted line. The leaf, smiley face and butterfly show symmetry. So they are symmetrical.

Mirror Image

Look at the girl standing in front of the mirror. What do you notice?

The girl can see her mirror image.

Look at some more examples of mirror images.

The line between the object and its mirror image is called the mirror line.

Example 4: Draw the mirror image of the given grid.

A mirror image is reversed and is the same distance away from the mirror line as the object is.

1 2

Simple Maps

Sujata�s family plans to visit her grandparent�s village. They want to find out the places they can visit. Father suggests they use a map of the village. A map is a drawing that shows an area. It shows large areas on a small sheet of paper. It helps us to locate a place and find the route to go there. For example, from the park the pond is two steps up and 1 step to the left.

Example 5:

1 Use the above map to fill in the blanks with left, right, up and down.

a To reach the fire station from the shop, take two steps left.

b To reach the fair from the school, take two steps up.

2 Write a route from the pond to the shop. Take one step up and 3 steps left to reach the shop from the pond.

5

Which of these shapes show symmetry along the dotted line?

a b c d

Draw a line of symmetry on these figures. a b c d

Draw the mirror image of these figures along the mirror line.

b c Colour the other grid such that it is the mirror image of the coloured grid given.

Use the map showing Sujata�s grandparents� village. Answer the questions.

a Go 4 steps up from the house and then 1 step to left then you will reach the .

b Go 2 steps up and 2 steps right from the school and you will reach the .

c Write a way to the park from the fire station such that the hospital doesn't come in between.

Colour the grid in yellow and blue such that one side is the mirror image of the other.

3-D Shapes

In the evening, Mohit went to the park with his father and sister Tina. They saw an ice-cream cart and asked their father to buy them an ice cream each.

Mohit: I want this triangular one, with three circles on the top.

Tina: I don’t want ice cream. I want a can of juice.

Mohit saw the shape of his sister’s can. He wondered what he should call this shape. Let us help Mohit learn more about shapes!

Look at the shapes of different objects given below. These everyday objects have the following shapes—cube, cuboid, cylinder, cone and sphere. These shapes are called solid shapes or 3-D shapes.

Solid Shapes

Features of 3-D Shapes

We can measure the length, width and height of a 3-D shape.

Each 3-D shape has faces, edges and corners.

• The surface of a 3-D shape is its face. The face can be flat or curved.

• Two faces meet at an edge. The edge can also be straight or curved.

• Two or more edges meet at a corner.

corner plane faces

edge

face

curved edge

curved face

curved edge

Let us look at the number of sides, corners and edges in each solid shape.

6 plane faces

12 straight edges

8 corners

6 plane faces

12 straight edges

8 corners

Building 3-D Shapes

2 plane faces and 1 curved face

2 curved edges

No corners

1 plane face and 1 curved face

1 curved edge

1 corner or vertex

We can use toothpicks and clay to make a 3-D shape, such that toothpicks become the edges and balls of clay become the corners of it.

Tracing 3-D Shapes

1 curved face

No edges

No corners

We can use everyday objects like cans, matchboxes and cardboard boxes to trace 3-D shapes. Tracing 3-D shapes will give us flat shapes or 2-D shapes.

Example 6: Name the 3-D shape of the given objects. Also, name the 2-D shape you get on tracing them.

1 Speaker 2 Cap 3 Box

3-D Shape Cylinder Cone

2-D Shape Circle Circle Square

Do It Yourself 8C

Name the solid shapes of the objects.

a b c d

Match the descriptions with the solid shapes.

a  6 plane rectangular faces

Cube

b  Only 1 curved face Cone

c  1 plane and 1 curved face Cylinder

d  6 plane square faces Cuboid

e  2 plane faces and 1 curved face Sphere

Ramya made 3-D shapes using toothpicks and clay. She used 8 clay balls and 12 toothpicks of the same size. Which 3-D shape did she make? Find out by drawing the shape in your notebooks.

Name 3 solid objects that, when traced, give rectangles. Trace one of them.

3-D Shapes as 2-D Shapes

Views of Objects

Every night, after dinner, Mohit sits down with his sister Tina to draw. Today, they are drawing a cup-and-plate set.

Tina’s drawing looks like this: Mohit’s drawing looks like this:

Why do these drawings of the same thing look different?

Tina looked at the cup-and-plate set from the top. Mohit looked at the cup-and-plate set from the side. This is why their drawings look different.

3-D objects look different when we view them from the top, sides or front. Let us look at some more examples:

The top and side view of an umbrella and the front and side view of a scooter can be given as:

Nets of 3-D Shapes

Now, let us use paper folding to make some 3-D shapes. The 2-D shapes that can be folded to make 3-D shapes are called nets.

Net of a Cylinder Net of a Cone Net of a Cube Net of a Cuboid

Example 7: Ritik is riding a bicycle. Which pictures show him from the sides?

Pictures A, C and E show Ritik from the sides. Picture B shows him from the front. Picture D shows the back view.

Cylinder

Cone Cube Cuboid

Which view shows these objects from the side?

Draw the front and side views of these objects.

Look at the pictures. Draw the top view of these objects.

Draw your maths textbook from the top and any one side. What shapes do you get in each drawing? Draw the net of the 3-D shape that the textbook looks like.

Patterns Around Us

Sujata’s mother got a new saree.

Sujata: Maa, your saree is beautiful! Oh, the border has red and yellow rectangles one after another.

Mother: Yes, Sujata! It is a pattern!

Sujata: A pattern? On a saree border?

Understanding Patterns

The shapes that repeat one after another make patterns. Patterns can be seen everywhere around us. Some examples of patterns in our day-to-day lives are given below.

Patterns follow a rule. Let us look at a few patterns to understand some rules.

Repeating Pattern

Patterns repeat a unit. A repeating unit could be one or many lines, shapes, colours, numbers, letters, or objects.

repeating unit

Here, the shapes that are being repeated are squares and triangles.

Rotating Pattern

repeating unit

Here, the colours of the balls are repeated as yellow, red and green.

The unit changes direction with each next step in a rotating pattern.

In this pattern, the arrow changes direction clockwise as up, right, down, left and up.

Growing Pattern

In this pattern, the rectangle is rotated with each step as up, right, up and right.

One or many lines, shapes, colours, numbers, letters or objects are added to every next unit to grow the pattern. Thus, the pattern increases in number or size.

In this pattern, 1 triangle and 1 star are added to the next unit.

In this pattern, 1 triangle is added to the next unit.

Number Patterns

These patterns are made of numbers. They also follow the same rule of repeating a unit.

Combination of Patterns

Sometimes, the unit of the pattern has a pattern within itself. The pattern is made of a combination of patterns.

Do not add random parts to the pattern. It can disrupt the overall flow of the pattern. Error Alert!

Secret Message

A secret message is a fun way of writing a message using patterns. Let us try to read a secret message: 5H5O5W 5A5R5E 5Y5O5U5?

Here, the number 5 is repeated after each letter of the alphabet. Highlight the alphabet letters and see the message: 5H5O5W 5A5R5E 5Y5O5U5?

The message is: HOW ARE YOU?

Tiling Patterns

Have you ever noticed how the tiles are arranged on a footpath?

When a floor or wall is completely covered with tiles that are arranged without any gap in between, it is called tiling. It follows a pattern too!

Let us have a look at these tiling patterns:

Did You Know?

Hawa Mahal in Jaipur has a huge number of patterns in it. The jharokhas (windows) of the palace display a honeycomb-like pattern.

Example 8: What would be the next two units in the pattern? Label the repeating unit.

Repeating Unit

Example 9: Which of these shapes can be used in tiling patterns? Both the shapes can be used in tiling patterns, as shown here:

Underline the repeating units in the pattern.

c d

Colour the units to complete the pattern.

Extend the pattern by drawing the next 3 figures.

e  28, 32, 36, 40, , ,

95, 85, 75, 65, , ,

Create a Figure with Shapes!

Setting: In pairs

Materials Required: 1 tangram set of shape cutouts.

Prepare Material: You may do it at home or in class. Take a white square sheet of paper. Draw the shapes on it, as shown in the picture here. You may colour each shape as shown. Then cut along the lines to get 1 set of shapes.

What to Do?

• In class, with your partner, point to any one figure made with tangramshaped cutouts.

• Remember the figure and the placement of the shapes. Arrange the shapes to create the figure in 5 minutes. The pair that makes the figures first, wins the round.

• Continue playing the game till you have created all the figures.

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

Integration

Integration

1 a Write the number of shapes in the given figure.

b Colour the squares pink, circles red, triangles green and rectangles blue.

Square = Rectangle = Triangle = Circle =

2 Draw one line of symmetry on each figure.

3 Name the 3-D shape of the given objects.

4 Draw a net of the cardboard boxes used for packing cake.

5 Draw a mirror image of the given picture.

6 Complete the patterns.

7 Complete the number patterns.

a 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, , ,

c 32, 37, 42, 47, , ,

8 Colour to complete the tiling patterns.

b 48, 56, 64, 72, , ,

d 29, 32, 35, 38, , ,

9 Draw and write the shape of a table when seen from the side and the top.

10 a Make a tiling pattern of your own choice by colouring the shapes.

b Draw another tiling pattern using triangles, rectangles and squares. Colour it.

Challenge

Anaya places 3 cubes next to each other in different ways. In how many ways can she do it? What possible shapes will she get by joining 3 cubes?

How many different triangles can be made using the dots on this circle?

Maps

Sara and her friends are planning a swim party at her place after the football match. Sara draws a map to explain the path. Read the map to answer following questions.

1 Which place does the �+� sign show?

2  Circle the picture on the map that shows the football ground.

3 Which place does the (H) sign show?

a  Hospital

c  Guesthouse

b  Hotel

d  Sara�s house

4 Find the way from the football ground to Sara�s house.

5 Which view (top/front/side) is given for the parking area?

Lake View Road

Lodhi Street

MG Road

Sara�s House

9 Length, Weight and Capacity

Length

John wanted to buy a string of lights to decorate his house. He went to a light shop for it.

Sure! Here are some strings. I want a string of lights, please.

The shopkeeper showed him different lengths of string. John picked the suitable length of string and went home.

Measuring Length

We saw that the shopkeeper showed different lengths of string lights. Length refers to how long or tall an object is from one end to another. It is also the distance between two places. The length of objects and the distance between places are measured using standard units.

Units of Length

We can use different units based on the type of length to be measured.

Type of lengths Units

Short length Centimetres cm Nail, safety pin

Long length Metres m Cloth, wire

Examples

Short distance Metres m

Long distance Kilometres km

Height Centimetres, Metres cm, m

Distance from bedroom to kitchen

Distance from home to hospital

Height of a tower

To identify the correct unit when measuring length, first identify the type of length and then choose the unit to be used.

Measuring Length Using a Ruler

A ruler is a tool used to measure the length of small objects.

A ruler with short and long lines on it is shown below. The longer lines that have a number written on them are centimetre lines. The distance between two centimetre lines is 1 centimetre.

1 cm

Short line

Long line

Did You Know?

Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world. Its height is 828 m.

To measure an object using a ruler, place the ruler against the object. Make sure that one end of the object is at 0 cm.

Remember!

Another name for a ruler is a ‘scale’.

Let us measure the length of a crayon!

This crayon is 6 cm long.

Converting Units of Length

We have learnt that metre and centimetre are two units of length. Did you know there is a relationship between centimetres and metres?

1 metre = 100 centimetres

Do you remember John who wanted to buy a string of lights? John asked for a 2 m long string but the shopkeeper is used to measuring the string in centimetres. Let us help the shopkeeper to convert m into cm.

We know that, 1 m = 100 cm.

2 m = 2 × 100 = 200 cm

Therefore, the shopkeeper will give John a string of 200 cm.

What if John wanted a 2 m 50 cm string?

We have already found that 2 m = 200 cm

2 m 50 cm = 200 cm + 50 cm = 250 cm

We can also convert cm to m.

Let us convert 300 cm into m.

300 cm = 100 cm + 100 cm + 100 cm = 1 m + 1 m + 1 m (as 1 m = 100 cm) = 3 m

Therefore, 300 cm = 3 m.

Example 1: Convert:

1   8 m to cm

1 m = 100 cm

8 m = 8 × 100 cm = 800 cm

Do not forget to add the length given in cm after converting m to cm.

3 m 45 cm = 3 × 100 cm = 300 cm   3 m 45 cm = 3 × 100 + 45 cm = 300 cm + 45 cm = 345 cm

Remember!

The unit ‘metre’ is longer than the unit ‘centimetre’. The unit km is the longest.

2  400 cm to m.

100 cm = 1 m

Then, 400 cm = 100 cm + 100 cm + 100 cm + 100 cm

= 1 m + 1 m + 1 m + 1 m = 4 m

Error Alert!

Word Problems on Length

The next day, John went to buy two ropes. He wanted one rope of length 38 cm and another of 52 cm. Let us find the total length of rope that John bought.

Length of the first rope = 38 cm

Length of the second rope = 52 cm

As we need to find the total length, we will add the lengths given.

38 cm + 52 cm = 90 cm

Therefore, the total length of the two ropes is 90 cm.

Example 2: Chintu’s height is 125 cm, and Neelu’s height is 132 cm. How much taller is Neelu than Chintu?

Chintu’s height = 125 cm

Neelu’s height = 132 cm

To find out how much taller Neelu is than Chintu, subtract Chintu’s height from Neelu’s height.

132 cm – 125 cm = 7 cm

Therefore, Neelu is 7 cm taller than Chintu.

Do It Yourself 9A

1  Write the suitable unit to measure the following.

a  The distance between two cities b  A pipe

c  A phone

d  The length of hands of a person

2  Measure and write the length of the following objects.

3  Convert the following into cm.

a  6 m b  8 m

c  9 m 9 cm d  4 m 15 cm

e  7 m 26 cm f  2 m 52 cm

4  Convert the following into m.

a  700 cm b  600 cm

c  400 cm d  800 cm

e  500 cm f  900 cm

5 A mobile tower is communication equipment installed to support better phone networks. A mobile tower with a height of 14 m is mounted on top of a building which is 22 m high. What is the total height of the tower from the ground?

6 The length of a monitor lizard is about 2 m, and the length of a python is about 6 m. Which is longer and by how much in cm?

Naveen went to the doctor's clinic as he wasn't feeling well. The doctor asked him to step on a weighing scale. Naveen saw the numbers move on the weighing scale. Dr Smith wrote down the measurement.

Measuring Weight

Weight is the measurement of the heaviness of an object.

We saw that Dr Singh used a weighing scale to measure Naveen’s weight. Can a fruit vendor use the same weighing scale to weigh fruit?

No! The weighing scale for measuring human weight is different from the weighing machine used for fruit and vegetables.

Different types of weighing machines are shown below.

Did You Know?

The weight of an elephant is around 3500 kg.

Weighing machine to measure body weight

Units of Weight

We have learnt that we measure the weight of an object in grams or kilograms.

Grams to measure lighter weights

Kilograms to measure heavier weights

Some of the common weights used with weighing scales are:

Converting Units of Weight

There are some items which can be measured both in grams and kilograms, like a packet of sugar!

The relationship between grams and kilograms can be given as:

Traditional Scale Tabletop Scale Hanging Scale Platform Scale

1

kilogram = 1000 grams

Let us find out how many grams are there in 2 kg.

