INS_G04_EMESSG_Term2_AY25 by Uolo

encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

• Digital Aids: Animated talking books, interactive quizzes for additional practice and curated learning videos

• Rootedness to India: Examples from India’s unique culture and history, linked to each topic, to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation • Model Assessments: Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and the application of skills

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ISBN 978-81-981206-7-0

INS_G04_EMSSG_Term1-2-3_Cover_SS.indd 5-7

Unlock Learning Across Subjects

Term 2

• Experiential and Applicative Learning: Projects and activities designed for real-life settings, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills

Social Science

• Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking: Intellectually stimulating questions designed to

General Knowledge

Key Features

Science

• Semester Books • Uolo App • Teacher Guide

Mathematics

Product Package

Insights

English

Introducing INSIGHTS, a 21st-century product for the learners of grades 3 to 5. It includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. INSIGHTS is aligned with the NEP 2020 in terms of its design principles, and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF 2023.

Insights • Term 2

About the Book

NEP 2020 based

NCF 2023 compliant

17/12/24 6:39 PM

Insights 4

Term 2 English

Mathematics

Science

Social Science

General Knowledge

Acknowledgements Academic Authors: Melanie Grobler, Chandani Goyal, Neena Aul, Animesh Mittal, Muskan Panjwani, Sneha Sharma, Anuj Gupta Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish Book Production: Sanjay Kumar Goel, Tauheed Danish, Amisha Gupta Project Lead: Chandani Goyal VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners. © Uolo EdTech Private Limited First impression 2025 This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. Book Title: Insights 4 Term 2 ISBN: 978-81-981206-7-0 Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited Corporate Office Address: 85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003 CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986 Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

Contents English 5. Against All Odds �� 2 6. A Good Play �� 15 7. The Cyclone �� 19 8. Going Down Hill on a Bicycle �� 31 9. Panipuri Inside a Spaceship �� 36 10. My Mouse is Misbehaving �� 47 Project 3: Blueprint of a Futuristic Gadget �� 53

Grammar Worksheets 4. Types of Prepositions & Modals �� 55 5. Types of Adverbs �� 57 6. Conjunctions �� 58 Practice Time-2 �� 59

iii

Mathematics 6. Fractions �� 64 7. Lines and 2-D Shapes �� 80 8. Representing 3-D Shapes �� 96 9. Patterns and Symmetry �� 108 10. Length, Weight and Capacity �� 124 Model Test Paper - 2 �� 136 Answers �� 138

Science 6. Adaptation in Plants �� 144 7. Animals and Their Young Ones �� 151 8. Adaptation in Animals �� 159 9. Clean and Green Earth �� 169 10. Weather Around Us �� 178 Project 2: Reuse and Recycle �� 188 Assessment 2 �� 189 Model Test Paper-2 �� 190

Social Science 8. The Climate of India �� 193 9. Forests and Wildlife �� 200 10. Soils of India �� 208 11. Water Resources of India �� 215 12. Mineral Resources of India �� 222 13. Agriculture and Livestock �� 229 14. Industries �� 237 Project 2: Understanding Forests, Soil, Wildlife and Water �� 244 Assessment 2 �� 245 Model Test Paper-2 �� 246

General Knowledge 9. States and Union Territories of India �� 250 10. Manage Your Money �� 252 11. Sport Events in India, 2024 �� 254 12. Great Inventions �� 256 13. Unique Beaches �� 258 14. Kabaddi �� 260 15. Waste Management �� 262 16. Uses of Drones �� 264 Answers �� 266

ENGLISH 5 Against All Odds �� 2 6 A Good Play �� 15 7 The Cyclone �� 19 8 Going Down Hill on a Bicycle �� 31 9 Panipuri Inside a Spaceship �� 36 10 My Mouse is Misbehaving �� 47 Project 3: Blueprint of a Futuristic Gadget �� 53

11 Types of Prepositions & Modals Worksheet �� 55 12 Types of Adverbs Worksheet �� 57 13 Conjunctions Worksheet �� 58 Practice Time-2 �� 59

Adventure The Cyclone and Imagination

Adventure Going Down and Hill on a Imagination Bicycle

Science and Panipuri Technology Inside a Spaceship

Science and My Mouse is Kenn Technology Misbehaving Nesbitt

10.

Project 3: Blueprint of a Future Gadget

Vidya Pradhan

Henry Charles Beeching

L Frank Baum

Poem

Informational Text

Poem

Adventure story

Robert Poem Louis Stevenson

A Good Play

Games

Type

Ramendra Realistic story Kumar

Author/ Poet

Against All Odds

Chapter

Games

Themes

S.No

Prefixes Compound words

Suffixes– -er, -ment, -ion

Listening

Conjunctions

Writing

Sports Descriptive commentary paragraph

Speaking

Listen and fill in

Debate

Character sketch

Listen and Group Story summarise discussion— report adventure activity

Types of Listen and prepositions–time, sequence place, movement and direction Modals–can, must, may, should

Grammar

Suffixes– -er, -ment, Types of -ion adverbs– manner, frequency, time

Sports-related vocabulary

Text-based vocabulary Sports-related vocabulary Idioms

Vocabulary

Factual questions Prefixes Identifying contextual meaning Poetry appreciation–personification

Ordering Factual questions Identifying key details Identifying author’s purpose Problem solving

Summarising Factual questions Identifying contextual meaning Poetry appreciation–enjambment

Ordering Factual questions Identifying characters’ actions and reactions Analysing character traits Identifying setting Making connections

Factual questions Making connections Poetry appreciation–rhyming pairs

Factual questions Ordering Making comparisons Identifying problems and solutions Analysing author’s purpose Making connections

Comprehension

Detailed Framework

Games

5 . Against All Odds

—Ramendra Kumar

Get Set Write the names of these popular sports! GAMES

Kartik is a young boy who loves to play football and is very good at it too! Yet, the school football coach does not let him play on the school team. Why does the coach do this, and is Kartik able to prove himself to the coach in the end? Let’s read the story to find out.

Let’s Read Kartik and Kavya were twins who lived in the bustling city of Kolkata. They were inseparable and although they often fought, they always had each other’s backs. Kartik had a deformed left arm, but with his charming personality, his friends hardly noticed it. Kartik loved playing and discussing football, earning him the nickname ‘the walking football encyclopaedia’.

Talking Book

One evening, their father Adarsh informed them that the family would relocate to Rourkela. Kartik and Kavya were shocked. ‘Rourkela? But that’s a small town! What about our friends?’ Kavya protested. ‘And football? What will I do there?’ Kartik added, his voice trembling.

Think and Tell Where did Kartik’s family live? Where were they relocating to?

The idea of leaving Kolkata, their friends, and everything familiar unsettled the twins. Kartik was particularly frightened, knowing how strangers often reacted to his arm—with awkwardness or pity. Despite their objections, the family moved to Rourkela. On their first day at DPS Rourkela, the students stared at Kartik, and the teachers showed their sympathy. Kartik’s anxiety grew. He clung to the thought that at least Kavya was by his side.

bustling: busy or full of activities and noise inseparable: very close and always together had each other’s back: always ready to help each other deformed: not having the normal or expected form relocate: move to a new place to live Chapter 5 • Against All Odds

unsettled: worried or nervous about something awkwardness: a feeling of being uncomfortable objections: complaints sympathy: feeling sorry about someone’s situation anxiety: feeling of worry or nervousness

During their first PE class, Kartik eagerly approached the football coach. ‘Peter Sir, I’d like to join the football team,’ Kartik said, his eyes sparkling with hope. The coach glanced at Kartik’s arm and shook his head. ‘I’m sorry. Football is a tough game. You should try something else.’ Kartik was disappointed. Mirza Sir, the English teacher, saw Kartik’s pain. He told him about his brother Wasim’s club, the Steel Stunner. Kartik instantly took a liking to him.

He balanced his school and practice sessions well and soon became a part of the best team at the club. One day, Wasim Sir informed the kids at the club that Sunil Chhetri, the famous Indian football player was coming to DPS Rourkela. He looked at Kartik and said, ‘You should meet Chhetri after his session. Wear your sports kit and football shoes.’

Did You Know?

GAMES

INTEGRATED

Sunil Chhetri is a famous Indian football player. He is one of the top goal-scorers in international football history.

Think and Tell Why was Kartik disappointed on the first day of school?

‘Why Sir? I’m not on the school team or anything,’ Kartik replied in confusion.

The next afternoon, Sunil Chhetri arrived, and the students’ cheers were deafening. Kartik arrived shyly, unsure of what to do. Mirza Sir called him forward. ‘Sunil, this is Kartik. I think you should see him in action.’

Peter Sir, in a tight red t-shirt, frowned at Kartik. ‘Aren’t you the one I told not to play football?’ ‘There’s no harm in watching him play.’ Chhetri interjected with a smile.

Kartik knew this was his make-or-break moment. He knew that if he excelled in this match, people would see him as normal, not just a kid with a defect. Kartik played his heart out, creating openings that resulted in goals. glanced: took a quick look interjected: interrupted someone with a comment or remark

make-or-break: a phrase to describe a situation that will either lead to success or failure excelled: was very good at something defect: a problem or imperfection

After the game, the players gathered Did You Know? around Chhetri with expectant eyes. Every book that is printed has its own ‘I liked how you played—with enthusiasm special number called the ISBN number. and energy. Some of you need to improve your stamina and finishing. Three boys impressed me, and I’ve given their names to Think and Tell Peter Sir. I hope to see you make your school and What feedback did Sunil Chhetri state proud,’ Chhetri said. give the young footballers? It could have been Kartik’s imagination, but it seemed Chhetri looked directly at him with a small smile as he turned away.

Later, Mirza Sir told Kartik that his name was on the list and Peter Sir had agreed to let him join the team. Kartik ran to the club. ‘Wasim Sir! I got to play before Chhetri! I made it to the school team!’ Wasim hugged him. ‘That’s great news, Kartik. But I have even bigger plans for you.’ ‘Of course I’ll continue my practice with you as well, Sir,’ Kartik promised. expectant: waiting eagerly for something to happen stamina: the strength to keep going for a long time Chapter 5 • Against All Odds

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Tick () the correct answers. a

Which is NOT one of the twins’ objections to moving to Rourkela? There were no good football academies in Rourkela. i ii iii iv

iii iv

The idea of leaving Kolkata.

He loved discussing and playing football.

He knew all the facts about Sunil Chhetri. He was a fan of Sunil Chhetri.

What does the phrase ‘make-or-break moment’ mean? The moment when Kartik could either make the team or split the team. i ii iii iv

How strangers would feel about Kartik’s arm.

Why was Kartik called ‘the walking football encyclopaedia?’ He always carried a football encyclopaedia. i ii

All the twins’ friends were in Kolkata.

The moment when Kartik could either be successful or fail.

The moment when Kartik could either make a goal or break the goal post. The moment when Kartik could either break a record or injure himself.

Why do you think Sunil Chhetri looked at Kartik with a small smile? He saw Kartik’s potential. i ii iii iv

He knew Kartik was just fooling himself. He felt sorry for Kartik.

He knew Kartik wouldn’t make the team.

2. Number the following events, 1–6, as they appear in the story.

Mirza Sir suggested that Kartik join Wasim Sir’s club.

Kartik created openings for the team to score goals.

Kartik played a match in front of Sunil Chhetri.

Kartik made it to the school football team.

Wasim Sir told Kartik that he had bigger plans for him.

At first, Peter Sir would not let Kartik join the football team.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a

Why was Kartik worried about going to Rourkela? Who was his pillar of support?

What was Peter Sir’s initial reaction when Kartik wanted to join the football team and why did he react that way?

How were Wasim Sir and Peter Sir different?

What was the biggest challenge Kartik faced? What actions did he take to find a way around it?

The match in front of Sunil Chhetri was Kartik’s make-or-break moment. How would excelling in the match solve Kartik’s problem?

Think and Answer

HOTS

SEL

1. If Mirza Sir had been the football coach instead of Peter Sir, what might have happened? 2. Read these lines from the end of the story. ‘That’s great news, Kartik. But I have even bigger plans for you.’ What could be the ‘bigger plans’ that Wasim Sir had in mind for Kartik? 3. When someone writes a book, story or an article, they always have a reason for writing it. This reason is called the author’s purpose. The author may write to entertain, to inform or to give some lessons. What do you think is the author’s purpose in writing the story about Kartik and Kavya? a

To entertain readers with a story about twins who move to a new place.

To teach that one should never give up despite the challenges in life.

To persuade readers that football is a great sport for everyone.

To inform the readers about Sunil Chhetri.

Explain your answer in one or two sentences.

Chapter 5 • Against All Odds

Big Idea Kartik worked hard to prove himself. He showed a lot of determination. Identify an area where you want to improve and find ways to do so. I want to be better at: I will do the following things to get better:

Vocabulary 1. Complete the sentences using the glossary words given below. In your notebook, use any three words to make sentences of your own. Hint Box:

GAMES

stamina

awkwardness

relocate

bustling

The stadium was

with people cheering for their teams.

Kartik was worried about his football classes as his family had to to a new city.

There was a moment of when the new coach realised that a boy in the school’s kho-kho team had an atypical arm.

To run a marathon, you need a lot of

and endurance.

2. Different kinds of sport have their own special vocabulary. Look at the pictures and write the correct spelling of the words in the blanks.

: a hard or protective hat

: a prize you win in a competition

: a player who stops the ball in soccer or hockey

: a person who makes sure that the players follow the rules in a game

: a person who plays sport

Idioms

Idioms are phrases that mean something different from what the words actually say. They have a hidden meaning. We use them to express ideas in a fun and creative way. For example: He played his heart out: This doesn’t mean the person played so much that his heart popped out. It means the person played the sport with energy and enthusiasm. 3. Read the sentences. Tick () the correct meaning of the underlined idioms. a

After months of hard work, winning the championship felt like scoring a touchdown for the whole team. i

to miss a goal

ii good luck for the performance

or competition

to practise a lot

to face many challenges

After a tough practice, Coach told us, ‘No pain, no gain.’ i

playing of football

Lily had to jump through hoops to join the soccer team. i

Before the big game, Coach said, ‘Break a leg!’ i

achieving a major success

to hit others to win

work hard for success

When Tom was unfairly disqualified, Nishant batted for him. i

to play for someone

Chapter 5 • Against All Odds

to defend or side with someone 9

Go Grammar Types of Prepositions

Remember! Prepositions connect the people and objects in a sentence with the time and location in a sentence.

Let us look at the different types of prepositions. Prepositions of Time

Prepositions of Place

Prepositions of Movement

These tell us when something happens.

These tell us where something is placed/kept.

These tell where or how something is moving.

For example: on, in, at, before, after

For example: on, in, at, behind, under

For example: up, down, around, through

Kartik was anxious on his first day at DPS.

Kartik’s house was in Kolkata.

The players ran around the field.

Kartik’s next football match is in November.

Kartik’s jersey is on the table.

The ball rolled down the stairs.

The match will start at 11:00 a.m.

Kartik’s family is at the stadium.

The goalkeeper jumped up to stop the goal.

Kartik scored the goal before the final whistle.

Kartik is sitting behind Peter and Wasim Sir.

The winners walked through the crowds to collect their awards.

Kartik's team celebrated after the match.

Kartik’s shoes are under the table.

1. Fill in the correct prepositions. Mark each one as a preposition of time, place, or movement.

The ball is

The footballer ran the field with the ball.

The boys even practised night.

the field.

The basketball fell

The ball is

the net.

his foot.

Prepositions of Direction These prepositions show the path or the way in which an object is moving. Preposition of Direction

Use

It shows movement towards a specific destination or goal.

The cat ran to the box.

into

It shows movement from outside to inside a place or thing.

The cat stepped into the box.

out of

It shows movement from the The cat jumped inside to the outside of a place out of the box. or thing.

away from

across

Examples

It shows movement from a The cat walked point or place to further away. away from the box. It shows movement from one side to another.

The cat walked across the boxes.

2. Fill in each blank with a preposition of direction. a

The coach called the players

The football players kicked the ball

The football players ran

The athlete ran

The swimmer dove

Chapter 5 • Against All Odds

the field for a team meeting. the field to hit the goal. the tunnel before the game. the starting line when the race began. the pool and started swimming laps. 11

Modals Modals are helping verbs that are used to express ability, necessity or possibility. They are also used to ask or give permission, make a request or to offer help. They cannot be used without a main verb. CAN

To express ability

To express or ask for permission (informal)

MUST

To express necessity

MAY

To ask or give permission (formal)

To express possibility To express a wish

SHOULD

To give advice

To ask for a suggestion

Kartik can play football. Can I also play?

Yes, you can play in the next match. Kartik must practise daily to win the match. May I please go to the match? Yes, you may.

Kartik may play tomorrow.

May Kartik go on to achieve great success.

Wasim Sir said, ‘You should practise two hours daily.’ Should we start getting ready for the tournament?

3. Use the modal verbs ‘can’ or ‘must’ to fill in the blanks. a

She

run faster than any other student in this class.

You

take care of your sports shoes.

kick the ball with a lot of strength.

You the field.

follow the coach’s instructions on

All students

come to watch their school team.

4. Use the modal verbs ‘may’ or ‘should’ to fill in the blanks.

practise tomorrow if it is sunny.

You

learn from a coach.

Sir,

I play in the next match?

You

eat well if you are training.

participate in interschool events if the team works hard.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and number the sentences in the proper order. Sentences a

The players switch positions for the next over.

Team Blue wins the toss and decides to bat first.

The stadium is packed with cheering fans.

The bowler from Team Red runs up and bowls the first ball.

The captains of both teams walk to the centre for the coin toss.

The batsman from Team Blue hits the ball towards the boundary.

Team Blue's opening batsmen walk to the crease with their bats.

Speak Well

GAMES

Number

Practise speaking here.

We will now practise giving live commentary for a sports event. During a live commentary, the speaker narrates what is happening at that time. Sit in pairs. Each partner will choose one event from the two sports events given below. Look at the pictures. What do you see? Use the phrases to give a live commentary. Event 1:

jumps up in the air throws the ball towards the basket

Chapter 5 • Against All Odds

flies towards the basket falls into the basket

loud cheers

Event 2:

holds tight with both his hands

bends

stands up straight

lifts the weight above his head

loud cheers

Write Well Descriptive Paragraph

A descriptive paragraph gives a detailed description of a person, place, thing, or event. It uses specific details to help the reader visualise and understand what is being described. Start with a clear topic sentence that introduces the subject clearly. Use words to describe the sights, sounds, smells and feelings. The ideas should be arranged logically.

End the paragraph with a strong concluding sentence.

GAMES

Write a detailed and descriptive paragraph about a sport event of your choice. When we are reporting on sports, it is important to describe everything in detail. Some points that you should include are: Who is playing?

Who do they represent? (if relevant)

Who performed well?

What was the audience like?

You can use these sentence starters. Introduction: One of my favourite sports to watch/play is…

The excitement begins the moment… Specific Descriptions: The [field/court/rink] is…

Players [dribble/shoot/pass] the [ball/puck] with… 14

Sensory Details: The sound of the [whistle/cheering] echoes through… You can see the... Conclusion: In the end, [sport] is not just a game; it is…

The joy of participating in [sport] makes it…

Games 6 . A Good Play

—Robert Louis Stevenson

Get Set Imagine you are going on an adventure and you are carrying the following items. How would you use them on your adventure? 1. I will use these pillows to build a fort while fighting a war.

4. 5.

The poem is about two children who pretend to build a ship! How do they do it? Where do they pretend to take the ship to? Let’s read the poem to find out.

Let’s Read We built a ship upon the stairs All made of the back-bedroom chairs,

Think and Tell

And filled it full of soft pillows

What did the two children use to build their pretend ship?

To go a-sailing on the billows.

Talking Book

We took a saw and several nails, And water in the nursery pails; And Tom said, “Let us also take An apple and a slice of cake;”— Which was enough for Tom and me To go a-sailing on, till tea. We sailed along for days and days, And had the very best of plays; But Tom fell out and hurt his knee, So there was no one left but me.

Think and Tell How old do you think the two children are in this poem?

billows: large, rolling waves pails: buckets

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Fill in the blanks with words from the poem. a

We filled the

with soft pillows.

We made the ship to go a-sailing on the

We took

We took enough food to last us until

It felt as if we sailed along for days and

in the nursery pails. . .

2. Write True or False. a

The ship was built on the stairs.

They took things from home to build the ship.

Tom suggested taking an apple and a slice of cake.

They planned to sail until dinner time.

Tom and the speaker sailed on together until the end.

3. Answer the questions in one to two sentences. a

How do you think the two children are related?

Who is the speaker in the poem?

Why did the children use pillows?

What tools did they take with them?

What happened to Tom during their adventure?

Big Idea Think about a time when you used everyday objects to create something imaginative HOTS

to play with, like the children in the poem. In your notebook, describe what you created, what objects you used and what you did with what you had made.

Chapter 6 • A Good Play

Vocabulary 1. Read the clues and fill in the crossword with words related to sport. GAMES

5 HOTS

Across t

4 2

1. worn when diving in cold water

2. clothes that identify a team 3. place to skate on ice

Down 4. person who runs 5. a sports ground with seats around 6. not a winner 7. a metal disc given as a prize in a competition

In your notebook, use the words in the crossword in sentences of your own.

Poetry Appreciation

Remember!

1. There are many rhyming words in the poem. Write five pairs of rhyming words.

HOTS

Rhyming words end with same sound. For example: ship-clip

–

2. Can you think of two rhyming words for these words? Remember the word endings need not be spelt the same, they should just sound the same.

sail

best

slice

water

hurt

Adventure and Imagination 7 . The Cyclone

—L Frank Baum

Get Set Imagine that there is a terrible wind storm. What would you see, hear and feel? Discuss each question with a partner and write your answers. 1. What will the sky look like?

2. What will you see the trees do?

3. What will the birds and animals do?

4. What sounds will the wind make?

5. How will you feel?

Dorothy and her family are having a normal day at home, but something unexpected happens that changes their lives forever! What happens, and what does Dorothy do? Let’s read the story to find out.

Let’s Read Talking Book

Dorothy lived in Kansas with Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. Their house was small with just one room and a cyclone cellar. The house and grassland around them were grey from the harsh sun and wind. One day, the sky was even greyer than usual. Uncle Henry sat on the doorstep, looking worried. Dorothy stood in the doorway holding her little dog, Toto. Aunt Em was washing dishes. From the north, they heard the wind’s low wail and saw the grass bowing in waves before the storm. A sharp whistling sound came from the south. Suddenly, Uncle Henry stood up. ‘There’s a cyclone coming, Em,’ he called. ‘I’ll go and look after the animals.’ He ran to the shed where the cows and horses were kept. cyclone: a large, powerful, storm where strong winds circle around a core (the centre) cellar: an underground storage room

Think and Tell How did Uncle Henry know that a storm was coming?

harsh: strong and rough wail: a long, low sound made by fast-moving wind

Aunt Em dropped her work and came to the door. ‘Quick, Dorothy!’ she screamed. ‘Run for the cellar!’ Toto jumped out of Dorothy’s arms and hid under the bed. Dorothy caught Toto and started to follow her aunt. Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trapdoor in the floor and climbed down the ladder into the small, dark hole. When Dorothy was halfway across the room, a great shriek came from the wind, and the house shook so hard that she lost her balance and sat down suddenly upon the floor.

Did You Know?

INTEGRATED

The Bhola cyclone was the strongest cyclone to hit India, in the year 1970.

Think and Tell What happened when Dorothy was trying to follow Aunt Em to the cellar?

Then something strange happened. The house whirled around two or three times and slowly rose into the air. Dorothy felt as if she were going up in a balloon. The wind on all sides of the house lifted it higher and higher until it was at the very top of the cyclone. There it stayed, carried miles and miles away as easily as a feather. After the first few spins, she felt as if she was being rocked gently like a baby in a cradle. Toto didn’t like it. He ran around the room, barking loudly.

Think and Tell Why did Dorothy feel as if she was in a balloon?

trapdoor: a door in the floor that opens downwards

Chapter 7 • The Cyclone

shriek: loud, high sound whirled: turned around quickly in circles

But Dorothy sat still on the floor and waited to see what would happen. Once, Toto got too close to the open trapdoor and fell in. Dorothy thought she had lost him, but soon she saw his ear sticking up through the hole. The strong wind blowing upwards kept him from falling. She crept to the hole, grabbed Toto by the ear, and pulled him back into the room, closing the trapdoor to prevent any more accidents.

Think and Tell What calmed Dorothy down?

Hour after hour passed, and Dorothy slowly got over her fright. She felt lonely, and the wind’s loud shrieking nearly deafened her. At first, she worried the house would crash, but as the hours went by and nothing terrible happened, she stopped worrying and waited calmly. Finally, she crawled over the swaying floor to her bed and lay down. Toto followed and lay beside her. Despite the swaying house and the howling wind, Dorothy soon closed her eyes and fell fast asleep. As Dorothy slept, the cyclone carried the house far away from the Kansas grasslands. She dreamt of strange lands and colourful places, not knowing what she would find when the house finally came to rest.

prevent: to stop deafened: made it hard to hear swaying: gently moving from side to side

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Number the events in the correct order. a

The house was lifted into the air, carried by the cyclone.

b Dorothy felt lonely and deafened by the wind, but soon, she

and Toto fell asleep.

c Uncle Henry ran to the shed to look after the animals while

Aunt Em called Dorothy to the cellar.

d Dorothy caught Toto and followed Aunt Em, but the house

began to shake.

e Dorothy pulled Toto back into the room after he almost fell

through the open trapdoor.

The sky turned grey, and Uncle Henry noticed a cyclone approaching.

g At the top of the cyclone, Dorothy felt as if she was being

rocked gently in a cradle.

2. Write True or False. a

Dorothy lived in a large house with many rooms.

The grassland around Dorothy’s house was green and pretty.

Aunt Em was washing dishes when the cyclone approached.

Dorothy fell asleep during the cyclone.

Dorothy did not know where the house would land.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a

What did each character do after Uncle Henry warned them about the cyclone?

b What did Dorothy do when she realised the house was flying? How did her

reaction differ from Toto’s reaction?

When did Dorothy stop worrying and what did she do then?

d Describe the movement of the house in the cyclone from when it leaves the

ground to when it travels far away.

What did Dorothy dream about?

Chapter 7 • The Cyclone

Think and Answer

HOTS

1. Read Dorothy’s actions and write what this tells you about the kind of person she was. Choose words from the box. Hint Box:

sensible

quick-thinking

Dorothy’s Actions

calm

caring

Her Qualities

Dorothy pulled Toto from under the bed before following her aunt. As the house rocked, she sat still and waited to see what would happen. She saved Toto from falling through the hole and closed the trapdoor to prevent further accidents. Dorothy decided to lie on the bed and sleep, as it was no use worrying. 2. Look at the illustrations in the story. Describe the setting of the story. HOTS

Place

Environment

Setting

Time

Mood

Big Idea

HOTS

1. Think about how Dorothy stayed calm during the cyclone. Why is it important to stay calm during these situations?

SEL

Situation

Why is it important to be calm?

You’re about to give a presentation in class, and you are nervous.

You’re writing a test and come to a question you don’t understand.

You get lost in a shopping mall while out with your parents.

Your best friend falls off the slide at school, and her head is bleeding.

Vocabulary

Suffixes A suffix is a letter or a group of letters placed at the end of a word to form a new word with a different meaning. For example: fright + ful = frightful Sometimes, adding a suffix can change the part of speech of the word. enjoy – enjoyment (verb to a noun)

swift – swiftly (adjective to an adverb)

Look at the meaning of these suffixes: -er: someone who does something (teacher, hunter) -ment: the action or result of something (government, improvement) -ion: the process or result of something (action, celebration)

Chapter 7 • The Cyclone

1. Look at the words in the box. Sort the words in the right columns. Hint Box:

skier rower

Words with -er

enjoyment direction runner excitement connection action player exhaustion

Words with -ment

movement agreement

words with -ion

2. Choose a suffix to change the verbs into nouns. Use each suffix at least once. Check your spelling. Hint Box: a

amaze

fly

improve

travel

instruct

-er

-ion

-ment

In your notebook, use any three of the words in sentences of your own. 3. Fill the gaps by adding -er, -ment or -ion to the words in brackets.

The

found a hidden cave. (explore)

Reaching the top of the mountain was a great

The artist showed us his new

The scientist made an amazing

He was a well-known

. (achieve) . (create) . (invent)

(climb).

Go Grammar Types of Adverbs Adverbs tell us how, when, or where an action happens. We add -ly to the end of an adjective to make an adverb.

Remember! Adverbs are special words that tell us more about an action or a verb.

For example: This is her usual route. (adjective)

She usually runs that route. (adverb)

It was a sad day. (adjective)

He shook his head sadly. (adverb)

There are three types of adverbs. Adverbs of Manner tell us how something happens or the way an action takes place. For example:

Dorothy felt as if she was being rocked gently. (Here, gently describes the manner of rocking)

Ask ‘how?’

Some other examples are: happily, beautifully, slowly, quickly, sadly, loudly, proudly. Adverbs of Frequency tell us how often something happens or the frequency of an action. For example:

Kansas always gets heavy rains in July. (Here, always describes the frequency of heavy rains in July)

Ask ‘how often?’

Some other examples are: usually, often, sometimes, rarely/seldom, never, regularly. Adverbs of Time tell when something happens. For example:

Ask ‘when?’

Finally, Dorothy crawled into bed. (Here, finally describes the time she crawled into bed)

Some other examples are: firstly, next, before, fortnightly, yearly, daily, monthly, today. 1. Match the adverbs and the type. terribly rarely tomorrow

Time Chapter 7 • The Cyclone

Manner

beautifully

regularly

Frequency 27

2. Fill in the blanks using the adverbs in the box. Write the type of adverb. Hint Box:

always

easily

never

finally

Dorothy

managed to close the trap door.

Dorothy

got over her fright.

Rohan followed the route he

The boy had

He climbed up the tree

takes to school.

seen such a fancy bicycle before.

3. Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the adverbs. a

The wind howled. (loud) The wind howled loudly.

They climbed the hill. (careful)

Leopards were seen on this hill. (occasion)

The children need to exercise. (day)

They set up camp. (quick)

slowly

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the story and summarise it by filling in the table. What is the character’s name? What does she set out to find? Where does the map lead her? What does she find? Who does Tara take back with her?

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Sit in groups of four. Look at the pictures of adventure activities. TEAMWORK

Exploring a forest

Going on a treasure hunt

Camping under the stars

Which adventure activity would you like to do? Take turns to talk about your favourite adventure activity. You can use the sentence starters given. My favourite adventure activity is…

I like it because…

The best part about it is…

It makes me feel…

se describing words to describe the adventure activity and how it U makes you feel. Make sure everyone gets a chance to speak.

Pay attention when your friends are speaking. Chapter 7 • The Cyclone

Write Well We write a story report to tell others what the story was like, so they can decide if they want to read it or not. It tells readers about the characters and the setting of the story and gives a short summary of what the story is about. Model Answer

Coconut Barfi with Ammachi Name of the author

Rate the story

Rajiv Eipe Main characters: Ammachi and her grandson Sooraj My favourite character: Ammachi

Two words to describe her: Lovable and fun Describe the setting:

The story takes place at Ammachi’s home. Beginning

Middle

End

Sooraj is hungry and asks his Ammachi to make coconut barfi.

They pick coconuts from her garden. Sooraj helps Ammachi make barfi.

Sooraj eats the barfi and is happy.

My favourite event in the story: I loved reading how Ammachi and Sooraj pick ripe, brown coconuts. Create a story report on ‘The Cyclone’. 30

Adventure and Imagination

8 . Going Down Hill on a Bicycle

—Henry Charles Beeching

Get Set Work in a group. Discuss how you think it would feel going down a hill on a bicycle. TEAMWORK

Talk and make notes on the following. What will I see?

What will I hear?

What will I feel?

A young boy is about to have a fun adventure. What does he do? How does he feel? Let’s read the poem to find out.

Let’s Read Talking Book

With lifted feet, hands still,

I am poised, and down the hill

Think and Tell

The air goes by in a wind.

Does the bicycle move slowly or quickly as the boy goes down the hill? Which words tell you this?

Dart, with heedful mind;

Swifter and yet more swift,

Till the heart with a mighty lift

Makes the lungs laugh, the throat cry:— ‘O bird, see; see, bird, I fly. ‘Is this, is this your joy?

O bird, then I, though a boy, For a golden moment share Your feathery life in air!’

Say, heart, is there aught like this In a world that is full of bliss?

Think and Tell Did the boy stop feeling like a bird? How do you know?

‘Tis more than skating, bound

Steel-shod to the level ground. Speed slackens now, I float Awhile in my airy boat;

Till, when the wheels scarce crawl, My feet to the treadles fall. Alas, that the longest hill

Must end in a vale; but still,

Who climbs with toil, wheresoe’er, Shall find wings waiting there. poised: ready and in a balanced position dart: move quickly and suddenly heedful: careful and paying attention aught: anything bliss: great happiness and joy

slackens: slows down scarce: hardly treadles: foot pedals alas: a word used to express sadness and regret vale: a valley between hills toil: hardwork and effort

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. The boy in the poem uses different body parts to do different actions as he rides down the hill! Match the body parts and the actions. Body parts

Actions

Feet

still

Hands

lifted

Lungs

laugh

Throat

lifts

Heart

cries

2. The poet describes what a boy feels, hears and sees. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Hint Box:

light

alive

excitement

floating

a The poem starts with a description of the

boy darts down the hill.

crying

quiet

moment before the

b The danger of going so fast makes his brain feel

c When he reaches the top speed he feels his heart lift with

d He expresses his joy by laughing from the bottom of his lungs and

out.

e At this golden, blissful moment he feels as f

as a feather.

Even as he slows down, he still feels as if he is

on air.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a Why does the boy compare himself to the bird when he says,

‘O bird, see; see, bird, I fly?’

b How does the boy say flying down the hill is better than roller

skating?

Chapter 8 • Going Down Hill on a Bicycle

c Tick () the words you would use to describe the boy. Explain your answer.

I think the boy is

because

dull

adventurous

courageous

relaxed

fun-loving

selfish

d What does the boy mean by ‘Who climbs with toil, wheresoe’er, shall find wings

waiting there’?

Big Idea The boy in the poem enjoys cycling down the hill. He finds it thrilling. Think about an adventure sport that you would like to do. Discuss it in class. I would like to

While doing it, I would be able to see I would be able to feel

Parachuting

Rock climbing

. .

(things you will hear)

Bungee jumping

Motorcycling

(things you will see)

(things you will feel by touching them or them touching you)

I would be able to hear

Hang gliding

Canoeing

Skate-boarding

Note: These activities should be performed under the supervision of a responsible adult or an expert. Remember to wear the proper gear and follow all safety guidelines and instructions.

Vocabulary 1. Circle the nouns formed from the words given. Then, in your notebook make sentences with the circled words. a

climb i

adventuring

adventurer

navigation

navigating

merriment

equipment

merry i

climbing

navigate i

adventure i

climber

merrier

equip i

equipping

Poetry Appreciation

HOTS

Enjambment is a poetic device where a sentence or phrase runs over from one line to the next without a pause or break. A reader must read these run-on lines without stopping to give a sense of flow. 1.

Read these lines from the poem aloud. I am poised, and down the hill Dart, with heedful mind;

Till the heart with a mighty lift

Makes the lungs laugh, the throat cry:— 2.

How do these run-on lines help the poet to express the boy’s actions?

Underline the other run-on lines in the poem.

Chapter 8 • Going Down Hill on a Bicycle

Science and Technology

9 . Panipuri Inside a Spaceship

—Vidya Pradhan

Get Set Astronauts are people who travel into space to explore and study things beyond Earth. They live and work on spaceships to learn more about the universe.

ART

Imagine you are an astronaut in a spaceship. What are the different things you would see from your spaceship? Draw or paste in pictures of any four things.

Chikki is quite fussy about the food she eats. Then, she learns something interesting that makes her think about food in a completely different way. What does she learn? Let’s read the story to find out.

Let’s Read ‘Dinner time!’ called Daddy. INTEGRATED

Chikki and Ninu, who were playing outside, came running in. Daddy was already at the table. ‘What are we having?’ asked Ninu. ‘Mooli parathas,’ said Mummy. ‘And raita.’ Chikki wrinkled her nose. ‘Not again!’ she complained.

Talking Book

‘Chikki, don’t you want to be an astronaut?’ asked Mummy. ‘Yes,’ responded Chikki. Mummy was a scientist and Daddy had been a fighter pilot. Chikki wanted to study science and fly higher than Daddy—she wanted to be an astronaut. ‘Well,’ said Mummy, ‘If you eat your parathas, I’ll make astronaut food for you tomorrow.’ ‘Okay!’ said Chikki happily and wolfed down her paratha.

wrinkled: pulled up the nose in a way that it made lines

Chapter 9 • Panipuri Inside a Spaceship

Think and Tell Why did Chikki agree to eat her paratha happily?

wolfed down: ate quickly and eagerly

The next day, Chikki and Ninu came back from school for lunch. They were eager to see what Mummy had made. Instead, they saw a tube on their plates. ‘Toothpaste!’ cried Ninu. ‘Is that what astronauts eat?’

Think and Tell What did Ninu think Mummy was serving them for lunch when they came back from school?

‘Not toothpaste,’ Mummy smiled. ‘I mashed up rice and dal and put it in the tube. You can squeeze it into your mouth.’ ‘Why can’t we have rice and dal on the plate instead?’ asked Chikki. Daddy had some on his plate. And it suddenly looked delicious. Daddy pointed to his food. ‘See how it stays on my plate? In space, it would float away.’ Chikki and Ninu imagined bits of rice floating in the air. ‘Nom-nom-nom,’ said Ninu as he pretended to catch the grains. ‘Watch out, rice, I’m coming for you!’ ‘It looks like fun, but it would take very long to finish eating. And bits could end up in the spaceship’s engines and make a mess,’ said Daddy. ‘But why does food float in space?’ asked Chikki. ‘It doesn’t float down here!’ ‘On Earth, we have gravity. It keeps not just food but all of us from floating into space,’ explained Daddy. That is why when we throw a ball up into the air, it falls back down.’

Did You Know?

INTEGRATED

Gravity is what makes you feel your weight. On the Moon, gravity is weaker, so you would weigh less than you weigh on Earth.

Mummy added, ‘Far from Earth, there is almost no gravity. So, astronauts and other things in space weigh almost nothing. They float!’ ‘And food out there has to be easy to eat and not float away every time someone tries to have lunch!’ said Daddy.

Think and Tell What does Daddy say Earth has that space does not have?

mashed up: crushed and mixed into a soft, smooth mixture spaceship: a vehicle that travels in space

gravity: the force that pulls things down to the ground and keeps them from floating away

Chikki looked at the tube on her plate. ‘So this is what astronauts eat?’ She was disappointed. Mummy smiled. ‘When they first started going into space, astronauts ate vegetable and fruit pastes from tubes. That was not very tasty. So they complained, like you!’ she said. ‘So scientists tried to come up with options that looked and tasted more like regular food. Today, astronauts get canned food, nuts, protein bars … anything they can eat in a single bite without leaving crumbs. So Indian astronauts take paneer curry and other tasty dishes. Think and Tell ‘And now,’ said Mummy, ‘you have to try these gobi parathas.’ ‘Oh no!’ said Chikki. ‘When I become an astronaut, I’m going to take panipuri along!’

What did the astronauts complain about when they first started going into space?

New dishes we read about: BHARAT

Mooli paratha: whole wheat flatbreads with a spiced radish filling Raita: a side dish that is made of yoghurt

Panipuri: a popular Indian street food with crispy, hollow, fried dough balls stuffed with boiled potatoes or steamed moong sprouts together with spicy tangy water Gobi paratha: whole wheat flatbreads with a spiced cauliflower filling

canned: food that is sealed in a metal can to stay fresh for a long time Chapter 9 • Panipuri Inside a Spaceship

crumbs: tiny pieces that break off from food

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Read the story and fill in the blanks. a Astronauts can’t eat from plates in space because the food would

b Food for astronauts should not produce

damage the

because they could

In space, there is almost no

Earlier astronauts ate

e Modern astronauts can eat

in space.

, which causes things to float. and

pastes in tubes. ,

and

2. Number the events 1–4 to show the correct order. a Mummy explains that over time, scientists improved food that can

be eaten in space.

Chikki complains about having mooli parathas for dinner.

Chikki and Ninu come home from school to try ‘astronaut food’.

d Daddy explains why astronaut foods are mashed up to make a paste. e

Mummy promises to make astronaut food the next day.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a

Why does Chikki want to become an astronaut?

Why does Chikki and Ninu’s mother mash up the astronaut food?

What could happen if food floats around in the spaceship?

How is Earth different from space?

How did scientists solve the problem of food floating around in spaceships?

Think and Answer

HOTS

1. Chikki wants to eat panipuri in space. Read the story and write if it is possible to eat panipuri in space. Give two reasons for your answer. 40

The author’s purpose is the reason the author writes a story, an article or a book. For example: Chikki wants to become an astronaut. The author uses the conversations between the family to inform us about the challenges faced by astronauts. 2. The author uses the story to teach Chikki and the readers a lesson. HOTS

What lesson does the author want us to learn?

How does Chikki learn the lesson?

Big Idea

HOTS

Chikki has grown up to become an astronaut. She wants to take panipuri to space. You are a scientist. How will you help her solve the problem? What suggestions would you give Chikki? Discuss your suggestions in class.

Vocabulary Prefixes A prefix is a letter or a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a new word. Prefixes to make antonyms disimunil-

dis + honest = dishonest (someone who is not honest) Rohan is a dishonest man.

im + possible = impossible (something which is not possible) It is impossible to carry panipuri to space. un + fair = fair (someone who is not fair) Nisha is an unfair monitor.

il + logical = illogical (something which has no logic) His argument is illogical.

Chapter 9 • Panipuri Inside a Spaceship

Some other prefixes include: multi + national = multinational semi + circle = semicircle

semicircle

re + do = redo sub + title = subtitle 1. Use the prefixes in the box to create new words. Then, use the new words to fill in the blanks in the sentences. Hint Box:

anti-

dis-

re-

She did not come to school as she was

I need to

Be careful not to

Please

e We sometimes

to eat.

un-

mis-

semi-

pre-

(well).

(write) my homework. (spell) the word. (heat) the oven before baking. (agree) about what

Use

(bacterial) soap to clean your hands.

The team’s science project was selected for the

(final).

2. Combine the words to make new words. In your notebook, make sentences with the words.

tele + scope =

micro + phone =

smart + phone

photo + graph =

thermo + meter =

Remember! Compound words are words formed by joining two words. For example: space + ship = spaceship

Go Grammar Conjunctions

Remember! Conjunctions are joining words that are used to join words, sentences or ideas. ‘And’, ‘but’, ‘or’ and ‘so’ are conjunctions. And is used to join words or sentences. But is used to join two opposite ideas or sentences. Or is used for choice. So is used to show that the second idea is the result of the first.

There are many other types of conjunctions. Because

It is used to show that one sentence is the reason for another. For example: Mother makes paranthas because they are healthy.

It is used to show a condition for something. (For the mother to make astronaut food, Chikki must eat her paranthas. Eating the paranthas is the condition that her mother gives.) For example: If you eat your paranthas today, I’ll make astronaut food for you tomorrow.

Although

It is used to show something unexpected or in contrast. It can be used to start a sentence or in the middle of the sentence. For example: Chikki does not like paranthas although they are quite tasty.

When

It is used to show a specific situation or time. For example: When I become an astronaut, I am going to take panipuri along.

1. Select the correct conjunctions to fill in the blanks. a The scientist was excited

he made a new discovery.

(although/because)

(If/So) you mix these two liquids, you will get foam.

c The scientist needed a lot of money for the research project,

(although/so) he wrote to the government for help.

(If/When) the computer crashed, we lost all data.

Chapter 9 • Panipuri Inside a Spaceship

(Because/Although) he faced many challenges, he continued with his research.

The scientist invented something new not confident that it would work.

(because/but) he was

2. Choose the conjunctions to join the sentences. Then, write the final sentences in your notebook. a Ninu will treat poor people free of charge. Ninu will become a doctor. (so/when) b Chikki and Ninu were playing inside. It was raining. (because/although) c Chikki ate five more panipuris. She was quite full. (if/although) d Chikki will get an ice-cream treat. Her science project is selected. (if/although) e Chikki was selected for the space program. She studied hard. (because/when)

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and see how many facts you can fill in after a first reading. INTEGRATED

a Many years ago, a scientist named

made a

b He created the first practical electric

c Before this invention, people used

and

very important discovery.

to see in the dark.

d Edison’s light bulb was

and lasted longer than candles and lamps.

e To make the light bulb, Edison used a thin piece of wire called a f

He completed his invention in the year

Speak Well

TEAMWORK

HOTS

Practise speaking here.

A debate is a discussion on a topic. In a debate, one person speaks in favour of the topic and the other speaks against the topic. Sit in pairs and debate the topic ‘Should smartphones be used in schools?’ Step 1: Decide who will speak in favour of the topic and who will speak against the topic.

Step 2: Take five minutes to prepare at least three points in support of your argument. You should give reasons for your opinions and ideas. You may use the suggested sentence starters: Introduction: • Good morning. Today, I am going to speak in favour of/against the topic… • Digital devices are the future, so I am going to… • Don’t let your smartphone become smarter than you, I am here to… Sentences to use while talking about the benefits: • I believe that smartphones should be allowed in class because… • One of the main benefits of using a smartphone is… • Because of smartphones we are now able to… Sentences to use while talking about the drawbacks: • One of the main drawbacks of using smartphones is… • Smartphones are the main cause of… because of which… • Using smartphones will make students lazy, they… Closing Lines: • To conclude,… • To sum it up,… • Finally,… Step 3: It is time to start the debate.

Write Well A character sketch is when we analyse and write about a character from a story, movie or cartoon show. We try to understand them better by looking at their actions, words and thoughts. Let us look at the character of Kartik from the story ‘Against All Odds’.

Chapter 9 • Panipuri Inside a Spaceship

Model Answer Character Kartik Book/Film/Programme Against all Odds

What the character looks like He is a young boy with a deformed left arm.

What the character says and does He plays when Sunil Chhetri visits and proves himself. He does not give up. ‘I have made it to the school team!’

How the character is different Kartik is very good at playing football. He is called ‘the walking football encyclopaedia’.

Think about any movie or cartoon where the main character has some superpower and write a character sketch in your notebook.

Science and Technology 10 . My Mouse is Misbehaving

—Kenn Nesbitt

Get Set Read the clues and complete the crossword with words related to computers. INTEGRATED

2 3

T R

Across 1. A device used to move and click things on the screen. 2. A device used to print pictures or texts. 3. A device used to listen to music. Down 1. The device that shows pictures and text. 2. The brain of the computer. 3. The device used to type letters and numbers.

Something is wrong with the poet’s computer. What has gone wrong, and what caused these problems? Let’s read the poem to find out.

Let’s Read My mouse is misbehaving

Talking Book

and my keyboard’s on the fritz.

Think and Tell

The computer’s not computing,

What are all the different parts of the computer that the poet has mentioned so far?

but is dropping bytes and bits. The hard drive’s click-click-clicking and the printer’s spitting ink. The CD’s started stuttering. The screen is on the blink. The memory is failing. Things are grinding to a halt. And, even worse, I realize it’s probably my fault. I thought it would be funny. It was really just a joke. I never thought the whole computer might go up in smoke. I guess I learned my lesson: When it comes to your PCs, it’s best if you don’t ever try to feed the mouse some cheese.

on the fritz: not working properly computing: calculating or working bytes: small pieces of digital information stored in a computer CD: computer disc, used in old computers to store information stuttering: repeating sounds in a broken way grinding to a halt: slowly stopping or coming to an end go up in smoke: be destroyed by short circuit

Think and Tell What did the poet try to feed the computer mouse?

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Tick () correct answers. a

What is the keyboard doing? i

Working very well

Spitting ink

iii

It’s on the fritz

Stuttering

What is the computer dropping? i

Ink and paper

Bytes and bits

iii

Cheese and crackers

Smoke and fire

What is failing? i

Computer

Keyboard

iii

Mouse

Memory

What did the poet think when feeding the mouse? i

It would harm the computer.

It would be funny.

iii

It would be sad.

It was a part of life.

What does the phrase ‘go up in smoke’ mean? i

The computer might stop working.

The computer might float away.

iii

The computer might work better.

The computer might disappear.

2. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a

Who is ‘my’ in the poem?

Which part of the computer is making a sound?

What is the printer doing?

Describe all the problems caused by the mouse misbehaving.

Chapter 10 • My Mouse is Misbehaving

3. Read the lines from the poem and answer the questions based on your understanding of the lines. “The memory is failing. Things are grinding to a halt. And, even worse, I realize It’s probably my fault.” a

Whose ‘memory’ is referred to in the lines above?

What does the phrase ‘grinding to a halt’ mean?

Why does the girl say it is her fault?

Big Idea We live in a world of technology, where we depend on machines and devices. When they don’t function properly our time is wasted and we cannot get our work done. Think about any one of your devices that wasn’t working properly. Write an acrostic poem. Use personification at least twice in your poem. Finally, share it in class.

Remember! The first letter of each line in an acrostic poem spells a word that tells us what the poem is about.

Malfunctioning microwave, with a mind of your own, In the kitchen corner, you silently groan. Crying out with beeps, your voice I hear, Rarely do you show your power, my dear. Old friend of mine, why must you tease? When I need hot food, you sometimes freeze. Asking for patience, you take your sweet time, Very often, you make me wait in line. Evidently, you enjoy this life of crime. 50

Vocabulary 1. The first column lists objects and the second column lists some things only humans do or feel. Make a sentence using personification for each object. Object

Human Action/Feeling

camera

roars

blender

hides

pen drive

blinks

air conditioner

shivers

My camera blinks at me before taking my picture.

b c d

Remember! A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of words to change their meaning.

2. Read the meaning of these prefixes and then circle the correct meaning of the words in the questions. Meanings of Prefixes: 1. re– again, back

2. anti– against, opposite

4. tele– distant, far a

5. pre– before, prior

redo i

to do again

3. auto– self, own

to not do

iii

to play with

antifreeze

to not touch

to go outside

to stop freezing

iii

to start freezing

to freeze water

to fly slowly

autopilot i iii

to fly quickly

to fly by itself

Chapter 10 • My Mouse is Misbehaving

to fly like a pilot 51

teleport i iii

to move far away quickly to talk

ii iv

to look at a port

school for teens

preschool i iii

school for older kids

school before grade 1

to see far away

school for adults

Poetry Appreciation Personification is when human qualities are given to animals, objects or ideas. It makes non-human things seem as if they are alive or have feelings. Read these examples of personification: For example:

• My mouse is misbehaving.

• The old phone groaned when I turned it on.

• The television blinked before it finally turned on.

HOTS

The poem ‘My Mouse is Misbehaving’ personifies different parts of the computer. Write down two examples of personification from the poem and explain what human quality is given to the object. • Line: ‘The computer’s not computing’ Explanation: The computer is given the human quality of computing, as if it can think and work like a human. • Line: Explanation:

• Line: Explanation:

Project 3 Blueprint of a Futuristic Gadget HANDS-ON

INTEGRATED

ART

In this project, you will imagine and design a gadget for the future. Think about what it would do, what it would look like, and the problems it could solve. You will then present the design of your gadget to your class. What You Need: A sheet of paper and a pencil LEGO blocks, thermocol sheets, cardboard sheets or other materials around you A pair of scissors Glue Crayons, markers or colour pencils Steps Imagine Your Gadget: • What will it do? Think about a problem you want to solve. How can your gadget help? • What will it look like? Think of the design of your gadget. What is its shape? Will it have buttons, screens, or other parts? • How will it work? Think about how people will use your gadget. Will it be easy to use? Will it be automatic, or will it be manually operated? Design Your Gadget: • Draw the gadget: Make it as detailed as you can. • Label the parts: Label the different parts of your gadget. For example, buttons, switches, fan, motor, wheel, etc. • Add colour: Colour your gadget to make it look futuristic in its design. • 3D model: You may design a 3-D model of your gadget.

Project 3 • Blueprint of a Futuristic Gadget

Prepare to Present: Practise your presentation: Practise talking about your gadget. Explain what it does, how it works, and why it is useful. Use your blueprint: hold up your drawing/model when you talk so everyone can see what your gadget looks like. Answer questions: Be ready to answer questions about your gadget. Your gadget need not actually work, but the design should be realistic. o not spend money on the design of your 3-D model. Try to recycle D and reuse items from your surroundings.

Grammar Worksheet 4 Types of Prepositions

1. Match the sentences with the correct prepositions. Column A

The students met the

The sports academy is

The player hit the ball

There will be practice

Kartik ran three laps

coach

Column B over

the class.

the museum.

after

the rope line.

around

the morning.

behind

the field.

2. Use the prepositions in sentences of your own. a

into

out of

away from

across

in front of

through

Modals

3. Choose the correct modal to fill in the blanks. Shikha

(can/should) bat as well as bowl. They say she

(may/must) be selected for the Indian cricket team. But, she

(may/

must) first prove herself as one of the best players. Her coach has advised that she (can/should) focus only on cricket. She has increased her practice

hours. Shikha believes that dedication come true!

Grammar Worksheet

(can/must) make dreams

4. Use the modals to make sentences of your own.

May:

Can:

Should:

May:

Must:

Can:

(possibility) (ability) (suggestion) (wish) (necessity) (permission)

Grammar Worksheet 5 Types of Adverbs

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb. a

The children’s adventure group meets

They listen to Drake’s story

. (week) . (attentive)

c Drake will take them to the hills d

Sara is sharing her story

She walked into the dark cave

(late) in the month. . (next) . (courageous)

2. Use the adverbs to make sentences of your own. a

today:

sometimes:

beautifully:

daily:

softly:

3. Correct the adverbs and rewrite these sentences. a

She shared her story excite.

Rina plans to visit the caves soonly.

Usual, Sara and Rina go on adventures together.

The two friends waited eager for Sunday’s outing.

They asked us to pick them up lately.

Grammar Worksheet

Grammar Worksheet 6 Conjunctions

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunctions. Hint Box: a

when

The bulb did not light up

because

although

the circuit was broken.

the volcano erupted, the sky turned dark.

you mix water and oil, you will not get a clear solution.

the experiment failed, we learned an important lesson.

We were out of money,

the project was cancelled.

2. Make sentences of your own using the following conjunctions. a

because:

if:

when:

although:

but:

3. Connect these sentences using the correct conjunctions. a

The computer will crash. We run too many programs on it.

The robot moved quickly. It was programmed to do so.

We forgot to add a chemical. The experiment failed.

d The telescope is pointed to the left. The telescope will show the planet.

The scientist was in the laboratory. It was late at night.

Practice Time-2 Name of the Student: Class: 4 Roll Number:

Section: Date: Section – A (Reading and Vocabulary—25 marks)

Read the text and answer the questions. Have you ever seen a firefly light up on a summer night? This glow is an example of bioluminescence. It is a natural process where living creatures produce their own light. It’s not just fireflies; some deep-sea fish, jellyfish, and even certain types of mushrooms can glow in the dark! These creatures have special chemicals in their bodies that help them to create light. In some animals, like the anglerfish, bioluminescence is used to attract prey. Other creatures use it as a form of communication or to scare off predators. Scientists study bioluminescence to understand how it works and to develop new technologies, like glowing plants, energy-efficient lighting, or better medical tools. 1. State True or False.

(4 marks)

a Bioluminescence is a type of natural light produced by some

living creatures.

Only plants can produce bioluminescence.

c Bioluminescence is found in many creatures that live on land. d Scientists study bioluminescence to develop new medical tools.

2. Answer the questions in one to two sentences.

(6 marks)

a Name two living things that can produce bioluminescence.

b Name two ways in which bioluminescence is useful to animals.

Practice Time-2

How do scientists benefit from studying bioluminescence?

3. Choose the correct meaning of the words as they are used in the passage. (2 marks) a

predators i

animals that are killed by other animals

animals that hunt and eat other animals

study i

do research to learn more about something

the kind of reading that students do at school.

4. Write words from the passage that mean the opposite of the words below. (3 marks) a

artificial:

ordinary:

scare off:

Read the poem and answer the questions. In the blink of a screen, the world’s at our feet, We code and we click, making dreams complete. Robots that learn, and cars that can drive, In this digital age, everything is alive. From satellites soaring, to apps that we share, Technology’s magic is everywhere. But with every new gadget, remember what’s true, It’s not just the tech, but what we choose to do. 5. Fill in the blanks with words from the poem. You may have to change the form of the word. (4 marks) The poem is about the impact of

on our lives.

Technology can make our dreams come true through and clicking. This digital age is like

because we have

soaring high up in space and all kinds of apps that we can share. 6. Choose the correct answers. a

(5 marks)

What does the phrase ‘In the blink of a screen’ mean? i

Technology changes very slowly

Technology is always old-fashioned

iii

Technology works very quickly

Technology is boring

b What does the line ‘We code and we click, making dreams complete’ mean? i

Technology is difficult to use

Technology helps fulfil our goals

iii

Coding is not important

Clicking on screens is not useful

c What does ‘Robots that learn, and cars that can drive’ say about technology? i

Robots and cars are objects we use.

Technology does not change.

iii

Technology is becoming more advanced.

Robots and cars are common in today’s world.

d What does the phrase ‘Technology’s magic is everywhere’ mean? i ii iii iv

Technology is always there.

Technology is only found in some places

Technology is present in all aspects of life Technology is not useful

e What does the poem say we should remember about technology? i

Technology is the only important thing

Using technology wisely is up to us

iii

We should avoid using technology

Technology can solve some problems

7. Write a good title for the poem. Give reasons for your answer.

Practice Time-2

(1 mark)

Section – B (Grammar—10 marks) 8. Fill in each blank with the correct preposition. a The engineer walked

(5 marks)

the workshop from the office.

b The drone flew

the building to capture aerial footage.

c The student sent an email

the teacher to ask for feedback on the project.

d The technician carried the broken parts

the storage room to the

workshop.

e After the fire broke out, every one had to move

the building.

9. Fill in each blank with the correct modal verb: can, may, must, should. (5 marks) a Technology

make life easier for humans if handled effectively.

b To improve accuracy, engineers

each test.

c If we use renewable energy sources, we

environment.

d The new app

rather difficult to use.

e You

working.

fine-tune the equipment before reduce the impact on the

help students learn coding more effectively but it is

check your device’s battery level regularly if you want it to keep

Section – C (Writing—15 marks) 10. Write a descriptive paragraph about ONE of the following: •

A Science Day at school

•

An Award Ceremony that was held for the best science projects

11. Think about a story you read or a film you watched recently. Write a character sketch of the villain in the story. You may include: •

A physical description of the villain.

•

Words to describe the villain’s personality

•

The villain’s thoughts and actions

(8 marks)

(7 marks)

MATHEMATICS 6 Fractions �� 64 • Understanding Fractions ��64 • Operations on Fractions ��73

7 Lines and 2-D Shapes �� 80 • Understanding Basic Terms ��80 • Understanding More Geometrical Figures ��86 • Circles ��89

8 Representing 3-D Shapes �� 96 • Representing 3-D Shapes as 2-D Shapes ��96

9 Patterns and Symmetry �� 108 • Patterns Around Us ��108 • Symmetry and Reflections ��117

10 Length, Weight and Capacity �� 124 • Length ��124 • Weight ��127 • Capacity ��130

Model Test Paper - 2 �� 136 Answers �� 138

6 Fractions Understanding Fractions Real Life Connect

Shalu, Karan, Raghav and Pooja went on a picnic. All of them brought snacks with them. Shalu: I have brought 2 apples, 4 oranges and 3 packets of biscuits.

Karan: I will eat half of the number of apples.

Raghav: I want to have a quarter of the number of oranges.

Pooja: I will eat one-third of the number of packets of biscuits that we have. The friends divided the snacks among themselves and enjoyed their day!

Halves, Quarters and Thirds We already learnt that dividing a whole (a shape or collection of objects) into equal parts gives us fractions. Let us revise this again.

Fraction of a Whole Half

Quarter

One-Third

When a whole is divided into two equal parts, each part is called a half. 1 It is denoted as . 2 Two halves make a whole.

When a whole is divided into four equal parts, each part is called a quarter or one-fourth. 1 It is denoted as . 4

When a whole is divided into three equal parts, each part is called one-third.

1 whole 1 or half 2 64

Four quarters make a whole. 1 or one-fourth 4

1 It is denoted as . 3

Three one-thirds make a whole. 1 or one-third 3

Example 1: State True or False.

1 One-third is smaller than . True 2 1 One-quarter is bigger than . False 3 1 Half is represented as . False 4

Fraction of a Collection We can also find the fraction of a collection. 1 1 of 12 butterflies of 12 butterflies 2 3

Butterflies in one group = 6

Butterflies in one group = 4

2 of 12 butterflies. 3 1 Identify the numerator and the denominator.

Did You Know?

3 of Earthʼs water 100 is freshwater, available for drinking, agriculture, and other human needs. Only

1 of 12 butterflies 4

Butterflies in one group = 3

Let us now try to find 2

enominator = 3, so divide 12 butterflies equally D into 3 groups.

umerator = 2, count the number of butterflies in N 2 groups = 8. 2 4 So, of 12 = 8. 3

2 of 12 butterflies 3

Butterflies in 2 groups = 8

Example 2: What fraction of the given flowers are. a

white?

pink?

Total number of flowers = 7 Number of white flowers = 3 3 Fraction of white flowers = 7 Number of pink flowers = 4 4 Fraction of pink flowers = 7 3 Example 3: What is of 35 cupcakes? 5 Number of cupcakes = 35 Divide 35 cupcakes equally into the,same number of groups as the denominator, which is 5 groups. Each group has 7 cupcakes. Count the number of cupcakes in 3 groups, which is 21. 3 Hence, of 35 = 21 cupcakes. 5

Chapter 6 • Fractions

Do It Yourself 6A 1

Write the fraction represented by the shaded part of each image. a

b c

Art Integration

Cross Curricular

Circle and find the number of butterflies in each collection. a

1 of the collection = __________ butterflies. 3 4 of the collection = __________ butterflies. 9 7 of the collection = __________ butterflies. 9

Find. a

1 of 32 4

1 of 24 8

1 of 40 5

1 of 36 6

2 of 33 3

5 of 36 6

3 of 35 7

5 of 32 8

2 of the total balls. 3 Manya made an apple pie. She divides the apple pie into 10 equal slices and eats 5 of them. What fraction

There are about 50 snow leopards in Uttarakhand, India. If there are half the number of snow leopards

There are 48 pencils in a box. If

3 of the pencils are blue and the rest are black, how many pencils 4

There are 75 students in a class.

2 of the students did not go on the class picnic. How many students 5

Draw 12 balls and circle

of the apple pie was eaten by Manya?

in Sikkim as in Uttarakhand, then how many snow leopards are there in Sikkim? are blue?

went on the picnic?

Anna runs a flower shop. She has 48 roses left in her shop. sold. How many roses are left?