We know that, 1 kg = 1000 g.

Therefore, 2 kg = 2 × 1000 g = 2000 g

Multiply the kg by 1000 to convert it into g.

5 kg = 5 × 100 g = 500 g 5 kg = 5 × 1000 g = 5000 g

Example 3: Uma has luggage weighing 7 kilograms and 300 grams. How many grams of weight does she have?

Weight of Uma’s luggage = 7 kg and 300 g

We know that, 1 kg = 1000 g.

7 kg = 7 × 1000 g = 7000 g

7 kg 300 gm = 7000 g + 300 g = 7300 g

Therefore, the total weight of Uma’s luggage is 7300 g.

Word Problems on Weight

Do you remember Naveen who went to the doctor? The doctor found his weight to be 25 kg. The doctor saw that Naveen’s weight was 23 kg at the last visit. Let us find the increase in Naveen’s weight.

Naveen’s current weight = 25 kg

Naveen’s previous weight = 23 kg

Increase in weight = current weight – previous weight = 25 kg – 23 kg = 2 kg

Therefore, Naveen’s weight has increased by 2 kg.

Do It Yourself 9B

1  Write the correct unit to measure the weight of the given objects.

2  Convert kg into g.

a  8 kg b  9 kg c  1 kg 500 g d  4 kg 200 g e  3 kg 300 g f  7 kg 750 g

3 Farah has a pet cat which weighs 3 kg and 600 g. How much does the pet weight in grams?

4 A wholesale vegetable market is called a sabzi mandi in Hindi. Shalu went to the sabzi mandi and bought 4 kg of vegetables and 5 kg of fruit. How much more fruit did she buy than vegetables?

5 The weight of a watermelon is 5 kg. Seema cuts it into two pieces. The weight of one of the pieces is 2 kg. What is the weight of the other piece?

6 A scrap dealer is a person who buys scrap (old newspaper, plastics, etc.) materials at a very low cost. Rohit sold 4 kg and 200 g of newspapers and 700 g of magazines to the scrap dealer. Find the total weight of articles sold.

Capacity

Asha’s family and friends are going on a picnic. Asha is helping her mom to make orange juice.

Asha: How much juice should we take with us, Mom?

Mom: There will be 8 members at the picnic. 2 bottles of juice will be sufficient.

Asha pours the juice into the bottles and puts them inside the basket.

Measuring Capacity

In the case of liquids like water, milk and juice, we need to find the capacity. Capacity is defined as the maximum quantity a container can hold when it is full.

Given below are some containers with different capacities.

Units of Capacity

As different containers have different capacities, we use different standard units to measure the capacity. Millilitre (mL) and litre (L) are the units used for measuring capacity.

Millilitre to measure small capacities

Litre   to measure large capacities

Water bottles, cans and jars are usually measured in litres.

Measuring cups, syringes and measuring spoons are measured in mL.

Converting Units of Capacity

Let us now understand how the units of capacity are related to each other.

1 litre = 1000 mL

Asha’s mom made a 2 L jug of juice for the picnic. Let us find out the capacity of the jug in mL.

We know that, 1 L = 1000 mL.

Then, 2 L = 2 × 1000 mL = 2000 mL

What if they need 4 L 250 mL of juice?

Then, 4 L = 4 × 1000 mL = 4000 mL

4 L 250 mL = 4000 mL + 250 mL = 4250 mL

So, the quantity of juice in mL is 4250 mL.

Word Problems on Capacity

Think and Tell

Is 2 L of juice sufficient for a group of 30 people?

Asha had 2 L of orange juice. Her mother made 5 L of mango juice. Let us find out the total amount of juice that Asha was taking to the picnic.

Amount of orange juice = 2 L

Amount of mango juice = 5 L

Total amount of juice = 2 L + 5 L = 7 L

Therefore, the total amount of juice is 7 L.

Example 4: Rima opened a 900 mL bottle of milk. She filled a 250 mL glass with it. How much milk is left in the bottle?

Total amount of milk in the bottle = 900 mL

Amount of milk filled in the glass = 250 mL

Amount of milk left in the bottle = 900 mL – 250 mL = 650 mL

Circle the items that are measured in mL.

Items

a  Cough syrup

b  Syringe

c  Tub of water

d  Bucket of water

e  Hand sanitizer

2  Convert the following into mL.

a  2 L

d  4 L 500 mL

b  6 L

e  9 L 200 mL

f  Barrel of water

c  9 L

f  5 L 850 mL

3 Lemonade is a drink made with lemon, water and sugar. It is an easy way to get a dose of Vitamin C. Rohan wants to make lemonade for his friends. He needs 3 litres of water for the recipe. How many millilitres of water does he need?

4 Taking care of plants by watering them is a good habit. Mohan filled a 500 mL water bottle three times to water his plants. How much water did he use in total?

5 Raju poured 4 L of water into a jug and then transferred 750 mL of the water into a glass. How much water is left in the jug?

6 Mohit bought a car with a fuel tank of capacity 38 L, while Soham bought a car with a fuel tank of capacity 45 L. What is the total capacity of both tanks?

Setting: In groups of 5

Let's Jump!

Materials Required: Measuring tape

Method:

1  Do this activity on your school playground.

2  One child from the group will guess the length to which he/she can jump.

3  He/she will then take three tries to jump.

4  Select the best jump and measure it using measuring tape.

5  Write it down in a notebook.

6  All the members of the group will repeat the same activity.

7  Add the lengths of the jumps of the whole group.

8  Compare it with other groups. The group with the highest total will win. Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Chapter Checkup

1 Circle the object whose capacity is measured in litres (L).

a  Tank of water b  Spoonful of oil c  Cough syrup

d  A jug of lemonade e  Petrol tank f Glass of juice

2 Circle the object which is measured in metres (m).

a  The length of a spoon b The height of a tree c The width of a book

d The length of a swimming pool

e The height of a house f The length of a room

3 Circle the object which is measured in kilograms (kg).

a  An empty box b A banana c A cylinder

d  A lollipop e A bag of flour f Two apples

4 Find the length in cm.

a b c d

5  Convert the lengths into centimetres (cm). a  5 m

2 m

6  Convert the lengths into metres (m).

a  200 cm

d  1100 cm

300 cm

1200 cm

7  Convert the weight into grams (g).

a  8 kg

d  2 kg 999 g

9 m

1000 cm

1300 cm

9 kg c  7 kg 450 g

3 kg 760 g

8 Change litres (L) into millilitres (mL). a  2 L

7 L

5 L 800 mL

4 L

9 A fully growth goliath frog found in central Africa weighs 3 kg 250 g. How much does the frog weigh in grams?

10 When Ahana brushes her teeth, she leaves the tap running. She uses 5 L 500 mL of water. Sameer only turns on the tap when he rinses his mouth after brushing his teeth. He uses 1 L 200 mL of water. How much water does Sameer save?

1 A ribbon of length 1 metre is cut into 4 equal pieces. How many cuts were made?

2 In Hina�s house there are six trees growing in a line at intervals of 3 metres. Can you tell the distance between the two trees at either end?

Real-Life Maths

Summer Time Activity

Fruit smoothies are a mixture of fruits, milk and sometime nuts. Yash is free, as his school summer break is going on. He helps his father in the kitchen to make fruit smoothies for his family. He uses 225 mL of milk, 2 bananas and 50 g of sugar for a banana smoothie. He also makes a mango smoothie and uses 225 mL of milk, 1 mango, 20 g of sugar, 10 g of nuts and some ice cubes. Read and answer the questions.

2  How much milk does he use in both smoothies?

1  What quantity of nuts does he use in a mango smoothie? a  10 g b  10 mg c  10 kg d  10 m

3 If he has 1 kg of sugar, how much will be left with him after he makes both the smoothies?

4  Do you help your parents with house chores? How?

Orange Smoothie Orange Banana Avocado Mango M

juice

Cross Curricular & Value Development

Model Test Paper - 2

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour

Total Marks: 50

1 Write the correct unit that can be used to measure the length of these objects. (3 marks)

A Distance from Chennai to New Delhi

B Length of a pencil

C Length of an ant

2 Divide mentally. (4 marks)

A 56 ÷ 1

B 0 ÷ 13

3 Sona divided the given number of balloons into 4 equal groups. How many balloons will be there in each group? (4 marks)

A 20 balloons

B 28 balloons

4 Fill in the blanks. (5 marks)

A A square has ________ sides.

B A cuboid has ________ edges.

C The 3-D shape that has 1 edge is a ____________.

D A circle has ________ corners and ________ sides.

5 Write the division statement for each picture. (4 marks)

6 Complete the number pattern by writing the next 2 numbers. (4 marks)

A 1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, ____, ____

B 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, ____, ____

7 Convert as directed. (8 marks)

A 6 m into cm

B 4 m 5 cm into cm

C 4200 g into kg and g

D 2566 mL into L and mL

8 Write 2 letters of the English alphabet that look the same as their mirror image. Draw to show. (6 marks)

9 Divide 6542 by 5 to find the quotient and remainder. Verify your answer. (6 marks)

10 Read the rate list of a stationery store. Answer the questions. (6 marks)

Notebook ₹125

Box

Box ₹84

Eraser Box

A Each eraser box has 8 erasers. How much did Roma pay if she bought 1 eraser?

B What is the cost of each crayon if the crayon box has 6 crayons?

Pencil

Crayon

Answers

Chapter 6

Do It Yourself 6A

1. a. 2 cups b. 3 buttons c. 2 crayons

2.

3. 18, 3, 6  4. a. 9 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4  5. 3 rotis  6. 12 days

Do It Yourself 6B

1. a. 25 b. No answer c. 0 d. 1 e. 0 f. No answer

2. a. 10 b. 9 c. 8 d. 14 e. 9 f. 8

3. a. 28 ÷ 7 = 4 and 28 ÷ 4 = 7 b. 45 ÷ 5 = 9 and 45 ÷ 9 = 5

c. 18 ÷ 3 = 6 and 18 ÷ 6 = 3 d. 16 ÷ 8 = 2 and 16 ÷ 2 = 8

e. 30 ÷ 10 = 3 and 30 ÷ 3 = 10 f. 42 ÷ 6 = 7 and 42 ÷ 7 = 6

4. a. 2 b. 6 c. 6 d. 9  5. 18 children  6. 9 × 5 = 45

7. 9 pieces  8. Answer will vary. Sample answer: Rahul bought 55 roses to put in vases in a party hall. If he put 5 roses in each vase, how many vases did he use?

Multiplication fact: 11 × 5 = 55

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 5 things b. 3 dice c. 2 coins d. 7 balls

2. a. 8 b. 6 c. 5 d. 9 e. 8 f. 7 g. 6 h. 10

3. a. 12 × 3 = 36 b. 22 × 4 = 88 c. 12 × 8 = 96

d. 8 × 5 = 40 e. 5 × 5 = 25 f. 10 × 6 = 60 g. 8 × 6 = 48

h. 4 × 9 = 36  4. a. 45 ÷ 9 = 5 and 45 ÷ 5 = 9

b. 32 ÷ 4 = 8 and 32 ÷ 8 = 4 c. 15 ÷ 5 = 3 and 15 ÷ 3 = 5

d. 14 ÷ 7 = 2 and 14 ÷ 2 = 7 e. 24 ÷ 4 = 6 and 24 ÷ 6 = 4

f. 72 ÷ 9 = 8 and 72 ÷ 8 = 9 g. 20 ÷ 2 = 10 and 20 ÷ 10 = 2

h. 21 ÷ 3 = 7 and 21 ÷ 7 = 3  5. a. 3 b. 9 c. 9 d. 7

e. 7 f. 6 g. 9 h. 10  6. Answers may vary.   7. 1 toy car  8. 8 cupcakes  9. 6 groups   Challenge

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer. 24 6 ÷

Real-Life Maths

1. d. 9  2. 27 ÷ 3 =9  3. c. 12  4. True

5. Answers will vary.

Chapter 7

Do It Yourself 7A

1. a. 17 b. 12 c. 100 d. 17   2. a. 18, 1 b. 11, 2 c. 58, 3 d. 82, 2

3. a. Quotient = 20; Remainder = 1 b. Quotient = 44; Remainder = 0 c. Quotient = 64; Remainder = 4

d. Quotient = 284; Remainder = 6  4. a. 38 b. 49 c. 59  d. 44 e. 41  5. 3 puppies  6. 2 seeds   7. 10 trays

8. 57 classrooms  9. a. ₹120 b. Brand C

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 15 b. 13 c. 12 d. 91 e. 189 f. 99 g. 1321

h. 1121  2. a. 3 b. 0 c. 3 d. 0  3. a. Q = 22; R = 3

b. Q = 20; R = 5 c. Q = 80; R = 5 d. Q = 307

4. a. 3 b. 24 c. 8 d. 1 e. 117 f. 4

5. 1049 booklets  6. 240 firefighters   7. 15 families

Challenge 1. 5 2. a. 16 cm b. 32 cm

Real-Life Maths

1. c. 7 tons  2. a. Twice as heavy  3. False  4. False

5. Answer may vary. Sample answer.

Everyone needs to know exactly when to push or pull the levers together to move the block safely and avoid accidents.

Chapter 8

Do It Yourself 8A

1. a. Square b. Circle c. Rectangle

2.

3. Square = 2, Rectangle = 2, Triangle = 1, Circle = 6   4. a. False  b. True c. True d. True

5. Answers may vary.

Do It Yourself 8B 1. b and d   2. a. b. c. d.

5. a. park b. hospital c. 5 steps to the right, 1 step up 6.

Do It Yourself 8C

1. a. Cube b. Cylinder c. Sphere d. Cone  2. a. Cuboid b. Sphere c. Cone d. Cube  e. Cylinder  3. Cube  4. box, book, eraser

Do It Yourself 8D

1. a. View B b. View B

2. Drawings may vary  a. , b. , c. ,

3. Drawings may vary.

a. b.

4. Drawings may vary ,   Rectangle

Do It Yourself 8E

1. a.

b.

e. 44, 48, 52 f. 55, 45, 35  4. d

5. a. THE CAR IS RED b. I LIKE DOSA

6. Figures may vary. Sample figure.

Chapter Checkup

1. a. Square = 1, Rectangle = 7, Triangle = 2, Circle = 5  b. 2. a.

c.

7. a. 32, 36, 40 b. 80, 88, 96 c. 52, 57, 62 d. 41, 44, 47

8. a. b.

9. Side: Rectangle  Top: Circle

10. a. Colouring may vary      b. Answers may vary

Challenge 1. She can do it in 4 different ways. She will get only a cuboid.

2. 4 triangles can be made but 8 triangles can be seen.

Real-Life Maths

1. Hospital  2. Circle football ground.  3. b. hotel

4. Step on MG Road, turn to the right and walk straight. The house is on the left.  5. top

Chapter 9

Do It Yourself 9A

1. a. Kilometres b. Metres c. Centimetres d. Centimetres

2. a. 8 cm b. 11 cm c. 10 cm d. 15 cm

3. a. 600 cm b. 800 cm c. 909 cm  d. 415 cm

e. 726 cm f. 252 cm  4. a. 7 m b. 6 m c. 4 m

d. 8 m e. 5 m f. 9 m   5. 36 m

6. The python is longer by 400 cm.

Do It Yourself 9B

1. a. grams b. kilogram c. grams d. kilogram e. grams

f. kilogram 2. a. 8000 g b. 9000 g c. 1500 g

d. 4200 g e. 3300 g  f. 7750 g  3. 3600 g

4. 1 kg  5. 3 kg  6. 4 kg 900 g

Do It Yourself 9C

1. a, b, e  2. a. 2000 mL b. 6000 mL c. 9000 mL

d. 4500 mL e. 9200 mL f. 5850 mL

3. 3000 mL  4. 1 L 500 mL  5. 3 L 250 mL  6. 83 L

Chapter Checkup

1. a. ; d. ; e.  2. b, d, e, f  3. c. ; e

4. a. 12 cm b. 4 cm c. 7 cm d. 8 cm

5. a. 500 cm b. 200 cm c. 900 cm  d. 850 cm

e. 1300 cm f. 1490 cm  6. a. 2 m b. 3 m c. 10 m

d. 11 m e. 12 m f. 13 m  7. a. 8000 g b. 9000 g

c. 7450 g d. 2999 g e. 3760 g  f. 4640 g

8. a. 2000 mL b. 7000 mL  c. 4000 mL d. 5800 mL

e. 6550 mL f. 8900 mL  9. 3250 g  10. 4 L 300 mL

Challenge 1. 3 cuts  2. 15 m

Real-Life Maths

1. a. 10 g  2. 450 mL  3. 930 g  4. Answers may vary.

6 Birds

Chapter Overview

Birds Around Us

Body Parts of a Bird

Birds What Helps a Bird Fly?

Characteristics of Birds

Connect the dots from 1 to 47 and colour it. Get Set

Let us learn about different kinds of birds, their body parts, how they fly, and their characteristics.

Birds Around Us

Siya went to her grandmother’s village. Every morning, she got up with the sound of birds chirping. She saw many birds, like sparrows, parrots and peacocks. She realised that birds are such amazing creatures!

Do and Learn

Bird Watching

• Go to a park, or to your backyard, or to a bird-friendly area, with your parents/ elders.

• Look for birds and when you see them, observe them carefully. Note their colours, sizes, shapes, and any unique features that they might have.

• Use the internet and gather interesting facts about each bird.

• Take an A-4 sheet of paper and create your bird report. Paste photos of the birds (if possible).

My Bird Report

What is the colour of the bird?

What is the shape of the bird?

What is the size of the bird?

List some interesting facts about birds.

The body of a bird mainly has three parts: the head, the trunk, and the tail.

Feather

Beak Eye

Head

Body Parts of a Bird

Body Parts of a Bird

Birds have many unique body parts that help them survive.

Wings

Hummingbirds can flap their wings up to 80 times per second! Did You Know?

Wings help birds to fly. Some birds have long, narrow wings while others have short, broad wings.

Feathers

Birds have feathers all over their body. Feathers are of three types: body feathers, flight feathers and down feathers.

Flight feathers: These are found on the wings and the tail of a bird. They are long and strong, and help birds to fly.

Long and Narrow Wings Short and Broad Wings

Down feathers: There are soft and fluffy, and found underneath the outer feathers. They keep birds warm by trapping heat.

Beaks

Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food. The shape and size of their beaks depend on the kind of food they eat.

Types of Beaks

Body feathers: They cover the body of the birds. They give shape and colour to a bird’s body.

Birds do not have teeth. Therefore, they use their beaks to catch, pick, tear and eat their food.

1. Short and hard beaks—This type of beaks helps birds to pick up seeds and worms easily. For example: sparrows and pigeons.

Error Alert!

Sparrow

Eagle

2. Strong, sharp and hooked beaks—This type of beaks helps flesh-eating birds to tear the flesh of the smaller animals and birds that they eat. For example: vultures and eagles.

3. Chisel-shaped beaks—This type of beaks helps birds to make holes in tree trunks. For example: woodpeckers and hoopoes.

4. Long and pointed beaks: Some birds have a long and slender beak which helps them to suck nectar from flowers. For example: hummingbirds.

5. Curved beaks—This type of beaks is used for cracking nuts and eating fruits. It also helps birds to climb. For example: parrots.

Spoonbill

Feet and Claws

6. Broad and flat beaks—This type of beaks helps birds catch fish without letting it slip. For example: ducks, swans and spoonbills.

Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food. The shape of a bird's feet and claws are adapted to its lifestyle.

Types of Feet and Claws

Discuss!

Share some examples of birds you see around. What are some of their common features?

Discuss with your classmates.

1. Perching Feet: Birds like sparrows and robins have three toes in the front and one toe at the back. This helps them grip branches.

chisel: a tool with a sharp end that is used for cutting slender: small or narrow     perch: to sit on a branch

Perching Feet

Parrot

Hummingbird

Hoopoe

2. Webbed Feet: Birds like ducks and swans have webbed feet. These types of feet have skin between the toes. These feet help birds to paddle and swim in the water.

Webbed Feet

3. Climbing Feet: Woodpeckers have two toes in the front and two toes at the back. This helps them climb trees.

Climbing Feet

4. Grasping Feet: Eagles and hawks have strong, curved claws called talons for catching and holding on to their prey.

Grasping Feet

Pause and Answer

Write the correct names.

Swan Eagle Sparrow

1. A bird with a short, hard, pointed beak:

2. A bird with a broad and flat beak:

3. A bird with climbing feet:

4. A bird with talons:

What Helps a Bird Fly?

Birds can fly because they have special features, which are:

Wings: They flap their wings upwards and downwards to fly. The upward movement of the wings is called upstroke. The downward movement of the wings is called downstroke.

talons: long, sharp and curved nail on the feet of some birds

Woodpecker

Hollow Bones: Birds have lightweight, hollow bones that make it easier for them to take off and then remain in the air for a long time.

Strong Muscles: Birds have strong chest muscles that help them flap their wings powerfully. These muscles are called pectoral muscles.

Streamlined Bodies: Birds have a streamlined shape, with a pointed beak and smooth head, to cut through the air easily. This helps them fly faster.

Characteristics of Birds

Building Nests

Birds build nests to lay eggs and take care of their young ones.

Nests of Different Birds

Sparrows and pigeons use twigs and grass to make their nests on trees and the holes of buildings.

Woodpeckers drill holes in tree trunks and make their nests there.

Tailorbirds make their nests in plants with large leaves. They use their sharp beaks to stitch leaves using twigs or pieces of thread.

Weaver birds weave nests using grass, leaves and twigs. These nests hang from tree branches.

streamlined: a shape that is thick in the middle and narrow at the ends

Sparrow’s Nest

Tailorbird’s Nest

Weaver Bird’s Nest

Woodpecker’s Nest

Migration

During winters, birds living in colder places move to warmer places. This movement is called migration. They migrate every year in the same season.

Birds migrate in search of food, water and warmer places where they can lay eggs and raise their babies. The Siberian crane migrates to India from Russia during the winters.

Wonders of Bharat

Think and Tell

Do birds migrate back to their original places? If so, when and how?

Salim Ali was a famous Indian scientist who studied birds. He was popularly called the “Birdman of India”. He wrote important books about birds, helped create safe places for birds to live, and worked hard to protect them.

Word Splash

pectoral muscles: strong muscles located in the chest area migration: movement of birds from colder places to warmer places

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

Points to Remember

• Birds have wings and feathers, which are useful for flying.

• Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food.

• Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food.

• Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves from predators or harsh weather.

Siberian Crane

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which type of feathers help birds to fly?

Body feathers

Flight feathers

Down feathers

None of these

B. Which type of feathers help birds to keep their bodies warm?

Body feathers

Flight feathers

Down feathers

Tail feathers

C. Which birds are known for weaving their nests?

Sparrows Woodpeckers Weaver birds Penguins

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. Birds use and claws to walk and climb.

B. help birds to fly and keep them warm.

C. Birds have a body shape to help them fly.

D. Birds lay eggs in .

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. Birds have feathers on their legs and beaks.

B. Birds have wings to fly in the air.

C. Birds use their claws to catch and eat food.

D. Birds migrate to search for warmer places.

4. Picture-based question.

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How do grasping feet helps birds?

B. Where do woodpeckers make their nests?

C. How do wings help birds fly?

D. Why are nests important for birds?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

Challenge (HOTS)

If a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges might it face?

Life Skills

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

Air and Water 7

Hold a balloon and blow into it.

A. What gets filled in the balloon?

B. Tick ( ) the things that changed in the balloon due to blowing.

C. Write more things that can be filled in the balloon for the same change(s) to occur. Get Set

Air

One day, Riya asks her mother, “What is air?” Her mother asks her in return, “Do you feel anything on you when you sit under the fan?” Riya thought for a moment and said, “Yes, I feel something blowing across my body.”

Her mother nodded and said, “Yes, that is the moving air that you feel.” Riya’s eyes widened with understanding.

Remember!

The air forms a protective layer around the Earth. This layer of air is called the atmosphere. The air in our surroundings is a mixture of gases. It contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and rest 1% argon, carbon dioxide water vapour and other gases. Air also contains dust.

What Causes Air to Move?

The heat of the sun warms up the air in our surroundings. The warm air, being lighter, rises up. This creates an empty space. The heavier cooler air from the sides moves in to fill this space. This moving air is called wind.

Air also contains germs and harmful substances that can make us sick.

Discuss!

What would you do when there is a strong wind outside?

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To show that warm air rises up

Materials Needed: 2 paper bags, a thin stick, a lighted candle, a string of thread to tie

Method:

Step 1: Take two empty paper bags of the same size. Use threads to tie them upside down on the ends of a thin, wooden stick.

Step 2: Now, tie a piece of thread in the middle of the stick and let it hang freely.

Step 3: Place a burning candle below the open mouth of the paper bag hung on the left side. Observe the wooden stick after some time.

Finding: You will observe that the bag above the candle goes up.

Conclusion: This is because the air above the candle becomes warm and rises, which pushes the bag up.

Pause and Answer

Number the steps in the correct order to explain the formation of winds.

An empty space is created

Cool air from the sides moves in to fill this space.

The sun’s heat warms the air in the surroundings. This moving air results in the formation of wind.

The warm air moves up.

Uses of Air

• All living things need air to survive. We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.

• Plants use carbon dioxide from the air to make their own food through photosynthesis.

photosynthesis: a process by which plants make their food

• Air is pumped into the tyres of cars, bicycles and other vehicles to make them move smoothly on the road.

• Air is necessary for burning.

• Air helps to dry our clothes. When we hang wet clothes, the air dries them by taking away the moisture.

Water

Air is pumped into tyres. Air helps in burning.

Can you imagine a day without water? No, right! Even though 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, only a small portion of this water is usable. So, we should use water wisely.

Sources of Water

Rain is the major source of water on the Earth. The water that falls on Earth gets collected in the form of surface water and groundwater.

Surface Water: The rainwater falls on the land and is collected in water bodies. The water collected in the water bodies formed on the surface of the Earth is called surface water. Surface water also comes from melting of ice. Ponds, lakes, rivers, sea and oceans are the sources of surface water for us.

Groundwater: Groundwater comes from the rainwater that seeps into the ground and gets collected in the soil and rocks below the ground. Wells, tubewells and handpumps are the sources of groundwater on Earth.

consumption: the using up of a resource

Although seas and oceans are also sources of surface water, the water in these sources is salty. As a result, it is not fit for human consumption.

Error Alert!

Well      Tubewell     Handpump

Uses of Water

• We need water for everyday activities like drinking, cooking food, bathing, brushing and washing clothes.

Think and Tell

Can you name some of your daily activities that will be affected if we have a shortage of water?

Drinking  Cooking  Bathing  Brushing

• Farmers use water for irrigation. We also water the plants at our home.

Pause and Answer

Water is used for irrigation.

Classify the following sources of water as surface water sources and ground water sources.

pond  lake  well  handpump  sea  ocean  river  tubewells

Surface Water Sources

Forms of Water

Ground Water Sources

Water can be found in three forms in nature.

• Water in the solid form is found as snow on mountains. Water is also frozen as ice in glaciers and icebergs, in nature. Ice is also the solid form of water. We can get ice by freezing water. Glacier

irrigation: watering land to grow crops; glaciers: large sheets of ice formed in nature icebergs: pieces of ice that have broken off from glaciers and float in the sea

• Water in the liquid form is collected in the water bodies. Snow in the mountains melts to form water. Ice also melts to form water.

• Water in the gaseous form is found in the atmosphere as water vapour. Water in our surroundings evaporates to form vapour. Water from the wet floor or clothes also evaporates into the atmosphere.

Water Cycle

When the sun heats up water in different water bodies, this heated water turns into vapour which then rises in the air. This process is called evaporation. As the vapour rises, it cools down and forms clouds. This process is called condensation. When these clouds become heavy with water, they release it as rain, snow or hail. This process is called precipitation. Some of the rainwater is collected in the water bodies while some of it seeps into the ground to become groundwater. The collected water is again heated by the sun, evaporates again and the cycle starts over. This continuous process is called the water cycle.

Did You Know?

The water on the Earth today is the same as the water that was here when the Earth was formed and when the dinosaurs lived. We keep using the same water again and again.

Wonders of Bharat

Bawaris or baolis are step wells found in Gujarat and Rajasthan. These wells have steps that go down to a large natural or artificial water body. They are very effective in collecting rainwater and keeping a steady water supply all year round.

Iceberg

atmosphere: the layer of air surrounding the Earth

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about water cycle.

Points to Remember

• Air is a mixture of gases.

• The sun’s heat makes the air move which results in the wind.

• Water can be a solid (ice), liquid (water) or gas (water vapour).

• Water can change from one state to another.

• Evaporated water keeps on coming back in the form of rain due to the water cycle.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. What is air made up of?

Only oxygen

A mixture of gases

Only carbon dioxide

Only nitrogen

B. Which of these shows that air is all around us?

We can see it. We can touch it.

We can feel it. We can drink it.

C. Which of these is a source of groundwater?

Lakes Rivers Wells Ponds

D. Where is water found in solid form in nature?

Lakes and ponds

Rivers and streams

Glaciers and icebergs Clouds

E. How can we get water from ice?

By melting it. By freezing it. By boiling it. By evaporating it.

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. air rises up when it is heated.

B. is the major source of water on the Earth.

C. Water evaporates to turn into .

D. We can get ice by water.

E. in its solid state is called snow.

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. We can see air around us.

B. Air contains only oxygen.

C. Water does not change its form.

D. The liquid form of water is called ice.

4. Picture-based question.

Ice Water Water Vapour

A. Name the three forms of water. Solid:

B. How do we get one form of water from another?

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Why is air important for us?

B. List four uses of water in our daily life.

C. Where does the water in the wells come from?

D. Why is water important for farmers?

E. Name three processes that take place in the water cycle.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Explain the composition of air with the help of a diagram.

B. Write any three uses of air.

C. Explain the various sources of water.

D. In how many forms does water exist in nature? Explain with examples of each form.

E. Explain water cycle with the help of a labelled diagram.

Challenge (HOTS)

1. If you live in a village with no river nearby, where would you get water from?

2. Suggest two ways in which you can save water.

Life Skills

You can save freshwater by collecting rainwater. Use this water for various purposes like watering your plants or cleaning. Encourage your family and friends to collect rainwater and save as much fresh water as they can.