1 3 of the roses wilted. of 48 roses were 4 4

Equivalent Fractions Let us show 3 fractions on fraction circles and shade the same amount. 1 2 4 2 4 8 = 1 out of 2 parts 66

= 2 out of 4 parts

4 out of 8 parts

Fractions that represent the same or equal value but have different numerators and denominators are called equivalent fractions. 1 2 4 Here , and are equivalent fractions. 2 4 8

Finding Equivalent Fractions To find equivalent fractions, we multiply the numerator and denominator by the same number. 5 Equivalent Fractions of 6 First equivalent fraction of 5 2 5 × 2 10 × = = 6 2 6 × 2 12

5 6

Second equivalent fraction of 5 3 5 × 3 15 × = = 6 3 6 × 3 18

5 6

Third equivalent fraction of 5 4 5 × 4 20 × = = 6 4 6 × 4 24

5 6

Simplest Form A fraction is said to be in its simplest form when the denominator and the numerator have no common factors other than 1. Let us find the simplest form of the fraction 9 . 45 Divide the numerator and the denominator by one of the common factors until it cannot be divided further. We can divide the numerator and the denominator by either 3 or 9.

Why do we not divide the numerator and the denominator by common factor 1?

9÷3 3 = 45 ÷ 3 15

Divide by common factor 9. 9÷9 1 = 45 ÷ 9 5

3 3÷3 1 can be further divided by 3 as = 15 15 ÷ 3 5

In both cases, the simplest form of

A common factor is a factor shared by two or more numbers. For example: 7 is a common factor of 14 and 21.

Think and Tell

Divide by common factor 3.

Remember!

1 cannot be divided further. 5

9 1. = 45 5

Example 4: Look at the figures and write them in the form of equivalent fractions. 3 4 3 out of 4 parts are shaded Chapter 6 • Fractions

6 8 6 out of 8 parts are shaded 67

Example 5: Find the simplest form of 15. 30 Factors of 15 = 1, 3, 5 and 15 Factors of 30 = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30 Common factors of 15 and 30 = 1, 3, 5 and 15 Divide the numerator and the denominator by 15. 15 ÷ 15 = 1 30 ÷ 15 2

1 cannot be divided further. Hence, the simplest form of 15 = 1. 2 30 2

Do It Yourself 6B 1

Shade the second figure to make it equivalent to the first figure. a

= 2

Write four equivalent fractions for each of the given fractions. a

2 7

Write the fractions in their simplest form. 10 30 b a 50 90 15 6 e f 45 42

1 5

2 26 8 g 26

5 65 12 h 24

1 3 3 × = 2 3 [ ] 15 5 3 ÷ = e 25 [ ] [ ]

1 [ ] 3 × = 5 3 [ ] 2 [ ] 8 × = f 7 4 [ ]

[ ] 2 1 ÷ = 12 [ ] 6 5 6 [ ] g × = 8 [ ] 48 c

Circle the fractions that are in their simplest form. 20 3 12 9 2 5 35 8 30 21 41 24

The literacy rate in Kerala is the highest in India, which is

1 4

Fill in the missing numerator or denominator in each of these equivalent fractions. a

Cross Curricular

3 4

8 14

1 7 [ ] × = 3 [ ] 21 27 [ ] 3 ÷ = h 45 9 [ ] d

7 42

47 when given as a fraction. Write an 50 equivalent fraction for the literacy rate in Kerala out of 100.

Creativity

Pandas are fascinating creatures with many unique characteristics. They spend most of their day 7 1 1 sleeping. A panda sleeps for of a day, eats for of a day and does other activities for of a day. 12 3 12 Represent the number of hours dedicated to each activity by shading a grid accordingly.

Create a word problem to write 2 equivalent fractions of a fraction.

Like and Unlike Fractions Like Fractions

1 4

2 4

Unlike Fractions

3 4

1 2

4 4

1 3

1 4

1 6

Different Denominators

Same Denominators

Comparing and Ordering Like Fractions We know that the denominators of like fractions are the same. To compare two or more like fractions:

Think and Tell

• We compare their numerators.

like fractions?

Can equivalent fractions be

• The greater the numerator, the bigger the fraction.

< 1 4

< 2 4

3 4

4 4

Numerator of

Example 7: Arrange the given set of fractions in descending order: 8 , 9 , 7 and 4 . 12 12 12 12 Arrange the numerators in descending order: 9 > 8 > 7 > 4.

As 12 > 6; the fraction 12 > 6 . 17 17

Descending order: 9 > 8 > 7 > 4 . 12 12 12 12

Example 6: Which is greater 6 =6 17 12 Numerator of = 12 17

6 12 or ? 17 17

Comparing and Ordering Unlike Fractions with the Same Numerator We know that the denominators of unlike fractions are different. To compare two or more fractions with the same numerator but different denominators: • We compare their denominators.

• The greater the denominator, the smaller the fraction. Chapter 6 • Fractions

< 1 6

Example 8: Which is smaller

5 =9 9 5 Denominator of = 12 12 As 12 > 9; the fraction 5 < 5. 12 9 Denominator of

< 1 4 5 5 or ? 9 12

< 1 3

1 2

Example 9: Arrange the fractions in ascending order: 2 , 2 , 2 and 2. 5 3 7 9 Since the numerators are the same, we arrange the denominators in descending order: 9 > 7 > 5 > 3. Ascending order: 2 < 2 < 2 < 2. 9 7 5 3

Testing for Equivalence by Cross-multiplying Let us now learn how to compare two fractions with different numerators and denominators. Step 1 Write the fractions next to each other. For example,

Step 2

3 2 and 7 9

Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the second fraction, and write the product below the first fraction.

3 7

2 9

3 7

2 9

Step 3 Multiply the denominator of the first fraction with the numerator of the second fraction, and write the product below the second fraction.

Step 4 Compare the products. The greater fraction will have the greater product below it. Here, 27 > 14. 3 2 Therefore, > . 7 9

Example 10: Compare the fractions 2 and 4 . 5 10 Step 1 Step 2 2 5

4 10

2 5 20

4 10

Step 3

Step 4

2 5 20

20 = 20

4 10 20

Therefore, 2 = 4 . 5 10

Do It Yourself 6C 1

Name the fractions as like or unlike. a

1,4,7,5– 9 9 9 9

_______________

2 , 6 , 10 , 9 – _______________ 11 11 11 11

13 , 14 , 1 , 12 – _______________ 15 15 15 15

4, 4 ,4, 4 – 8 14 7 12

Compare the fractions and put the < , > or = sign in the box. 4 2 5 7 5 b a c 8 8 9 9 7 e

8 10

5 15

2 6

1 7

3 , 6 , 1 , 5 , 2 , 7 9 9 9 9 9 9

2 , 6 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 Arrange the fractions in ascending order. c

Cross Curricular

5 9

1 3

3 7

9 16

4 9

2,2,2,2,2, 2 7 5 3 4 8 10

3 9 7 15

Circle the smallest fraction in the group. a

_______________

5,5,5, 5 ,5, 5 9 8 7 11 6 10

8 , 4 , 3 , 6 , 1 , 7 9 9 9 9 9 9

5,5, 5 ,5, 5 , 5 6 7 11 9 13 10

4 , 8 , 2 , 9 , 3 , 7 10 10 10 10 10 10

2, 2 ,2,2,2,2 4 10 7 9 6 3

The water content in apples, bananas, oranges and watermelons is

84 75 87 92 , , and , 100 100 100 100

respectively. Arrange the fruits according to their water content in descending order. Creativity

Create a word problem on ordering like fractions.

Proper and Improper Fractions Proper Fractions

Improper Fractions

Mixed Numbers

Numerator is smaller than the denominator.

Numerator is bigger than the denominator.

Combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.

Whole 1 3

Chapter 6 • Fractions

6 9

3 4

4 4

Fraction

and

3 4

Whole

7 4

Fraction

and 3 1 4

3 4

Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers Let us convert Step 1

9 into a mixed number. 4

Divide the numerator by the denominator and identify the quotient, remainder and divisor. Divisor

Quotient

Remainder

4 9 8

Step 2

Mixed number = Quotient Hence,

9 1 =2 . 4 4

Example 11: Convert Divisor

4 13 12

Remainder Divisor

13 to a mixed number. 4

Quotient

Mixed number = Quotient Therefore,

Remainder

13 1 =3 . 4 4

Remainder Divisor

Converting Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions Let us convert 2

3 into an improper fraction. 4 Add

2 34

Multiply

(4 × 2) + 3 11 = 4 4

2 Example 12: Convert 5 to an improper fraction. 3 Add

5 23

Multiply

(5 × 3) + 2 17 = 3 3

Writing a Whole Number as a Fraction When the numerator is equal to the denominator, the fraction represents 1 whole.

3 3 =1 72

7 7 =1

9 9 =1

When the denominator divides the numerator completely with no remainder, the fraction is a whole number.

12 =3 4

Example 13: What is the value of the fraction? The fraction can be written as

9 = 3. 3

Do It Yourself 6D 1

Sort the given fractions as proper, improper and mixed. 2 15 2 16 a c 3 b d 3 8 6 9 Convert the improper fractions into mixed numbers. a

8 3

26 8

25 6

49 9

1 3

b 2

5 8

Simplify the fractions. 6 24 a b 3 8

c 7

2 6

30 6

d 4

1 9

36 9

e 3

6 10

86 10

Convert the mixed numbers into an improper fractions. a 5

e 2

8 10

20 10

3 7

52 7

35 7

5 7

3 of the cake. Write the amount of cake Susan has as an improper fraction and represent 4 the improper fraction and the mixed number using circles.

Art Integration

Susan had 1

Creativity

Create a word problem to convert a mixed number to an improper fraction.

Operations on Fractions Vishal helps his parents with household chores. Today, he is helping his mother to prepare dinner. Value

Real Life Connect

Development

Mother: Vishal, could you please bring some sugar from that box? Vishal: How much sugar should I bring? 2 Mother: I need cups of sugar for the cake batter 4 1 and cups for the milkshake. 4 Vishal brings the required amount of sugar and gives it to his mother.

Chapter 6 • Fractions

Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions Vishal brought the required amount of sugar by adding what was needed for both recipes.

Adding Like Fractions Let us find out how much sugar Vishal brought. Adding Two Like Numbers:

Do not add denominators.

Add the numerators

2 4

Error Alert!

3 2 5 + = 9 9 18

1 3 = 4 4

3 2 5 + = 9 9 9

Same denominator

Adding Mixed Numbers Let us add 1 1 and 2 1. 6 6 Convert to an improper fraction.

Add the numerators.

Reduce to its simplest form.

Convert to a mixed number.

1 7 1 13 = ,2 = 6 6 6 6

7 13 7 + 13 20 + , = 6 6 6 6

20 20 ÷ 2 10 = = 6 6÷2 3

10 1 =3 3 3

Example 13: Add. 1

11 3 and 16 16

7 1 and 6 6

11 3 11 + 3 + = 16 16 16

7 1 7+1 + = 6 6 6

14 7 = 16 8

Subtracting Like Fractions Let us subtract 3 from 5. 6 6 Subtract the numerators

5 3 2 1 – = = 6 6 6 3

Same denominator 74

8 4 = =11 6 3 3

Did You Know? Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, wrote down the rules for fractions around 1500 years ago.

Subtracting Mixed Numbers Let us subtract 2 1 from 3 3. 4 4 Convert to an improper fraction. 2 1 = 9, and 3 3 = 15 4 4 4 4

Subtract the numerators.

Reduce to its simplest form.

Convert to a mixed number.

15 9 15 – 9 6 – = = 4 4 4 4

6=6÷2=3 4 4÷2 2

3 = 1 1. 2 2

Example 14: Subtract. 1

5 from 7 . 12 12 7 5 7–5 2 1 – = = = 12 12 12 12 6

13 3 – 4 4 13 3 13 – 3 10 – = = 4 4 4 4

10 = 5 = 2 1. 4 2 2

Do It Yourself 6E 1

Add. a

1 1 + 3 3

1 5 + 8 8

6 7 + 5 5

3 1 – 8 8

6 2 +1 8 8

2 3 + 6 6

g 2

1 5 +3 9 9

1 5 + 9 9

11 1 +1 6 6

23 17 – 6 6

Subtract. a e

5 2 – 9 9

7 2 – 10 10

13 8 – 21 21

8 7 – 3 3 6 7

g 1 –

5 7

3 5

h 2 –1

1 5

5 7 Ria has 1 m of cloth. She used m to cover a chair. What length of cloth does she have left? 8 8

Manya had 1

Cross Curricular

Creativity

2 7 packets of cookies. She ate packets of cookies. What fraction of cookies is she left with? 8 8 2 4 A jogging track is 2 km long. A cycling track is 3 km longer than the jogging track. How long 8 8 is the cycling track? 1 Running strengthens muscles and increases bone density. Sunil ran 1 km on Saturday. On Sunday, 6 3 he ran 2 km. How much farther did Sunil run on Sunday than on Saturday? 6 Create a word problem on the addition of fractions.

Chapter 6 • Fractions

Math Lab

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

Exploring Fractions! Setting: In groups of 4 Materials Required: Fraction cards or pieces of paper with proper, improper or mixed fractions written on them, pen and timer Method:

2 6

3 7

1 2

1 4

1 Distribute the fraction cards or pieces of paper among the groups. 2 Ask the groups to sort the fraction cards into 3 categories: proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed numbers.

3 Track the time each group takes to sort the fractions. 4 The group with the greatest number of correct answers in the least time wins!

Chapter Checkup Art Integration

Shade or draw the fractions. 5 7 a b 9 10

1 of 18 flowers 6

1 of 27 cakes 3

1 of 36 boxes 4

1 of 50 balloons 5

5 6

7 8

3 9

2 7

1 [ ] = 2 8

4 [ ] = 3 27

7 21 = 9 [ ]

8 16 = 12 [ ]

2 8 = 5 [ ]

5 [ ] = 6 24

6 30 = 11 [ ]

5 [ ] = 13 39

24 56

15 70

8 11

Reduce each fraction to its simplest form. 50 90

25 80

6 24

5 35

16 76

Compare the fractions and put the < , > or = sign in the box. a

4 7

Complete the equivalent fractions.

Write four equivalent fractions for the given fractions. a

3 8

Find the fraction of a collection of objects. a

13 17

7 17

8 10

9 10

5 6

1 7

8 5

27 36

Arrange the fractions in ascending and descending order. a

8 , 4 , 3 , 6 , 1 , 7 11 11 11 11 11 11

4 , 8 , 2 , 9 , 3 , 15 17 17 17 17 17 17

7, 7 , 7 ,7, 7 , 7 8 12 11 9 13 10

4 , 4 ,4,4,4,4 12 10 7 9 6 8

Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions and the improper fractions to mixed numbers. a

16 3

26 5

32 6

53 4

1 4

3 7

1 6

3 5

2 1 + 5 5

3 7 + 8 8

11 5 + 7 7

2 5 + 4 4

15 1 +1 2 2

1 4 +3 9 9

9 5 – 11 11

13 5 – 9 9

1 3 – 4 4

18 2 –2 5 5

Add.

1 5 + 8 8

3 2 +1 6 6

10 Subtract.

Value Development

Cross Curricular

5 4 – 8 8

2 3 – 4 4

4 6 –3 7 7

5 2 –2 6 6

11 On Sunita's birthday, her mother was baking a cake for her. She cut the cake into 20 equal pieces. 3 Sunita distributed of the pieces among some poor children. How many pieces did Sunita distribute? 5 5 12 Anuj, a shopkeeper, got a contract to deliver rice at a party venue. He had 28 kg of rice. He delivers of 7 the rice. How much rice does Anuj have left? ost frogs can jump from 10 to 20 times their body length. A frog took two jumps. The first jump was 13 M 2 3 m long, and the second jump was m long. How far did the frog jump in total? 9 9 2 1 of 50 rupees, and Ravi has of 50 rupees. Who has more money? 5 2 3 15 A farmer has 56 cows. of them are grazing in the field, and the rest are in the barn. How many cows 7 are in the barn? 14 Sudha has

1 3 litres of milk. John drinks litres of milk. How much milk is left in the vessel? 4 4 1 3 17 Mohit is travelling from Mumbai to Pune by road. He drove 7 km on Monday, and 5 km on Tuesday. 5 5 How far did he travel on both days? 16 A vessel contains 2

Chapter 6 • Fractions

Challenge

Critical Thinking

12 is equivalent to the fraction shown in the figure? 16 Shade another equivalent fraction for the given figure.

Is the fraction

Look at the number puzzle. The sum of the fractions 15 in each row, column and across the diagonals is . 17 What is the sum of all the missing values?

Case Study

2 17

7 17

5 17

1 17

3 17

Cross Curricular & Value Development

Land Distribution Across the Continents The total area of land on Earth is unevenly distributed among its seven continents. Each continent has its share of human population, and resources like coal, oil, crops, etc. In order to use these resources well and distribute them evenly amongst the world population, we need to learn to manage them well.

Read the table on the land area of the continents and answer the questions.

Continent

Asia

Europe

Africa

North America

Land Area

3 10

7 100

1 5

17 100

South Australia Antarctica America 3 25

3 50

9 100

Which continent has the largest land area? Use equivalent fractions to compare. a Asia

b Europe

Africa

d Australia

c 2

Which continent has the least land area? a Europe c

Australia

b North America d Antarctica

Arrange the continents in the ascending order of their land areas.

What is the difference between the land areas of North America and South America?

How can continents with larger land areas (e.g., Asia and Africa) utilise their resources better to support both their populations and the global community?

Chapter 6 • Fractions

7 Lines and 2-D Shapes Understanding Basic Terms Real Life Connect

Ritu is playing a game of joining the numbered dots. Ritu: Look Mom! I have joined the dots and made the picture of a hut.

2 1

Mother: Wow! This looks quite nice! 5

Points, Rays and Lines

Notice the figure that Ritu has just drawn. She joined the numbered dots in order. The lines formed an interesting shape, that of a hut. Let us now learn about the different elements of geometry.

Points A point shows the exact position of an object. It is represented by a dot (.). A point by itself cannot be measured, as it doesn’t have any length, breadth, or height. However, it can be used to describe a location or position of an object. Points are named using capital English letters, such as A, B, etc. The map below shows the position of the hotel, the house, and the museum using three different points A, B and C.

A 80

Rays What if Ritu draws a straight path from point A to point B, as shown below, and keeps extending it in one direction? A

When a straight path starts at a point and extends endlessly in the other direction, it is called a ray. A ray has a starting point but no endpoint. Therefore, it has no fixed length either. In the ray shown, A is the starting point. We can represent the above ray as AB. Real-life examples of rays are very limited. Light emitted by the Sun is an example of rays.

Error Alert! Ray AB is different from ray BA. In one, A is the starting point while in the other, B is the starting point.

Line What if Ritu keeps on drawing the straight line beyond each of the two points, so that it extends endlessly on both sides? When a straight path extends in both directions and has no end points, it is called a line. It is represented with the help of small letters like l, m, n, or points (like AB) that fall on it and is represented as AB

Let us see some examples of types of pairs of lines.

Parallel Lines Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

Intersecting Lines 81

When two lines intersect at an angle of 90°, they are called perpendicular lines. Example 1: State whether the following statements are true or false. a

The light from a torch is an example of a ray. ______ True

A line extends endlessly in both directions. ______ True

A point has only length. _______ False

Example 2: Mark the correct geometric elements in the figure. O, A, B, C, D and E are points.

AB and CD are lines. OE OA, OB, OC and OD are a ray.

B Q

How many lines can pass through two given points?

State whether the following statements are true or false. a A ray has no end points. ______________ b A line has 2 end points. ______________ c Only one line can pass through a point. ______________

Name the given figures as point, ray or line. Q

__________________

c Q

__________________

Name the points, rays and lines in the given figure. B

A Q

Think and Tell

Do It Yourself 7A 1

Example 3: Circle the correct representation of the rays: A

Cross Curricular

The light emitted by stars is an example of rays and cross roads are an example of intersecting lines. What type of lines are the zebra crossings?

Identify sets of lines that appear to be parallel or intersecting. a b x y

Creativity

Draw a figure having at least 2 points, 2 rays and 2 lines.

Line Segments Remember how Ritu joined the dots on the paper to form a hut? When she joined two points, she drew something called a Line Segment. So, the straight path between any two points that has a definite length is called a Line Segment. P Q A line segment is the shortest distance between Think and Tell two points.

Can a ray and a line segment

The shown line segment can be represented as PQ or simply PQ.

be parts of the same line?

In the world around us, we can find many examples of line segments: A straight tight rope

A tubelight

Let us learn more about measuring and drawing line segments.

Measuring Line Segments We measure the length of a line segment using a ruler or scale. The large number markings that you see on the scale are centimetres (cm).

Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

Did You Know? Bhaskara II was a renowned mathematician and astronomer. He wrote a book called Lilavati where he talked about adding, subtracting, shapes, and how to measure them.

4 cm 3 cm

2 cm

1 cm

Let us learn to use the ruler and measure the line segment AB as shown: Step 1

Place the edge of the ruler along the line segment AB so that the zero

mark of the ruler is at A. Hold the ruler firmly along the line for accurate

measurement.

Step 2 Read the mark on the ruler at point B. We can see that the point B is on the mark 7 on the ruler. Thus, the length of the line segment is 7 cm.

Remember! NEVER put the zero mark of the ruler at any other point of the segment except the starting point.

Example 4: Measure the lengths of the line segments using a ruler. The starting point of the segment is at the 0 mark of the ruler. The end point B comes to the “8” marking. Therefore, the length of PQ = 8 cm.

Did You Know?

A ‘smoot’ is a funny unit of measurement named after a person, Oliver R Smoot, in 1958, laid down repeatedly on a bridge to measure its length. The bridge was approximately 364.4 smoots long! Needless to say, hardly anyone in the world uses this unit to measure length!

Drawing Line Segments Let us now learn to draw line segments using a ruler. Let us assume that we want to draw a line segment that is 5 cm long.

Think and Tell

Can a line be measured using a ruler whose zero mark is missing?

Step 1 Place the ruler firmly on the paper and mark a point

with a sharpened pencil against the zero mark of the ruler. Name the point as, say, A.

Step 2

Starting from the point A, move the pencil along the edge of the ruler and draw a line segment of the required length, i.e. 5 cm. Name the other point as B. The drawn line segment AB is 5 cm long.

Always remember to position your eye directly above the measurement markings on the ruler for accurate results. Position of the eye Correct

Incorrect Pencil

Incorrect Ruler

Do It Yourself 7B 1

Measure the length of the highlighted edges of the objects using a ruler. a

Edge of the book = ___________ cm 2

Edge of the deck of cards = ___________ cm

The figure consists of _________ line segments. Determine the length of each segment.

Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

Art Integration

Look at the two pencils. Tina’s pencil: Sheena’s pencil: What will be the total length of the two pencils? Measure the length of your pencil and draw the same length of pencil in your notebook.

Use a ruler to draw line segments of the lengths given. a 6 cm

Creativity

b 9 cm

c 10 cm

d 14 cm

Anu draws a line segment of length 6 cm. Jiya draws a line segment which is 4 cm more than Anu’s. What

Create a question on drawing a line segment for a length of your choice.

is the length of Jiya’s line segment? Draw both the line segments.

Understanding More Geometrical Figures Real Life Connect

Shaarvi and Kavya love to scribble and draw! Shaarvi:What shall we draw today, Kavya? Kavya:We will draw free-hand shapes today! Shaarvi:Wow! I want to try this!

Classifying Figures and Shapes There are different types of figures and shapes that the girls can draw. Let us see some.

Open vs Closed Figures On their first try, the girls drew the following shapes: Do you notice anything in these shapes that the girls have drawn? Shapes A and B are “open”. This means that the starting point of the shape and the end point are not the same. Shapes C and D on the other hand are “closed”. Open Figures There is a gap in the boundary of the figure. The figure has a different starting point and ending point.

Closed Figures The figure is continuous and there is no gap in the boundary. These figures have no end points.

Example 5: Name 3 letters from the English alphabet which are open figures? Letters C, U, and S from the English alphabet are open figures.

Simple vs Non Simple What if Shaarvi and Kavya drew the following shapes? How are they different from each other? Let us learn!

A B What do you notice in these shapes?

In shape B, the boundaries do not cross over at any point, while in shapes A, C and D, the boundaries of the shapes cross over one another. The figures that do not cross at any point are called simple figures. In this case, only shape B is a simple figure. Shapes A, C and D are non-simple figures. Let us look at more examples of simple and non-simple figures: Simple Figures

Non-simple Figures

Example 6: Recognise the simple closed figures. 1

The shapes 1, 3, and 4 are simple closed figures as they do not cross themselves at any point.

Polygons Now, let us learn about special type of simple closed figures called a polygon. Simple closed figures that are made up of only line segments are called polygons.

Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

Did You Know?

A polygon with 1 million sides is known as a Megagon.

The line segments that form the polygon are called its sides. The point where two sides meet is called a vertex. A polygon is named on the basis of the number of sides it has. The table shows the different types of polygons. Triangle 3 sides and 3 vertices

Quadrilateral 4 sides and 4 vertices

Pentagon 5 sides and 5 vertices

Hexagon 6 sides and 6 vertices

Heptagon 7 sides and 7 vertices

Octagon 8 sides and 8 vertices

Nonagon 9 sides and 9 vertices

Decagon 10 sides and 10 vertices

Example 7: Recognise whether the shapes are polygons or non-polygons.

Simple Closed Figure?

Yes

Polygon?

Yes

Reason

Simple and closed, Simple and closed, Simple and closed, all sides are line all sides are line but part of the segments. segments. shape is a curve.

Not a simple closed figure.

Do It Yourself 7C 1

Sort the following shapes as open or closed figures. a

Sort the following images as simple figures or non-simple figures. a

Categorise each of the following figures as simple closed, non-simple closed, simple open or non-simple open. a

Write if true or false. a All simple closed shapes are polygons. ______________ b A shape that crosses itself is not a simple closed shape. ______________ c A polygon can be formed with two lines. ______________ d A hexagon has 7 sides. ______________

Creativity

Write 3 letters from the English alphabet that are closed figures?

Draw any 2 simple figures and 2 non-simple figures.

Identify the polygons. For the ones that are not polygons, substitute it by drawing a possible polygon. a

Art Integration

c Hexagon

d Heptagon

Draw the following polygons. a Rectangle

b Pentagon

Circles Real Life Connect

Have you ever tried to draw a circle in a field, in the sand or on a beach?

As shown in the image, you can sit at a place and try to draw with a stick in your hand by rotating your body. The shape that you can get is almost a circle.

Circles and Their Parts A circle is a perfectly round shape, with no corners or edges.

Circles are shapes that we see in clocks, wheels, and even in nature.

Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

Parts of a Circle Let us now identify the different parts of a circle. Centre A point inside the circle, called the centre (O), is at equal distance from any point on the circle.

Circumference The length of the boundary of a circle is called its circumference.

Semicircle A diameter cuts the circle into two equal parts. Each half is called a semicircle.

Radius The distance between the centre of a circle and any point on it is called a radius. OA, OB, OC are the radii

Diameter The line segment (AB) passing through the centre with both its ends lying on the boundary of the circle is called the diameter. B

A diameter is twice the radius of a circle. Diameter = 2 × Radius, or Radius = 1 × Diameter 2 When two circles have the same centre but different radii, they are called concentric circles. In the figure, Circle 1 and Circle 2 are concentric circles.

Remember! All the radii (plural of radius) of a circle are of the same length.

5 cm O

Radii: OA, OB, OC, OD, OE, OF Diameters: AB and EF

4 cm

Circle 1 Circle 2

Think and Tell How many diameters can a circle have?

Example 8: Identify and write the name of the radius, centre and diameter of the circle. Centre of the circle: O is the centre

A C

O E

Example 9: Find the diameter of a circle where the radius is 6 cm. We know that, Diameter = 2 × Radius or Radius = Diameter ÷ 2

Think and Tell

So, in this case,

circle impact its circumference?

Does the length of the radius of a

Diameter = 6 cm × 2 = 12 cm

Example 10: A pot has a radius of 7 cm. If the lid has a diameter of 2 cm more than the diameter of the pot, what is the radius of the lid? Radius of the pot = 7 cm. So, diameter of the pot = 7 × 2 = 14 cm. Diameter of the lid = 14 + 2 = 16 cm. So, the radius of the lid = 16 ÷ 2 = 8 cm.

Constructing Circles We use an instrument called the compass to construct a circle. A compass has two movable arms joined together where one arm has a pointed end, and the other arm holds a pencil. Now let us learn how to draw circles. Insert a pencil into the pencil holder of the compass. Place the pointed end of the compass on the paper as a fixed end.

Rotate the pencil about the pointed end which is now fixed on the paper. The shape that is drawn on the paper is a circle!

Example 11: Construct a circle of radius 4 cm.

Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

4 cm

Error Alert! o draw a circle with compass, NEVER displace the tip of the compass from its position and T ALWAYS tighten the screw of the compass else it can result in an incomplete or imperfect circle.

Do It Yourself 7D 1

Fill in the blanks. a Every point on the boundary of circle is at the same distance from the _______________. b All the radii of a circle are _______________ in length. c A circle can have a/an _______________ number of diameters. d The length of the boundary of a circle is called its _______________. e A circle has only _______________ centre.

Art Integration

Draw a circle with centre O and label its centre, radius and diameter.

Choose the correct answer. a A circle with a diameter of 10 cm is drawn. What will be its radius? i

20 cm

4 cm

iii

5 cm

6 cm

b A diameter divides a circle into _______________ equal parts. i

iii

c What is the relation between the radius (R) and diameter (D) of a circle? i Art Integration

R=2×D

R= 2 D

iii

D=R 2

R=D 2

Construct circles of the given radii. a 2 cm

Cross Curricular

b 5 cm

c 6 cm

d 3 cm

The diameter of the planet Mars is 6780 km. What is its radius?

Kanchi was playing with a circular frisbee. She wanted to make a frisbee at home with a radius of 2 cm less than that of the original frisbee. If the diameter of the original frisbee is 18 cm, then construct a circle of the size of the frisbee that Kanchi made.

Math Lab

Experiential Learning & Creativity

Circle Designs Setting: Individual Materials Required: A compass, sharpened pencils of different colours Method: Step 1: Draw a circle of any radius, say, 3 cm at the centre of a sheet of paper.

Step 2: Using the same length of radius, draw three more circles so that they pass through the centre of the first circle.

Step 3: Colour the design using your favourite colours. Try making more designs using a compass.

Chapter Checkup 1

Tick () the correct answer. a

AB represents a i

iii

line

point

circle

polygon

iii

point

ray

iii

An octagon has _________ line segments. i

line segment

How many line segments are there in the figure? i

A dot made with a pen is an example of a i

ray

Which of the following is an example of a ray? i iii

an arrow released from a bow light from a torch

ii iv

a javelin

railway tracks

Identify the letters and numbers as closed, open, simple, or non-simple figures.

Write the names and number of sides of the following polygons.

Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

Art Integration

Contruct circles of the given measurements. a c

Value Development

diameter = 4 cm

radius = 5 cm

radius = 4 cm

diameter = 6 cm

Mary is standing at point A. She wants to get to point B by choosing the shortest route. Which route should she take?

E D

A jar has a diameter of 16 cm. A man wants to buy a lid for the jar so that its radius is 2 cm more than

Surbhi wants to buy some stationery. Find the shortest distance she has to travel, if the shop is located at the other end of the park as shown in the image.

the jar. What should be the radius of the lid?

Surbhi’s house

Stationery shop

Challenge 1

Critical Thinking

Find the distance between point A and D in the figure. Given that AB = 12 cm and OP = 4 cm.

P O

A horse is tied to a post in a field full of grass. The length of the rope is 10 metres. If the horse starts grazing everywhere that it can reach, what will be the final shape of the area that has no grass left?

Read the assertion and reason and choose the correct option. Assertion: Ansh is running around a circular field. The distance from the centre of the field to its boundary is 16 m. The diameter of the field is 32 m. Reason: The diameter is half the radius. Options: a Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. c

A is true but R is false.

d A is false but R is true.