Weather and Seasons

Chapter Overview

Weather

Weather and Seasons Seasons

Clothes Worn in Different Seasons

Solve the riddles. Get Set

You can feel me but you cannot touch or see me.

I am birds’ favourite; I fill up all the space.

Who am I?

I am found in a lake and in a stream. When frozen, I turn into ice. When boiled, I turn to steam. Who am I?

Weather is the day-to-day condition of our atmosphere at a given place and time. The weather of a place does not remain the same. It may change any time.

Changes in the Weather

Atmosphere is the layer of air around the Earth.

The factors that affect the weather are the sun, winds, clouds and rain. Let us discuss these factors, one by one, in detail.

Sun

The sun is the main source of heat and light on the Earth. At noon, the sun’s rays fall in a straight line on Earth. That is why noon becomes the hottest time of the day. The mornings and evenings are cooler as the rays of the Sun are slanting.

Wind

At noon, sun rays fall straight on the Earth.

The sun’s rays heat up the land and the air above it. The warm air rises. The cool air from the sides then takes the place of the warm air. This causes the blowing of wind.

When the wind blows gently, it is called a breeze.

Clouds

The sun heats up water in rivers, lakes, and seas, causing it to turn into water vapour. These vapours rise into the atmosphere, where they mix with dust particles and form clouds.

Clouds cause rain. They can also block the sunlight when they pass above us during the day.

slanting: at an angle

Only some of the heat reaches the Earth

Clouds block the path of sun rays.

Rain

When clouds become dark and heavy, they can burst to cause rainfall. Rain makes the weather cool and pleasant.

Think and Tell

What would happen if it never rains? Would we be able to survive then? Why?

Rainfall is important for crops. We must collect and store rainwater for later use. We can use this water for cleaning and gardening.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To prove that warm air rises upwards

Materials Needed: Candle, a piece of paper cut in a circle, a pair of scissors, a wooden stick, clay, matchbox/lighter

Method:

Step 1: Take the piece of paper and ask your parents or an older person to cut it in a spiral.

Step 2: Take the wooden stick and attach it on the clay.

Step 3: Stick one end of the spiral on the wooden stick and let the other end hang freely.

Step 4: After that, light the candle at the bottom of the spiral and observe what happens.

Findings: We will see that the spiral begins to spin.

Conclusion: This happens because warm air rises upwards and cool air from sides blow towards the empty space. This creates wind and makes the paper spin.

Types of Weather

Weather is of different types.

1. Sunny

In this weather, the sun shines brightly in the clear sky. The days are hot.

pleasant: nice and likable

Sunny Weather

2. Rainy

When it rains, the weather is called rainy. The weather become cool and pleasant after the rain.

Rainy Weather

3. Cloudy

When there are a lot of clouds in the sky, it is called cloudy weather. Sometimes, a cloudy sky can block out the sun.

Weather

4.

Snowy

Snowy Weather

In winters or in cold places, the water drops in the clouds freeze and fall as snow. Such kind of weather is called snowy.

Look at the pictures and name the weather. Pause and Answer

Seasons are the conditions of our atmosphere for longer durations. Unlike the weather, seasons remain the same for several months and they follow a cycle.

freeze: turning into ice duration: time during which something continues

Cloudy

There are five main seasons in a year: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring.

1. Summer

It is the hottest season of the year. The days are longer, and nights are shorter during summers. We like to have cool drinks like juices and shakes. We also enjoy fruits, such as mango, muskmelon, watermelon and litchi in summers.

2. Monsoon

It is also known as the rainy season. Monsoon season is from July to September. It comes after the summer season. In this season, we see clouds and rain. Sometimes, we also see a rainbow in the sky.

3. Autumn

The autumn season is from October to November. It is after the monsoon season. The days and nights are of nearly equal duration.

4. Winter

The winter season is from December to February. It comes after the autumn season. In this season, the days are shorter, and the nights are longer. The weather becomes colder. People wear woollen clothes to keep the cold away.

5. Spring

Spring comes after the winter season. In this season, days and nights are of nearly equal duration. During this season, a lot of flowers bloom. People enjoy staying outdoors due to the pleasant weather.

Make your Wheel of Seasons!

• Take a paper plate and draw lines to divide it into five equal parts.

• Colour each part to represent one of the five seasons: monsoon, spring, summer, autumn, and winter.

• Paste pictures in each section that show things related to that season, like:

⸰ Clothes people wear ⸰ Activities people do

⸰ Months when the season happens

• Show your Wheel of Seasons to your classmates and explain what each season is like.

Discuss!

Do you think all parts of India experience the same conditions during different seasons? Discuss with your classmates.

Did You Know?

Countries like the Philippines, Kenya, Singapore and the Maldives have similar weather conditions even during different seasons.

Clothes Worn in Different Seasons

People wear different clothes in different seasons.

Clothes for Summers: In summers, we wear light, cotton clothes. Cotton clothes absorb sweat and keep us cool.

Clothes such as shorts, skirts and half-sleeved T-shirts are worn in this season.

Clothes for Summers

Things like hats, sunglasses and umbrellas are also used during summers to stay away from direct rays of the sun.

Clothes for Monsoon: To protect ourselves from rain, we wear raincoats and gumboots. We also use umbrellas.

Raincoats are made up of waterproof fabric that keeps us dry. Sometimes, getting wet in the rain can make us fall sick.

for Monsoon

Clothes for Winters: We wear woollen clothes, such as sweaters, jackets and coats, in this season. We also use caps, mufflers, gloves and socks to keep us warm.

Clothes for Winters

Woollen clothes trap the body heat and keep us warm. We also wear thick and dark-coloured clothes to stay warm in winters.

Wonders of Bharat

Mawsynram, a place in Meghalaya, is known as the wettest place on Earth. This place gets the heaviest rainfall in the world.

Word Splash

weather: it is the day-to-day conditions of our atmosphere at a given place and time atmosphere: it is the layer of air around the Earth breeze: the gentle blowing wind is called breeze

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about seasons.

Points to Remember

• The weather of a place changes due to the sun, the clouds, the rain and the wind.

• The weather can be sunny, rainy, cloudy or snowy.

• Seasons remain the same for several months.

• Seasons occur in a cycle throughout the year.

• We wear different types of clothes in different seasons.

Clothes

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which factor affects the weather?

Sun Soil Clothes Month

B. What causes air to rise up? the heat of the sun the clouds in the sky the cool winds the rainwater

C. Which season comes after the summer season?

Fall season Winter season

Autumn season Monsoon season

D. What type of clothes should be worn in the winter season?

Cotton clothes Raincoats and gumboots

Woollen clothes

2. Fill in the blanks.

Waterproof clothes

A. is the hottest season of the year.

B. We experience heavy rains in the season.

C. The winter season has days and nights.

D. is the season when flowers bloom.

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. The weather can change during a season.

B. There are two types of seasons in a year.

C. Most of the trees shed their leaves during spring.

D. Summers have longer days and shorter nights.

4. Picture-based question.

Look at the picture and answer:

A. What is the weather shown in the picture?

B. Write any two activities that you like to do in the weather shown in the picture.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Name the different types of weather.

B. Which is the hottest part of the day? Why?

C. Why should we avoid getting wet in the rains?

D. Why do we wear woollen clothes in the winter?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Name the different types of weather. How is the weather today?

B. How are weather and seasons different? Explain with examples.

C. Which season is your favourite? Why?

Challenge (HOTS)

Rainwater is freshwater that can be collected for later use. Suggest a way in which you can collect rainwater.

Life Skills

Winters can be harsh for people who do not have enough clothes or the money to buy them. People who can afford extra clothes should donate them to the needy. Take the help of your family, friends and neighbours to organise a donation drive where you collect woollen clothes and donate them in an orphanage or to the needy.

9 Soil

How is Soil Formed?

Get Set Chapter Overview

What is Soil Made Of ? Types of Soil Uses of Soil

Reema has brought a plant from a nursery.

A. Write the things this plant would need to grow healthily.

1. A

2. S L

3. W T

4. S L

B. Suggest one thing she should do to take care of the plant.

Soil is the topmost layer of the earth. It consists of minerals, rock particles, and dead and decaying remains of plants and animals. It also contains air and water. The soil is home to many animals.

How is Soil Formed?

What happens when we crush a piece of chalk? It breaks into small pieces. If we crush it further, it will turn into chalk powder. Like chalk powder, soil is formed by crushing or breaking down of big rocks due to the action of the sun, rain and wind. This is called the weathering of rocks.

Step 1: The sun heats up the large rocks. The wind and the rain cool down these heated rocks. This continuous heating and cooling forms cracks in the rocks. As the cracks get bigger, the rocks break down into small pieces.

Step 2: Over time, the rock pieces break into even smaller pieces to form soil. Small plants begin to grow in them.

Step 3: Dead plants and animals mix with water and small particles to form humus.

minerals: substances naturally formed in the Earth decaying: breaking down of substances burrow: a tunnel or a hole in the ground humus: the part of soil made from dead plants and animals

Plants grow in the soil.

Animals make burrows in the soil.

The formation of soil is a slow and continuous process. It takes millions of years to form a thin layer of soil. So, we should not pollute the soil and try to conserve it.

What is Soil Made Of?

Remember!

A handful of soil contains about seven billion microorganisms, small living beings which we cannot see with the naked eyes.

We know that the soil is made up of broken pieces of rocks and humus. Along with rocks and humus, soil also contains air and water.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To prove that soil contains air and water in it

Materials needed: A glass jar, a vessel with a cover, a stove, some water and some soil

Method: Put some soil in a glass jar and pour water over it. Notice what is formed in the water. Now take a vessel with a lid and put some soil in it. Close the lid and heat the vessel for some time. Open the lid carefully and notice what is formed on the lid.

Result: In the first setup, air bubbles form in the glass jar. In the second setup, on heating the soil, small droplets of water appear in the inner side of the vessel and the lid.

Air Bubbles

Soil Contains Air

Water Droplets Drops of water are formed inside of the lid

Soil Contains Water

Conclusion: The formation of air bubbles on pouring water into the soil proves that the soil contains air. The formation of water droplets on heating the soil proves that the soil contains water.

Layers of Soil

When you dig the soil to make a pit, you will see different layers of the soil. The four main layers of soil are topsoil, subsoil, parent rock and bedrock.

Do and Learn

Nature takes 500 years to create one inch of topsoil. Did You Know?

Topsoil: The outermost layer of the soil is called topsoil. It is 2 to 8 inches thick. It also contains humus which makes it fertile. The roots of all plants grow in the topsoil.

Subsoil: The layer below the topsoil is called subsoil. It is a mixture of sand, clay and broken rocks.

Parent Rock: This is the layer below the subsoil and contains big solid rocks that can be broken down further into pieces.

Bedrock: The layer of soil made up of rocks is called bedrock. Water cannot pass through this layer and gathers over the bedrock to form the water table.

Take a transparent plastic jar and display different soil layers.

Gather pebbles, gravel, sand mixed with small pebbles, and garden soil. Using this diagram as a reference, layer the largest pebbles at the bottom, followed by gravel, then the sand and small pebbles mixture and finally the garden soil on top. Enhance the model with dried leaves and twigs and label each soil layer on the jar for clarity. Your soil layers model is now complete!

Pause and Answer

Name the following layers of soil.

1. A layer through which water cannot pass

fertile: rich in minerals required for plant growth gravel: collection of small, loose pieces of rock and stone

2. The most fertile layer that consists of humus

3. A layer made of sand, clay and small rocks

Types of Soil

Shalu went on a desert safari with her parents. She noticed that the soil there was dry and powdery and quite different from the soil in her garden. She asked her parents why it was so. Her parents replied that there could be many types of soil. The type of soil depends on the size of its particles. Based on the particle size, soil is of three types—sandy soil, clayey soil and loamy soil.

Sandy Soil

Sandy soil is dry and light and contains large sand particles. It does not hold much water due to the large air spaces between the particles. Plants like cacti and coconuts grow well in sandy soil.

Clayey Soil

Think and Tell

When we dissolve sand in water, after some time the sand settles down. Think and tell what this tells us about the sand?

Clayey soil contains very fine particles and holds water well. It becomes sticky when mixed with water. However, it is not ideal for most plants because it lacks air due to the small spaces between the particles.

Loamy Soil

Loamy soil has medium-sized particles. It is a mix of sand and clay. It is good for plant growth because it has enough air, water and humus. Adding manure and fertilisers can make it even more fertile.

particles: very small pieces of anything manure: a natural substance which helps in the growth of the plants fertilisers: chemical-based minerals added to the soil

Sandy Soil

Clayey Soil

Loamy Soil

Uses of Soil

Soil is useful in many ways:

1. Soil provides water and minerals for the crops and plants.

2. It is the home of animals such as earthworms, ants, rats, rabbits and snakes.

3. Soil allows rainwater to seep in and prevent floods.

Soil used to make pots.

4. Soil (clayey soil) is used to make pots, diyas, bricks and kutcha houses.

Soil Conservation

The top layer of soil gets washed away due to wind and rain. This washing away of topsoil is called soil erosion. Since soil formation is a slow and continuous process, we must protect the soil. The practice of protecting soil from erosion and other damage is called soil conservation. Planting trees can prevent soil erosion.

Wonders of Bharat

Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School, in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, is built from yellow sandstone, which comes from local sand. The school is designed in an oval shape to stay cool even in very high temperatures. The school does not use air conditioners.

Word Splash

weathering: breaking down of huge rocks due to the action of sun, rain and wind humus: the layer of topsoil made up of dead plants and animals

soil erosion: washing away of topsoil due to wind and rain

soil conservation: taking care of the soil and preventing its erosion

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about soil.

Points to Remember

• Soil is made up of rocks and humus. It also has air and water in it.

• Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks.

• Soil has the following layers—topsoil, subsoil, parent rock and bedrock.

• There are three types of soil—clayey, sandy and loamy.

• Soil is very important to all living beings.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Plants grow well in this layer of soil. Which layer of soil could this be?

top soil bedrock subsoil parent rock

B. Which of the following is made from decaying plants and animals? rocks humus gravels clay

C. Which layer of soil is made of large rocks and through which water does not seep?

topsoil subsoil bedrock parent rock

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. is the topmost layer of the Earth.

B. Along with rocks and humus, soil also contains and .

C. Topsoil gets eroded by the action of and rain.

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. Clayey soil has fine soil particles.

B. Bedrock is the top layer of soil.

C. Loamy soil is a mixture of clay and sand.

4. Picture-based question.

Label the layers of soil and answer the question.

Which layer is the most fertile? Why?

5. Short-answer questions.

A. List the factors that cause the weathering of rocks.

B. How is humus useful to plants?

C. What is meant by soil conservation? Why is it important?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Write the steps involved in the formation of soil.

B. Draw a diagram showing the layers of soil and explain each layer in brief.

C. What is the difference between clayey and sandy soils?

D. What are the different uses of soil in our daily life?

Challenge (HOTS)

1. If you wanted to grow a garden, which type of soil would you choose—sandy, clayey, or loamy? Explain your choice.

2. If there were no soil on earth, how do you think it would affect the environment and living beings?

Life Skills

Take some clay and sieve it with a fine cotton cloth. Add some water to it and make a soft and smooth dough. Use the dough to make toys, animals, pots or other decorative items. Keep them in the sun to dry. Now paint them with different colours. Your clay gift items are ready. You can gift them to your friends and relatives.

PROJECT 2 Weather Chart

Objective: To observe and record daily weather conditions.

Materials Needed: chart, sheets of paper, markers, colours, glue or tape, a pair of scissors

Steps:

Step 1: Learn about weather

Learn about the different types of weather (sunny, rainy, cloudy, snowy, stormy, windy) using your school textbook or the internet.

Step 2: Prepare a weather chart

On a big chart paper, create a weather chart as given below.

Sunny

Rainy

Cloudy

Snowy

Windy

Stormy

Step 3: Create weather symbols

Using some papers, draw weather symbols, such as the sun for sunny days, clouds for cloudy days, raindrops for rainy days, and snowflakes for snowy days. You can choose your own designs too. Make a few copies of each weather symbol. Colour them in and cut them out.

Step 4: Track the weather and fill in the weather chart

Each day for a week, choose the weather symbol that best matches the day’s weather and paste it in the appropriate column for that day.

Step 5: Present your weather chart

Present your weather chart to the class. Pay attention to the charts that will be presented by your classmates.

Project Output: You have created a weather chart which shows the weather conditions for a week.

Final Outcome: This project will help you understand the different types of weather and understand how weather is not the same, but changes over short periods of time.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 2

Read this article. Answer the questions given below.

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is when the top layer of the soil is washed or blown away by wind and water. In India, soil erosion is a big problem in several states. For example, in places such as in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, heavy rains and deforestation have caused the top layer of soil to wash away, making it hard for plants to grow and leading to more landslides.

In the Deccan Plateau, which includes parts of Karnataka and Maharashtra, overgrazing by animals and poor farming practices have led to soil erosion. The soil has become dry and less fertile, making it difficult for crops to grow.

To stop soil erosion, people can plant trees, use smart farming methods, and build barriers to protect the soil. This is called soil conservation. It helps keep the soil healthy, so plants can grow well and the environment stays balanced.

1. What is soil erosion?

A. Adding nutrients to the soil and making it fertile

B. When the top layer of soil is washed or blown away

C. The excess layers of soil on the ground

2. Why is soil conservation important?

A. To avoid the earthquakes

B. To increase the amount of sand

C. To balance the environment

3. Imagine you are a farmer and you are facing the problem of soil erosion due to heavy rain. What soil conservation methods could you use to protect your soil? Suggest any two.

4. What will happen if we are not able to stop soil erosion?

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Model Test Paper - 2

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour

Total Marks: 30

1 Tick () the correct answer. (1 × 4 marks)

A In which layer of soil do plants grow well?

a Bedrock

c Parent rock

b Subsoil

d Topsoil

B Which type of feathers help birds to fly?

a Body feathers

c Down feathers

b Flight feathers

d None of these

C Where is water found in a solid form in nature?

a Lakes and ponds

c Glaciers and icebergs

D What causes air to rise up?

a The heat of the sun

c Cool winds

b Rivers and streams

d Clouds

b The clouds in the sky

d Rainwater

2 Fill in the blanks. (1 × 4 marks) wind  monsoon  vapour  beaks

A Birds use their to catch and eat food.

B Water evaporates and turns into .

C We experience heavy rains in the season.

D Topsoil gets eroded by the action of and rain.

3 Write ONE word for the following. (1 × 4 marks)

A Strong muscles located in the chest area of birds.

B The layer of air surrounding the Earth.

C The layer of topsoil made up of dead plants and animals.

D The mass movement of birds from colder places to warmer places.

4 Write True or False. (1 × 4 marks)

A We wear light woollen clothes during the summer.

B Air is a mixture of gases.

C Loamy soil is a mixture of clay and sand.

D Summers have longer days and shorter nights.

5 Picture-based questions. (1 × 2 marks)

A Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

6 Answer the following questions. (2 × 6 marks)

A What is meant by soil conservation? Why is it important?

B Name the processes that take place in the water cycle.

C Why is air important for us?

D Why do we wear cotton clothes in the summer?

E Why do birds build nests?

F Why should we avoid getting wet in the rains?

India—Symbols and Leaders 8

Chapter Overview

National Symbols

India—Symbols and Leaders Get Set

Great Leaders

You must have seen the Indian flag being hoisted in your school or nearby places. Colour the Indian flag given below.

National Symbols

National symbols represent a nation’s culture and values and work as its identity. Let us learn about the national symbols of India.

identity: who someone or something is

National Flag

The National Flag of India is rectangular and is a tricolour, meaning it has three colours. It has three equal-sized bands of saffron, white and green. The saffron band at the top represents strength and courage. The white band in the middle stands for truth and peace. The green band at the bottom stands for growth and prosperity. The white band has the navy blue Ashok Chakra in the centre. The Chakra has 24 spokes.

To respect our national flag, we must make sure that:

• It is never kept on the ground.

• There should be no other flag above it.

• The saffron band should be at the top.

• The flag should be carried over our right shoulder.

• It should be held in the front of a gathering.

• We should never hoist a torn or a dirty flag.

National Emblem

The Indian National Flag The National Flag of India was designed by Pingali Venkayya in 1921. Did You Know?

The National Emblem is used as a seal by the government of India. It can be seen on coins and currency notes. It can be seen on government documents and letters too. The seal has four lions that face the four directions. At a time, only three are visible at once. The base of the emblem has a horse, a bull, an elephant and a lion. Each are separated by a wheel. At the bottom, the words 'Satyameva Jayate' are written. It means 'truth always wins'.

The National Emblem of India

prosperity: a condition in which people are happy spokes: rods in a wheel connecting the outer circle to the centre

National Anthem

Our National Anthem is Jana-Gana-Mana. It was written by the famous poet Rabindranath Tagore. The song talks about the beauty and diversity of India. When it is played, everyone should stand in attention to show respect and love for our country.

Error Alert!

Jana-Gana-Mana is not our National Song. It is our National Anthem. The national song of our country is Vande Mataram. It was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

National Animal

Our National Animal is the Royal Bengal Tiger. It is the symbol of strength, power and grace. The Royal Bengal Tiger is protected in national parks because it is an endangered animal. India gives importance to protecting its wildlife.

The Indian Government started Project Tiger in 1973. It aimed at protecting tigers and increasing their population. Did You Know?

National Bird

Our National Bird is the peacock. It stands for beauty and grace. It is found across India and has an important place in Indian art and culture. Peacock

diversity: having many different people, cultures, languages, etc. national park: a forest area protected by the government endangered: a category of animals or birds which is at risk of dying out

Rabindranath Tagore

Royal Bengal Tiger

National Flower

Our National Flower is the lotus. It is also an important part of Indian art and culture. It represents truth, knowledge and wealth.

Do and Learn

Find out the names of any three national parks in India and the states in which they are located.

Great Leaders

India has had some great leaders who inspire us. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Mother Teresa and Jawaharlal Nehru lived their lives serving the people. We can learn many important lessons and values from their lives.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi is also known as the Father of the Nation. He was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat. His complete name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Rabindranath Tagore gave him the title of Mahatma. He studied law in London and later went to South Africa to work as a lawyer. He soon returned to India and helped India become free from the British rule.

He believed in non-violence, truth and simple living. From his life, we can learn the importance of honesty, kindness and standing up for what is right without hurting others. Gandhi’s values continue to guide and inspire us even today. He passed away on 30 January 1948.

inspire: to motivate someone to do something non-violence: not harming others

Lotus

Mahatma Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of our country. He was born on 14th November 1889 in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. He studied law and worked as a lawyer for many years. He played an important role in our freedom struggle against the British. He was very fond of children and every year his birthday is celebrated as Children’s Day. He passed away on 27 May 1964.

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa was born on 26 August 1910 in North Macedonia in Europe. At the age of 19, she moved to India as a nun.

She started a group called the Missionaries of Charity in 1950. Here, she and the other nuns worked hard to feed the hungry, take care of the sick, and provide shelter to the homeless. She passed away on 5 September 1997. She is remembered for her kindness. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for the work she did to help people in need.

Wonders of Bharat

The Ashoka Chakra is named after Emperor Ashoka who ruled India long ago. The Ashoka Chakra reminds us of his message that true strength comes from peace and living with good values.

Word Splash

national symbol: something that represents a nation’s culture and values, and works as its identity

national emblem: a symbol of the nation which is used for official work

nun: a religious woman who spends her life in service of the poor and needy

Mother Teresa

Ashoka Chakra

Jawaharlal Nehru

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the national song of India.

Points to Remember

• The National Flag of India has three colours: saffron, white and green.

• Mahatma Gandhi is known as the Father of the Nation.

• Mother Teresa cared for the poor, sick and needy.

• Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Whose birthday is celebrated as Children’s Day in India?

a. Mahatma Gandhi

c. Jawaharlal Nehru

b. Mother Teresa

B. What does our national flower stand for?

a. Knowledge

c. Beauty

b. Power

C. Which is the national animal of our country?

a. Lion

c. Horse

2. Write True or False.

A. Jana-Gana-Mana is our national song.

b. The Royal Bengal Tiger

B. Mahatma Gandhi was the first prime minister of India.

C. Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for helping the needy.

D. The National Emblem has a peacock at the top.

3. Match the following.

A. National Anthem i. Mahatma Gandhi

B. National Song ii. Jana-Gana-Mana

C. First prime minister iii. Vande Mataram

D. Father of the Nation iv. Jawaharlal Nehru

4. Answer the following questions.

A. What are some rules we must follow to respect our National Flag?

B. What is the meaning of words ‘Satyameva Jayate’?

C. Where can we see the national emblem being used?

D. Which prize was Mother Teresa awarded for the work she did?

E. ‘At the top there are four lions, at the base it has a horse, a bull, an elephant, and a lion.’ What is being described here?

5. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name the animal shown in the picture.

B. Why is this animal important to India?

HOTS

If you had to create a new national symbol for India, what would it be and how would it represent important values or features of our country?

Life Skills

Make a scrapbook titled ‘Great Leaders of India’. Paste pictures of three leaders from our country; write their names under their pictures and any two values that they stood for. Make sure not to choose the leaders about whom you have just learnt. Share the scrapbook with your class and talk about the leader and the values that inspire you the most.

Look at the pictures. Follow the given hints and write the correct names of the monuments.

(Hint: It is a monument in the memory of Indian soldiers.)

Location and Climate

(Hint: The Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag here on Independence day.)

Delhi is the capital of India. It is also known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). It is in the northern part of India. It is bordered by Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The Yamuna river flows through the city. Delhi is located in the

Northern Plains. So it gets very hot in summers and becomes very cold during winters. Delhi receives good rainfall during the monsoons in July and August.

Since New Delhi is the capital of our country, all important government offices are located here such as the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Parliament and the Prime Minister's Office (PMO).

The President of India lives in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Prime Minister’s office is in the South Block. The Parliament, the High Commissions and Embassies of other countries are also in Delhi.

Delhi is a union territory. Even though union territories don’t have a chief minister, Delhi has one. It is because it’s a very big and important city where many people live and work. The chief minister helps take care of the city to make sure everything runs smoothly.

Transportation

Delhi has many transport options like taxis, buses and the metro rail. The Delhi Metro Rail connects Delhi with neighbouring cities like Noida, Gurugram, Ghaziabad, etc.

The city bus service, called the DTC (Delhi Transport Corporation), connects different parts of the city.

Did You Know?

Delhi Metro is India’s busiest and largest metro rail network. It runs both above and underground. It was started in 2002.

The Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi connects it with major cities of India and the world. The Old Delhi Railway Station and the New Delhi

South Block, New Delhi

Delhi on map of India

Arabian Sea

of Bengal

INDIAN OCEAN

Railway Station are two major railway stations. Delhi has a wide network of roads too.

Do and Learn

With the help of your partner, find the map of the Delhi Metro on the internet. Learn about the metro routes for some important places like Chandni Chowk, Red Fort, New Delhi Railway Station and India Gate.

Culture

Delhi is famous for its street food like chaat, chole kulche, etc.

People living in Delhi celebrate many festivals like Holi, Diwali, Eid, Onam, Durga Puja, Christmas, etc. Delhi is the main centre for Independence Day and Republic Day celebrations as well.

Hindi is spoken by most of the people of Delhi. Other languages like English, Urdu and Punjabi are also spoken in the city.

People mostly wear light cotton clothes in the summer and woollens in the winters. All kinds of traditional and modern clothing, from sarees and salwar kameez to jeans and T-shirts, can be found here.

Delhi Metro

New Delhi Railway Station A DTC bus in Delhi

Chole kulche

Cold winters in Delhi

Pause and Answer

Circle the correct word.

1. Delhi is situated on the banks of river Yamuna/Ganga.

2. Indira Gandhi International Airport/India Gate International Airport is in Delhi.

3. Delhi Transport Corporation runs the local trains/buses of Delhi.

Famous Places

Delhi has many famous places that attract tourists from India and abroad. The Red Fort in Delhi is of great significance for India. Every year on Independence Day, the prime minister of India hoists the National Flag here. Jama Masjid is another popular monument visited by tourists from all over the world.

Other famous places to visit in Delhi are the Qutub Minar, Jantar Mantar, the Nehru Planetarium, the Lodhi Garden, India Gate, Raj Ghat, Humanyun’s Tomb, Lotus Temple and Akshardham. Whenever we visit these places, we must obey the rules of that place and not harm the buildings in any way.

Wonders of Bharat

Khari Baoli is a street in Old Delhi which is Asia’s largest spice market. It sells a variety of spices, nuts, herbs, rice and tea.

A view of the Khari Baoli market

tourist: a person who travels to different places when they are on holiday significance: importance hoist: raise something high using ropes

Jama Masjid

Red Fort

metro rail: an electric railway system within a city which can be underground, on the surface, or raised on pillars

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about famous places in Delhi.

Points to Remember

• Delhi is situated on the banks of Yamuna.

• New Delhi is the capital of India.

• Delhi is very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter.

• There are many famous tourist places in Delhi like the India Gate, the Lotus Temple and the Jama Masjid.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Delhi shares its boundary with

a. Uttar Pradesh and Punjab

c. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh

B. What is Delhi known as?

a. The National Capital

b. Haryana and Punjab

b. The Royal City of India Territory of Delhi

c. The National Coastal Territory

C. Which of these is a famous tourist attraction in Delhi?

a. Taj Mahal

c. Red Fort

b. Konark Temple

2. Fill in the blanks.

Jama Masjid  Qutub Minar  Red Fort  South Block

A. The Prime Minister of India hoists the national flag at the on Independence Day.

B. The Prime Minister’s Office is located in the .

C. is a famous mosque in Delhi.

D. is a famous tower in Delhi.

3. Write True or False.

A. The President of India's office is in the South Block in Delhi.

B. Delhi is located in the Great Indian Desert.

C. The Gateway of India is a famous place in Delhi.

4. Match the following.

A. Khari Baoli i. President of India

B. South Block ii. Prime Minister's Office

C. Rashtrapati Bhavan iii. Largest spice market in Asia

5. Answer the following questions.

A. What type of climate does Delhi have?

B. Name any two types of local transport in Delhi.

C. Which languages are spoken in Delhi?

D. Can cotton clothes be worn year round in Delhi? Why or why not?

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Which place is this?