Case Study

Value Development & Art Integration

The Track and Field Relay Race In a school's annual sports meet, an event of the Track and

Field Relay Race is organised. This relay race involves teams of four runners each, passing a baton to the next runner in line. The track for this race is a set of concentric circles, with each team starting at different positions along the circles. Answer the following questions: 1

How would you describe the shape of the track used in the Track and Field Relay Race? a Square

b Circle

Rectangle

d Triangle

In the Track and Field Relay Race, why do teams start at different positions along concentric circles?

a To make the race more challenging c

To confuse the runners

b To ensure fairness and equal distance d To reduce the number of laps required

Draw 2 concentric circles of radius 3 cm and 4 cm in your notebooks.

Why are sports important in our lives?

Chapter 7 • Lines and 2-D Shapes

Representing 3-D Shapes

Representing 3-D Shapes as 2-D Shapes Real Life Connect

Riya and her sister, Pooja, are fond of drawing pictures. Both of them decided to draw a picture of their car. Riya:I will draw it while sitting at the window.

Pooja’s drawing

Pooja:I will draw the picture while standing on the terrace. They completed their drawings and showed them to each other. Both of them wondered how they had drawn different pictures of the same car! Let us see who has drawn the correct picture of the car.

Riya’s drawing

Views of Objects All the objects can be seen from 3 different views. 1

Top view—Looking at the object from the top.

Side view—Looking at the object from the side.

Front view—Looking at the object from the front.

Riya drew the picture while sitting at the window. Pooja drew the picture while standing on the terrace.

Think and Tell Do all objects look different when seen from different views?

Side view Top view

Therefore, both Riya and Pooja drew the picture of the car correctly. 96

Example 1: Suhani is rolling a dice. What number will she see on the dice if she is looking at it from the side? The different views of the dice can be given as: Top view

Front view Side view

Front view

Hence, while looking from the side, Suhani will see 1 dot.

Example 2: What is the shape of an ice cream cone when seen from the front? The front view of the ice cream cone can be given as:

Therefore, the front view of an ice cream cone looks like a triangle.

Do It Yourself 8A 1

Tick () the correct view that is seen in these pictures. a

Top / Front / Side 2

Top / Front / Side

Observe each image and identify the view. a

View Chapter 8 • Representing 3-D Shapes

View

Match the objects with their top views. a

Given below are the 3 views of some objects. Tick () the side view of the given objects. a

Cross Curricular

The picture shows the National War Memorial at India Gate in New Delhi. It is a war memorial to 74,187 soldiers of the Indian Army who died in the First World War. Draw the front view, top view and side view of the memorial.

Creativity

Draw and colour a 3-D shape of your choice and show its front, side and top view.

Nets of 3-D Shapes Riya and Pooja went to the market to buy some sweets. The shopkeeper took a paper cutout and folded it into a box. Riya wondered how a cutout turned into a box. Pooja explained that the cutout was the net of the box. A three-dimensional shape can be made by folding two-dimensional (2-D) shapes. Such shapes, which are used to make a 3-D shape, are called nets. Let us look at the net of a sweet box. 98

The net of the sweet box looked like this. Below are some more nets of a cuboid. 1

Similar to a cuboid, we have the nets of a cube. Unfolding a cube box along its edges gives the net shown below. 1

Error Alert! Always observe the size of the opposite faces of the cuboid. They can never be different.

Given below are some more nets of a cube. 1

Example 3: Observe the net of a paper cube and answer the given questions. Which number will never be next to the number 3? — 6 Which number will be on the opposite side of 1? — 5 Which number will you see if you turn right from 5? — 4 Chapter 8 • Representing 3-D Shapes

1 2

5 6

Example 4 : Draw the net of the given cuboid. On unfolding the box, we will get a net, as shown below.

Do It Yourself 8B 1

Tick () the nets of a cube. a

Which of the following are NOT the nets of a cuboid? a

Match the cubes/cuboids with their nets. a

100

Art Integration

Draw the net of the following shapes. a

Cross Curricular

Toblerone is a famous Swiss chocolate brand. Theodor Tobler came up with unique triangular chocolate and packaging. Draw the net of the picture shown.

Maps Mom called Riya and asked her to buy some medicines from the chemist. Riya: Mom, I don’t know the route from the sweet shop to the chemist. Mom: Don’t worry Riya, I will tell you the route. Mom tells her the route but Riya gets completely confused! Sometimes, it is difficult to reach a place when someone tells us the route. Another way to find our way around is by using maps. Cross Curricular

A map is a drawing of an area made on a flat surface, like a sheet of paper. Let us look at the map and help Riya reach the chemist from the sweet shop.

Post Chemist office Hotel

Museum

Town hall

Shopping centre

Supermarket

Sweet shop

Did You Know? The first realistic world map is credited to Ptolemy, who created it in the 2nd century. Ptolemy plotted places from Britain to Asia to North Africa.

Theatre School

Bus station

Riya is standing here

Step 1 Mark the place you are standing at and the destination you want to reach. In this case, Riya is standing at the sweet shop and wants to reach the chemist. Chapter 8 • Representing 3-D Shapes

101

Step 2 Look at the possible routes to reach the destination. Here, the possible route to the chemist can be shown as: Post Chemist office Hotel

Museum

Town hall

Shopping centre

Supermarket

Sweet shop

Did You Know? In ancient times, people used star maps to go from one place to another. A star map is a map of the night sky!

Theatre School

Bus station

Step 3 Think about the directions in terms of left, right, straight and front. To reach the chemist, Riya will take a left turn, then

move straight. She will then take the first right turn

and move straight. She will again take the first right turn and will move straight. The chemist will be in front of her.

Think and Tell Will Riya follow the same directions if she is standing outside the supermarket?

Example 5: Look at the map shown and answer the questions. 1

here is the playground when you enter W through Gate B?

Water fountain

Playground

Game Zone

The playground will be to our right when we enter from Gate B. 2

Gate A

Chair

Ice cream corner

Gate B

hat is in front of you when you are sitting on W the chair?

Office

Game Zone

The game zone is in front of the chair.

Do It Yourself 8C 1

How many times does Meera turn left if she walks

School

to school along the path shown?

Meera

102

Write True or False. Factory

Temple

Hospital

Suhani's house

Kavita's

Second Road

School

House

Bank

Restaurant

SCHOOL

First Road

Park

Post Office

a Suhani’s house is on the second road.

_______

b If Kavita steps out of her house on to the first road, the bank will be to the left of her house. _______

c The post office is the nearest place to the factory.

_______

d The restaurant is in front of the park.

_______

e To reach the factory, one has to go on to the second road.

_______

Look at the map shown and fill in the blanks. a If Rani is on Mall Road facing Rose Street,

Our Community

Brooke Park

the police station will be to her _________________.

Rose Street

Police Station

b Sam’s house is on _________________ road. Janpath

d _________________ is at the centre of all the roads.

Sam’s House

e Sam’s house is in front of _________________ park.

Supermarket

MG Road

Link Road

Mall Road

c The restaurant is in front of _________________ house.

Rani’s House

Restaurant

Suraj is standing outside the pharmacy shown by the red mark. He wants to reach the bank. Write the possible route to reach the bank.

RESTAURANT

ELECTRONICS

BARBER SHOP

PHARMACY

DAIRY STORE

PIZZA

Bank

CAKE SHOP

FRUIT STORE

Bank

BANKBank Bank

Bank Bank

Bank

Chapter 8 • Representing 3-D Shapes

Bank

103

Cross Curricular

The first fire truck service was started in Bombay in the year 1803 by the Police Force. The given map

shows the way to a burning house the fire truck can take. Which road will the fire truck NOT cross to reach the burning house?

Main Street Maple Street

Green Road

Farm Road

Green Park Crow Road Oak Lane

New Street

Creativity

Draw a map showing the way from your classroom to the library.

Math Lab

Setting: In groups of 5

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

Exploring Nets of Cubes and Cuboids

Materials Required: Paper containing the drawings of cubes and cuboids along with measures of their lengths; cardstock paper, rulers, scissors, markers, tape or glue Method: 1

Each group will make gift boxes of different sizes.

Each group will first draw the nets of the gift box.

Cut the net carefully and fold it into a box.

Secure the edges of the box using glue or tape.

Display the box and discuss the differences between the boxes created.

Chapter Checkup 1

Tick () the correct view. a

Top / Front / Side 104

Top / Front / Side

Draw the top view of the objects.

Art Integration

Circle the objects that look the same when looked at from the side or front views.

D Which side would be opposite to the purple side when the net is folded to

Draw the net of the following figures. a

Art Integration

make a box?

See the net on the side. Colour the net in such a way that the opposite sides of the cube have the same colour.

Look at the map shown here and fill in the blanks. a

The ____________ is between John’s house and

The grocery store is nearest to ____________ house.

If Rohit is on First Road with the mall to his left,

he needs to take a ____________ turn to reach the Pizza house.

Chapter 8 • Representing 3-D Shapes

Fourth Road Mall

John's House

First Road

The ____________ is nearest to the school.

Kavya's House

Stationery Shop

Rohit’s house. b

Grocery Store

Pizza house

Rohit's House

School Park Third Road Ice cream shop Restaurant

Second Road

Art Integration

Hospital

Nita's House

105

Observe the map and answer the questions. a

There are 3 houses on the map.

Whose house is the farthest from the school? b

Whose house is not opposite to

How many roads meet at the

Creativity

Anand garden

Bus stop

Central Chowk

Anand Garden?

Central Chowk? Cross Curricular

Mina's house

School

Mohit's house

Rita's house

Bus stop

Railway station

Market

Cleopatraʼs Needle in London commemorates the victory of Lord Nelson at the Battle of Niles. Draw the front view of the structure.

10 Draw the map from your house to the school. Mention 3 places or shops on the way.

Challenge 1

Critical Thinking

Arrange A, B, C and D so the car reaches the house. Draw to show your answer.

Shown are three views of a cube and 6 faces of the same cube.

Design this cube using the net below. There can be more than 1 correct answer.

106

Case Study

Cross Curricular

Let’s Visit Sikkim! Sikkim is a famous tourist place in India. Below is a rough map of some places in Sikkim. Nathula Pass

Tsomgo Lake

Police Check Post

Chogyal Palden Thedyp Memorial Assembly House

Draw the direction from Assembly House to reach Nathula Pass.

Write True or False.

Ropeway Point

a Nathula is in the left direction from Tsomgo Lake. b Chogyal Palden Thedyp Memorial Park is between the ropeway point and the

assembly house.

A flower pot in Chogyal Palden Thedyp Memorial Park is in the shape of a cube.

David is standing at the police check post facing the assembly house. On what side

Draw the net of the pot.

does the ropeway point to David?

Chapter 8 • Representing 3-D Shapes

107

Patterns and Symmetry

Patterns Around Us Real Life Connect

Seema and her Mother are buying garments together. Seema: Mom! Look at that scarf! The design on it is unique! Mother: Yes, Seema. This is a Shibori design which is a traditional Japanese dyeing technique. Seema: The black, white, and brown lines create a repeating pattern across the entire cloth. It is a very interesting pattern. Mother: Yes, a very interesting pattern!

Extending and Creating Patterns Seema and her Mother are discussing the pattern on the cloth above. But what does a “pattern” mean in geometry? In geometry, a pattern refers to the arrangement of shapes or objects in a regular and repeating manner. These patterns can be based on various factors such as size, shape, colour or direction.

Think and Tell What kind of pattern do you see in the print on the cloth?

Repeating Patterns In the figure below, the green square and the red square are arranged in an order and are repeating.

Did You Know? Pine cones have a spiral pattern.

In this case the repeating unit is

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Patterns like these, in which a certain unit keeps repeating over and over again in an order, are called repeating patterns. Cross Curricular

The craftsman in the image is making a pattern with a wooden block on cloth. The wooden block is dipped in different colours to form different patterns. This art is called block printing. Example 1: Complete the following pattern:

_____

_____ _____

Rotating Patterns A rotating pattern occurs when shapes or objects turn around a centre point and repeat.

Terms that make up a pattern can look different or the same after you rotate them.

Growing and Reducing Patterns Notice how the pattern in the figure grows: it starts with 2 squares, then becomes 4 squares, then 6 squares and finally 8 squares. These are called growing patterns.

Rule: The number of squares is increasing by 2 each time. Opposite to growing patterns, in reducing patterns, the units reduce through the steps. Rule: The number of circles is reduced by 4 each time. 12 Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

4 109

Example 2: Complete the following pattern for one more step. Also, identify the type of pattern.

Notice that the stars are increasing with each steps. Therefore, this is a growing pattern.

Did You Know? Euclid, a Greek mathematician, studied shapes and discovered patterns in their sides and angles. This helped us classify shapes and understand their properties better.

3 Example 3: Complete the following pattern and recognise the type of pattern. The number of triangles decreases as the steps increase. This forms a reducing pattern: starting with 5 triangles, then 4, then 3, losing one triangle at each step.

Do It Yourself 9A Art Integration

Extend the pattern by drawing 2 more shapes. a

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Art Integration

Draw the missing shapes in the following growing pattern. a

Art Integration

Observe how the figures are rotating. Extend the pattern by drawing the next two units. a

c d

Art Integration

Draw the picture that comes next in the pattern. a

Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

111

Creativity

Use these shapes to create a growing pattern of your own.

Number Patterns Patterns can be seen in numbers. They can be formed using skip counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication or division. We can show patterns using numbers and letters of the alphabet. 11

Z89

Rule: Multiply the previous number by 2.

Y89

X89

W89

Rule: Letters of the alphabet are in reverse order, and the number remains the same.

We form magic squares and magic triangles using numbers 1–9 along with the rule.

1 5

Let us look at some triangle and square number patterns. 3

Numbers on each side of the triangle add up to 9.

6 4

Error Alert! Ensure that no number comes twice in each line. 8

Numbers on each side of the square add up to 15.

2 15

Example 4: Observe the tower and complete it. Here the numbers are arranged in tower form. We add 2 numbers below to get the number in the box above them.

24 3

112

60 24 3

24 + 36 = 60 36

15 + 21 = 36 12

6 + 9 = 15 Creativity

Example 5: Use numbers 1–9 to fill in the stars so that each line adds up to 15.

Do It Yourself 9B 1

Art Integration

Complete the pattern. a 10, 30, 50, 70, __________, __________

b 13, 26, 39, 52, __________, __________

c 84, 74, 64, 54, __________, __________

d 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, __________, __________

Complete the number tower. Colour the block having the largest number.

10 Creativity

Use numbers from 1–9 to fill in the magic triangle so that each line adds up to 12.

Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

113

Tiling Patterns and Tessellations Have you ever looked around at the walls and floors? Do you observe any pattern in them? Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4

Yes, if you look closely, the brick structure that we see when walls are built is actually a pattern. Layers 3 and 4 are basically a repeat of layers 1 and 2.

Also, notice that once all these layers are attached to one another, there is no gap in the final pattern. Also, there are no overlaps of bricks anywhere.

Did You Know? A honeycomb structure is also an example of tessellation! Hexagonal shapes are arranged together to form the honeycomb.

Such patterns are created by fitting together identical shapes (tiles) without any gaps or overlaps to cover a flat surface, such as a wall, and are called tessellations. The following are some tessellating and non-tessellating patterns.

A tessellating shape

A non-tessellating shape

Tangrams

Look at the collection of shapes in the square. Interestingly, the individual shapes do not necessarily repeat, like in a pattern. However, they fit together in a larger square. These ‘puzzles’, where individual pieces are put together to create various shapes and figures, are called tangrams.

114

Let us look at more shapes made using tangrams.

Do It Yourself 9C 1

Art Integration

Write 'Yes' if the pattern is a tessellating pattern.

Say yes to the pattern, if it is tessellating.

Complete the following tessellations. a

Count and name all the shapes in the following tangram.

Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

Creativity

Create a tessellating pattern.

115

Coding and Decoding Patterns

We learnt about patterns using shapes and objects. Wouldn’t it be fun to share messages as secret messages using numbers and letters of the alphabet? Let us learn how we can do this. Let us start by giving each letter of the alphabet a number. By using this understanding, we can write different code messages. A

Now, what if we want to say GET WELL SOON? How can we say it using the above code? G

We can say: 7 5 20

23 5 12 12

19 15 15 14

This way of turning information or messages into special secret codes or hidden patterns is called coding. Now what if our friend—who knows the above code—sends us the following message? 7 15 15 4

13 15 18 14 9 14 7

How will we understand this? We refer to the same table above. 7

This code means GOOD MORNING. This process of finding meaning from a secret code is called the process of decoding.

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Do It Yourself 9D Creativity

Refer to the letter-digit code table. Decode the following sentences. Create one sentence on your own using the code.

a Go to ____________ (19-3-8-15-15-12) b Find the ____________ (17-21-9-26) c Click ____________ quiz now (1-20-20-5-13-16-20) d ____________ and answer the question (18-5-1-4) Value Development

Using the code on page 147, write the codes for the following messages the students created for Environment Week. a KEEP IT UP

b SAVE WATER

c PLANT TREES

d FANTASTIC WORK

e REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE

Symmetry and Reflections Riya: Look at that butterfly, Raj! The wings have some lovely patterns. Raj: Yes. Butterflies are very special. I like them. Their wings on both sides have the same size and a similar pattern!

Symmetry Raj and Riya observe that the wings of a butterfly have similar patterns. The two wings look very similar! The butterfly is symmetrical. Let us learn about symmetrical and non-symmetrical figures. When a shape can be folded so that one half of it fits exactly on the other half along the fold line, the shape is said to be symmetrical. The fold line is called the line of symmetry. Now, let us try to create a symmetrical figure using a sheet of paper. Step 2

Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

Step 3 Line of symmetry Fold along the line of symmetry

Step 1 Line of symmetry

Cut along the dotted lines

Real Life Connect

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Cross Curricular

Symmetry exists all around us. The following shapes are also symmetrical:

In the figures given below, the line of symmetry does not divide the shapes into two identical halves. Therefore, these figures are not symmetrical and so they are called asymmetrical.

We saw previously that the line of symmetry divides the butterfly into two identical halves. Are there different types of lines of symmetry? Let us see!

Vertical symmetry

Horizontal symmetry

Vertical symmetry means that if you divide an object or shape down the middle, the left side will look exactly like the right side. This dividing line is called the vertical line of symmetry.

Horizontal symmetry means the top and the bottom of an object look the same when divided in the middle. The dividing line is called the horizontal line of symmetry.

Reflection

Every morning, we look in the mirror. What do we see? We see a reflection of ourselves in the mirror. We can also see our reflection on any shiny surface, like glass or even water.

118

Look at some more objects when they are placed in front of a mirror.

Object

Reflection

Object

Mirror

Reflection

Mirror

The line between the object and the reflection is called the mirror line or the line of reflection. The mirror line or line of reflection can be of two types—vertical or horizontal. You can see the example below. Mirror Line

Shape

Figure Reflection Mirror Line Reflection

Real Life Connect

Reflection can be seen in nature as well. Look at the beautiful reflection of the mountains.

Do It Yourself 9E 1

Are the given figures symmetrical along the lines marked? Write Yes or No. a

Art Integration

Draw the line of symmetry for each of the following figures, wherever possible. a

Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

119

Art Integration

Write the letters of the English alphabet and find out which of them are symmetrical. Also identify the

Draw the reflection of each of the shapes.

type of line of symmetry they have. a

Math Lab

Setting: Individual

Art Integration & Experiential Learning

Symmetrical Design

Materials required: White paper, liquid ink or washable markers in various colours, plastic or disposable tablecloth, small containers to hold the ink, water and paper towels to clean Method:

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Take the white paper. Fold it in half along the

Now, unfold the paper and spill a few drops of ink

Press the two halves together.

The resulting figure will be a symmetrical figure.

Try with another sheet of paper. Fold the paper

Try out different combinations of colours to make it colourful.

horizontal line of symmetry. on one half.

along the vertical line of symmetry.

Chapter Checkup Art Integration

Complete the following pattern by drawing two more shapes. a

+ ÷ − ×

÷ × + –

× – ÷ +

Follow the instructions as given. Does the dotted line on each shape represent a line of symmetry? Write Yes or No. a

Art Integration

Draw a line of symmetry on each shape. a

Draw the other half of each symmetrical shape. a

Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

121

Complete the number pattern. a c

110, 130, 150, 170, _____, _____, _____

890, 780, 670, 560, _____, _____, _____

111, 122, 133,_____, _____, _____

140, 131, 122, 113, _____, _____, _____

Understand the code and complete the pattern. A

9 11 13 15 17

N O

Q R

V W X

RECYCLE

Write the following words using the code in the above table: a Art Integration

BEST WISHES

Creativity

SAVE PAPER

Reflect each of these shapes over the dotted lines. a

PLANT A TREE

Draw the shapes following the vertical line of symmetry. The first one is done for you. a

Art Integration

Meenakshi uses her bangle to make a perfect circle. She wonders how many lines of symmetry there are in a circle. Can you help her find out?

10 Create your own code using any rule. Ask your friends to decode the code.

Challenge 1

Imagine planting a garden where each row's flowers follow a sequence: the first and the second rows have 1 flower each, the third row has 2 flowers, the fourth row has 3 flowers, the fifth row has 5 flowers and so on.

If you continue this pattern, how many flowers will be there in the 6th row?

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Critical Thinking

What will be the correct letter code for the shape or pattern given at the end of the line?

Case Study

Cross Curricular & Value Development

Imagine, Mr Jones, your neighbour is blind. He uses Braille to study. Braille is a special code

used by people who are blind or visually impaired to read and write. Braille uses raised dots in a rectangular cell to represent each letter, number and symbol. A

Answer the following questions: 1

How many raised dots are there in Braille to represent the letter “d”? a One

b Two

Three

d Four

How many dots are used to form each Braille character?

True or False: The Braille system is used only for writing numbers. ______________

Suppose a friend visited Mr Jones and left their name as a coded message using Braille dots on a piece of paper. Each dot feels like a small bump. Hereʼs the message:

What is the name of the friend? 5

You notice Mr Jones struggling to cross a busy road. How can you help Mr Jones safely cross the street?

Chapter 9 • Patterns and Symmetry

123

Length, Weight and Capacity

Length Real Life Connect

Sharma Bakery is famous in the neighbourhood. Vibhu’s mom often sends him to get bread for the house. The shop is just a few metres away from their home.

“Fresh bread and buns. I must hurry back home.” Sharma Bakery

Vibhu reads the signboard which says, “Free delivery up to 3 km. Order now!”.

Free delivery up to 3 km. Order Now!

Vibhu asks his Mother, “Mom, how far is 3 kilometres?” Let us help Vibhu to find it out!

Measuring Length We often need to know how far places are, or how long or tall things are. This is referred to as lengths or distances. This is exactly what Vibhu is asking his mother about. For example, when Vibhu is walking from home to the neighbourhood bakery and back, he is walking a distance of a few metres. Similarly, when a delivery boy travels to another locality, he is travelling a distance of some kilometres.

Converting Between Units of Length Metres (m) and kilometres (km) are units for measuring length. Kilometres are a larger unit than metres and are used to measure longer lengths, like the length of a road or the distance between 2 cities. To measure shorter lengths, we use millimetres (mm) and centimetres (cm), like the length of a pencil or a paper strip. We can use a ruler or a measuring tape to measure different lengths. A ruler measures the length in millimetres (mm) and centimetres (cm), while a measuring tape measures the length in centimetres (cm) and metres (m). 124

Remember! Units of length: Millimetre (mm) < Centimetre (cm) < Metre (m) < Kilometre (km)

Did You Know?

The Ganga river is about 2525 km long. It is the longest river in India.

To get the correct and simple measurement, sometimes we need to change the units of length from one to another. Let us learn the relationship between different units of length. 1 cm = 10 mm

1 m = 100 cm

1 km = 1000 m

Changing to larger units ÷1000 km

÷10

÷100 m

To change to a larger unit, we divide. 1 10 mm = 1 cm. So, 1 mm = cm 10

100 cm = 1 m. So, 1 cm =

1000 m = 1 km. So, 1 m = Changing to smaller units ×1000 km

×100 m

1 km 1000

To change to smaller units, we multiply. 1 km = 1000 m. So, 3 km = 3 × 1000 = 3000 m.

×10 cm

1 m 100

1 m = 100 cm. So, 2 m = 2 × 100 = 200 cm. 1 cm = 10 mm. So, 4 cm = 4 × 10 = 40 mm.

From the above table, we know that 1 km = 1000 m Hence upto 3 km free delivery is = 3 × 1000 = 3000 m. Example 1: Suggest the right tool and find the length of the line. This is a short line on paper. A ruler or a measuring tape can be used to measure the length. Let us use a ruler to measure the length of the line. Place the ruler against the line. Make sure it starts at 0. Note the length of the line in millimetres and centimetres. This line is 8 cm 2 mm long. Example 2: Convert. 1

255 cm to m and cm.

255 cm = 200 cm + 55 cm

Remember, 100 cm = 1 m

So, 200 cm + 55 cm = 2 m 55 cm Chapter 10 • Length, Weight and Capacity

1092 m to km and m.

1092 m = 1000 m + 92 m

Remember, 1000 m = 1 km

So, 1000 m + 92 m = 1 km 92 m

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Solving Problems on Length Let us solve some problems related to length in our daily lives. Example 3: Priya is going to the dairy to get milk. If the dairy is 250 m away from her home, how far has she walked from home to the dairy and back?

250 m The distance from the home to the dairy = 250 m The distance from the dairy to the home = 250 m So, the total distance Priya has walked = 250 m + 250 m = 500 m Cross Curricular

Example 4: The Red Fort is about 1500 metres away from the Jama Masjid. How far is it in kilometres and metres? 1500 m = 1000 m + 500 m

Remember!

= 1 km + 500 m So, the Red Fort is 1 km and 500 m away from the Jama Masjid.

1000 m = 1 km

Do It Yourself 10A 1

126

What would you use to measure the length of these objects—a ruler or a measuring tape? a A grain of rice

b The height of a door

c Length of a dining table

d Width of a book

Look at the pictures and write how long these objects are in centimetres (cm) and millimetres (mm). a

3 4

Express the lengths given in larger unit to smaller unit and from smaller unit to larger unit. a 9m

b 1200 cm

a 1400 m

b 1600 m

Express in kilometres and metres. e 1475 m

Cross Curricular

1925 m

c 1500 cm

d 13 km

c 2200 m

d 1336 m

g 2125 m

h 4250 m

Ramanʼs uncle drives 2 km to the office every day. How much distance (in metres) does he cover when

A leopard is about 2 m 10 cm in length, and a tiger is about 3 m 60 cm in length. Write their lengths

A tailor cuts 4 pieces of cloth, each measuring 30 cm, to make a pair of trousers.

driving to the office and back? in centimetres.

a How much cloth has he cut in total?

Value Development

b What is the total length of the cut pieces of cloth in metres?

From Jiya’s home, the park is 1 km 500 m away. Every morning, her father jogs to the park and back. How far has he jogged in 2 days? Write your answer in metres. Write about one benefit of jogging. [Hint: Convert the distance into metres and then add.]

Weight Real Life Connect

We often measure how heavy or light things are. This is referred to as weight. Chintu wants to know how strong he is. In the garden, he picked up a feather first. “It is so light,” he said cheerfully.

But then he picked up a rock! “It is so heavy,” he cried. “How heavy is it?” he wondered.

Measuring Weight Chintu could use a weighing scale to measure the weight of the rock. We measure weight in many other situations.

Did You Know?

A seller measures the weight of fruit and vegetables on a weighing scale.

A doctor measures our body weight on a weight machine before a check-up.

Chapter 10 • Length, Weight and Capacity

Galileo was an Italian scientist who studied how objects move and how gravity works. His experiments helped us understand how to measure weight, which tells us how heavy something is.

127

Converting Between Units of Weight On a weighing scale, different stones or bars are used. Look at the picture of kilogram (kg) bars. It is a measuring unit for weight. Kilogram (kg), gram (g), and milligram (mg) are the units of measuring weight. A milligram (mg) is a small unit of weight measurement. A gram (g) is larger than a milligram (mg), and a kilogram (kg) is an even larger unit. We usually use grams as a unit to measure smaller weights, such as spices. We use kilograms to measure our body weight. 1 g = 1000 mg

1 kg = 1000 g

Changing to Larger Units kg

Changing to Smaller Units

× 1000

÷ 1000

1 kg 1000 5000 5000 g = kg = 5 kg 1000

1 g 1000 6000 6000 mg = g=6g 1000

1g=

Bars of different weights

1 mg =

× 1000 g

1 g = 1000 mg

1 kg = 1000 g

5 g = 5 × 1000 mg = 5000 mg

9 kg = 9 × 1000 g = 9000 g

Example 5: Read the weight of an object on a weighing machine.

Remember!

4 3

1 2

Units of Weight: Milligram (mg) < Gram (g) < Kilogram (kg)

Make sure the needle of the scale is at 0 when you start. Place the object (a watermelon) on the machine. Now, note where the needle is on the scale. The weight of this watermelon is 2 kg. 128

Example 6: Change the units of weight. 1

Change 1050 mg to g and mg.

Change 2090 g to kg and g.

1050 mg = 1000 mg + 50 mg

2090 g = 2000 g + 90 g

Remember, 1000 mg = 1 g

Remember, 1000 g = 1 kg

So, 1000 mg + 50 mg = 1 g 50 mg

So, = 2000 g + 090 g = 2 kg 90 g

Solving Problems on Weight Let us solve some problems on weight in our daily lives. Example 7: Nishant has 7 oranges of about the same size. The weight of 2 oranges is 200 g. What is the total weight of all the oranges? Weight of 2 oranges = 200 g Weight of 1 orange = 200 ÷ 2 = 100 g

Weight of 7 oranges = 7 × 100 g = 700 g

100 2 200 g – 2 0 – 00 00

kg ×

100 7

700

Example 8: Mihir's uncle bought 8 packs of pulses, each weighing 500 g. What is the weight of the pulses he has bought in kilograms (kg)? Weight of 1 pack of pulses = 500 g

Weight of 8 packs of pulses = 8 × 500 = 4000 g

We know that 1000 g = 1 kg So, 4000 g = 4000 ÷ 1000 = 4 kg

500 8

4000

Do It Yourself 10B 1

Look at the picture and write the weight of the objects in kilograms (kg) and grams (g). a

Chapter 10 • Length, Weight and Capacity

129

Change to grams (g). a 3000 mg

Change to milligrams (mg). a 5g

Creativity

d 2467 mg

b 4500 g

c 6557 g

d 9782 g

1 b 8 g

c 4 g 102 mg

d 15 g 770 mg

b 10 kg 500 g

c 5 kg 10 g

d 15 kg 25 g

Change to grams (g). a 17 kg

Cross Curricular

c 10,000 mg

Change to kilograms (kg). a 5000 g

b 7000 mg

By the time a puppy is about 3 months old, it weighs about 4 kg. What is its weight in grams?

A vegetable seller sold 145 kg 500 g of onions today. If the price of 1 kg of onions is ₹30, what is the

Sudhir uses 500 g of flour to make 65 pancakes. How many pancakes can he make in 5 kg of flour?

Sunita weighs 9 kg 500 g. Sunitaʼs father weighs 9 times Sunitaʼs weight. What is her fatherʼs weight?

total earning of the vegetable seller today on the sale of onions?

10 Create a word problem on converting between units of weight.

Capacity Real Life Connect

Rima is visiting a supermarket. She wants to buy some juice for a party. There are different bottles with different amounts of juice. She wants to buy the bottles with the greatest amount of juice. Let us help her!

Measuring Capacity We know how to measure the weight of solids, such as fruit and vegetables, but we do not measure liquids such as water, milk and juice in the same way. Rima needs to check the ‘capacity’ of each bottle written on its labels to know how much juice it holds. Bottles, packets, glasses and other utensils are made to hold different amounts of liquid. Thus, they have different capacities.

Converting Between Units of Capacity

Different measuring cups or jars are used to measure different capacities. Millilitre (mL), litre (L) and kilolitre (kL) are the units of measuring capacity.

130

250 mL

500 mL

L LL

A millilitre (mL) is a small unit of capacity. Litre is bigger than mL, and kilolitre (kL) is even greater. We usually find water bottles, cans and jars with a litre capacity. Medicinal droppers, cups, and syringes measure liquid syrups and medicines in mL. Let us learn the relationship between different units of measuring capacity. 1 L = 1000 mL

Let us see how to convert between units of weight. Change Litres (L) to Millilitres (mL) × 1000

Litres

1 L = 1000 mL

Millilitres

3 L = 3 × 1000 = 3000 mL

Change Millilitres (mL) to Litres (L) ÷ 1000

Millilitres

1 mL = Litres

1 L 1000

4000 mL = 4000 ÷ 1000 =4L

Example 9: Measure 1 litre of water using a measuring jug. L

Remember! Capacity is the amount of liquid a container (bottle, glass, etc.) can hold.

Slowly pour the water into the jug. Stop when it reaches the mark of 1 litre. Let the water settle and read again. This jug contains 1 litre (L) of water. Example 10: Convert. 1

3050 mL to L.

8 L to mL.

Remember, 1000 mL = 1 L

Remember, 1 L = 1000 mL

So, 3050 mL = 3000 mL + 50 mL

So, 8 L = 8 L × 1000 mL

= 3 L 50 mL

= 8000 mL

Solving Problems on Capacity Let us apply our learnings in solving some problems on capacity in our daily lives. Chapter 10 • Length, Weight and Capacity

131

Example 11: This evening, Anju’s mother is making mango shake for Anju and 4 of her friends. Each glass can hold 250 mL of mango shake. How much shake does she need to prepare to serve Anju and her friends? 1 glass = 250 mL

For 5 people, we need 5 glasses of shake. 5 glasses would contain = 5 × 250 mL = 1250 mL.

So Anju’s mother needs to prepare 1250 mL of shake.

250 5

1250

Example 12: Simran is buying water bottles at a market. Each bottle has 250 mL of water. She needs 2 L of water. How many bottles does she need to buy? We know that 1 L = 1000 mL 2 L = 2000 mL If 250 mL = 1 bottle Then, 2000 mL = 2000 ÷ 250 = 8 bottles So, to get 2 litres of water, Simran needs to buy 8 bottles.

Do It Yourself 10C 1

Look at the pictures and write the amount of liquid in these measuring jugs. a

Litre

__________ mL 2

b 5000 mL

c 10,500 mL

d 17,000 mL

Express the capacity in litres (L) and millilitres (mL). a 7650 mL

Value Development

__________ L

Change from millilitres (mL) to litres (L). a 3500 mL

mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL

b 8235 mL

c 9250 mL

d 11,300 mL

A tea cup holds 100 mL of tea. How much tea is required to fill 6 such cups?

Coco is helping her mother by filling bottles to store in the fridge. She fills 3 water bottles each having

Neha bought 4 small packs of 250 mL each and 2 bottles of 1 L each of shampoo. How much

132

a capacity of 2 litres. How much water did she use to fill all three? shampoo has she bought in total?

Value Development

JJ and her sister are selling ‘Fresh Lemonade’ at their school fair to send money for a charity. They are selling it for ₹25 per glass. Each glass can hold 250 mL of lemonade. So far, they have sold 8 glasses.

a How much lemonade have they sold so far in litres (L)?

b How much have they earned so far by selling lemonade?

Math Lab

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

The Guess Game!

Setting: In pairs

Materials Required: Containers such as bottles, jugs, cups, pitchers; cards with capacities written on them, measuring tools such as measuring cups. Method: 1

Look at each container and guess which capacity group it belongs to. Does it hold

Use the measuring tools to fill each container with water until it is full. This will help

After measuring, compare what you guessed with the actual capacity of each container.

Discuss with your partner how the different shapes of the containers made it harder

about 250 mL, 500 mL, or 1 litre?

you see how much each container can really hold.

or easier to guess their capacities correctly.

Chapter Checkup 1

Convert as directed: a

into metres (m) and centimetres (cm) i

507 cm

iii

764 cm

894 cm

1205 m

5763 m

iii

6049 m

7777 m

Express the following weight in kilograms (kg) and grams (g). a

into kilometres (km) and metres (m) i

205 cm

5065 g

4600 g

7450 g

10,500 g

5 kg 750 g

12 kg 500 g

Convert the given weights into grams (g). a

2kg 500 g

Chapter 10 • Length, Weight and Capacity

4 kg 600 g

133

Express the capacity in litres (L) and millilitres (mL). a

8660 mL

16,250 mL

17,600 mL

From 1 L of milk, mother gave 350 mL to me and 175 mL to my brother. How much milk was left?

2 jars of cooking oil have a capacity of 3 L each. Tara pours the oil out of these 2 jars into smaller jars

The price of 1 kilogram of sugar is ₹60. Find the price of sugar for the weights given.

each with a capacity of 500 mL. How many smaller jars does Tara use? a

Cross Curricular

7200 mL

2 kg

5 kg

12 kg and 500 g

25 kg and 500 g

Imagine you went on a trip to the moon. Here on earth, you weigh 60 kg. The weight of a person on earth is 6 times the weight on the moon. What would be your weight on the moon? Would you feel lighter, heavier or the same?

You have a seesaw and two buckets. In one bucket, you place 5 rocks, each weighing 100 grams. In the other bucket, you add sand until the seesaw balances perfectly. If you estimate that there

are 20 grams of sand in each handful, how many handfuls of sand did you need to add to balance the weight of the rocks?

Challenge 1

Critical Thinking

Meira, a healthcare provider in a village, has 4 litres of hand sanitizer in her clinic. There is a request for four 500 mL bottles, five 200 mL bottles, and twelve 100 mL bottles of sanitizer for the village. Does she have enough?

Read the statements and answer the questions. Assertion (A): A 1-kilogram bag of rice weighs more than a 500-gram bag of sugar. Reason (R): 1 kilogram is equal to 1000 grams.

134

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true, but R is false.

A is false, but R is true.

Case Study

Cross Curricular

Ancient India's Length Units Ancient India had a rich history of measurement systems. The people of ancient India

used various units to measure length, which was essential for various purposes, such as construction, trade, and daily life.

Here are some key units of measurement used in ancient India: Angula (Finger breadth): A basic unit of length. Hasta (Hand): Approximately equal to 24 angulas. Dhanus or Danda (Rod): Approximately equal to 96 angulas. Answer the following questions: 1

One hasta is equivalent to how many angulas?

How many angulas are in 7 hastas? a 168

b 144

128

d 196

If the height of a sand castle is 2 hastas, how many angulas is it?

If the width of a sand castle is 3 hastas, it is equal to 72 angulas. (True or False)

How many hastas is equal to 1 Dhanus or Danda?

Chapter 10 • Length, Weight and Capacity

135

Model Test Paper - 2 Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour

Total Marks: 50

1 Observe and complete the patterns. A

(4 marks)

Aab, Bbc, Ccd, Dde, _____, _____ _____, _____

2 Fill in the blanks with the colour for each number to make the figure

symmetrical.

1 = _____________

2 = _____________

3 = _____________

4 = _____________

5 = _____________

6 = _____________

(6 marks)

3 Write 2 equivalent fractions for the fraction shown by each figure.

(4 marks)

4 Rakshit and his friends celebrated Children’s Day with the children at

the orphanage. They distributed sweets and juice among the children. Express the weight of the sweets and amount of juice as asked. (6 marks)

136

Sweets

4250 g

Convert into kg and g

Juice

7750 mL

Convert into L and mL

5 Construct circles of the given measurements. A

Radius = 3 cm

Diameter = 8 cm

6 Convert.

3 m to cm

5 g to mg

2050 mL to L and mL

Count the number of polygons in the given figure.

Hint: Count complex polygons as well.

8 Draw the top view and front view of the figure given below.

(4 marks)

(6 marks)

(4 marks)

(6 marks)

9 Mira has 2 of 30 stamps, and Suhana has 3 of 60 stamps. How many stamps do

6 4 each of them have? Who has more stamps?

10 Draw and colour the net of the cube that has its opposite faces in the

same colour.

Model Test Paper - 2

(6 marks) (4 marks)

137

A n swe rs Chapter 6

Do It Yourself 6D

Do It Yourself 6A 1. a. 3 b. 3 c. 3 d. 1 2. a. 3 b. 4 c. 7 4 5 8 3 d. 6 e. 22 f. 30 g. 15 h. 20 4. 6. 25 snow leopards 8. 45 students

3. a. 8 b. 3 c. 8

5. 5 10

7. 36 pencils

9. 0 roses

Do It Yourself 6B 1. a.

c. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 10 15 20 25

d. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 8 12 16 20

6. 94 100 Sleep Eat Other

Amir is pouring juice into glasses. He uses 3 of a liter of juice for 5 the first batch. He needs to use an equivalent amount of juice for the next two batches but wants to express it in different

fractions. Can you help Amir find two equivalent fractions for 3 5 of a liter of juice?

Do It Yourself 6C 1. a. Like fractions b. Like fractions c. Like fractions 2. a. 4 > 2 b. 5 < 7 8 8 9 9 4 3 9 g. > h. > 7 9 7 16 15

c. 5 > 5 7 9

d. 1 = 3 e. 8 > 5 3 9 10 15 1 2 2 3. a. b. c. d. 5 9 10 7 11

4. a. 1 < 3 < 4 < 6 < 7 < 8 9 9 9 9 9 9

f. 2 > 1 6 7

b. 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 13 11 10 9 7 6

c. 2 < 3 < 4 < 7 < 8 < 9 d. 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 7 6 4 3 5. Watermelons > Oranges > Apples > Bananas 6. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

Three athletes are practicing their swimming. Emma swam 9 15 of the pool length, Sam swam 11 , and Mia swam 7 . Help the 15 15 athletes by ordering the fractions from least to greatest to see who swam the shortest and longest distances.

138

7 4

A painter is mixing colors for a mural. He has 4 1 cans of blue 2 paint but needs to know how many half-cans of paint he has in total. Write 4 1 as an improper fraction? 2

Do It Yourself 6E 1. a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 2 e. 23 f. 4 g. 52 h. 3 3 4 6 3 5 3 2. a. 1 b. 1 c. 1 d. 1 e. 1 f. 5 g. 11 h. 12 3 4 3 2 21 7 5 3 3 3 1 3. m 4. 5. 5 km 6. 1 km 4 8 4 3 7. Answer may vary. Sample answer.

8. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

d. Unlike fractions

3 4

6. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

3. a. 1 b. 1 c. 1 d. 1 e. 1 f. 1 g. 4 h. 1 4. a. 6 5 3 13 13 3 7 13 2 b. 3, 15 c. 2, 2 d. 7, 7 e. 5, 5 f. 4, 28 g. 6, 30 h. 9, 5 5. 3 , 2 , 5 8 41 24

2. a. 22 b. 31 c. 41 d. 54 e. 83 f. 73 3 4 6 9 5 7 3. a. 16 b. 21 c.44 d. 37 e. 38 f. 47 3 8 6 9 10 7 4. a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 4 e. 2 f. 5 5. 7 4

2. Answer may vary. Sample answer. a. 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 8 12 16 20 b. 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 14 21 28 35

1. a. Proper fraction b. Improper Fraction c. Mixed fraction d. Improper fraction e. Mixed fraction f. Proper fraction

Lily baked a batch of cookies and decided to divide them among her friends. She gave 3 of the cookies to her friend Sarah, and 5 8 12 of the cookies to her friend Ben. How much of the batch did Lily give away in total?

Chapter Ceckup 1. a.

2. a. 3 flowers b. 9 cakes

c. 9 boxes d. 10 balloons

3. Answers may vary. Sample answers:

d. 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 14 21 28 35

b. 36 27

a. 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 b. 14 , 21 , 28 , 35 c. 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 12 18 24 30 16 24 32 40 18 27 36 45

f. 20 24

g. 30 55

g. 3 h. 3 14 4

h. 15 39

4. a. 4 8

5. a. 5 9

6. a. 13 > 7 7 17

b. 5 16

c. 21 27

c. 1 4

d. 16 24 d. 1 7

e. 8 20

e. 3 7

f. 4 19

b. 1 8 > 9 c. 5 > 1 d. 8 < 8 10 10 6 7 11 5

7. a. 1 < 3 < 4 < 6 < 7 < 8 11 11 11 11 11 11 8 > 7 > 6 > 4 > 3 > 1 11 11 11 11 11 11

b. 2 < 3 < 4 < 8 < 9 < 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 > 9 > 8 > 4 > 3 > 2 17 17 17 17 17 17

b. 7 < 7 < 7 < 7 < 7 < 7 d. 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 13 12 11 10 9 8 12 10 9 8 7 6 7>7> 7 > 7 > 7 > 7 4>4>4>4> 4 > 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 6 7 8 9 10 12 1 1 1 1 13 8. a. 5 b. 5 c. 5 d. 1 3 e. f. 17 g. 31 h. 18 3 5 3 4 4 7 6 5 3 1 2 3 3 5 5 9. a. b. 1 c. 2 d. 2 e. 3 f. 9 g. 4 h. 7 5 4 7 4 4 6 9 1 4 8 1 3 5 1 10. a. b. c. d. 4 e. 1 f. 1 g. 1 h. 1 1 8 11 9 2 4 7 2 5 5 11. 12 pieces 12. 8 kg 13. m 14. Ravi 9 15. 32 cows 16. 11 L 17. 12 4 km 2 5 2. 110 17

Challenge 1. Yes

3. Non-simple closed - a, c, f Simple open - b, d, e 4. a. False b. True c. False d. False 5. Answer may vary. Sample answer. B, D, O 6. Figures may vary. Sample figures.

Simple figures Non-simple figures 7. a. Figure a is a polygon. b. c.

8. a.

1. Option a 2. Option c 3. A ustralia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, North America, Africa and Asia. 4. 1 5. Answers may vary. 20

Chapter 7

2. Centre

Diameter

Radius

3. a. iii b. ii c. iv

4. Not drawn to scale. Sample figures.

Do It Yourself 7A

1. a. False b. False c. False 2. a. Ray PQ b. Line CD c. Point Q 3. P oints: A, B, C, D, O, P, Q Rays: OA , OB , OC, OQ, OP Lines: BC , PQ 5. Line a and Line b are parallel. Line x and Line y are perpendicular.

a. 3 cm

c. O

3 cm

4. Not drawn to scale. Sample figures: a. A 6 cm B b. A 9 cm B c. A 10 cm d. A 14 cm B 5. N ot drawn to scale, sample figures: 10 cm

5. AB

5 cm

2 cm

6. 10 cm

Challenge 1. 4 cm

3 cm

3. Measures may vary. 3 cm

1. a. 4 cm b. 2 cm 2. 6

d. O

6 cm

3 cm

7 cm

1. a. i b. iii c. iv d. iii e. iii 2. B – closed and non-simple, C – open and simple, D – closed and simple, U – open and simple, 7 – open and simple, 0 – closed and simple, 8 – closed and non-simple, S – open and simple 3. a. Rectangle, 4. b. Triangle, 3. c. Pentagon, 5. d. Decagon, 10. 4. N ot drawn to scale. Sample figures.

Do It Yourself 7B

2 cm

Chapter Checkup

6. Not drawn to scale. Sample figure. 7 cm

6. Answers may vary. Sample answers: a

5. 3390 km

4. Parallel lines

4 cm

d. O

m 5c

3 cm

7. 16 m 2. Circle

3. c. A is true but R is false.

Case Study

1. b. Circle

2. b. To ensure fairness and equal distance

A 6 cm B A

10 cm

6. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Using a ruler, draw a line segment that is 12 centimeters long. Label one endpoint as P and the other as Q. 1. a. Open figure b. Open figure c. Closed figure d. Closed figure 2. Simple figures - b, d Non-simple figures - a, c

Answers

Do It Yourself 7D . a. centre b. equal c. infinite d. circumference e. one 1

Case Study

Do It Yourself 7C

3. Students will construct concentric circles. 4. Answer may vary.

Chapter 8 Do It Yourself 8A

1. a. Top; b. Front; c. side 2. a. Top; b. Side; c. Front

139

3. a.

4. a.

10. Answer may vary, sample answer House

5. Front View Side View Top View

6. A nswer may vary. Sample answer.

Fancy Store

Top Side

Front

Footwear shop Bakery

Challenge 1.

Do It Yourself 8B 1. a, c and d

2. b, c and f

3. a.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answers: a. b. c.

Do It Yourself 8C 1. 2 times.

2. a. True b. False c. False d. True e. True

3. a. right b. MG c. Rani’s d. Supermarket e. Brooke

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

Case Study 1.

Nathula

4. A nswers may vary. Sample answer: To reach the bank, Suraj will take the right turn and move straight, then he will take the first right turn and move straight. He will then take a left turn and move straight and stop in front of the bank. 5. Farm road.

1. a. Top 2. a.

b. Front c. Side d. Side e. Top f. Front b.

4. Side C

5. Answers may vary. Sample answers: b.

Chogyal Palden Thedyp Memorial Park

2. a. True 3.

b. False 4. a. left b. South

Chapter 9 Do It Yourself 9A 1. a.

2. a. 6.

3. a. 7. a. Mall b. Park c. Kavya’s

d. right

8. a. Rita’s house b. Mina’s house

c. 4 roads

c. 4. a.

140

Ropeway Point

Assembly House

Police Check Post

6. Answer will vary.

Chapter Checkup

Tsomgo Lake

d. b.

School

5. Answers may vary.

4. a.

Do It Yourself 9B

1. a. 90, 110 b. 65, 78 2.

c. 44, 34 d. 16, 22

1. a.

80 35

3. Answer may vary. Sample answer. 5 6 1 4

Chapter Checkup

140 60

– + × ÷

+ ÷ – ×

2. a. Yes b. Yes c. No d. No 3. a.

3 4. a.

Do It Yourself 9C

1. a. Yes b. No c. Yes d. No 2. a.

b. 5. a. 190, 210, 230 b. 144, 155, 166 c. 450, 340, 230 d. 104, 95, 86

6. 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 a. 3-9-37-39 45-17-37-15-9-37 b. 31-23-1-27-39 1 39-35-9-9 c. 37-1-43-9 31-1-31-9-35 d. 35-9-5-49-5-23-9

3. 1 parallelogram, 5 triangles, 1 square

7. a.

8. a.

4. Answers may vary. Sample answer: 9. Infinite

10. Answer will vary.

Do It Yourself 9D

Challenge 1. 8 flowers 2. LZ

1. a. SCHOOL b. QUIZ c. ATTEMPT d. READ

Case Study

2. a. 11-5-5-16 9-20 21-16 b. 19-1-22-5 23-1-20-5-18 c. 16-12-1-14-20 20-18-5-5-19

1. c. Three 2. 6 dots 5. A nswer may vary.

d. 6 -1-14-20-1-19-20-9-3 23-15-18-11

Chapter 10

e. 18-5-4-21-3-5

Do It Yourself 10A

Do It Yourself 9E

1. a. Yes b. No 2. a.

18-5-21-19-5

18-5-3-25-3-12-5

c. No d. Yes b. c.

3. V ertical - A, M, T, U, V, W, Y Both - H, I, O, X

Horizontal - B, C, D, E, K

3. False

4. MAYA

1. a. Ruler b. Measuring tape c. Measuring tape d. Ruler 2. a. 4 cm or 40 mm b. 3 cm or 30 mm c. 10 cm or 100 mm d. 7 cm or 70 mm 3. a. 900 cm b. 12 m c. 15 m d. 1300 cm 4. a. 1 km 400 m b. 1 km 600 m c. 2 km 200 m d. 1 km 336 m e. 1 km 475 m f. 1 km 925 m g. 2 km 125 m h. 4 km 250 m 5. 4000 m 6. Leopard = 210 cm, Tiger = 360 cm 7. a. 120 cm b. 1 m 20 cm 8. 6000 metres

Do It Yourself 10B

1. a. 2 kg 500 g b. 500 g c. 1 kg 500 g

2. a. 3 g b. 7 g

c. 10 g d. 2 g 467 mg 3. a. 5 kg b. 4 kg 500 g c. 6 kg 557 g d. 9 kg 782 g

Answers

4. a. 5000 mg b. 8500 mg c. 4102 mg

141

d. 15,770 mg d. 15,025 g

9. 85 kg 500 g

5. a. 17,000 g b. 10,500 g c. 5010 g

6. 4000 g

7. ₹4365

8. 650 pancakes

10. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

The weight of Rama's bag is 10 kg 500 g. What is the weight in grams?

Do It Yourself 10C

2. a. 3 1 L b. 5 L c. 10 1 L d. 17 L 2 2 3. a. 7 L 650 mL b. 8 L 235 mL c. 9 L 250 mL d. 11 L 300 mL

1. a. 250 mL b. 1 L 4. 600 mL

5. 6 L

Chapter Checkup

6. 3 L

7. a. 2 L b. ₹200.

1. a. (i) 2 m 5 cm (ii) 5 m 7 cm (iii) 7 m 64 cm (iv) 8 m 94 cm

142

b. (i) 1 km 205 m

(ii) 5 km 763 m

(iv) 7 km 777 m

2. a. 5 kg 65 g b. 4 kg 600 g c. 7 kg 450 g

(iii) 6 km 49 m

d. 10 kg 500 g

3. a. 2500 g b. 4600 g c. 5750 g d. 12,500 g

4. a. 7 L 200 mL b. 8 L 660 mL c. 16 L 250 mL d. 17 L 600 mL 5. 475 mL d. ₹1530

6. 12 jars

Challenge 1. No

Case Study

7. a. ₹120 b. ₹300 c. ₹750

8. 10 kg, Lighter

9. 25 handfulls

2. Option a

1. 24 angulas 2. Option a 4. True 5. c. 4 hastas

3. 48 angulas

SCIENCE 6 Adaptation in Plants �� 144 7 Animals and Their Young Ones �� 151 8 Adaptation in Animals �� 159 9 Clean and Green Earth �� 169 10 Weather Around Us �� 178 Project 2 �� 188 Assessment 2 �� 189 Model Test Paper-2 �� 190

143

Adaptation in Plants

Chapter Overview Adaptation in Plants Habitat and Adaptation

Terrestrial Plants

Aquatic Plants

Get Set Given below are some images of plants. Tick ( ) the ones that you like.

Habitat and Adaptation Have you noticed that the place where you live provides you everything you need? For example, you have a house that provides you shelter. You also have markets from where you can buy food. Similarly, in nature, such a place where animals and plants normally live and grow is called their habitat.

144

Plants of one habitat generally do not survive in a different habitat. For example, a mango tree would wither and die if it was grown in a desert.

Remember! The living and non-living things around us make our environment.

In a new habitat, only those plants can survive that develop some new features suitable to that habitat. For example, the cactus does not die in the desert because it has adapted to that environment. Therefore, the special features that a plant develops to survive in a new habitat are called adaptations.

Terrestrial Plants Plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants. Terrestrial plants are of different types depending on their habitats.

Plants on Mountains Mountains have a very cold climate. In winters, they receive heavy snowfall. Therefore, trees that grow here are tall, straight and have sloping shapes to make the snow fall off easily. They are usually flowerless and have cones with seeds inside them. Such trees are called coniferous trees. The leaves are needlelike with a waxy coating to avoid water loss. For example, fir, deodar, pine and cedar. Small flowerless plants like ferns, lichens and mosses are also found in the mountains.

Pine Tree

Plants in the Plains Plains are the flat regions with a warmer climate than mountains. Some trees like peepal, neem, gulmohar and apple are found in the plains. These trees have flat leaves and spreading branches. Most of these trees shed all their leaves once a year to reduce water loss. Such trees are called deciduous trees. Some trees like tamarind, mango and rubber are green throughout the year. Therefore, these are called evergreen trees.

Mango Tree Chapter 6 • Adaptation in Plants

Tamarind Tree 145

Plants in the Desert The desert is a place with hot weather, very little water and scanty rainfall. Plants growing in deserts need less water to grow. Plants like cactus, babool and date palms are found in deserts. Some unique features of cactus are: •

I ts leaves are modified into spines to avoid the loss of water from the surface of the leaves.

•

I t has thick, green and fleshy stem that is capable of photosynthesis.

• It has thin roots that spread around and absorb rainwater from below the ground before it evaporates.

Cactus

Plants in Marshy Areas Areas with clayey and sticky soil and an abundance of water are called marshy areas. Trees like mangroves are found in these areas. Since the soil in marshy areas have too much water, the roots of the mangroves have adapted to extend above the soil and take in air directly.

Discuss!

What kinds of plants do you see around your home and school? Observe them and discuss their special features in your class.

Plants in Coastal Areas The areas between the land and the sea are called coastal areas. These areas have sandy soil and strong winds. So, the trees that grow here have long and widespread roots that help hold them strongly to the sandy soil. They are also very tall and have flexible trunks with large leaves that are cut in strips. This helps them against the strong winds. Coconut trees are an example of the trees that grow in coastal areas. scanty: in small quantity

spines: needle-like sharp points (for example, those found in cactus) abundance: excess trunk: the central part of the tree from where branches grow 146

Mangrove Trees

Coconut Trees

Do and Learn SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

Visit a nursery or a garden and take a look at the plants there. Choose any five plants and write their names in your notebook. Observe the shape and texture of the leaves of these plants. Record your observations in the table below. Name of the Plant

Shape of the Leaves

Texture of the Leaves

Pause and Answer Name one plant found in each of the following areas. 1. Mountains 2. Plains 3. Marshy areas 4. Deserts

Aquatic Plants Aquatic plants are the plants that grow in water. They can grow in ponds, lakes, rivers or seas. Aquatic plants are further divided into three types. Let us learn about them.

Floating Plants As is evident from the name, these plants float on the water surface. These plants do not have fixed roots, due to which they float freely in the water. Their leaves have stomata only on the upper side. They have light and spongy stems with air pockets in them, helping them to keep floating on the water surface. Some examples of floating plants are duckweed, water lettuce and water hyacinth. Chapter 6 • Adaptation in Plants

Water Lettuce

147

Fixed Plants These plants have roots fixed to the soil at the bottom of the ponds or lakes. They have thin, long, hollow and very flexible stems. These plants have broad and flat, plate-like leaves with waxy coatings on the surface. Some fixed aquatic plants are lotus and water lily.

Lotus

Underwater Plants These plants grow completely under the water surface. Therefore, they are also called submerged plants. The leaves of these plants are long, narrow and look like ribbons. The stems of these plants are flexible. Some examples of submerged plants are hydrilla, tape grass and pondweed.

Did You Know? The seeds of the lotus plant can survive in dry conditions for many years. But they germinate only in water.

Hydrilla

Error Alert! Submerged aquatic plants do not have stomata. They absorb nutrients and gases, that are dissolved in water, directly.

Wonders of Bharat The AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, in Howrah, West Bengal, is the largest garden in India. It is also home to the Great Banyan Tree, which is around 250 years old and is nearly twice the size of a cricket field. Botanic Garden

Word Splash habitat: the natural environment where a living thing lives

adaptations: the special features that help a living thing to survive in its habitat coniferous trees: trees that produce cones instead of flowers

deciduous trees: trees that shed all their leaves once a year to reduce water loss evergreen trees: trees that are green throughout the year

submerged plants: plants that grow completely under the water surface

148

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about plant adaptations.

Points to Remember •

lants have some unique features that help them survive in their habitats. P These features are called adaptations.

•

lants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants, while those that live in P water are called aquatic plants.

•

errestrial plants can be found on mountains, plains, deserts, marshy and T coastal areas.

•

quatic plants are categorised into three groups: floating, fixed and A underwater plants.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. Which of the following is not a terrestrial plant? Pine tree

Mango tree

Lotus

Mangrove

Water lettuce

Coconut tree

Pondweed

Water lily

Water hyacinth

Hydrilla

B. Which of these is not an aquatic plant? Duckweed

Hydrilla

C. Which is an example of a floating plant? Water hyacinth

Tape grass

D. Which of these is an example of a fixed plant? Water lily

Water lettuce

E. Which of these is an example of a submerged plant? Tape grass

Lotus

Water lettuce

Duckweed

2. Fill in the blanks. A. Terrestrial plants grow on

B. Trees that shed their all leaves once a year are called C. Trees that do not shed all their leaves in any season are called Chapter 6 • Adaptation in Plants

. . 149

D. Coconut trees are found in E. Aquatic plants grow in

areas. .

3. Write True or False. A. Deciduous trees have flexible trunks. B. Fir, pine, ferns and mosses are found in plains. C. Cactus is found in marshy areas. D. Duckweed is an aquatic plant. 4. Short-answer questions. A. Why do plants need to adapt? B. Why do coniferous trees have needle-like leaves? C. Write one special feature of mangroves. D. Why do cactus have spines instead of leaves? E. Why do coconut trees have flexible trunks? F. How do underwater plants breathe? G. What helps floating plants to float on water? 5. Long-answer questions. A. How are terrestrial plants different from aquatic plants? Explain with examples. B. Differentiate between deciduous and evergreen trees with examples. C. Describe some unique features of a cactus plant that help it to survive in deserts. D. Differentiate between floating, fixed and submerged plants. Give examples for each. 6. Picture-based questions. A. Which type of tree is this? B. How did you identify it? C. Where do these plants grow?

Challenge (HOTS) Which one of these should be kept inside an aquarium—water hyacinth, duckweed or tape grass? Give reasons for your answer. SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

150

Animals and Their Young Ones

Chapter Overview Animals and Their Young Ones

Reproduction

Animals that Give Birth to Young Ones

Animals that Lay Eggs

Life Cycles of Egg-laying Animals

Life Cycles of Insects

Get Set Sort the following animals based on where they live. Fish, deer, elephant, bat, sparrow, pigeon, dog, shark, dolphin Creatures Living on Land Creatures Living in Water

Creatures Flying in Air

Reproduction Rahul was looking through his family album. He saw pictures of his grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins. He wondered SCIENTIFIC how much his father resembles his grandfather, and how TEMPER he resembles his father. Have you also wondered why you resemble your parents or grandparents? This is due to a process called reproduction. Chapter 7 • Animals and Their Young Ones

151

Reproduction is a natural process by which living beings produce new ones of their own kind. Animals can reproduce in two ways—by giving birth to young ones and by laying eggs.

Animals that Give Birth to Young Ones Some animals carry their babies inside their bodies until they are ready to be born. After giving birth, these animals feed, care for and protect their young ones. These animals are called mammals. The bodies of mammals are typically covered with hair. Most mammals, such as cats, dogs, lions and humans, live on land and are known as terrestrial animals. However, some mammals, like dolphins and whales, live in water and are known as aquatic animals.

A dog with its puppy.

A lioness with its cub.

A dolphin with its calf.

Did You Know?

Some mammals, such as kangaroos and koalas, have a pouch attached to their bodies. They carry their young ones in these pouches. Such animals are A kangaroo carrying known as marsupials. its baby in the pouch.

Bats are the only mammals that can fly.

Pause and Answer Give any two examples of the following: 1. Terrestrial mammals 2. Aquatic mammals 3. Marsupials pouch: pocket on the lower part of the body in which young ones are protected after they are born 152

Animals that Lay Eggs There are some animals that lay eggs from which their young ones are born. The young ones develop inside the eggs, which the mother lays. Many birds build a nest to lay their eggs. They sit on the eggs to protect them and keep them warm. After some time, the eggs hatch and the young ones come out. Birds, most insects (such as butterflies and cockroaches) and reptiles (snakes and crocodiles) lay eggs.

A Bird’s Nest

Structure of an Egg Have you ever wondered how an egg looks from inside? Let us look at the structure of an egg.

Shell Yolk

The egg is covered with a hard covering Albumin called a shell. This safeguards the egg and keeps it moist. Inside the shell, there Internal Structure of an Egg is a soft, white jelly-like substance called albumin. It provides water and protein to the young one that will grow inside. It also protects it. At the centre of the egg, there is a round, yellow-coloured yolk. The young one develops inside the yolk. It contains important nutrients such as fats, vitamins and minerals. The yolk consists of the embryo, which later develops into the young one. The yolk provides the required food to the embryo for its healthy development.