B. Why is this place important?

HOTS

Delhi has people from different states living together. How do you think this mix of cultures influences the food, festivals and languages spoken in the city?

Life Skills

Collect pictures of famous tourist places of Delhi. Look for pictures in newspapers, magazines, and on the internet. If you have visited Delhi, then you can use pictures from your trip as well. Make a collage of all the collected pictures. Give your collage a creative title. Display the collage in your class.

Mumbai

All of us like watching films. Can you guess which city of India is famous for making films?

Location and Climate

financial: relating to money

Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra. It is situated on the western coast of India, near the Arabian Sea.

Mumbai was earlier known as Bombay. Since it is the capital of the state, all the important state government offices of Maharashtra are located here. The chief minister, the governor and other ministers of the state also live in Mumbai. Mumbai is called the ‘Financial Capital of India’.

Mumbai is made up of seven islands. The British joined these seven islands through bridges to make one island. Did You Know?

Mumbai has a moderate climate. It is located near the sea so it is neither too hot nor too cold throughout the year. Mumbai receives heavy rainfall during monsoons.

Do and Learn

Look at the politcal map of India in an atlas and make a list of the states neighbouring Maharashtra.

Transport and Industries

Mumbai has a wide network of public transport for travelling within the city. It includes local trains, metro, auto rickshaws and buses. Local trains connect different areas within Mumbai and the surrounding areas. Flights, ships and trains also connect Mumbai to other places across India and the world. The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai is the second busiest airport in India. It connects Mumbai with major cities across the world. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, earlier known as Victoria Terminus, is an important railway station of Mumbai. Mumbai is also an important port city on the western coast of India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port, also known as the Nhava Sheva Port, is a famous port in Mumbai.

moderate: medium

People waiting to board a local train in Mumbai.

Mumbai on the map of India

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

INDIAN OCEAN

MAHARASHTRA

Mumbai

Nhava Sheva Port

Did You Know?

The British had started building Victoria Terminus in 1878. It took them 10 years to complete it.

Many important industries are located in Mumbai like cotton, electronic goods, textiles, medicines, oils and chemicals.

Bombay High, in the Arabian Sea, is an important oilfield in India.

The Hindi films industry is also located in Mumbai. It is known as Bollywood.

Pause and Answer

Tick ( ) the correct option.

Discuss!

The film industry in Mumbai has helped create many jobs for the people living there. Do you agree? Discuss with your friends.

1. Bombay High is in the Arabian Sea/Bay of Bengal.

2. The film industry in Mumbai is called Bollywood/Hollywood.

3. Mumbai is on the western/eastern coast of India.

Culture

The Nauvari saree is a traditional dress worn by most women in Mumbai. It is longer than other sarees. The traditional dress for men is a dhoti with a shirt or kurta. Both men and women also wear a turban known as pheta.

oilfield: an area under the sea where oil is found

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Girl in traditional Nauvari saree

Marathi is the main language spoken by people in Mumbai. Other languages, such as Gujarati, Hindi and English, are also spoken here. Vada pao, pao bhaji, ragda pattice, bhelpuri and poha are some of the famous street food in Mumbai. Shrikhand is a popular sweet dish that people eat there.

Bhelpuri

Pao Bhaji

Ganesh Chaturthi is the most important festival of Mumbai. It is celebrated for many days across the city. At the end of the festival, idols of Lord Ganesh are immersed in the sea.

Nowadays, people have begun using Ganesh idols made of eco-friendly material and even immerse them in large tubs of water outside their homes so that the sea does not get polluted. Other major festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid and Christmas are also celebrated in Mumbai.

Famous Places

Mumbai is a popular tourist destination for both Indians and foreigners. The Gateway of India is a famous tourist spot of Mumbai.

Since Mumbai is located close to the sea, it has many beaches such as Chowpatty, Versova, Marve and Juhu. People enjoy spending time at these beaches. A long road along the seacoast, known as the Marine Drive, is another beautiful tourist attraction.

immerse: to put something in water completely eco-friendly: something that does not harm the environment

Vada Pao

Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations in Mumbai

Gateway of India

Marine Drive, Mumbai

Other famous places are the Elephanta caves, the Hanging Gardens, Jehangir Art Gallery, Taraporewala Aquarium, Haji Ali and the Siddhivinayak Temple.

Wonders of Bharat

The dabbawalas of Mumbai are amazing delivery people who bring fresh, home-cooked lunch to thousands of office workers every day. They use bicycles, buses and trains to deliver lunchboxes. The dabbawalas are experts and they do not make any mistakes.

Word Splash

Mumbai dabbawallas carrying lunchboxes

local trains: trains that connects different places Bollywood: the Hindi film industry located in Mumbai nauvari: a traditional saree worn by women in Maharashtra pheta: a traditional Marathi turban worn by men and women

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about life in Mumbai.

Points to Remember

• Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra.

• It is situated on the western coast of India, near the Arabian Sea.

• Ganesh Chaturthi is the most important festival of Mumbai.

• Marathi is the main language spoken in Mumbai.

• The main traditional dresses worn in Mumbai are the nauvari saree, and dhoti-kurta.

Taraporewala Aquarium

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What was the old name of Mumbai?

a. Bombay b. Maharashtra c. City of Dreams

B. What type of climate does Mumbai have?

a. Hot

b. Moderate c. Cold

C. Mumbai is located near which water body?

a. Arabian Sea b. Bay of Bengal c. Indian Ocean

D. What is the traditional dress of women in Mumbai?

a. Salwar-kameez  b. Skirt and blouse c. Nauvari sari

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. is the most important festival celebrated in Mumbai.

B. and are popular street food of Mumbai.

C. is the main language spoken by the people of Mumbai.

D. Mumbai is the capital of .

3. Write True or False.

A. The Hindi film industry is situated in Mumbai.

B. Mumbai is a port city.

C. Marine Drive is a famous tourist attraction in Mumbai.

D. People in Mumbai wear only saris and dhotis.

Ganesh Chaturthi  Bhelpuri  Maharashtra  Marathi  Pao bhaji

4. Match the following.

A. Pheta i. Oil field

B. Chowpatty ii. Famous food

C. Bombay High iii. Traditional clothing

D. Vada Pao iv. Beach

5. Answer the following questions.

A. Where is Mumbai located?

B. Name three famous tourist places in Mumbai.

C. Will it be correct to say that Mumbai is one of the most important cities of India? Give two reasons.

D. What is Bombay High?

E. Name the most important festival celebrated in Mumbai.

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name the place shown in the picture.

B. Which sea is it located next to?

C. Is there any port in this city? If yes, name it.

HOTS

Mumbai is one of the busiest cities in India. How do you think the city's location on the coast helps it to be an important centre for trade and industry?

Community Connect

Many people shift from their city to Mumbai in search of work and to make their lives better. Discuss with your parents or elders some of the challenges people might face while adjusting to a new city or state.

Life Skills

Use the internet to research some famous street food of Mumbai. Try to make any one of them at home, with your parents' help. Tell your classmates how you liked that dish.

Vada Pao

Chennai

Chapter Overview

Chennai

Location and Climate Culture Transport and Industries

Famous Places

Get Set

Cricket is a popular sport for many of us. Can you identify the cricket team icon shown in the given picture?

(Hint: It is named after a famous city in southern part of India.)

In the previous chapters, we learnt about Delhi and Mumbai. Let us now learn about another important city of India, Chennai. Chennai is the capital city of Tamil Nadu. It was earlier known as Madras.

Location and Climate

Chennai is located on the southeastern coast of India, facing the Bay of Bengal. Chennai has a hot and humid climate throughout the year. It receives rain mainly from October to December.

Since it is the capital of the state, the governor, chief minister and other important ministers work here. All the important government offices of the state are also situated here.

Did You Know?

Chennai is known as ‘India’s health capital’ as it has some of the best hospitals and medical services in India.

Transport and Industries

Chennai on the map of India

Chennai is well connected to other cities in India and abroad. The Chennai International Airport connects the city with major cities of India and the world. The M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station, earlier known as Madras Central, is the main railway station of Chennai. Within the city, one can travel via the metro, local city buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws. The Chennai Metro was started in 2015.

Chennai is a port city as well. The Chennai Port is a very busy port. Ships carry goods to other countries from here. Goods from other countries are also brought to India from this port.

Chennai port

port city: a city located close to the sea and built around a port

Chennai metro rail

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

INDIAN OCEAN

TAMIL NADU

Chennai

Some important industries in Chennai are information technology (IT), cotton textiles, leather, and oil refineries. There are many factories in Chennai that make cycles, railway coaches, trucks and cars. There is a tank manufacturing industry at Avadi in Chennai. Chennai is also famous for its film industry, which is also called Kollywood.

Kanjeevaram sarees are worn by most women in Chennai. Kanjeevaram saree

Culture

People in Chennai mostly speak Tamil. Bharatnatyam is a famous dance form and Carnatic music is the most popular type of music here. Both men and women perform Bharatnatyam.

All major festivals of India are celebrated in Chennai. Pongal, which is the harvest festival, is the most important festival in Chennai. It is celebrated with great joy for four days. Karthigai Deepam is another important festival.

Food items of Chennai

People in Chennai eat rice with sambar, rasam, poriyal and curd. Rice is the staple diet here. Dosa, idli, upma, and vada are some of the important dishes of Chennai. Kesari is a famous sweet dish of Chennai.

As the weather of Chennai is hot and humid all year round, people wear cotton clothes. Traditional clothes of men are veshti and shirt. Women wear cotton sarees and blouses. Girls can be seen wearing pavadai.

Think and Tell

Do people need woollens in Chennai?

textiles: relating to garments harvest: when crops are ready to be cut and collected from the fields veshti: white unstitched cloth wraps for the lower body pavadai: a long skirt in a cone shape that is tied around the waist

A Bharatnatyam dancer

Famous chess player and Olympic gold medalist, Vishwanathan Anand, is from Chennai. Sports keep us healthy and fit. So, we must always play some kind of sport.

Discuss!

Tenzin lives in Leh. He visits Chennai during the winter vacations. Discuss how different the weather of Chennai would be for him.

Pause and Answer

Circle the correct word.

1. Tamil/Telugu is the language spoken in Chennai.

2. Pongal/Ugadi is the festival celebrated in Chennai.

3. Hindustani/Carnatic music is a popular form of music in Chennai.

Famous Places

Chennai is a famous tourist destination and several Indian and foreign tourists visit it every year. There are many famous temples in Chennai like the Kapaleeswarar temple, the Parthasarathy temple and the Sri Vadapalani Andavar temple.

Fort St George, the Golden Beach, St Thomas Church, the Snake Park, the Gandhi Mandapam, and Guindy National Park are some other famous places in Chennai. The Marina Beach in Chennai is the longest beach in India. Blackbuck, jackal, spotted deer, snake, and tortoise are some animals protected in the Guindy National Park.

Kapaleeswarar temple

St Thomas Church

Wonders of Bharat

The Government Museum, or the Madras Museum, is the second oldest museum of India and it is located in Chennai. It was started in 1851. It is owned by the Government of India. It has the largest collection of Roman antiquities (objects from ancient times) outside Europe.

kanjeevaram: special silk sarees worn in Chennai staple: a food item which is eaten almost daily Word Splash

Explore More!

The Government Museum, Chennai

Scan the QR code to learn more about the famous Marina Beach of Chennai.

Points to Remember

• Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu.

• The climate of Chennai is hot and humid.

• Bharatnatyam is the famous dance form of Chennai. Carnatic music is a popular type of music in Chennai.

• People mostly speak Tamil in Chennai.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. Chennai was earlier known as a. Madras  b. Madurai  c. Coimbatore

B. Which of these is a famous place in Chennai?

a. St James Church b. St Thomas Church

c. St Thomas Cathedral

C. Chennai is situated facing the a. Bay of Bengal  b. Arabian sea  c. Caspian Sea

D. The famous dance form of Chennai is a. Kathak b. Kuchipudi c. Bharatnatyam

2. Fill in the blanks.

pavadai Avadi Guindy Marina Beach

A. Tanks are manufactured in in Chennai.

B. National Park is situated in Chennai.

C. is the longest beach in India.

D. Young girls in Chennai wear .

3. Write True or False.

A. Chennai is located on the southwestern coast of India.

B. Metro rail was started in 2015 in Chennai.

C. Chennai has a cold winter season.

D. Chennai does not have a port.

4. Match the following.

A. Kesari i. Form of music

B. Veshti

C. Carnatic

D. Pongal

ii. Celebrated for four days

iii. Men’s clothing

iv. Sweet Dish

5. Answer the following questions.

A. What are some of the major industries of Chennai?

B. Name any three famous tourist places in Chennai.

C. What kind of clothes are worn by the people of Chennai? Give examples.

D. How is the weather in Chennai different from Delhi?

E. Which are the popular dance and music forms of Chennai?

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the questions.

A. Which famous clothing item is shown in the picture?

B. Which state of India does it belong to?

HOTS

Chennai and Mumbai are both located near the sea. What are some of the similarities and differences between the two cities?

Community Connect

Pongal is the harvest festival celebrated in Chennai. Find out why is it celebrated and when is it celebrated? You can research on the internet under your parent’s guidance. Discuss whether your family also celebrates a harvest festival or not.

Kolkata 12

Chapter Overview

Transport and Industries

Location and Climate Culture

Famous Places

Get Set

Read the poem given below with your partner.

Kolkata’s streets are full of cheer, With trams and buses far and near.

The Howrah Bridge stands tall and wide, Over the river, boats gently glide.

In Kolkata, smiles are always bright, Like the city’s glowing light.

Location and Climate

Kolkata is the capital of West Bengal. Since it is the capital of the state, all important government offices are situated here. The governor and the chief minister of the state also live here.

Kolkata

Jhal Muri, a famous snack of Kolkata.

Kolkata is located on the banks of the Hooghly river. It is also an important port city

As you can see on the map, Kolkata is located near the sea. So, it is neither too hot in summers nor too cold in winters. It receives heavy rainfall in monsoons.

Kolkata’s old name was Calcutta. This name was given by the British. It was the capital of the British Empire in India till 1911. After that, New Delhi became the capital of India.

on the map of India

Hooghly and Ganga are not different rivers, as many people may think. Hooghly is the name given to the Ganga river when it enters West Bengal. Error Alert!

Transport and Industries

Kolkata’s transport system is very interesting. It is a mix of the old and the new. It has trams, which are not there in any other city in India. On the other hand, it has the modern underground metro as well. A part of this metro also runs underwater.

port city: a city built around a port

Metro

Tram

Kolkata

It has an airport called the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport. Kolkata also has a port named the Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port. It is the oldest operating port in India. Kolkata has two main railway stations: The Howrah Station and the Sealdah Station.

Howrah and Kolkata are known as twin cities. Howrah lies on the western bank of the Hooghly River. Kolkata lies on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River. They are connected to each other by the Rabindra Setu (the Howrah Bridge) and the Vidyasagar Setu.

There are several industries in Kolkata such as jute, rice, rubber, textiles, paper and chemicals.

Did You Know?

India’s first metro rail was started in Kolkata in the year 1984. India’s first underwater metro rail is also in Kolkata. It started in 2024.

Pause and Answer

Tick (✓) the statements that are correct.