Life Cycles of Egg-laying Animals Every living thing goes through different stages as it grows up. This series of changes is called a life cycle. Let us learn more about it.

Life Cycle of a Chicken Once the eggs are laid, the mother hen sits on them to provide warmth and protection, for about 21 days. This is called the incubation period. embryo: the unborn animal or human in very early stages of its development Chapter 7 • Animals and Their Young Ones

153

Once the embryo is completely developed, it will crack open the egg shell and come out. This process is called the hatching of the egg.

Adult

Hatchlings are the young ones that emerge from eggs. The chicks then grow into adult hens.

Chick

Egg

Hatchling

Embryo

Life Cycle of a Frog Some animals undergo significant changes in their form and structure as they grow. This process is called metamorphosis. Let us look at the life cycle of a frog to understand this.

Life Cycle of a Chicken

The mother frog lays many eggs in water. After some days, young frogs emerge from the eggs. They are called tadpoles. At this stage, it resembles a fish as it has gills and a long tail so that it can swim in the water. As the tadpole develops, its tail shortens. The hind legs develop first, followed by the front legs. The tadpole’s lungs start to develop, and its gills begin to disappear. This stage is called a froglet. The froglet then transforms into an adult frog, which can hop and jump. The adult frog no longer has a tail but has fully developed legs, allowing it to live both on land and in water.

Adult

Eggs

Froglet Tadpole Tadpole with Legs Life Cycle of a Frog

Did You Know?

Remember! Animals that can live on land and in water are called amphibians.

A frog can lay up to three thousand eggs at a time!

Life Cycle of a Fish The female fish lays many eggs in water. The fish embryos start developing their organs and tail while still inside the egg. After they hatch from the eggs, the young fish are called larva. The larva has an attached yolk sac, which provides all the nutrients needed for growth.

egg

embryo

larva

fry Life Cycle of a Fish

154

fingerling

adult fish

Once the larvae develop further, they become fry. At this stage, they are small but will grow stronger and larger as they start eating. As the fry continue to grow, they become fingerlings. Eventually, as they mature, they develop into adult fish.

Pause and Answer Circle the correct option. 1. It takes about 11 / 21 / 31 days for the chick to come out of the egg. 2. The stage between an adult fish and a fry is called eggs / fingerling / embryo. 3. The process of changing into a very different form when growing into an adult is called life cycle / embryo / metamorphosis.

Life Cycles of Insects Just like fish and frogs, many insects also hatch from eggs and grow into adults.

Life Cycle of a Butterfly A butterfly also undergoes metamorphosis, just like the frog. The female butterfly lays eggs. A small, worm-like creature, called a caterpillar (larva), hatches from the egg. The caterpillar feeds on leaves and increases in size. It then builds a cocoon around itself to form a chrysalis (pupa). When the pupa grows into a butterfly, it breaks out from its cocoon.

Life Cycle of a Cockroach There are three stages in the life cycle of a cockroach. The mother cockroach lays eggs. After the eggs hatch, a small creature called a nymph emerges. At the initial stage, the nymph does not have wings but looks like a cockroach. As it grows, it sheds its old skin to become an adult. This process is called moulting.

Chapter 7 • Animals and Their Young Ones

Caterpillar (larva)

Eggs

Butterfly

Life Cycle of a Butterfly

Chrysalis (pupa)

Eggs

Adult

Nymph Life Cycle of a Cockroach

155

Wonders of Bharat India is home to unique megafauna (large animals) like the Asiatic elephant, the one-horned rhino and the Royal Bengal tiger. Indian One-horned Rhino

Word Splash reproduction: a process through which living beings can give birth to new beings of their own kind life cycle: a series of stages that a young one goes through before developing into an adult

metamorphosis: when an animal or insect develops and changes into something completely different larva: a small, worm-like creature that hatches from the egg

nymph: the young one of a cockroach that does not have wings at the initial stage

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about reproduction in animals.

Points to Remember • • • •

iving beings produce new beings of their own kind by a process called L reproduction.

Animals can reproduce by giving birth to their young ones or by laying eggs. Animals that give birth to young ones are called mammals.

nimals like frogs and butterflies undergo metamorphosis before they A develop into adults.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. Which of the following is a mammal? Fish

Cockroach

Cat

Frog

B. Which of the following animals reproduce by laying eggs? Whales 156

Bats

Elephants

Butterfly

C. What is the jelly-like substance found inside the eggshell? Nymph

Tadpole

Albumin

Cocoon

D. Which process provides warmth to the embryo? Hatching

Incubation

Moulting

Metamorphosis

2. Fill in the blanks. A. The hard covering of an egg is called the

B. The soft and white jelly-like substance present inside the egg shell is called . C. The

provides food to the embryo for its development.

D. The stage of fish between the larva and the fingerling is called . 3. Write True or False. A. Dolphins and whales are mammals.

B. The egg shell fulfils the food requirements of the yolk.

C. When the fish eggs are ready to hatch, it is called pupa. D. Mammals do not lay eggs. 4. Match the following. A. Young one of a hen

i. Tadpole

B. Young one of a butterfly

ii. Nymph

C. Young one of a frog

iii. Caterpillar

D. Young one of a cockroach

iv. Chick

5. Short-answer questions. A. How do birds reproduce? B. What is meant by incubation? C. Describe the importance of the yolk in an egg. D. How does a tadpole become a frog? 6. Long-answer questions. A. What is reproduction? Mention the two ways in which animals reproduce. Give examples of each. B. Draw the structure of an egg. Name and explain its different parts. ART

C. Explain the lifecycle of the following: a. Cockroach

Chapter 7 • Animals and Their Young Ones

b. Fish 157

7. Picture-based questions. A. What process is shown in the given image? B. Identify and label 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the given image. C. Describe the transformation of stage 2 into stage 3.

4 3

Challenge (HOTS) Think about the life cycle of a chicken and a frog. Write one similarity and one difference.

Life Skills Have you heard about dinosaurs? They no longer exist now, and hence, are called extinct. Try to find out the reasons behind the extinction of these animals. Also, try to find out about three other animals that have become extinct or are about to be extinct.

SDG

The skull of a dinosaur.

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Adaptation in Animals

Chapter Overview Adaptation in Animals Adaptation for Habitat

Adaptation for Food

Adaptation for Survival

Get Set Write the names of two animals that: 1. Eat only plants 2. Eat only animals 3. Eat both plants and animals

Introduction Different types of animals are found in different places, ranging from forests, hot deserts, oceans and very cold regions. The natural place where an animal lives and grows is called its habitat. Different animals have different features that help them to survive and grow in their habitats. These features are called adaptations.

Adaptation for Habitat There are four main types of habitats where animals can live—forest, desert, aquatic and polar. Let us learn about the various adaptations animals acquire in these habitats. Chapter 8 • Adaptation in Animals

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Forests Animals that live in forests have four strong legs that help them to run fast. They breathe with their lungs. They have a good sense of smell, sight and hearing which helps them in hunting for food and protecting themselves. Tigers, zebras and monkeys are some examples of animals that live in forests.

Deserts

A lion in a forest.

Think and Tell

Why do you think the camel is Deserts are hot and dry regions where water is scarce. called the ship of the desert? It also gets quite cold at night. Deserts have sandy soil. Animals such as camels, snakes, kangaroos and lizards are well adapted to live in these conditions. The camel is popularly known as the ‘ship of the desert’. Let us learn about some adaptations of camel. A camel can close its nostrils to avoid sand.

Fat is stored in the camel’s hump, which allows it to survive many days without food and water.

Its long eyelashes and double eyelids protect its eyes from sand.

The thick and less hairy skin protects it from both hot and cold weather conditions.

The long neck helps them reach high branches of trees. Long legs keep its body away from the hot sand and also help cover long distances in search of food and water.

The thick and padded feet help it walk easily on sand. Camel

Aquatic

Did You Know?

Animals that live in freshwater or seawater are called aquatic animals. Crabs, fish, alligators and turtles are some examples of aquatic animals. The aquatic animals have the following features:

An octopus has three hearts and blue blood! Two hearts pump blood to its gills, and one pumps blood to the rest of its body.

scarce: not easy to find

160

•

Most aquatic animals breathe through gills, for example, fish.

•

Fish have fins and turtles have paddles to move easily in water. Gills Paddles

Fins

Fish breathe through gills.

•

Paddles

Fins of Fish

ome aquatic animals, such as S whales and dolphins, breathe through lungs. ost aquatic animals have a M streamlined body that helps them swim easily.

Did You Know? Whales and dolphins don't have noses. They have blowholes at the top of their heads. A dolphin’s blowhole

Polar Regions The North and the South Poles of the Earth remain covered with snow throughout the year. The weather conditions are cold and harsh. Animals like polar bears and penguins are found in these regions. To adapt to this kind of a habitat, these animals have the following features: •

olar bears have a thick layer of fur on their bodies that protects them from P extreme cold. Did You Know?

• Both penguins and polar bears have a thick layer of fat under their skin called blubber to keep them warm. •

hey have broad and furry feet T that help them walk easily in the snow.

Polar Bears Chapter 8 • Adaptation in Animals

In the polar regions, there are times when the sun does not rise for months (polar night), and other times when the sun never sets for months (polar day)!

Sunrise in the Polar Region

Penguins

161

Adaptation for Food Animals eat different types of food. Their teeth and other body parts are adapted to the types of food they eat. Depending on their food habits, animals can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or scavengers.

Herbivores Animals that only eat plants are called herbivores. These animals have strong and sharp front teeth which allow them to easily cut leaves and grass. At the back, they have flat and strong teeth. These teeth help them grind food. Cows, elephants, deer, rabbits and giraffes are some examples of herbivores.

Deer

Rabbit

Remember! An adult human has 32 teeth. The front teeth that are used for cutting are called incisors. The long, sharp teeth that are used for tearing are called canines. The teeth that are at the back and are used for grinding are called premolars and molars.

Carnivores Animals that eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores. These animals have long and sharp teeth that help them tear the flesh of their prey. Tigers, lions and foxes are some examples of carnivores. Birds like eagles and owls also eat flesh with the help of their hooked beaks.

Tiger

Owl

Bear

Crow

Omnivores Animals that eat both plants and the flesh of other animals are called omnivores. They have sharp front teeth for tearing flesh and flat, strong grinding teeth that help them chew plant food. Humans, bears and crows are examples of omnivorous animals. prey: animals that are hunted for food 162

Scavengers Scavengers feed on the flesh of animals that are already dead. They have sharp beaks or teeth to tear flesh. Examples of scavengers include vultures, jackals and hyenas.

Vultures

Hyenas

Did You Know? Lice, ticks and fleas are parasites. They live on the body of another living being, and suck their blood for their food.

Pause and Answer Write one word for the following. 1. Animals that eat only plants. 2. Animals that eat both plants and meat. 3. Animals that eat the flesh of other animals. 4. Animals that eat the flesh of animals that are already dead. 5. Animals that depend on hosts for their food.

Adaptation for Survival Animals have special adaptations to help them survive. Some animals have adaptations for hunting, like sharp claws or good eyesight. Other animals have adaptations to stay safe, like blending in with their surroundings or having tough shells. Let us learn about some of these amazing adaptations and how they help animals survive.

Physical Adaptations Camouflage Many animals have adapted themselves well to the environment or to protect themselves from predators. Some animals have specific colours or markings on their body. These features help them blend well into their surroundings through camouflage. Some examples of camouflage are as follows: •

Chameleons change their body colour according to their surroundings.

Chapter 8 • Adaptation in Animals

163

•

he fur of the arctic fox is grey and brown in summer to camouflage with rocks T and dry plants. In winter, its fur turns white to match the colour of snow, helping it to escape from its predators.

•

stick insect looks like a stick or a twig, making it difficult to spot when it is A sitting on a tree branch.

Chameleon

Arctic fox

Stick Insect

Beaks and Claws Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food. Different birds have different types of beaks. •

The strong and sharp beak of the eagle helps it tear the flesh of its prey.

•

he sharp, strong and curved beak of the parrot helps it break nuts and fruits. It T also helps them to climb trees.

•

he duck’s broad and flat beak helps it catch fish and insects. While catching fish, T the holes present on its beak drain out the water.

•

The short and thick beak of the sparrow helps it pick up small grains and seeds.

Strong and sharp beak of an eagle

Sharp and curved beak of a parrot

Broad and flat beak of a duck

Short and thick beak of a sparrow

Birds have different types of claws at the end of their toes, which help them to jump, pick up food, and move around. •

agles, vultures and hawks have four sharp E and hooked claws. These claws help them to catch other animals.

•

oodpeckers and cuckoos have long curved W claws that help them to climb trees.

164

Sharp and hooked claw of an eagle

Long curved claws of a woodpecker

Strong Limbs Monkeys have long limbs to swing from one branch to another. The long tail of the monkey helps in balancing its body while swinging on tree branches. Animals, such as zebras and deer have strong legs that help them to run fast in times of danger.

Behavioural Adaptations

Long limbs of a monkey

Behavioural adaptations refer to the actions that animals take to survive. Let us learn more about this.

Migration When animals move from one place to another in search of food, to reproduce and to protect themselves from harsh climate, it is called migration. For example, Siberian cranes migrate from Siberia to Bharatpur in Rajasthan, India in winters. Siberia is located near the poles and it is extremely cold during winter. Therefore, Siberian cranes are unable to survive the extreme cold in their normal habitat, which is why they migrate to warmer places like India. Similarly, wildebeest migrate to search for food. They live in southwestern Africa, where food becomes scarce by the end of the summer. So, they follow the rain to get fresh food and water.

A flock of Siberian cranes migrate from Siberia to India in winters.

Wildebeest Migration

Hibernation Some animals like bears, lizards and bats sleep throughout the winter to protect themselves from extremely cold and harsh conditions. This is called hibernation. During hibernation, the animal’s body temperature drops, and their breathing slows down, thereby reducing their energy usage. These animals eat extra food in summer and store it as fat, which they use as energy while they are in a state of hibernation.

A bear preparing for hibernation.

Did You Know? Bears can lose about one-third of their body weight during hibernation! So a 210 kg-bear could lose around 70 kg of its weight!

Group Living Some animals such as buffalo, elephants, fish and birds live in groups to protect their young ones. Chapter 8 • Adaptation in Animals

Elephants live in groups. 165

Wonders of Bharat Jim Corbett National Park is located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India. This park is home to many different animals, including Bengal tigers, elephants, deer and leopards. It helps protect these animals and their natural habitat.

Word Splash habitat: the natural place where an animal lives and grows

adaptations: features that help animals survive in their habitat aquatic animals: animals that live in freshwater or seawater predators: animals that hunt other animals for food

camouflage: the ability of animals to blend in with their surroundings

migration: mass movement of fish, bird and animals from one place to another hibernation: a long winter sleep

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about adaptation in animals.

Points to Remember

166

•

The natural place where an animal lives and grows is called its habitat.

•

The features that help animals survive in their habitat are called adaptations.

•

here are four main habitats of animals—forests, deserts, aquatic and polar T regions.

•

nimals are grouped based on their eating habits—herbivores, carnivores, A omnivores and scavengers.

•

nimals have different adaptations in their bodies and vary in their behaviour A to protect themselves from their enemies.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. The features that help animals to survive and grow are called Habitat

Adaptation

Environment

Climate

B. Which organ helps terrestrial animals breathe? Lungs

Gills

Air holes

Stomata

C. When a chameleon sits on a branch of a tree, which of the following colours will be suitable to hide from its predators? Yellow

Red

Brown

Blue

D. Which of the following animals undergo hibernation? Humans

Crows

Elephant

Bear

2. Fill in the blanks. A. Animals that eat only plants are called

B. Hyenas and vultures are examples of

C. The long winter sleep of animals is called D. Lice is a

3. Write True or False. A. Omnivores depend on hosts for their food. B. Animals live in groups to protect their young ones. C. Migration helps animals hide from predators. D. The long tail of the monkey helps in balancing the body. 4. Match the following. A. Stick insect

i. hibernation

B. Siberian cranes

ii. scavenger

C. Jackal

iii. migration

D. Bear

iv. camouflage

Chapter 8 • Adaptation in Animals

167

5. Short-answer questions. A. Why do birds have different types of beaks? B. Mention two adaptations that you see in animals living in polar regions. C. How are omnivores different from scavengers? D. Why do animals migrate? 6. Long-answer questions. A. Explain different characteristic features of a camel that help it survive in deserts. B. Define camouflage. Explain with the help of 2 examples. C. Differentiate between herbivores, carnivores and omnivores with examples of each. 7. Picture-based question. A. Look at the bird’s beak carefully. Guess what kind of food does it eat?

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

B. Can you name the bird?

Challenge (HOTS) 1. What would happen if polar bears were left in the desert? 2. In the food chain, which type of animals—herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or scavengers, according to you, are the most important? Justify your answer.

SDG

168

Clean and Green Earth

Chapter Overview Clean and Green Earth Our Environment

Pollution

Waste Management

Green Surroundings

Get Set Let us recite a poem together! INTEGRATED

The sun that shines, the rain that falls, The whispers of the wind that calls. Every creature, big and small, A part of nature, loved by all. Let's protect this earth we share, Show we truly, deeply care. For clean air and water pure, A healthy world, let's ensure.

Our Environment SDG

Shashi goes to picnic at the park with her family. After reaching the park, Shashi tells her mother, “Mumma, this place is so beautiful! I wish it always remains like this.” To this, her mother replies, “Yes, you are right. It is beautiful. And it is our responsibility to keep it like this forever. For this, we need to protect our environment.” Chapter 9 • Clean and Green Earth

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Our environment includes everything around us. It consists of both living and nonliving things. We depend on our environment for many things. • We get food, water and air from the environment. • We also get medicines, gum, paper and other useful things from it. But humans have become greedy and caused harm to the environment to get more of everything that it offers. The forests have been cut down to make houses, malls, roads and buildings. Animals are being slaughtered for their fur, leather, teeth and horns.

Remember! The environment includes the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land on which we live.

Pollution Pollution is caused by the addition of unwanted and harmful substances to our environment. These substances affect air, water and soil, making them unsafe for living things. These unwanted substances are called pollutants. Let us learn about the different types of pollution.

Air Pollution When harmful substances like smoke and chemicals are released into the air, making the air dirty and unfit for breathing, it is called air pollution. Causes of air pollution: • Burning of fuels such as petrol, diesel and coal.

• Emission of smoke and other harmful gases from factories and automobiles.

Air Pollution

• Burning waste in open areas.

Air pollution can cause serious health problems to humans, and harm animals and plants as well. When harmful gases in the air mix with rain, it results in acid rain. This rain damages buildings, and harms plants and animals as well. SDG

Steps to control air pollution: • Use more public transport like buses and trains. • Use vehicles that run on green fuels like CNG. • Plant more trees.

emission: the release of something as gas or particles in air or water slaughtered: killed in a way that is cruel and unnecessary 170

Investigate and Discover Aim: To understand how air pollution affects cotton balls kept in different locations Materials Needed: 2 cotton balls, 2 transparent jars or containers Method: Step 1: Place one cotton ball in a jar and keep it in a room. Place the second cotton ball in another jar and leave it outside your home at a place facing a busy road with traffic. Do not close the lid of the jar. Step 2: After a few days, take out both the cotton balls and compare them. Step 3: Note the differences in the appearance of the cotton balls. Findings: We will see that the cotton ball that was kept outside turned more grey or brown in colour. Conclusion: Air outside is polluted. This is proved on comparing the two cotton balls.

Water Pollution When harmful substances get into rivers, lakes, oceans and other water bodies, making it dirty and unsafe for living things, it is called water pollution. Causes of water pollution:

• Human activities such as dumping waste and washing clothes in rivers and ponds.

Water Pollution • Factories and industries often release harmful chemicals and untreated waste into rivers, lakes and oceans.

All of this makes the water unfit for human consumption and causes diseases like typhoid, cholera and dysentery. It also harms the plants and animals that live in or depend on that water body. SDG

Steps to control water pollution:

• Avoid disposing of waste and untreated chemicals into water bodies.

• Ensure dirty or waste water is properly treated before releasing it into rivers, lakes or oceans.

Did You Know?

The River Ganga is one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to industrial waste and sewage. In 2014, the Government of India started a special program called the Namami Gange project. This project aims to clean the river and make its water safe again.

• Use fewer chemicals like pesticides and fertilisers, as these can seep into water sources and pollute them. Chapter 9 • Clean and Green Earth

171

Land Pollution

The addition of harmful substances into soil is called land or soil pollution. Causes of land pollution:

• Throwing wastes like food waste, plastics and glass in open areas. • Improper discarding of electronic wastes like old computers, phones and batteries. • Discarding chemical waste from factories in agricultural fields. Chemicals spoil the quality of the soil and pollute it.

As the soil gets damaged due to land pollution, it affects the growth of trees, plants and crops. SDG

Steps to control land pollution:

Land Pollution

• Sort household waste as wet waste and dry waste for proper disposal.

• Dump wastes like fruit and vegetable peels into pits to turn into manure. • Use manures instead of fertilisers and pesticides in farms.

Pause and Answer Write the type of pollution caused by the following. 1. Smoke from factories and vehicles. 2. Dumping garbage in a river. 3. Throwing plastic bottles in an open ground.

Waste Management Types of Waste

Wastes can be of two types: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. • Biodegradable wastes are the wastes that easily decompose and mix with the soil. For example, fruit and vegetable peels, leftover foods, paper, plant leaves and eggshells. We can throw biodegradable waste into soil pits where it can change into manure. These pits are called compost pits.

Biodegradable Wastes

discarding: throwing away fertilisers: chemicals added to fields to help plants grow pesticides: chemicals added to fields to kill animals and insects that eat away crops 172

• Non-biodegradable wastes are the wastes that do not decompose and mix with the soil. Examples of non-biodegradable wastes are plastic, glass and metals.

Think and Tell Imagine you are on a picnic and you have leftovers, a plastic bottle and some paper napkins. Which items would you throw in a compost pit?

Non-biodegradable Wastes

The 3Rs

One day, Riya found an old pickle jar in the kitchen. Instead of throwing it away, she cleaned it, and turned it into a beautiful pencil holder. She showed it to her teacher INTEGRATED the next day. The teacher was really happy. She explained to the class, “The way Riya recycled the old jar into a pencil holder, in the same way, we can also reuse and recycle things to reduce wastage, and help save the environment.” Let us learn about some important ways to save our planet.

Reduce It means to decrease the use of things that release harmful substances in the environment. By reducing waste, we keep our environment clean and save our natural resources. For example: • Use cloth or jute bags instead of plastic bags.

• Use metal spoons and straws instead of plastic ones.

A jute bag

Reuse It means finding new ways to use old items instead of throwing them away. This helps save our money and resources. For example: • Use glass jars to store food. • Reuse old boxes to store things.

Glass jars to store food

Recycle Paper, plastic, glass and metal wastes should be sold to the scrap dealer and sent for recycling. In recycling units, they are turned into new products. This saves money, water and other resources that go into making new items. Recycling reduces pollution in the environment. For example: • Paper is recycled into tissue paper or handmade paper. • Tin cans are recycled to make new cans.

Paper for recycling

scrap dealer: a person who buys and sells old things Chapter 9 • Clean and Green Earth

173

Pause and Answer Write ‘B’ for biodegradable wastes and ‘N’ for non-biodegradable wastes.

Green Surroundings Trees play a key role in keeping the environment clean and green. They keep the air fresh by adding oxygen to it. They also keep the surroundings cool as they release water vapours through leaves. Trees also hold the soil tightly and stop soil erosion. However, we cut down trees to get paper, rubber and wood. The large scale cutting down of trees is called deforestation. Deforestation harms our surroundings and destroys the natural habitat of animals.

Deforestation

Did You Know? It takes an entire tree to create just 3 to 4 textbooks.

Saving Trees To save our environment, we need to plant more trees than we cut down. Planting trees in large numbers is called afforestation. In India, Van Mahotsav is celebrated for a week every year in July. During these seven days, millions of trees are planted across the country, promoting afforestation and environmental awareness. SDG

We should also use paper wisely because a lot of trees are cut down to make paper. Reusing and recycling paper saves a lot of trees.

Wonders of Bharat The Rock Garden is a sculpture garden located in Chandigarh. This garden is based on the concept of ‘best out of waste’. It is made up of household and industrial wastes. erosion: (here) removal of the topmost, fertile layer of soil habitat: natural home of a living organism 174

The Rock Garden

Word Splash pollution: the addition of unwanted or harmful substances in the environment pollutants: unwanted substances that affect the environment acid rain: when harmful gases in the air mix with rain

compost pits: pits or holes in the soil where biodegradable wastes are collected to turn them into manure deforestation: large scale cutting down of trees afforestation: planting trees in large numbers

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about pollution.

Points to Remember • Our environment consists of living and non-living things around us. • There are three main types of pollution—air, water and land pollution. • Pollution damages the environment and harms living things. • Waste management helps to dispose of our waste in an efficient manner. • Reduce, reuse and recycle are the three main ways of waste management. • To save our environment, we need to plant more trees than we cut down.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. Which of the following harms the environment?

Pollutants

Water

Air

Plants

B. What happens when harmful gases mix with rain?

It becomes hot water.

It makes the air fresh.

Chapter 9 • Clean and Green Earth

It turns into acid rain. It helps plants grow.

175

C. Which of the following items can be recycled?

Food waste

Potato peels

Water

D. Which of the following causes land pollution?

Paper

Planting vegetables

Using soil for farming

Throwing waste in open areas Watering plants regularly

2. Fill in the blanks. A. Fruit and vegetable peels are

waste.

wastes do not decompose.

rain is rain mixed with harmful chemicals.

D. Trees prevent soil

3. Write True or False. A. Burning of fuels causes air pollution. B. Water pollution leads to diseases like typhoid and cholera. C. Land pollution is good for the soil. D. We must follow the 3Rs for waste management. E. Afforestation is harmful to our environment. 4. Short-answer questions. A. Write two human actions that harm the environment. B. Why is acid rain harmful? C. Suggest two ways to control land pollution. D. What is soil erosion? E. What is the importance of Van Mahotsav? 5. Long-answer questions. A. What are the causes of air pollution? How can we prevent it? B. How are biodegradable wastes different from non-biodegradable wastes? Give examples of each. C. Explain the 3Rs of waste management. D. How are trees important for humans? Write any three ways. SDG

176

E. Write 3 things you can do to save the environment?

SDG

6. Picture-based questions. A. What are the cows eating? B. Is it safe for them to eat? Why or why not? C. How would it affect our health?

Challenge (HOTS) SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

SDG

1. Rahul visits Mumbai. He sees the seashore littered with plastic bags, bottles, batteries and other types of wastes. How does this affect the animals living in and near the sea? Mention any two ways. 2. Out of paper, plastic and glass which material do you think is most important to recycle and why?

Life Skills SEL

Imagine you see someone throwing garbage on the ground in your school playground. • How would you respond to this situation? • Explain why it is important to take responsibility for keeping our environment clean.

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Weather Around Us

Chapter Overview Weather Around Us What is Weather?

Factors Affecting Weather

The Role of the Sun

Circulation of Air

Circulation of Water

Get Set Identify the weather and write it in the blanks given below each card.

What is Weather? Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. Has it ever happened that you were out and it was dark and cloudy, but suddenly it became bright and sunny? This happens because weather can quickly change from day to day and hour to hour. Weather can be hot, cold, windy, dry or humid.

178

It is always useful to know the weather beforehand so that you can plan your day better. If you know it is going to rain, you will take an umbrella with you. Scientists who study, observe and forecast the weather are known as meteorologists. Climate is the weather pattern of a specific place for a longer period of time. We know that the climate of hilly areas is generally cold and chilly, while deserts have a hot and dry climate.

Did You Know? Crickets chirp more frequently as the temperature rises. That is why we can hear more crickets chirping in summer evenings.

Weekly Weather Report

Factors Affecting Weather INTEGRATED

Ravi lives in Chennai. He was playing outside in the sun when he got a call from his cousin Tara, who lives in Kashmir. Tara excitedly told Ravi that it was snowing in Kashmir. Ravi wondered why the weather was so different at these two places at the same time. The weather of a place depends upon different factors. Let us know about some of them. •

istance from the sea: Seas get heated up and cooled down at a slower rate D compared to land. That is why coastal areas are cooler in summer than areas which are far from the sea. Similarly, coastal areas are warmer in winters than other areas.

•

Sunlight: It heats up the Earth, making its surface and the surrounding atmosphere warmer. This, in turn, affects the weather of a place.

•

Humidity: It is the amount of water vapour present in the air. Generally, the areas with high humidity are warmer, while those with low humidity are cooler.

•

Clouds: Clouds can block the heat and light from the Sun reaching the Earth’s surface, making that area cooler.

•

Wind: Fast moving air is called wind. Depending on the direction the wind blows, it brings hot or cool air. This, in turn, affects the weather of a place.

beforehand: in advance forecast: predict meteorologist: a scientist who studies the Earth’s atmosphere and the weather Chapter 10 • Weather Around Us

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Pause and Answer Name the following. 1. The condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. 2. Scientists who study, observe and forecast the weather. 3. The weather pattern of a specific place for a longer period of time. 4. The amount of water vapour present in air.

The Role of the Sun The Sun plays an important role in causing weather changes. At noon, it is directly overhead, making the weather hotter. Conversely, during the morning and evening, the sunrays strike the Earth at a slant. As a result, the Earth’s surface does not heat up as much. Therefore, afternoons are generally hotter than mornings and evenings.

The positions of the Sun during the day.

Error Alert! The Sun is not the only factor that determines the weather of a place. Other factors, like cloud cover and green cover, can also affect the weather.

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Circulation of Air When the sun shines brightly, it not only heats up the land but also the air above that area of land. When air heats up, it becomes lighter and rises above. Heavier and cooler air rushes in to take its place. This movement of air causes the winds to blow. Breeze: Gentle wind is known as a breeze.

WARM AIR

COLD AIR

Movement of Air

Gale: Strong wind is known as a gale. Storms: Very strong winds are known as storms.

Think and Tell When a lighted matchstick is blown out, the smoke rises upwards. Why?

Sea Breeze During the day, the sun heats up the land and also the air above it. Since land heats up faster than water, the air above the land becomes warm and rises up. As a result, the cool air from the sea rushes towards the land. This movement of air from the sea to the land is called sea breeze.

Warm air from land

Cool air from ocean

SEA COOLER

LAND WARMER

Sea Breeze

Land Breeze During the night, the land cools down faster than the sea. This makes the air above the land cooler, while the air above the sea stays warmer. As a result, the cool air from the land rushes towards the sea. This movement of air from the land to the sea is called land breeze.

Chapter 10 • Weather Around Us

Warm air from ocean

Cool air from Land

SEA WARMER

LAND COOLER

Land Breeze

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Pause and Answer Complete the following table. Type of breeze

Direction

Time

Land Breeze Sea Breeze

Circulation of Water Water is an important part of our everyday lives. It exists in three major states: solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (steam or water vapour).

Water Cycle The water cycle is the continuous movement of water from the earth’s surface to the sky and back again. There are four stages involved in the water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection. Let us learn about them. •

•

ater in different water bodies gets W heated up by sunlight and changes into water vapour. This process is called evaporation. hen water vapour moves up in W the atmosphere, it cools down into water droplets, which combine to form clouds. This process is called condensation.

•

hen clouds become heavy with W water droplets, the water falls back to the earth in the form of rain or snow. This process is called precipitation.

•

he water falling on the ground T flows into different water bodies like rivers, oceans, lakes and ponds. This process is called collection.

The entire process of the water cycle is repeated again.

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CONDENSATION

EVAPORATION

PRECIPITATION

COLLECTION

Water Cycle

Remember! More than two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered with water.

Do and Learn

Take a transparent glass or jar. With the help of an adult, pour a little bit of boiling water in the glass or jar. What do you observe? Do you see steam rising from the water? Cover the glass or jar with a plate and wait for a few minutes. Observe the bottom of the plate. Do you see water drops forming at the bottom of the plate?

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

Describe to your friends the various stages of water cycle with the help of this experiment.

Investigate and Discover Aim: To demonstrate the process of evaporation

Materials Needed: A plastic container, water and marker Method:

Step 1: Fill the container with water. Use a marker to mark the water level on the container. Step 2: Place the container in the sun and leave it undisturbed for a few hours.

Evaporation of Water

Step 3: Observe the water level in the container after a few hours.

Findings: The water level in the container goes down. The water gets heated up due to the sun’s heat and eventually evaporates. Conclusion: The above experiment shows how water evaporates due to the heat of the sun.

Types of Precipitation When water falls on the ground in any form, it is called precipitation. Let us learn about its types. •

Rain: It is the liquid form of precipitation. When clouds become heavy, water falls down in the form of rain.

•

Rain

Snowflakes: At low temperatures, the water vapours in the clouds suddenly cool down and form tiny white crystals called snowflakes.

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183

•

Hail: When water falling down as rain passes through the cold regions of the atmosphere, it freezes to form small ice balls called hail.

• Dew

•

Hail

Dew: After a cold night, we see tiny drops of water on leaves in the early morning. These water drops are called dew.

Frost: At low temperatures, the dew freezes into tiny white crystals called frost. Frost

•

og or mist: Fog forms when water vapour condenses F into tiny droplets around dust particles in the air, reducing visibility. Thin fog is called mist.

Fog

Wonders of Bharat Heavy rains and snowfalls are common in the northern and far-eastern parts of India. The central part and the Thar regions receive scanty to no rainfall. The coast and the regions near it receive a healthy amount of rainfall. The heaviest rainfall in the world is in Mawsynram in Meghalaya. This shows that India has a unique mix of weather and climatic conditions.

Word Splash weather: the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time climate: the weather condition of a place for a longer duration of time breeze: gentle wind gale: strong wind storms: very strong winds sea breeze: the movement of air from the sea to the land land breeze: the movement of air from the land to the sea water cycle: the continuous movement of water from the earth’s surface to the sky and back again precipitation: when water falls on the ground in any form

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about weather.

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Points to Remember •

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time.

•

he continuous movement of water from the earth’s surface to the sky and back T again is called the water cycle.

•

• •

unlight, humidity, wind, clouds and distance from the sea are some factors S affecting weather.

here are four stages in a water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation T and collection.

There are six types of precipitation: rain, snowflakes, hail, dew, frost, fog or mist.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. What is the time and direction of the flow of the land breeze? Sea to land during the day

Sea to land at night

Land to sea during the day

Land to sea at night

B. What is the main source of energy that drives the water cycle? Wind

Sun

Moon

Stars

C. Which of the following is NOT a type of precipitation? Gale

Hail

Dew

Frost

2. Fill in the blanks. A.

is the liquid form of precipitation.

B. Thin fog is called

breeze is during the night.

breeze is during the day.

3. Write True or False. A. At night, the land cools down much faster than the sea. B. Breeze is a strong wind. C. Storm is a gentle wind. D. Hail is thin fog. Chapter 10 • Weather Around Us

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4. Circle the odd one out. A. Storm

Dew

Breeze

Gale

B. Wind

Frost

Rain

Hail

C. Condensation

Collection

Water cycle

Water purification

5. Short-answer questions. A. How is weather different from climate?

B. Name some factors affecting the weather of a place.

C. Why are mornings and evenings cooler than afternoons? D. How does the wind blow?

E. Name different types of precipitation. 6. Long-answer questions. A. How is sea breeze different from land breeze? B. Explain the role of the sun in changing weather. C. Draw a well-labelled diagram of the water cycle. Explain the different steps involved in it.

ART

7. Picture-based questions. A. What do you think this chart shows?

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

B. Which days are the hottest? C. What kind of clothes would you wear on those days? D. Looking at the chart, can you guess the climate of this place?

10-DAY WEATHER FORECAST

TODAY 9/10

THU

10/10

FRI

11/10

SAT

12/10

SUN

13/10

MON 14/10

TUE

15/10

WED 16/10

THU

17/10

FRI

18/10

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34O 22

Hazy sun

35O 22

Hazy sun

34O 21

Hazy sun

35O 20

Hazy sunshine

34O 20

Hazy sunshine

34O 20

Hazy sunshine

37O 21

Hazy sunshine and hot

38O 21

Hazy with plenty of sun

38O 21

Hazy with plenty of sun

34O 20

Plenty of sunshine

Night: Clear

Clear

Challenge (HOTS)

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

Imagine you are planning a picnic. How would you use the weather information to decide if it is a good day for a picnic or not? What kind of weather would you avoid?

Life Skills

GAMES

It is important to be active and play sports. On regular days, we can play outdoor games like cricket, tennis, badminton and football. However, on rainy or very hot days, we can play indoor games like Ludo, snakes and ladders, carrom, and Scrabble. Indoor games are also good for our mental development. Have a good time playing these games!

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PROJECT 2 Reuse and Recycle Objectives: Students will understand the concept of reusing and recycling materials to protect the environment.

Materials Needed: Used plastic bottles, cans, cardboard, scissors, glue, tape, paint or markers, a small compost bin, paper, pencils, a box or bin Step 1: Learn About Reuse and Recycle

Study the basics of Reuse and Recycle, as concepts, from textbooks or online resources. Understand their importance and how they impact the environment. Step 2: Collect Reusable Items

Gather items from home that are usually thrown away—plastic bottles, cardboard and aluminium cans. Step 3: Sort the Items

Sort the collected items based on whether they can be reused or recycled. Step 4: Reuse

Use the sorted items to create something useful, such as turning plastic bottles into plant pots or aluminium cans into pencil holders. Step 5: Recycle

Work together with your friends or classmates to collect all the recyclable items together. You can then give it away to a scrap dealer for recycling. Step 6: Make a Compost Bin

Set up a compost bin for organic waste. Collect and throw organic wastes like leftover or stale food, fruit and vegetable peels, and things like eggshells. This can be turned to manure and used for gardening. Project Output: Now you have created useful items from waste. Share your experience in the class.

Final Outcome: This hands-on project will help you understand the importance of reusing and recycling materials; and how they can positively impact the environment by reducing waste output. To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

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Assessment 2 A Beautiful Butterfly Maya saw a beautiful butterfly flying from flower to flower. Later, when she read about butterflies, she learnt that butterflies start their life as an egg on a leaf. After a few days, the egg hatches into a small caterpillar that eats leaves and grows bigger. Then, the caterpillar forms a cocoon called pupa, where it rests and changes its form. Maya was amazed to find out that after some time, the pupa changes completely to a butterfly! The cycle then starts again when the butterfly lays new eggs. Maya looked at the butterfly in her garden and thought how amazing its life story is.

1. What are the four stages of a butterfly’s life cycle? A. Egg, tadpole, frog, adult frog B. Seed, sapling, tree, fruit C. Egg, caterpillar, pupa, butterfly 2. What happens at the pupa stage? A. The butterfly lays eggs. B. The caterpillar starts changing into a butterfly. C. The caterpillar goes for a long sleep. 3. Why do you think butterflies lay their eggs on leaves? What might happen if the eggs were laid somewhere else, like on the ground? 4. The changing of the caterpillar to a butterfly is called metamorphosis. Can you name another animal that goes through metamorphosis in its life cycle? Describe its stages. To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed. Assessment 2

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Model Test Paper - 2 Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour 1

Total Marks: 40

Tick () the correct answer. A

(1 × 5 marks)

Which of these is not an aquatic plant? a

Duckweed

Hydrilla

Water lettuce

Coconut tree

Which of the following is a mammal? a

Cockroach

Cat

Frog

Fish

Which organs help terrestrial animals to breathe? a

Lungs

Gills

Air holes

Stomata

What happens when harmful gases mix with rain? a

It becomes hot water.

It makes the air fresh.

It turns into acid rain

It helps plants to grow.

Which of the following is not a type of precipitation? a

Hail

Dew

Frost

Breeze

2 Fill in the blanks.

albumin A

(1 × 5 marks) mist

scavengers

deciduous

non-biodegradable

Hyenas and vultures are examples of

B The soft and white jelly-like substance present inside the

egg shell is called

D Thin fog is called

wastes do not decompose.

E Trees that shed all their leaves once a year are called

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trees.

3 Write ONE word for the following.

(1 × 5 marks)

A The natural environment where a living thing lives.

B The ability of animals to blend in with their surroundings. C Planting trees in large numbers.

D A small worm-like creature that hatches from the egg. E The weather condition of a place for a longer duration

of time.

4 Write True or False. A

The long tail of the monkey helps in balancing the body.

Cacti are found in marshy areas.

C D E

(1 × 5 marks)

At night, the land cools down much faster than the sea. Burning of fuels causes air pollution. Mammals generally do not lay eggs.

5 Picture-based questions. A

Name the process shown in the image.

Identify and label 1, 2, 3 and 4 marked in the image.

Describe the transformation of stage 2 into stage 3.

6 Answer the following questions in short. A

What is soil erosion?

Why do coconut trees have flexible trunks?

Name different types of precipitation.

Why do birds have different types of beaks?

7 Answer the following questions in detail.

(1 + 2 + 1 marks) 1

4 3

(2 × 4 marks)

(4 × 2 marks)

How are terrestrial plants different from aquatic plants? Explain with examples.

Explain the 3 Rs of waste management.

Model Test Paper - 2

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SOCIAL SCIENCE 8 The Climate of India ��193 9 Forests and Wildlife ��200 10 Soils of India ��208 11 Water Resources of India ��215 12 Mineral Resources of India ��222 13 Agriculture and Livestock ��229 14 Industries ��237 Project 2 ��244 Assessment 2 ��245 Model Test Paper-2 ��246

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The Climate of India Chapter Overview The Climate of India

Weather and Climate

Seasons of India

Get Set Read aloud the poem given below with expressions. INTEGRATED

Rainy days are full of fun, Raindrops sparkle in the sun. Puddles form for us to splash, Thunder booms and lightning flash. Umbrellas open, boots go on, We dance and play until it’s gone.

Weather and Climate Weather is what the sky and the air are like each day, such as sunny, rainy or windy. For example, if it is raining today—that describes the weather today.

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Climate is the pattern of weather conditions at a place over many decades. For example, it is generally hot and dry in a desert. While it can be rainy on some days in the desert, but its climate remains hot and dry most of the year. Landforms play a major role in the climate of a place.

Do and Learn

INTEGRATED

A rainy day in Delhi

Scientists use different instruments to study changes in the weather. They can measure changes in temperatures throughout the day, the amount of rainfall, in which direction the wind is blowing and more. Find out about any two instruments that are used to study weather. Paste their pictures in your notebook and write their uses in 3–4 lines under the picture.

Remember! India has varied landforms such as the Northern Mountains, the Northern Plains, the Great Indian Desert, the Southern Plateau and the Coastal Plains and Islands. Each of these landforms has different climatic conditions.

The climate of each place depends on many factors. Some of them are: • Location: Places near the equator are warmer, while places near the poles are colder. • Altitude: The higher up we go into the mountains, the colder it gets.

• Distance from sea: Places near oceans or seas are neither too hot nor too cold.

Did You Know? The India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides weather reports in India. It also issues warnings for floods, cyclones, earthquakes and other natural disasters.

Pause and Answer Read the given sentences. Write ‘W’ next to the sentence that indicates weather. Write ‘C’ next to the sentence that indicates climate. 1. It is cloudy today.

2. It is cold in Ladakh.

3. Rajasthan is a hot place.

4. Tomorrow will be a rainy day. decade: a period of ten years

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Seasons of India The periods into which a year can be divided, with each period having its own type of weather conditions, are called seasons. There are five seasons in India. Let us learn more about them.

Spring

In India, spring usually lasts from March to April. The weather is warm, flowers bloom and trees grow new leaves. It is a colourful and pleasant time when the weather is neither too hot nor too cold.

Think and Tell Which festivals are celebrated in India during spring?

Summer

Summer in India spans from May to June. It is the hottest time of the year, with temperatures often rising above 40°C (104°F) in many places. During summer, days are longer than nights. The northern part of India and some parts of the Southern Plateau experience hot and dry winds known as loo. People enjoy summer fruits like mangoes and often use fans and air conditioners to stay cool. Schools also declare summer holidays in this season.

A hot summer day in north India

The northern mountains do not get as hot as the plains. The coastal areas are not as hot as the plains either, as the breeze from the sea keeps these places cool.

Monsoon

The period from July to September is known as the monsoon season. During the hot summer months, winds blow from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the land. These winds carry a lot of moisture from the sea. They are called monsoon winds as they bring rains. Kerala is the first state to receive the monsoon rain, while Punjab is the last. The western coast, the north-eastern states, parts of the Northern Plains and parts of the Southern Plateau receive heavy rainfall. Meghalaya receives the heaviest rainfall in India. However, the Thar Desert in Rajasthan and the Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat receive scanty rain. Fruits like peaches, plums and cherries are available in monsoons. moisture: water present in the air in the form of vapour scanty: very little

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Do and Learn

GAMES

Many of us fall sick when a season changes. A good way to stay healthy is to exercise. Learn some exercises from your sports teacher to keep your body healthy so you don’t fall sick easily.

Autumn

SEL

Autumn in India lasts from October to November. The weather becomes cooler, and the skies are often clear. It is a time for many festivals, including Diwali. Some practices during festivals can pollute the environment. We must celebrate festivals in a way that does not harm the environment.

Winter

Winter in India is from December to February. This is the cold weather season, when days are short and nights are long. January is usually the coldest month. People wear warm clothes, like sweaters and jackets. The northern parts of India experience extreme cold, with several parts in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh experiencing snowfall. As we move towards the south, the cold decreases. In winters, we get groundnuts, leafy vegetables and apples.

Manali, Himachal Pradesh, after snowfall

Error Alert! Not all hill stations receive snowfall in winters. Only some places in the Himalayas do.

SDG

Many places in India are experiencing extreme and unexpected weather conditions, such as severe hot or cold days, droughts and floods. These changes occur mainly due to human actions like deforestation and pollution. We must plant more trees and protect nature to prevent such extreme changes in climate.

Destruction due to flood

Wonders of Bharat Mawsynram, a town in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, receives the most rainfall in India. It is known to be the wettest place in the world. Mawsynram, Meghalaya

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Word Splash weather: what the sky and the air are like each day climate: pattern of weather conditions at a place over many decades season: periods in a year, each with its own type of weather conditions monsoon winds: winds that bring rains to India

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about Mawsynram and why it receives such heavy rains.

Points to Remember • Weather is what the sky and the air are like each day, such as sunny, rainy or windy. • Climate is the pattern of weather conditions at a place over many decades. • The climate of a place depends on its: distance from the equator, altitude and distance from the sea. • Spring, autumn, winters, summers and monsoons are the main seasons of India.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. In which season are the nights longer than the days? a. Monsoon

b. Summer

c. Winter

B. Which of the following places receives the least amount of rainfall in India? a. Thar Desert

b. Mawsynram

c. Mumbai

C. Before going outside, Meena looks outside the window and checks the sky. What is Meena checking? a. Weather

Chapter 8 • The Climate of India

b. Climate

c. Season

197

2. Fill in the blanks. monsoon A. nor too cold.

moisture

loo

spring

season is pleasant, when it is neither too hot

B. The rainy season in India is also known as the

C. The hot wind that blows in the Northern Plains during summers is called . D. Monsoon winds carry a lot of

which turns into rain.

3. Write True or False. A. Some places in India do not have a summer season. B. Northern Plains receive snowfall. C. The monsoon season comes after the summer season. D. Autumn season comes after the spring season. 4. Match the following. A. Monsoon

May–June

B. Winter

ii. July–September

C. Summer

iii. November–February

5. Short answer questions. A. Name the different seasons in India. B. What are seasons? C. Name the state that is the last to receive monsoon. 6. Long answer questions. A. Explain the factors affecting climate change. THINK RATIONAL

B. What kind of climate will the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have? C. Explain weather and climate with the help of examples.

7. Picture-based questions. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions. A. Name any two places in India where this happens. B. In which months can we expect this to happen? 198

HOTS THINK RATIONAL

Mani and his friends live in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. They want to go on a trip during their Christmas holidays to escape the cold. Which of the following places will be better for their trip—Kashmir or Kerala? Give 2 reasons.

Life Skills Let us learn to maintain a weather journal. INTEGRATED

Steps:

1. Observe the weather conditions (sunny, warm, hot, rainy, cloudy cold, etc.) every day for 7 days. 2. Note the maximum and minimum temperature in your city or town every day for one week. You can find this in your local newspaper. 3. Record your observations in the table given below. Day

Date

Weather conditions

Maximum temperature

Minimum temperature

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Let us share the findings. No. of rainy days: Hottest day:

Coldest day:

Unusual weather conditions, if any:

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Forests and Wildlife

Chapter Overview Forests and Wildlife Importance of Forests

Types of Forests

Wildlife

Conservation

Get Set Look at the pictures given below and complete their names in the given blanks. INTEGRATED

A forest is a large area where a lot of trees grow, and where wild animals live. It provides shelter to many animals and help keep the air clean by producing oxygen. Forests are very important for supporting life.

Importance of Forests Forests are highly important part of the environment. Some of its uses are: •

Forests provide oxygen. That is essential for breathing.

•

They are home to many animals, birds and plants.

200

•

Forests help prevent soil erosion by holding the soil with their roots.

•

They provide us with resources like wood, fruits and medicinal plants.

•

Forests help maintain the water cycle by absorbing and releasing water.

•

They keep the air clean by absorbing harmful gases like carbon dioxide.

•

Many communities and tribes depend completely on forests for food, fuel for fire, and water.

Elephants in a forest

Did You Know? The Indian state of Madhya Pradesh has a rich forest cover. Some important medicinal plants found in these forests include ashwagandha, giloy, triphala, bael, neem, palash and chironji.

Types of Forests There are five main types of forests in India. Let us learn about them. 1. Evergreen forests: These forests have trees that keep their leaves all year round. They are found in different climatic zones in India, like the Western Ghats and the north-eastern states of India. Common trees include rosewood, ebony and mahogany. These forests remain green throughout the year. 2. Deciduous forests: These forests have trees that lose all their leaves once a year and then grow new leaves. They are found in the Southern Plateau region and the foothills of the Himalayas. Trees like teal, sal and sheesham are common in these forests. They are also called monsoon forests. 3. Thorny forests: These are dry, hot forests with trees that have thorns and small leaves to conserve water. They are found in desert regions like Rajasthan in India. Some of the common trees include babool and keekar.

Evergreen Forests

Deciduous Forests

soil erosion: the washing away of the top layer of the soil by wind or water in the absence of trees medicinal plants: plants whose flowers, seeds, roots, etc. are used to treat diseases

Thorny Shrubs

conserve: save Chapter 9 • Forests and Wildlife

201

4. Tidal forests or Mangrove forests: These forests are located in coastal areas and river deltas. One of the most famous tree found in these forests is the Sundari tree. The biggest tidal forest in the world is the Sundarbans in the Ganga and Brahmaputra delta. 5. Mountain or coniferous forests: These forests are found in cold regions at high altitudes, such as the Himalayan ranges in India. They have trees with needle-like leaves and cones, like pine, spruce, deodar and fir. These trees are well-suited to survive in harsh, snowy conditions. Mountain forests play an important role in preventing soil erosion and regulating water flow from melting snow. These forests are also evergreen in nature.

Tidal or Mangrove Forests

Mountain or Coniferous Forests

INDIA

FORESTS N

BAY OF B E NGA L

INDIAN OCEAN

Forest distribution in India altitude: the height of a place when measured from the sea level

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DS AN ISL

Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Evergreen Forest Thorny Forest Tidal Forest

LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS

ANDAM BAR AN AND NICO

AR ABIAN SEA

Map not MAP NOTto TO Scale SCALE

Pause and Answer Choose the correct option and fill in the blanks. 1. Mangrove forests are found in 2. The oak trees grow in the 3. Mangrove)

. (coastal areas/mountains) . (desert area/Himalayan mountains)

forests are found in cold regions at high altitudes. (Mountain/

Wildlife Wildlife includes all the animals, birds, insects and plants that are wild and live in a natural environment. For example, tigers, elephants, peacocks and snakes are part of India’s wildlife. It is important to protect wildlife. Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are special places where animals and plants are protected from hunting and destruction. These places allow wildlife to live safely in their natural homes. Some famous national parks in India are: •

The Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand is famous for its tigers and elephants.

•

The Ranthambore National Park in Rajasthan is known for its large population of Bengal tigers.

•

The Kaziranga National Park in Assam is famous for its one-horned rhinoceroses.

•

The Gir National Park in Gujarat is famous for Asiatic lions.

•

The Sundarban National Park in West Bengal is famous for its Royal Bengal tigers and saltwater crocodiles.

Rhinos, Kaziranga National Park

Asiatic lions, Gir National Park

Did You Know? The Asiatic lions are only found in India. They are endangered due to their small population. However, their numbers have increased in recent years due to conservation efforts.

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Do and Learn

ART

Collect pictures of four animals that are present in any one national park from the list given above. Paste the pictures in your notebook and write their names under the pictures.

Conservation SDG

We have learnt about the importance of forests. Forests are important because they provide us with fresh air, clean water and help keep the Earth cool. They are home to many animals and plants. Without forests, there would be more pollution and less rainfall. We can conserve forests by afforestation and reforestation. Afforestation is the planting of trees to create new forests, while reforestation involves replanting trees in forests that were cut down or destroyed earlier.

Think and Tell What would happen if we keep cutting down trees non-stop for our use?

Did You Know? India celebrates a special festival called Van Mahotsav every year. The festival takes place in the first week of July and is a fun way to show love and care for our environment.

In 1974, the people of Uttarakhand, India, came together to stop the cutting down of forests by hugging the trees. It was called the Chipko Movement. Sunderlal Bahuguna was the leader of this movement. He worked very hard to protect the forests in the Himalayas for many years. Sunderlal Bahuguna

Wonders of Bharat Keibul Lamjao National Park in Manipur is the world’s only floating national park. It is located in the south western part of the Loktak lake.

endangered: in danger of dying out from the world

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Keibul Lamjao National Park

Word Splash wildlife: all the animals, birds, insects and plants that are wild and live in a natural environment afforestation: planting new trees and creating new forests reforestation: replanting trees in forests that were cut down or destroyed earlier

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the national parks of India.

Points to Remember • A forest is a large area covered with trees, plants and wildlife. • Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are special areas where animals and plants are protected from hunting and destruction. • We can conserve forests by afforestation and reforestation.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. Which of the following do we get from forests? a. Hydrogen

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon dioxide

B. The Chipko Movement is related to: a. Protecting trees

b. Tiger conservation

c. Protecting wildlife C. What type of forests can we find near coastal areas? a. Deciduous

b. Evergreen

c. Mangrove

D. Which of these trees are found in deciduous forests? a. Sal Chapter 9 • Forests and Wildlife

b. Rubber

c. Coconut 205

2. Fill in the blanks. coniferous A.

Uttarakhand

evergreen

forests are green throughout the year.

B. The Chipko movement was started in the state of

C. The Himalayan forests are also called

forests.

3. Write True or False. A. All forests in India are coastal forests. B. National parks have been built in India for the conservation of water. C. Sundarlal Bahuguna was the leader of the Chipko Movement. D. Replanting trees that were cut down is called afforestation. 4. Match the following. A. Kaziranga National Park

Rajasthan

B. Jim Corbett National Park

ii.

Assam

C. Ranthambore National Park

iii. West Bengal

D. Sundarban National Park

iv. Uttarakhand

5. Short answer questions. A. Write any one benefit of wildlife sanctuaries. B. Write two ways to conserve forests. C. Give two examples of trees found in mangrove forests. 6. Long answer questions. A. What are evergreen forests? Explain with the help of two examples. THINK RATIONAL

B. There was a movement in India in which people hugged trees to save them. Explain about this movement in 30–40 words

7. Picture-based questions. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions. A. Name the type of forest. B. Where is this type of forest found in India? C. Give three examples of trees that grow in this forest. 206

HOTS SDG

Imagine you live in a small village near a large forest. The forest is home to many animals and provides the village with wood, fruit and herbs. Recently, a company has come to the village with an idea to cut down a part of the forest to build a factory. The factory would have provided jobs and income for the villagers, but cutting down the trees would have made the forest smaller and harmed the animals living there. If you were a part of the village panchayat, how would you have balanced the need for jobs with the need to conserve the forest? Give two suggestions and explain your reasons for each.

Life Skills INTEGRATED

Work with your friends and family to find five medicinal plants like tulsi, neem, etc. Collect fallen leaves from these plants and create a scrapbook. Mention their names and any two benefits of each plant. Display your scrapbook in the class.

Chapter 9 • Forests and Wildlife

207

Soils of India

Chapter Overview Soils of India Soil and Its Importance

Types of Soil

Erosion and Conservation

Get Set Tick (✓) the images that show something that plants need to grow.

Soil and Its Importance Soil is the top layer of the Earth where plants grow. It is made up of tiny rocks, minerals and organic matter. Soil is very important because it helps plants grow, which in turn provide us with food. Farmers need healthy soil to grow crops and vegetables. Soil also provides homes for many small animals and insects like earthworms. minerals: they occur naturally below the surface of the earth, like iron, copper, etc. organic matter: soil made up of things that were once alive, like plants and animals

208

Soil is formed over a long time when rocks break down into tiny pieces. Wind, water and sunlight slowly break down rocks into smaller bits. Dead plants and animals mix with these tiny rock pieces to make the soil rich and capable to support plants. This process can take hundreds of years to create just a thin layer of soil. Plants need healthy soil to grow.

Types of Soil There are six types of soil that are commonly found in India. Different types of soil are suitable for growing different types of crops. Let us learn about them.

INDIA SOILS

Alluvial Soil

BAY OF BENGAL

Alluvial Soil

ARABIAN SEA

Black Soil

ANDAM BAR AN AND NICO

Alluvial soil is very rich and fertile. It is made from sand, silt and clay carried by rivers. This soil is great for farming and is found in areas like the northern plains of India, including states, like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton grow well in alluvial soil.

Red Soil Laterite Soil

LAKSHADWEEP

Desert Soil Mixed Red, Black Grey and Brown Soil INDIAN OCEAN

DS AN ISL

Mountain Soil

SCALE Map MAP notNOTtoTOScale

Soil distribution in India

Think and Tell Alluvial soil

Why are the Northern Plains rich in alluvial soil?

Black Soil

Black soil is dark in colour and rich in minerals. Black soil is mostly found in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Other crops like sugarcane, millets and wheat also grow well in black soil. This type of soil retains water well, making it suitable for growing rice, sugarcane, millets and oilseeds.

Black soil

silt: fine particles of rocks and minerals that are carried by the flowing water of rivers

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209

Did You Know? Black soil is perfect for growing cotton, so it is often referred to as cotton soil.

Red Soil

Red soil is rich in iron, which gives it a reddish colour. It is found in areas with a warm climate. Although it is less fertile, it can grow crops with the right care. Red soil is mostly found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and parts of Andhra Pradesh. Crops like millets, groundnuts and cotton grow well in this soil.

Laterite Soil

Red soil

Laterite soil is reddish and forms in areas with heavy rainfall and high temperatures. It is rich in iron but needs fertilisers to grow crops effectively. Laterite soil is found in states like Kerala, Karnataka and Odisha. It is good for growing crops like tea, coffee, cashew nuts and coconut.

Desert Soil

Laterite soil

Desert soil is sandy, dry and does not hold much water. It is found in the hot, dry areas of India, especially in the state of Rajasthan. With the help of irrigation, some crops like millet, barley and pulses can grow in desert soil. Although it is not very fertile, proper watering can help these crops grow.

Mountain Soil

Desert soil

Mountain soil is found in hilly and mountainous areas. It is rich in organic matter known as humus, making it very fertile. This soil is found in the Himalayan regions of India, like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Mountain soil is good for growing crops like tea, coffee, spices and fruits such as apples and pears.

Pause and Answer Tick (✓) the correct statements. 1. Laterite soil is reddish in colour. 2. Black soil is found in the northern and coastal plains. 3. Mountain soil is rich in iron. 4. Alluvial soil is best for agriculture. organic matter: matter that has come from a recently living organism and is capable of decay 210

Do and Learn

Observe how soil reacts to water and how its texture changes through the following steps.

INTEGRATED

1. Collect one cup of soil from your neighbourhood.

2. Take a plastic glass and make a small hole at the bottom with a pencil. 3. Fill the glass halfway with soil.

4. Slowly pour water into the cup.

Does the soil change in any way? Note down how the soil changes after water is added. Check if the water is dripping from the small hole you made at the bottom of the glass. If no water is dripping from the hole, it means that the soil has absorbed all the water.

Erosion and Conservation Soil erosion occurs when wind or water washes away the top layer of soil, making it difficult for plants to grow. For example, heavy rains can cause soil to wash down hill slopes, or strong winds can blow soil away in dry areas. Erosion can lead to the loss of fertile soil and harm plants and crops. Deforestation is a major cause of soil erosion. When we cut down trees in large numbers and clear the forests for building houses, cities, roads, etc., it is called deforestation. SDG

Soil erosion due to strong flow of water.

Conserving soil is important because it helps plants grow and provides food for us. Soil conservation means protecting soil from being washed or blown away. To conserve soil, we can: •

Plant trees and grass to hold the soil in place. Planting trees in large numbers to form a forest is also called afforestation.

•

Use cover crops to protect the soil surface.

•

Build terraces on hillsides to slow down water.

•

Avoid overgrazing by animals.

•

Practice terrace farming on hill slopes and build embankments on rivers.

Terrace farming

cover crops: crops that are grown to cover the soil and hold it in place and not for harvest terrace farming: farming done on terraces that are carved into mountain slopes embankment: a thick wall of earth built to prevent water from flooding an area Chapter 10 • Soils of India

211

Discuss!

How do you think human activities like farming and construction add to soil erosion?

Wonders of Bharat Neelakurinji is a flower that blossoms only once in about 12 years. In the entire world, it is only found in the Western Ghats region of India. Many tourists travel to the Western Ghats to see the blooming of the Neelakurinji.

Neelakurinji flowers

Word Splash soil: the topmost layer of the earth’s surface soil erosion: a process through which the uppermost layer of the soil (topsoil) is lost from the land deforestation: cutting down of trees in large numbers to clear a forest soil conservation: the process of protecting soil from erosion afforestation: planting trees in large numbers to form a forest

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the importance of soil conservation.

Points to Remember • Soil erosion happens when wind or water washes away the top layer of soil, which can make it hard for plants to grow. • Conserving soil is important because it helps plants grow and provides food for us.

212

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. Which soil contains high amount of iron? a. Black soil

b. Alluvial soil

c. Red soil

B. Which is the most fertile soil? a. Alluvial soil

b. Desert soil

c. Mountain soil

C. Which of these crops can be grown in laterite soil? a. Cotton

b. Rubber

c. Wheat

2. Fill in the blanks. Odisha

Uttarakhand

Rajasthan

A. Desert soil can be found in

Gujarat .

B. Laterite soil can be found in

C. Mountain soil is mostly found in

D. Black soil is mostly found in

3. Write True or False. A. Laterite soil is found in coastal areas. B. Mountain soil is rich in humus. C. Desert soil is mainly made up of sand. D. Red soil can hold a lot of water. 4. Match the following. A. Alluvial Soil

B. Red Soil

ii. Groundnuts

C. Mountain Soil

iii. Wheat

D. Black Soil

iv. Cotton

Chapter 10 • Soils of India

Pears

213

5. Short answer questions. A. What is soil erosion? B. List two ways of preventing soil erosion. C. In which areas do we find alluvial soil? 6. Long answer questions. A. How is soil formed? B. Why is it important to conserve soil? THINK RATIONAL

C. How does terrace farming on hill slopes prevent soil erosion?

7. Picture-based questions. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions. A. What type of soil can you see in the given picture? B. Where can we find this type of soil in India? C. Name two crops that are grown in this type of soil.