1. Kolkata’s old name was Calcutta.

2. Kolkata has jute industry.

3. Kolkata is close to the Arabian Sea.

4. Howrah is the twin city of Kolkata.

5. Kolkata's airport is known as Syama Prasad Mookerjee airport.

twin cities: two cities that are similar in size, culture and activities that happen there

Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port

Culture

Kolkata is an important centre of Indian art and culture. Many great Indian writers, artists and musicians have come from Kolkata. The main language spoken in Kolkata is Bengali.

Food

Did You Know?

Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian and Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in literature for his famous work Geetanjali. He also wrote our national anthem.

Most people in Kolkata eat food such as rice and fish. Sweets such as roshogolla, sandesh and mishti doi are very popular in Kolkata.

Festivals

Rabindranath Tagore

The main festivals celebrated in Kolkata are Durga Puja and Kali Puja. Big idols of goddesses are specially made for Durga Puja and large pandals (tents) are put up across the city. People celebrate this festival with great joy, and in large numbers, for five days.

Clothing

People in Kolkata mostly wear pants, shirts and sarees. Traditional clothes like dhuti and panjabi are worn in ceremonies or festivals.

Do and Learn

Find out the names of five famous people from Kolkata. They can be writers, artists, musicians, politicians or sports persons.

Rice and fish Sandesh

Durga Puja

Famous Places

Kolkata has many famous tourist attractions.

The Howrah bridge is built on the Hooghly river. It is one of the most famous tourist attractions. The Howrah bridge was renamed as Rabindra Setu in the year 1965. Another famous bridge, called the Vidyasagar Setu, has also been built on the Hooghly river.

The Victoria Memorial is another popular tourist attraction. Other famous places to visit are Fort William, the Alipore Zoo, the Botanical Gardens, the Birla Planetarium, the Rabindra Sarovar, the Belur Math, and the Indian Museum (the oldest and the largest museum of India). The famous cricket ground Eden Gardens is also in Kolkata. These are important places. We must not damage these places while visiting them.

Wonders of Bharat

College Street in Kolkata is the largest book market in India and Asia. It is also the world’s largest market to buy used books.

Word Splash

tram: a vehicle that runs on tracks that are laid out on the street

metro: a railway that is used to travel within a city; and which runs on electricity

museum: a place where interesting objects are kept for people to see

Howrah Bridge

Victoria Memorial Birla Planetarium

College street, Kolkata

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about Kolkata.

Points to Remember

• Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal.

• Bengali is the main language spoken in Kolkata.

• It has many industries like jute, paper, textiles, chemical and rice.

• The main festivals of Kolkata are Kali Puja and Durga Puja.

• Some of the famous tourists attractions are Fort William, the Alipore Zoo, the Botanical Gardens, the Birla Planetarium, the Rabindra Sarovar, and the Belur Math.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Kolkata is the capital of which state?

a. Bihar

b. Maharashtra c. West Bengal

B. Kolkata is located on the banks of which river?

a. Yamuna

b. Hooghly c. Godavari

C. Which is the most important festival of Kolkata?

a. Durga Puja

b. Ganesh Chaturthi c. Onam

D. What is the main language of the people of Kolkata?

a. Tamil

b. Bengali c. Odia

2. Fill in the blanks.

Sandesh  Eden Gardens  Rabindranath Tagore  Rabindra Setu

A. is a famous sweet of Kolkata.

B. is a famous cricket ground in Kolkata.

C. was a famous poet who wrote our national anthem.

D. The new name of the Howrah Bridge is the .

3. Write True or False.

A. The Vidyasagar Setu has been built on the Hooghly river.

B. Kolkata has an underwater metro rail.

C. Rice and fish are the staple food of Kolkata.

D. Kolkata has one main railway station.

4. Answer the following questions.

A. Name any two tourist attractions of Kolkata.

B. Name any two important industries of Kolkata.

C. What are the different forms of transport that can be found in Kolkata?

D. Which are the main festivals of Kolkata and how are they celebrated?

5. Picture-based questions.

A. Look at the map. Which water body is near Kolkata?

B. Why do you think fish is a popular food item there?

C. Kolkata is located near the sea. Describe its climate.

HOTS

How do you think is Kolkata different from Delhi? How is it similar?

Community Connect

Durga Puja is a famous festival. It is celebrated with a lot of enthusiasm in Kolkata. With the help of your parents or elders, find out how is it celebrated in your city? Write 3 points about it.

Life Skills

Imagine that you are visiting Kolkata with your family for a holiday. Discuss with your family and plan your travel, as follows:

Dates:

Mode of travel:

Clothes you will pack:

Places you will visit:

Food you will eat:

The Food We Eat 13

Chapter Overview

Grains and Pulses

Oilseeds and Spices

The Food We Eat

Sweets The Indian Way of Cooking

Fruits and Vegetables

Transportation of Food

Get Set

In the previous chapters, we have learnt about food items from different cities in India. Which food item is shown here? Which state or city is it from? Speak five lines about it in your class.

Grains and Pulses

Ravi asked his father, “Papa, why does mummy make bajra khichdi so often?”

His father replied, “India is a big country, Ravi. Different foods are popular in different states. We live in Rajasthan where it is hot and dry. Bajra and jowar grow well here so they have become our staple food.”

“Oh! Like how people near the sea eat more fish?” Ravi smiled.

”Exactly, son. We must respect different eating habits of people.”

Any food item that is most commonly eaten by people in a region is known as the staple food of that region.

Grains are the most important part of our meals. Rice is the staple food in the eastern and southern parts of India. People in northern states, such as Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, generally eat wheat. In western Indian states like Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra people eat more of jowar and bajra.

India also produces a wide variety of pulses like moong, masoor, rajma (kidney beans), arhar, soya bean and kabuli chana (chickpeas). They may have different names in different regions.

Fruits and Vegetables

Fruit and vegetables are an important part of our diet. In summer, we get mangoes, litchees, watermelons, musk melons and cherries. In winter, grapes and oranges are commonly available. Vegetables like pumpkins, brinjals and beans are available in summers. Carrots, cauliflowers, capsicum and peas are available in winters. These fruit and vegetables are seasonal in nature. Onions, garlic and potatoes are some vegetables that are available all the year round. Fruits like bananas are available all the year round.

Many of these fruits and vegetables grow in specific states. For example, apples are grown in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, coconuts in Kerala, and oranges in Nagpur.

seasonal: available only in a particular season

Fruits and Vegetables

Wheat

Kidney beans

Soya bean

Write whether these statements are true or false.

1. Kashmir is famous for its apples.

2. Rice is the staple food of North India.

3. Jowar is a type of a grain.

Oilseeds and Spices

The oil that we use for cooking comes from oilseeds. Common oilseeds in India are mustard, groundnut, sesame, sunflower and coconut.

India is known for its spices worldwide. Spices make food tasty by adding colour and flavour to it. Some common spices are chillies, cardamom, coriander, cumin, turmeric, cloves and pepper.

Do and Learn

A spice box

Ask your parents to show you the spices that are used in your kitchen. Write down their names in English and in your mother tongue.

Sweets

India has a wide variety of sweets such as gulab jamun, roshogolla, laddoo, barfi, Mysore pak and different types of halwa. Some sweets are made specially for festivals or special celebrations. Almost all Indian states have their special sweets.

Remember!

Shrikhand is a popular sweet of Maharashtra. Sandesh and roshogolla are popular sweets of West Bengal.

The Indian Way of Cooking

Food is our source of nutrition. We must eat a balanced diet to stay healthy. Indian food lays emphasis on nutritious and healthy food. So, a lot of different types of oils, spices, dairy products, fruits, vegetables and pulses are a part of the dietary habits of the people of India. Additionally, Indian food is prepared in different ways. It is boiled, fried, steamed, baked or roasted. Depending on the food people eat, it can be divided into three types: vegetarian, non-vegetarian and vegan.

Vegetarian: A vegetarian diet does not include any kind of meat. It may or may not include eggs. The diet mainly consists of grains, pulses, dairy, nuts, fruit and vegetables.

Non-Vegetarian: A non-vegetarian diet consists of different kinds of meat along with eggs, dairy, grains, pulses, nuts, fruit and vegetables.

Vegan: A vegan diet does not include meat, eggs or dairy. It consists of grains, pulses, nuts, fruit and vegetables. Sometimes, even honey is excluded from use in this diet.

Transportation of Food

In this chapter, we came to know how different food items are grown in different parts of India. So how do they reach the rest of the country?

Farmers grow crops in their farms and then take the harvest to wholesale markets.

Shopkeepers buy food items from these wholesale markets and bring them to the local neighbourhood shops. People then buy from these local shops and bring them home for cooking.

Truck transporting bananas

steamed: food cooked by putting it over boiling water and letting it cook in that steam baked: food cooked in an oven roasted: food cooked over a fire or in an oven until it gets brown and crispy wholesale markets: large markets where farmers sell their harvest to shopkeepers

Fruits that are grown in different states are packed and transported to the rest of the country through trucks, trains and even aeroplanes.

Wonders of Bharat

India is the largest producer of mangoes in the world. Indian mango varieties such as Alphonso and Dasehri are famous all over the world. Alphonso manges are grown in Maharashtra and Dasehri mangoes are grown in Uttar Pradesh. Alphonso mangoes

Word Splash

staple food: any food item that is most commonly eaten by people in a region oilseeds: seeds from which we get oil used for cooking non-vegetarian: a diet that consists of meat and eggs vegetarian: a diet that excludes meat vegan: a diet that excludes meat, eggs, dairy and sometimes even honey

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the different types of fruits available in India.

Points to Remember

• Indian food lays a lot of emphasis on making the food nutritious and healthy.

• India produces a wide variety of grains and pulses like wheat, rice, rajma, soya bean, etc.

• Spices make food tasty by adding colour and flavour to it.

• Depending on the food people eat, it can be divided into three types: vegetarian, non-vegetarian and vegan.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What is the staple food in eastern India?

a. Jowar b. Rice c. Ragi d. Wheat

B. Nagpur is famous for which of these fruits?

a. Orange b. Watermelon c. Mango d. Banana

C. Which of the following is a spice?

a. Tomato b. Turmeric c. Sunflower d. Potato

D. Where do farmers sell their harvest?

a. Wholesale market

c. Grocery stores

2. Fill in the blanks.

b. Grain market

d. Shopping malls

western  spice  oilseeds  pulses

A. Moong and arhar are .

B. Bajra is commonly eaten in the part of India.

C. We get oil from .

D. Turmeric is a kind of a .

3. Write True or False.

A. Mysore Pak is a spice.

B. A vegetarian diet does not include nuts and seeds.

C. Coconuts are grown in Kashmir.

D. Chickpeas and arhar are pulses.

4. Match the following.

Food types

Examples

A. Grains i. Turmeric

B. Pulses ii. Mustard

C. Oilseeds iii. Wheat

D. Spices iv. Moong

5. Answer the following questions.

A. Which state is famous for apples?

B. Name any two fruits found in summers.

C. Distinguish between vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet.

D. What would happen if food that was grown in one state could not be transported to other states? How would it affect our diet?

6. Picture-based question.

Look at the pictures and write S if it is seasonal or A if it is available throughout the year.

HOTS

1. What problems do you think farmers can face while transporting fruits and vegetables from their fields to wholesale markets?

2. Can vegan food items be included in a vegetarian diet? Explain why or why not.

Life Skills

With the help of your parents, learn to make a fruit raita (curd mixed with fruits) with at least 3 types of fruits and some spices that you like.

PROJECT 2

Making a Travel Planner

Objective: Make a travel planner for a visit to a city.

Materials Needed: pens and pencils, online research tools like the internet

Step 1: Get Ready: Choose a city and the month in which you plan to travel.

Step 2: Research: Use the internet or the journals to know about the weather, famous tourist spots, food and culture of the city.

Step 3: Create the Travel Plan: Create a fun travel plan and fill in the table below!

Planning for the trip

1 City I will travel to: What will I pack: Mode of travel:

Tourist attractions and famous dishes Days 2 and 3 Key places I will visit: Food I will try: Travel back home Day 4 One fun thing I will do before I leave: Things that I may buy:

Project Output: You now have a beautiful 4-day travel planner for a visit to the city of your choice.

Final Outcome: This project will help you develop your ability to research and plan. It also promotes awareness and appreciation for different regions in India.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 2

Read the report. Answer the questions given below. Floods in Barabanki

Barabanki is a city in North India. During monsoons, the city gets flooded. It happens because of the poor drainage system as rainwater gets collected in many areas and does not flow away. It makes life difficult for people. Many houses and shops also get damaged due to floods. The rainwater mixes with garbage and sewage water. That leads to the spread of diseases. It also attracts mosquitoes that leads to diseases caused by mosquito bite, such as dengue and malaria. People don’t know how to solve this annual problem of flooding. These challenges make life hard for people during and after heavy rains.

1. Which diseases are caused due to mosquito bite?

a. Cold and cough

b. Dengue and malaria

c. Fever and vomiting

2. Which government body is responsible for cleaning the city and making sure that heaps of garbage don’t lie around?

a. the Panchayat

b. the Municipal Corporation

c. the Police

3. Write two problems that people face due to poor drainage system.

4. If you were a member of the local government, write three things that you would do to maintain cleanliness in your city.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Model Test Paper - 2

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour Total Marks: 30

1 Tick () the correct answer. (1 × 4 marks)

A What are the members of the Municipal Corporation called?

a Sarpanch

b Municipal Councillors

c Gram Sabha

B What is the national animal of our country?

a Lion b Horse c Royal Bengal Tiger

C What was the old name of Mumbai?

a Bombay b Bandhavgarh c Maharashtra

D Where do farmers sell their harvest?

a Grocery stores

b Grain markets

c Wholesale markets

2 Fill in the blanks. (1 × 4 marks)

beach Red Fort Eden Gardens Sarpanch

A is a famous cricket ground in Kolkata.

B is the longest beach in India.

C The Prime Minister of India hoists the national flag at the on Independence Day.

D The head of a Gram Panchayat is called the .

3 Match the following. (1 × 4 marks)

A National anthem i Oil field

B Rashtrapati Bhavan ii Jana-Gana-Mana

C Bombay High iii Pulse

D Moong iv President of India

4 Write True or False. (1 × 4 marks)

A Chennai is located on the south-western coast of India.

B Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

C A vegetarian diet does not include nuts and seeds.

D Rice and fish are the staple foods of Kolkata.

5 Picture-based questions. (1 + 1 + 2 marks)

A Which water body is located near Kolkata?

B Why do you think fish is a popular food item in Kolkata?

C Kolkata is located near the sea. Describe its climate.

6 Answer the following questions. (2 × 5 marks)

A Name any two kinds of fruit found in summer.

B How does the weather in differ in Chennai and Delhi?

C What is the meaning of the words ‘Satyamev Jayate’?

D Where do local governments get their funding?

E Name three famous tourist places in Mumbai.

National Days and Celebrations

Many important days are celebrated in our country. Let us learn more about them.

Republic Day—26 January

On this day, the Constitution of India came into effect in 1950. A parade is held every year at the Kartavya Path in New Delhi. During the parade, people from many states present performances known as Jhanki. The officers from the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force also march with their bands.

Independence Day—15 August

On this day, India gained independence from British rule in 1947. Every year, the prime minister of India hoists the flag at the Red Fort in New Delhi. He also gives a speech.

Gandhi Jayanti—2 October

This day celebrates the birth of Mahatma Gandhi. He played an important role in helping India gain its freedom from British rule. This day is observed as a national holiday.

Van Mahotsav—1 to 7 July

Van Mahotsav is a tree-planting festival. It is celebrated every year in the first week of July. It teaches people about the importance of trees. During this event, people across India plant trees.

International Day of Yoga—21 June

People celebrate this day by practising yoga. This day teaches the importance of having a healthy body and mind. It was first celebrated in 2015.

Do research on any one of the national days of India. Make a poster with a message to show why the day is important.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Which day is celebrated on the following dates?

a 2 October

b 26 January

c 21 June

d 15 August

2 Read the hints. Rearrange the letters and write the names of the days.

a ANV HOMASTAV (This is a tree-planting festival.)

b BURPELCI ADY (A parade is held at Kartavya Path on this day.)

c DENEPEIDNCNE DAY (India gained freedom from the British.)

d AHGNDI ATAYNJI (This is celebrated on 2 October.)

3 Fill in the blanks.

a On Republic Day, the officers of the Indian , Navy and Air Force march with their bands.

b The first International Day of Yoga was celebrated in the year .

c The Republic Day parade is held in , the capital of India.

d India gained independence from the British on .

e Van Mahotsav is celebrated every year in the month of .

Animals with Super Senses

Some animals have developed their senses in such amazing ways that it seems as if they have superpowers. It helps them stay safe or find food. Let us learn about a few such super senses.

Snakes use their tongues to smell. When they stick out their tongues, they can smell things in the air. This helps them hunt even in darkness.

Dogs can not only smell things that are very far away, but they can also pick up scents too faint for humans to smell. They also have excellent hearing and can hear sounds that we cannot.

Elephants have long noses called trunks. They use their trunks to smell things from very far away. Their large ears help them hear very low sounds, which keeps them safe from danger.

Eagles have super sharp eyesight. It is so good that if we had their eyesight, we could spot an ant on the ground from a tenth-floor window. This helps eagles hunt from very high above.

Bees have an excellent sense of smell and a very good sense of taste. They can pick up the taste of a flower’s nectar even before they touch it with their tongues.

Use the internet to find any three other animals that have super senses.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Read the names of the animals and write the super senses they have.

a Dog:

b Elephant:

c Snake:

d Bee:

e Eagle:

2 Solve this crossword puzzle using the hints given.

ACROSS

1. I use my tongue to smell.

2. I can hear sounds that humans cannot hear.

3. I use my trunk to smell things that are very far away.

DOWN

1. I have very good eyesight which helps me hunt.

2. We can feel the taste of nectar without touching it with our tongues.

Firsts in Space 11

Every year, many spacecraft are launched that take astronauts, satellites and equipment to outer space. But do you know who or what was the first to go to space? Let us find out.

A dog named Laika was the first animal to go to outer space on 3 November 1957. It went in the spacecraft Sputnik-2, which was launched by the Soviet Union (Russia).

Armstrong from the United States became the first man to walk on the Moon. He and his fellow astronaut, Buzz Aldrin hoisted the first flag on the Moon.

Yuri Gagarin was the first human to go to outer space on 12 April 1961. He was an astronaut from the Soviet Union.

Salyut-1 was the first space station launched in space on 19 April 1971 by the Soviet Union.

Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to go to space on 16 June 1963. She spent almost three days in space.

On 3 April 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian astronaut to go to outer space.

On 19 November 1997, Kalpana Chawla, an Indian-born American astronaut, became the first woman of Indian origin to go to outer space.

Use the internet to find the name of India’s first spacecraft and when it was launched.

Practice Time

1 Name these firsts in the space.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a The first human who walked on the Moon.

b The first Indian-born woman in space.

c The first space station.

d The first human in space.

e The first woman in space.

f The first Indian man in space.

2 Fill in the blanks.

a Laika went to space on the spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union.

b Valentina Tereshkova was in space for almost days.

c Yuri Gagarin was an astronaut from the .

d Kalpana Chawla became the first woman of Indian origin to go to .

e Neil Armstrong and hoisted the US flag on the Moon.

3 Help the astronaut reach his spacecraft safely.

Voices of India

Music is an important part of the entertainment industry in India. Here are some of the famous singers of the Indian music industry.

Lata Mangeshkar (1929–2022) was a playback singer. She was given titles such as the ‘Nightingale of India’ and the ‘Queen of Melody’. In 1991, the Guinness World Records listed her as the most recorded artist in the world with more than 30,000 songs.

Hariharan is a playback singer and music composer. He has recorded over 15,000 songs in more than ten languages, including Kannada and Marathi.

Shreya Ghoshal is a playback singer. She won the children’s music competition Sa Re Ga Ma Pa at the age of 12. She has recorded over 3000 songs in more than twenty languages.

Diljit Dosanjh is a singer, actor, songwriter and film producer. He is one of the leading artists of the Punjabi music and film industry. He has recorded more than 400 songs in many languages.

Arijit Singh is a playback singer. He started his music career by taking part in the music reality show called Fame Gurukul in 2005. He has recorded more than 400 songs in many languages.

Sunidhi Chauhan is a playback singer. She is best known for her Hindi film songs. She has recorded over 2500 songs in more than ten languages.

Music is an art that uses sound to express feelings. Listening to music can change our mood. It can make us happy, sad or excited. Artists and singers practise for years to achieve their goals. It takes hard work, sincerity and dedication.

1 Identify the singer.

2 Name the singers.

a She was known as the ‘Nightingale of India’.

b He is a leading artist in the Punjabi music and film industry.

c He has recorded over 15,000 songs in more than ten languages.

d He started his career with a reality show named Fame Gurukul.

e She became famous after taking part in the music show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa.

f She was listed in the 1991 Guinness World Records as the most recorded artist in the world.

Money 13

Money is a medium of exchange. It is used to pay for goods and services. Let us learn more about money.

Money is something people use to buy things they need or want. It can be in the form of coins and paper notes.

Money is created and issued by the government of a country. The form of money used in a country is called its currency. The Indian rupee (INR) is the currency of India.

By law, everyone must accept the money that is issued by the government.

In earlier times, people did not use notes and coins. Instead, they used items such as sea shells, salt, animals like cattle and precious metals like gold and silver.

Lending and Borrowing Money

We can also borrow and lend money.

Borrowing money means taking money from someone and agreeing to return it after some time. For example, if you borrow 5 rupees from a friend, you will have to return the rupees later. We can also borrow money from banks.

Lending money means giving someone money that they agree to return later. Banks also lend money to people.

If we borrow money from someone, we should always return it as soon as possible. We should not keep it with us for very long.

Indian rupee coins

Indian rupee notes

Scan this QR code to see the quiz. Practice Time

1 Tick () the items that were used as money in earlier times.

2 Write True or False.

a The currency of India is the Indian Dollar.

b When we borrow money, we do not have to return it.

c Banks also lend money to people.

d Money is issued by local banks.

e A shop can refuse to accept money that is issued by the government.

3 Fill in the blanks.

a Money is used to pay for and .

b money means giving money to someone that they agree to return later.

c Money is created and issued by the .

d Money is commonly used in the form of and

Gold

Sea shells

Cotton

Salt

Wood

Potatoes

Kho Kho

Kho Kho is a very popular game played in India. It is one of the oldest forms of outdoor sport. Let us learn more about it.

Kho Kho was first played in Maharashtra. The word ‘Kho’ in Marathi means ‘go and chase.’ It is a team game, and both men and women play it.

How to Play Kho Kho?

Number of teams: 2 teams (Chasing and Defending)

Number of players in a team: 9 players

Field: It is played on a rectangular field with a centre line and posts at each end of the line.

Chasing Team (Red): Eight players from the team sit on the central line, while one player from the same team tries to chase the runners, called the chaser. The chaser can transfer their role to other players by tapping their back and saying ‘Kho’.

Defending Team (Blue): Three players from the defending team run between the players sitting on the ground. They are called runners. They try to avoid being touched by the chasers.

Points: The chasers score points by touching the runners. And the runners score points by avoiding being touched. There are two halves in the game. The teams change roles at the end of the first half. The team with the most points wins the match.

We need strength and stamina to play Kho Kho. It helps us to stay fit and healthy.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Fill in the blanks.

a The team has eight players sitting on the field.

b The team has three players on the field.

c There are players in each Kho Kho team.

d There are posts on the Kho Kho field.

e The score points by chasing the runners.

2 Write True or False.

a Kho Kho is played on a circular field.

b Both men and women play Kho Kho.

c The word ‘Kho’ in Marathi means to go and chase.

d Kho Kho is only played in the first half.

e Kho Kho was first played in Maharashtra.

3 Label the Chaser, the Runner and the Post.

Passport

A passport is a document issued by a government that confirms a person’s identity and nationality (status of belonging to a nation). It is an official travel document. Let us learn more about passports.

Date of Expiry

Uses of Passports

• A passport verifies a person’s identity and nationality.

• It enables a person to travel to foreign countries.

Passport Number

Date of Issue

How to Get a Passport in India?

• The Ministry of External Affairs of India is responsible for issuing passports.

• We can apply for passport by filling in a form. We can do this online on the Passport Seva Online Portal. We can also get this form from the District Passport Cell which is a government office.

• After filling in the form, we need to visit the nearest Passport Office and submit all the required documents.

• In India, a passport is valid for a period of 5 years for children below the age of 18. For those above the age of 18, it is valid for a period of 10 years. When our passport expires, we have to apply for a new one.

Sit in groups with your classmates and talk about the different countries you would like to visit.

Photo

Scan this QR code to see the quiz. Practice Time

1 Name the following.

a The government body that is responsible for issuing passports

b The website on which we can fill in the form for a passport

c The place from where we can get the application form for a passport

d The place where we need to submit the required documents for a passport

2 Tick () the things that a passport can be used for.

a Travelling to foreign countries

b Withdrawing money from the bank

c Buying goods

d As a proof of identity

3 Write True or False.

a An Indian passport is valid for 10 years for children below the age of 18.

b A passport is issued by a bank.

c The passport form can be filled in online on Passport Seva Online Portal.

d A passport is required to travel to a foreign country.

e After our passport expires, we cannot get a new passport.

India at the Olympics, 2024

The Olympics are a multi-sport tournament that is held every four years. The 2024 Olympics were held in Paris, France. Let us learn about India’s performance at the 2024 Olympics.

117 athletes represented India at this event in 16 different sports. India won six medals—three in shooting and one each in athletics, hockey and wrestling.

Shooting

Manu Bhaker won a bronze medal in the women’s 10m air pistol event. She became the first Indian woman to win a medal in shooting at the Olympics.

Swapnil Kusale won a bronze medal in the men’s 50m rifle 3 positions event. He became the first Indian to win a medal in this event.

Manu Bhaker and Sarabjot Singh won a bronze medal in the 10m air pistol mixed team event. This was India’s first-ever shooting medal in a team event.

Athletics

Neeraj Chopra won a silver medal in the javelin throw. This was his second medal at the Olympics.

Hockey

The Indian hockey team won a bronze medal. This is the 13th medal won by the Indian hockey team at the Olympics.

Wrestling

Aman Sehrawat won a bronze medal in the men’s 57kg freestyle event. He became the youngest Indian to win an individual Olympic medal.

Athletes and sportspersons stay strong with exercise and a healthy diet. To be like them, we need to stay active, eat well and stay positive.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Match the athletes and the events in which they won the medals.

a Aman Sehrawat

b Neeraj Chopra

c Swapnil Kusale

Men’s 50m rifle 3 positions

Men’s 57 kg freestyle

Women’s 10m air pistol

d Manu Bhaker Javelin throw

2 Fill in the blanks.

a The 2024 Olympics were held in .

b athletes represented India in different sports at the 2024 Paris Olympics.

c and won a bronze medal in the 10m air pistol mixed team event.

d The Indian hockey team won a medal at the 2024 Paris Olympics.

e The Indian hockey team has won medals at the Olympics.

3 Name the Indian Athletes.

a She won two medals at the 2024 Olympics.

b He is the first Indian to win a medal in the men’s 50m rifle 3 positions shooting event.

c He became the youngest Indian to win an individual medal at the Olympics.

d They became the first Indians to win a medal in a team shooting event.

e He won a silver medal at the 2024 Olympics.

Answers

9. National Days and Celebrations

1. a. Gandhi Jayanti  b. Republic Day

c. International Day of Yoga  d. Republic Day

2. a. VAN MAHOTSAV  b. REPUBLIC DAY

c. INDEPENDENCE DAY  d. GANDHI JAYANTI

3. a. Army   b. 2015   c. New Delhi

d. 15 August 1947   e. July

10. Animals with Super Senses

1. a. smell, hear

b. smell, hear

c. smell

d. smell, taste

e. eyesight

2. Across 1. SNAKE  2. DOG  3. ELEPHANT Down 1. EAGLE  2. BEES

11. Firsts in Space

1. a. Neil Armstrong  b. Kalpana Chawla

c. Salyut-1  d. Yuri Gagarin

e. Valentina Tereshkova  f. Rakesh Sharma

2. a. Sputnik-2  b. three  c. Soviet Union

d. outer space  e. Buzz Aldrin

12. Voices of India

1. a. Sunidhi Chauhan  b. Hariharan  c. Arijit Singh

2. a. Lata Mangeshkar

b. Diljit Dosanjh

c. Hariharan

d. Arijit Sing

e. Shreya Ghoshal

f. Lata Mangeshkar

13. Money

1. a. 

2. a. False   b. False   c. True d. False   e. False

3. a. goods, services  b. Lending c. government  d. notes, coins

14. Kho Kho

1. a. chasing  b. defending  c. nine

d. two  e. chasers

2. a. False  b. True  c. True  d. False  e. True

3. a. Runner  b. Post  c. Chaser

15. Passport

1. a. The Ministry of External Affairs

b. Passport Seva Online Portal

c. District Passport Cell  d. Passport Office

2. a, d

3. a. False  b. False  c. True  d. True  e. False

16. India at the Olympics, 2024

1. a. Men’s 57 kg freestyle  b. Javelin throw

c. Men’s 50m rifle 3 positions

d. Women’s 10m air pistol

2. a. Paris, France  b. 117, 16

c. Manu Bhaker, Sarabjot Singh  d. bronze  e. 13

3. a. Manu Bhaker  b. Swapnil Kusale

c. Aman Sehrawat

d. Manu Bhaker and Sarabjot Singh

e. Neeraj Chopra

About the Book

Introducing INSIGHTS, a 21st-century product for the learners of grades 3 to 5. It includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. INSIGHTS is aligned with the NEP 2020 in terms of its design principles, and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF 2023.

Key Features

Product Package

• Semester Books

• Uolo App

• Teacher Guide

• Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking: Intellectually stimulating questions designed to encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

• Digital Aids: Animated talking books, interactive quizzes for additional practice and curated learning videos

• Experiential and Applicative Learning: Projects and activities designed for real-life settings, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills

• Rootedness to India: Examples from India’s unique culture and history, linked to each topic, to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation

• Model Assessments: Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and the application of skills

About Uolo

Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-enabled learning programs. We believe that pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

ISBN 978-81-981206-4-9