HOTS Imagine you are a farmer. You need to choose which soil to use for growing rice, cotton and groundnuts. Based on what you know about each type of soil, which soil would you choose for each crop and why? You can choose one soil for all or different soils for each.

THINK RATIONAL

Life Skills Make a chart of different types of soils. To do this, take a sheet of chart paper and paste pictures of different types of soil. Then write their names and the names of three crops that can be grown in each type of soil. Then, write the areas where that type of soil is found in India. Display the chart in your class.

INTEGRATED

214

Water Resources of India

Chapter Overview Water Resources of India Need and Sources of Water

Means of Irrigation

Shortage of Water

Rainwater Harvesting

Get Set Choose words from the given box to solve the following riddles related to water. Pond

INTEGRATED

Well

River

1. I flow continuously from high mountains to the plains, moving through land to reach the sea. What am I? 2. I am a small body of water surrounded by land. I am not a lake and not very deep. What am I? 3. I am a hole dug deep into the ground to access underground water. You often draw water from me using a bucket. What am I?

Need and Sources of Water Water is essential for all life. We need water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing and bathing. Animals and birds also require water to survive. Water is crucial for growing crops too. Chapter 11 • Water Resources of India

Remember! Although three-fourths of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, most of it comes from seas and oceans. Since this water is salty, it cannot be used for drinking. 215

Growing crops

Bathing

Washing

Farmers depend on rains for agriculture. Rainwater that seeps into the ground and gets stored below the Earth’s surface is called groundwater. Rainwater also collects in ponds and lakes.

Fishing

Did You Know?

Think and Tell

The Brahmaputra River in India is unique for its seasonal changes. During the monsoon, it rises to ten times its size during the dry season.

In what ways do you use water every day?

Means of Irrigation Farmers need water to grow their crops. A sufficient and timely supply of water is essential for growing crops. This is done through irrigation. Irrigation is a method of providing water to crops in large fields. Some methods of irrigation in India are: River Water: Rivers are one of the main sources of irrigation in India. Some rivers, like the Indus and the Ganga, have water all year round and are called perennial rivers. Other rivers, such as the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri, fill up only during the monsoon season and are called seasonal rivers.

River Ganga

Wells and Tube Wells: Wells are dug in areas where there is enough groundwater. When pumps are used to extract water for irrigation, this system is called a tube well. These pumps can be powered by electricity, hand or diesel. This method is commonly used in India to draw water from deep underground for irrigation.

River Kaveri

seeps: to flow or leak slowly through small openings or pores

216

Tube Well

Irrigation Canals: Irrigation canals are human-made channels used in areas where water is limited. These canals carry water from rivers to various parts of the country. For example, the Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan carries water from the Sutlej and Beas Rivers to different parts of Rajasthan. Tanks and Ponds: Tanks and ponds are used in areas where it is difficult to dig wells. They are used during the dry season when there is a scarcity of water. Some water from these tanks seeps into the ground, which helps to refill the groundwater. Dams: Dams are built on rivers to create large reservoirs for storing water. These reservoirs fill up during the monsoon and help to prevent flooding. The stored water can then be used for irrigation when there is not enough water available. Dams also generate electricity from the flowing water, known as hydroelectricity.

Indira Gandhi Canal, Rajasthan

Fishing in a pond, Odisha

Some important dams in India are: • Bhakra Nangal Dam on the Sutlej River in Himachal Pradesh • Nagarjuna Sagar Dam on the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana •

Farakka Barrage on the Ganga River in West Bengal

•

Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi River in Odisha

•

Mettur Dam on the Kaveri River in Tamil Nadu

Bhakra Nangal Dam

Mettur Dam

Pause and Answer Choose the correct answer. 1. River/Canal is human-made. 2. Ganga/Krishna is a seasonal river. 3. Ponds/Dams generate electricity. scarcity: being in short supply reservoir: a large, artificial or natural lake used to store water

Chapter 11 • Water Resources of India

217

Shortage of Water India faces significant water shortages in many states and villages. Some of the main reasons for this are: •

Less Rainfall: When it does not rain enough, there is insufficient water in rivers and lakes.

•

Wasting Water: People sometimes leave taps running, thereby wasting water.

•

Pollution: Dirty water from factories can make clean water unsafe for use.

•

Cutting Trees: Trees help to bring rain, thus, cutting them down can reduce rainfall and water supply.

•

Rapid population growth: Population growth has increased water demand, putting pressure on the already limited water resources in cities.

Drainage pipe polluting water

Increasing population in Mumbai

Discuss! Discuss with your partner on how you can prevent water pollution through small actions everyday.

Rainwater Harvesting SDG

Water is essential for all life on Earth, so it is important that we conserve it. One effective way to save rainwater is through rainwater harvesting. This involves collecting rainwater from rooftops and the ground and directing it into a deep pit or well that has been dug into the Earth. This process helps to increase groundwater levels and also prevent waterlogging and soil erosion.

Rainwater harvesting in tanks

Rainwater can be collected in tanks and stored for later use, especially during dry seasons. The collected rainwater can be used for irrigation, gardening, washing and even drinking after it has been properly filtered. conserve: to avoid wasting something and collect it for future use erosion: the removal of the top layer of soil by natural forces, such as wind, water, or ice or through human activities 218

Do and Learn

SDG

Place large buckets or tubs outside in the balcony or in parks when it rains, and use this water later to wash your house or water the indoor plants.

Wonders of Bharat The Bhakra Nangal Dam is built on the Satluj river and is located in Himachal Pradesh, India. It is one of the largest dams in India. Its height is 225 metres. Its reservoir is known as the “Gobind Sagar Lake”.

Bhakra Nangal Dam

Word Splash groundwater: water that exists beneath the Earth’s surface irrigation: method of providing water to crops in large farm fields perennial rivers: rivers that flow continuously throughout the year seasonal rivers: rivers that fill up only during the monsoon season hydroelectricity: electricity generated from flowing water with the help of dams

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about rainwater harvesting.

Points to Remember •

Water is necessary for humans, plants and animals.

•

Dams help in flood control and hydroelectric power generation.

•

Rainwater harvesting helps to refill groundwater.

Chapter 11 • Water Resources of India

219

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. How much of the Earth is covered by water? a. One-third

b. Three-fourths

c. Half

B. The water stored below the Earth’s surface is called a. Groundwater

b. Wells

c. Dams

C. When pumps are used for extracting water, the system is called a. Canals D.

b. Tube wells

c. Rainwater harvesting

River fills up only during the monsoon.

a. Ganga

b. Brahmaputra

c. Krishna

2. Fill in the blanks. perennial river

hydroelectricity

dams

canals

A. are human-made channels that are used to distribute water to places where it is scarce. B. As the River Indus flows throughout the year, it is called C.

help in the prevention of floods during the monsoons.

D. The electricity generated from the flow of water is called 3. Write True or False. A. The Indira Gandhi Canal carries water to parts of Rajasthan. B. Irrigation canals are also called dams. C. Farakka Barrage is on the Ganga River. D. Nagarjuna Dam is built on the Krishna River. 4. Match the following.

220

A. Mettur dam

West Bengal

B. Hirakud dam

ii.

Himachal Pradesh

C. Farrakka Barrage

iii. Odisha

D. Bhakra dam

iv. Tamil Nadu

5. Short answer questions. A. What is a perennial river? Give two examples of perennial rivers. B. What is a tube well? 6. Long answer questions.

THINK RATIONAL

A. How does rainwater harvesting make sure that we do not run out of groundwater? B. Explain three causes of shortage of water in India.

7. Picture-based questions. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions. A. What is this source of water called? B. Give two uses of it.

HOTS Sara noticed that her town’s water supply was running low during the summer. She saw her neighbour using rainwater from a tank to water the plants. SDG

If you were Sara, mention two ways in which you would encourage your family and community to use rainwater harvesting.

Life Skills SDG

Water is essential for all living beings, but much of it gets wasted. Discuss with your family and think of three ways in which you and your family can save water everyday. Follow these practices together as a family and note down roughly how many buckets of water you saved in a week.

Chapter 11 • Water Resources of India

221

Mineral Resources of India

Chapter Overview Mineral Resources of India Metals and Non-metals

Distribution of Metallic and Non-metallic Minerals in India

Conservation

Get Set Which of the following are made in factories? Put a tick (ü) under those items.

The things we use every day are made up of different materials, including metals. Minerals are natural substances found in the Earth, such as gold and iron. We obtain these minerals from the Earth through a process called mining. When we extract them, they are called mineral ores. Metals are used to make many things, like coins and cars. In this chapter, we will learn about these in detail.

An iron ore

mineral ores: a mix of minerals and other materials, like rocks and mud found below the surface of the Earth 222

Remember! Mining is the process of digging up minerals from below the Earth’s surface.

Metals and Non-metals Minerals can be divided into two types: metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals. Metallic minerals: These are minerals that give us metals. Some examples of metallic minerals include iron, copper, gold and bauxite.

Did You Know? Diamond is the hardest mineral found on Earth.

Non-metallic minerals: These are minerals from which we do not get metals. For example, limestone, salt and coal. Coal and petroleum are also called fossil fuels or mineral fuels. Limestone

Distribution of Metallic and Non-metallic Minerals in India India has large deposits of many metallic and non-metallic minerals. They are found in different places across the country. Names of metallic minerals

States where they are found in India

Some uses

Iron ore

Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa

To make tools, utensils, machines, bridges and railway engines

Copper

Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh

To make tools, utensils and electrical wires

Manganese

Karnataka, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh

To make steel

Bauxite

Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa

Aluminium is extracted from bauxite and is used to make aeroplanes and utensils

Chapter 12 • Mineral Resources of India

223

Names of non-metallic minerals

States where they are found in India

Some uses

Gold

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh

To make jewellery

Limestone

Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Odisha

To make cement

Coal

Jharkhand, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Tamil Nadu

Used as a fuel

Petroleum and Natural gas

Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra (off the coast of Mumbai)

Used as a fuel

These minerals play an important role in various industries and everyday items.

Do and Learn

INTEGRATED

Ask your parents for help and find any three metallic objects in your house. Find out the metals from which they are made.

Coal is an important mineral fuel. It forms from the remains of dead plants and animals that lived many years ago. Coal is a non-renewable resource. Some of the most important coal mines in India are located in Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh; Bokaro, Dhanbad and Jharia in Jharkhand; and Raniganj in West Bengal.

A coal mine

Crude oil, or petroleum, is a thick, dark liquid found deep underground. It is formed over millions of years from the remains of tiny plants and animals. When these living things died, they sank to the bottom of the ocean. Over time, heat and pressure from the Earth’s layers transformed them into oil. Petroleum is very important because it is used to make many things we use every day, like plastics and lubricants. To extract crude oil, people drill deep into the Earth, using oil wells. These wells bring the oil to the surface.

224

An oil refinery

Did You Know? Coal is made up of a substance called carbon. This same substance is also found in diamonds.

Once crude oil is collected, it goes to the oil refineries. At the refineries, crude oil is cleaned and processed to make useful products like petrol, diesel and kerosene. In India, some well-known places where oil is found and refined include Assam (Digboi), Gujarat (Ankleshwar), Mumbai High (offshore in the Arabian Sea) and Rajasthan (Barmer). These locations are important for producing the oil we need for energy and various products.

Dum Duma

Khetri Banwas Dariba

Patan Bhatia

Singrauli Umaria

Kamthi Wardha

Ankleshwar

Bhilai Umred

Pasali Bicholem

ARABIAN SEA

Uti

Hirakud Talcher

Lakshadweep Islands Alappuzha

BAY OF BENGAL

Iron Coal Gold Copper Aluminium Petroleum

Kolar Kolli Hills Yercaud Salem

Map Not to Scale

INDIAN OCEAN

Digboi

Raiganj Jamshedpur Rakha

Panchpatmali Ramagundam Kirandul Hosapete Kothagudem Mailaram Hutti

Mumbai High

Sibsagar Balipara

Jharia Bokaro

Sohagpur Malanjkhund Tawa Amarkantak Korba

Balol

Khoraghat

Bhotang Darjeeling Daltonganj

DS LAN AR IS ANDAM AN AND NICOB

SDG

Natural gas is found along side petroleum in oilfields. It is used to make Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which is a fuel for vehicles. CNG does not cause pollution, so it is used in several Indian states as fuel for public transport.

INDIA

MINERALS

Mineral distribution in India

Think and Tell The burning of mineral fuels causes air pollution, which harms the environment. Can you think of three ways to reduce air pollution?

Conservation Minerals, such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, form over millions of years. The speed at which we are using these resources is too fast. If we continue to use them in the same way, the available supply of these minerals will eventually run out.

Discuss! Can you think of some activities that we can perform using solar energy instead of mineral fuels? Discuss with your classmates and list any three such activities.

Minerals are exhaustible resources, so it is important to conserve them. We should also use more inexhaustible means of energy, such as solar energy, water energy and wind exhaustible: something that is finished once it is used inexhaustible: something that does not get over after it is used solar energy: energy from the sun Chapter 12 • Mineral Resources of India

225

energy. Inexhaustible resources are also called renewable resources. We should use mineral resources wisely and make an effort to conserve them. This can be achieved by reducing the use of fuel-powered vehicles and choosing to cycle to school instead, using solar energy and driving electric cars, among other methods.

Wonders of Bharat Mumbai High (or Bombay High) is the largest oilfield in India and is located in the Arabian Sea. It was discovered in 1974.

Crude oil being drilled out from the seabed at Mumbai High.

Word Splash minerals: natural substances that are found in the Earth metals: made from minerals and can be used to make many things, like cars and machines mineral fuels: minerals that are used to produce energy, such as coal and petroleum oil refinery: a factory where crude oil is converted into products like petroleum and diesel oilfield: an area with many wells from which oil is extracted

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about how coal is formed.

Points to Remember • Metallic minerals are those that give us metals. • Non-metallic minerals are those from which we do not get metals. • Coal forms from the remains of dead plants and animals that lived many years ago.

226

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. Which of these is a non-metallic mineral? a. Copper

b. Limestone

c. Iron

B. Which of these states has deposits of gold? a. Jharkhand

b. Rajasthan

c. Karnataka

C. Which of these is an inexhaustible source of energy? a. Wind energy

b. Petroleum

c. Natural Gas

D. What is a place with many wells for extracting oil called? a. Oilfield

b. Oil refinery

c. Oil mine

2. Fill in the blanks. bauxite

Dhanbad

electrical

Natural

A. In India, coal mines are found in several places, including B. Aluminium is extracted from an ore called C.

. .

gas is used to make CNG.

D. Copper is mainly used in the

industry.

3. Match the following. A. Iron ore

Odisha

B. Copper

ii. Jharkhand

C. Bauxite

iii. Rajasthan

D. Crude oil

iv. Assam

4. Short answer questions. A. What are the two types of minerals? B. Name any two places where natural gas is found in India. C. Name two things that are made using iron.

Chapter 12 • Mineral Resources of India

227

5. Long answer questions. A. Why is it important to conserve minerals? B. How is crude oil collected and converted to petrol or diesel? THINK RATIONAL

C. Why is using CNG in public transport vehicles better than diesel for our health?

6. Picture-based questions. Look at the picture and answer the following questions. A. Is it a metallic mineral or a non-metallic mineral? B. In which Indian state is this mineral found?

HOTS Different parts of India have different types of minerals. Why do you think some minerals are found in certain places and not in others?

THINK RATIONAL

Life Skills Discuss with your parents and identify some items that can be reused at home, like aluminium cans, plastic bottles, cardboards, etc. Collect these items and reuse them. Make a list of the different items you collected and note down the ways in which you reused them. Share the list with your class.

SDG

228

Reusing plastic bottles as plant pots

Agriculture and Livestock

Chapter Overview Agriculture and Livestock

Main Food Crops

Horticulture

Main Cash Crops

Green Revolution

Livestock

Get Set Below are pictures of some foods. Can you name them? 1.

All these food items are made from different crops. Agriculture is the practice of growing crops, like fruits, vegetables and grains, to provide food. It is one of the main activities in India, especially in rural areas. Livestock refers to animals, like cows, goats and chickens that are raised by farmers for various Remember! agricultural purposes. These animals provide food, milk, The Northern Plains are wool and they also help with farming activities. the most fertile and best In this chapter, we will learn about them in detail. Chapter 13 • Agriculture and Livestock

suited for agriculture.

229

INDIA CROPS N

BAY OF BENGAL ARABIAN SEA

Lakshadweep Islands

DS LAN AR IS ANDAM AN AND NICOB

Millets Rice Sugarcane Wheat

NOTto TO SCALE Map MAP not Scale

INDIAN OCEAN

Some crops grown in different parts of India.

Main Food Crops Food crops provide food for people. Rice, wheat, millets and pulses are the main food crops grown in India.

Rice

Wheat

Rice is a key food crop grown in India, especially in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Assam and Punjab. It needs plenty of water and grows best in warm, rainy conditions. Wheat is mainly grown in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. It grows best in cooler weather and is usually planted in winter and harvested in spring season. 230

Pulses

Women planting rice

Pulses are grown mainly in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. They grow well in moderate climates and require less water compared to rice, making them suitable for drier seasons.

Did You Know? India is the largest producer of pulses in the world.

Grains such as maize, barley, ragi, jowar, bajra are called millets. Maize, or corn, is cultivated in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. It needs warm weather and plenty of sunshine to grow well and is harvested in late summer or autumn. Barley is mainly grown in Rajasthan and parts of Punjab. It thrives in cooler weather and requires less water, making it suitable for dry, cool climates. SEL

Farmers work very hard to grow these food crops for us. We must respect food and not waste it.

Do and Learn

Find out which states in India are called the following: INTEGRATED

1. Rice Bowl of India

3. Apple City of India

2. Wheat Bowl of India 4. Milk Bowl of India

Main Cash Crops Cash crops are grown mainly to be sold for profit rather than for personal use. In India, the main cash crops are cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds, spices, coffee and tea. Cotton is grown in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. It is usually planted in summer and harvested in winter. Sugarcane is grown primarily in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. Tea is mainly produced in Assam and West Bengal, where it requires cool, rainy conditions, and is harvested throughout the year. Coffee is mainly grown in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Spices such as cardamom, pepper and cloves, are cultivated in Kerala, Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu, significantly contributing to India’s exports.

Cardamom crop

Sunflower seeds

In India, the major oilseeds include groundnut, mustard, sesame and sunflower. Groundnut is grown in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It grows well in warm climates. Mustard is grown in Rajasthan and Haryana, mainly in the winter season. Sesame is cultivated in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, while sunflower grows well in Karnataka. These crops are used for producing vegetable oils. Chapter 13 • Agriculture and Livestock

231

Fibre crops are grown for their fibres, and are used to make textiles and other products. The main fibre crops in India are cotton, jute and hemp. Cotton is grown in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Think and Tell Jute is cultivated in West Bengal. It is used to make bags, Which fibre has been used to make your school bag? carpets and other similar products. Hemp is grown in parts of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.

Mustard seeds

Groundnuts

Cotton

Jute

Do and Learn

ART

Find three types of pulses and three cash crops that you use at home. See what they look like, then draw and colour their pictures in your notebook. Do not forget to label your drawings.

Pause and Answer Circle the correct word. 1. Pulses/Tea is a cash crop. 2. Sugarcane/Cotton is a fibre crop. 3. Rice/Coffee is a food crop.

Horticulture Horticulture is the practice of growing fruits, vegetables and flowers. Examples of horticultural crops in India include mangoes, bananas, tomatoes, jasmine and roses. These crops are grown in different regions to provide food and beautify gardens. States such as Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and other northeastern states are known for their horticulture.

Discuss!

A farmer collecting flowers from his field.

How are agriculture and horticulture differ when it comes to the food we obtain from both?

232

Livestock Livestock are useful in many ways. Cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, camels and yaks give milk. Cows, bulls and oxen are used to plough fields and pull carts. Wool from sheep, camels and yaks is used to make warm clothes. The skin of certain dead animals are used to make leather. Their waste is used as manure in the fields. Cow dung is also used as a fuel to light fires for cooking in villages. In India, many farmers practise mixed farming, which means they engage in both agriculture and animal rearing on the same farm.

Green Revolution The Green Revolution was a big change in farming Did You Know? that started in the 1960s to increase food M.S. Swaminathan is known as the production. It introduced high-yield seeds, father of India’s Green Revolution. fertilisers, irrigation methods and big machines that helped with ploughing fields and harvesting. All of these helped farmers to produce crops like wheat and rice in large quantities. This was especially important for countries like India, which faced food shortages in the past. By using these new farming techniques, India was able to produce more food and feed a larger population. The Green Revolution mainly helped states like Punjab and Haryana, making them leading producers of food in the country.

A farmer using a tractor to plough the field.

Wonders of Bharat Assam is the largest tea-producing state in India. The tea plantation in Assam is about 172 years old. Today, India is the second-largest tea producer in the world.

A woman harvesting tea in Assam.

manure: animal dung used to make the soil fertile high-yield: high output of crop fertilisers: chemicals that help plants grow healthier and faster

Chapter 13 • Agriculture and Livestock

233

Word Splash agriculture: the practice of growing crops to provide food livestock: animals like cows that are raised by farmers for various agricultural purposes food crops: crops grown to provide food cash crops: crops mainly grown to be sold for profit rather than for personal use horticulture: the practice of growing fruits, vegetables and flowers

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about tea gardens of India.

Points to Remember • Rice, wheat, millets and pulses are the main food crops grown in India. • I n India, the main cash crops are cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds, spices, coffee and tea. • The Green Revolution mainly helped states like Punjab and Haryana, making them the leading producers of food in the country.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. Which of the following grow best in dry climates? a. Rice

b. Apples

c. Millets

B. Which state is known for horticulture? a. Himachal Pradesh

b. Rajasthan

C. Mustard and groundnuts are examples of a. Oilseeds

b. Fibre crops

c. Gujarat . c. Livestock

D. Which of the following was introduced in India during the Green Revolution? a. Ploughs

234

b. High-yield seeds

c. Sickles

2. Fill in the blanks. manure

jute

wool

mixed farming

A. When farmers are engaged in both agriculture and animal rearing on the same farm, it is called . B. warm clothes.

from sheep, camels and yaks is used to make

C. Animal waste is used as soil fertile. D.

in fields to make the is grown in the state of West Bengal.

3. Match the following. A. Millets

Staple food in northern India

B. Mustard

ii. Require a dry climate to grow

C. Wheat

iii. Used to make bags

D. Jute

iv. Produces oil that can be used for cooking

4. Short answer questions. A. Name three food crops and where they are grown in India. B. Name three cash crops and where they are grown in India. C. What is the difference between food crops and cash crops? D. Define horticulture. 5. Long answer questions. THINK RATIONAL

A. Why is agriculture important for our country? Give three reasons. B. Give three ways in which the Green Revolution benefitted India.

6. Picture-based questions. Look at the picture and answer the following questions. A. Name the type of farming in which they are grown. B. Name two states where this type of farming is done.

Chapter 13 • Agriculture and Livestock

235

HOTS In mixed farming, farmers grow crops and raise animals on the same farm. Think of two ways in which growing crops and raising animals together could help the farm stay healthy and productive.

Life Skills INTEGRATED

236

Plant seeds of some vegetables like tomatoes, beans or spinach in small pots at home. Place the pots in sunlight and water them daily. Once the plants grow, harvest some of the vegetables and share them with your classmates.

Tomatoes grown on the terrace

Industries

Chapter Overview Industries

Types of Industries

Location of an Industry

Get Set Find and circle the following words in this grid. INTEGRATED

1. Factory

2. Worker

3. Machine

4. Product

Chapter 14 • Industries

237

An industry is a group of businesses that makes specific goods or provides specific services. For example, the car manufacturing industry makes cars, the clothing industry makes clothes, etc.

Remember!

Once goods are made in factories, wholesalers buy them from the factories and sell them to local shopkeepers. These shopkeepers then sell the goods to us.

Location of an Industry The location of an industry depends on many factors, such as:

INDIA

• Capital, or money: Without money, industries cannot be set up or run.

HIMACHAL PRADESH CHANDIGARH PUNJAB

UTTARAKHAND

L HA AC SH UN AR RADE P

HARYANA DELHI SIKKIM UTTAR PRADESH

RAJASTHAN

ASSAM BIHAR

JHARKHAND MADHYA PRADESH

GUJARAT

CH DAMAN &DIU

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

MANIPUR

TRIPURA WEST BENGAL

MIZORAM

ODISHA

MAHARASHTRA

BAY OF BENGAL TELANGANA

GOA

ARABIAN SEA

ANDHRA PRADESH

KARNATAKA PUDUCHERRY TAMIL NADU

LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS

Heavy Electrical Steel Oil Refineries Textiles Ship Building Aircraft Automobile

• Transportation: Industries need Industries in India to transport their raw materials and send out finished goods, so they are usually set up Think and Tell near roads, railways or ports. INDIAN OCEAN

• Workers: Industries need workers, so they are often located where it is easy to find workers.

capital: the money used to build, run, and grow a business

238

NAGALAND

MEGHALAYA

IS TT HA

• Energy supply: Industries need power to run machines, so they are located in places where electricity is easily available.

JAMMU & KASHMIR

DS LAN AR IS ANDAM AN AND NICOB

• Availability of raw materials: Industries are located near places where the required raw materials can be found easily. For example, steel industries are set up in areas where iron is found. Textile industries are set up in areas where cotton is grown.

INDUSTRIES

LADAKH

Map Not to Scale

Why are industries located near places where raw materials can be found?

Pause and Answer Tick ( ) the correct statements. 1. Energy is needed by factories to run machines. 2. Industries are located near roads, railways or ports. 3. Industries produce only steel. 4. Industries can work without raw materials.

Types of Industries There are different types of industries. Those that use crops as raw materials are called agro-based industries, such as the cotton industry, jute industry and sugarcane industry. Industries that use minerals like iron, copper and bauxite are called mineral-based industries. Examples are the steel industry, automobile industry and oil industry. Industries can also be divided into three types based on their size. There are large-scale industries, small-scale industries and cottage industries. Let us learn about each one.

Mining and collection of raw material for industries

Large-scale Industries Large-scale industries produce a large number of goods using huge machines and many workers. These industries need a lot of space, money and raw materials. They often produce items that are used all over the country or even the world, like cars, steel and electronics. They are usually located near facilities like mines or ports. Large-scale industries are important because they create many jobs and produce goods that people use every day.

Cars being manufactured in a factory

Did You Know? Jamshedpur is called the ‘Steel City of India’. India’s first steel plant was started here in 1907.

Some examples are the textile mills in Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Kolkata, and the steel plants in Bhilai, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Durgapur and Rourkela. Several places in India such as Jamnagar, Kochi, Mumbai and Mangalore have oil refineries. There are automobile factories in Gurgaon and Pune that make cars. Shipbuilding industries are located in places like Visakhapatnam, Kochi and Mumbai. The aircraft industry is located in Nashik, Koraput and Bengaluru. Chapter 14 • Industries

239

Small-scale Industries Small-scale industries are businesses that are much smaller than large-scale factories. They usually have fewer workers and smaller machines, and they produce goods in smaller quantities. These industries often use local materials and can be set up in villages or small towns. Because they are smaller, they need less money to start and run.

A clothing factory

For example, the tailoring industry that makes clothes is a small-scale industry. These industries are important because they provide jobs and help the local economy grow.

Cottage Industries Cottage industries are small businesses where people make things at home or in small workshops. These industries are usually family-run and don’t need big machines or a lot of money to start. The products are often handmade, using traditional methods that have been passed down through generations. Examples are, pottery, bamboo products, handicrafts and candle-making. SDG

Cottage industries mostly use local materials and skills. Hence they are better for the environment and also create jobs for local communities. They also keep the traditional crafts alive.

Carved wooden elephants being made in a cottage industry

Discuss! Do you have any skills or hobbies that could be turned into a cottage industry? Discuss with your partner.

Industries are very important because they make the products we use every day, from clothes and cars to food and electronics. While traditional industries like textile mills and steel factories have been around for a long time, new types of industries are also growing. For example, software and IT (Information Technology) industries create computer programs and apps that help us with work, school and entertainment. These new industries often do not need big factories. They use computers and the internet to do their work from offices. Together, all types of industries help our world develop and improve our daily lives. handicrafts: decorative and daily-use objects made by hand

240

Wonders of Bharat The Bhilai Steel Plant is located in Bhilai in Chhattisgarh. It was set up in 1955. It is the main producer of rails used by the Indian Railways. Bhilai Steel Plant

Word Splash industry: a group of businesses that makes specific goods or provides specific services agro-based industries: industries that use crops as raw materials mineral-based industries: industries that use minerals as raw material oil refineries: industries that convert crude oil into usable products like petrol, diesel and oil

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about how automobile industries work.

Points to Remember • The location of industries is determined by the availability of raw materials, capital, energy, workers and transportation. • Based on their size, industries can be large-scale, small-scale and cottage industries.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. Which type of industry is run by people from their homes? a. Large-scale

Chapter 14 • Industries

b. Small-scale

c. Cottage

241

B. Which of these is a mineral-based industry? a. Jute

b. Steel

c. Sugar

C. Which of the following places has shipbuilding industries? a. Visakhapatnam

b. Lucknow

c. Bengaluru

2. Fill in the blanks. cottage

raw materials

automobile

steel

A. Industries are located near places where

can be found.

B. Heavy machinery is required in

industries.

C. Pottery is an example of a D.

industry.

factories are located in Gurgaon and Pune.

3. Write True or False. A. Agro-based industries use minerals as raw materials. B. Handicrafts are mostly made in cottage industries. C. Small-scale industries are the same as cottage industries. D. Cottage industries are usually family-run. 4. Match the following. A. Kolkata

Oil refinery

B. Bokaro

ii. Textile industry

C. Jamnagar

iii. Aircraft industry

D. Nashik

iv. Steel industry

5. Short answer questions. A. How is energy an important factor for determining the location of industries? B. W hich of the following industries would need the most capital: toy manufacturing, car manufacturing or aircraft manufacturing?

THINK RATIONAL

C. Are industries located near places where raw materials can be found or near markets or both?

6. Long answer questions.

A. Write three differences between large-scale and small-scale industries. B. Explain the factors that determine the location of industries.

242

7. Picture-based questions. Look at the picture and answer the following questions. A. What type of products are these: handicrafts, clothing, food? B. In what type of industry are these made?

HOTS THINK RATIONAL

THINK RATIONAL

1. Large-scale industries need a lot of space, money and raw materials. Give two reasons why is it still important to set them up. 2. Why are cottage industries important to the country when we have small-scale and large-scale industries too?

Community Connect Visit a local bakery or a sweet shop in your city with your parents. Speak to the owner and understand how it runs based on the following points. 1. How many people are employed?

2. What are some raw materials that they need?

3. What are some of the different types of products they make and sell? 4. From where do they get these raw materials?

5. Do they only sell from their shop or do they also supply to other shops or cities? Share your findings with the class.

Chapter 14 • Industries

243

PROJECT 2 Understanding Forests, Soil, Wildlife and Water Objective: Students will explore how forests, soils and water resources are connected and how they affect each other. Materials Needed: Research materials (books, internet, printed articles), notebook, markers and sticky notes Step 1: Form Groups Form groups of 4 students. Choose any one of the following topics for your project: Forests and Wildlife, Soils, Water Resources. Step 2: Do Your Research

• Forests and Wildlife group:

Do research about three different types of forests and wildlife in India. Find out their connection with water and soil.

• Soils group:

Do research about three different types of soil in India and the plants that grow in them. Learn how forests and water affect the soil.

• Water Resources group:

ind out about three different water resources and how they impact the environment F around them.

Step 3: Find the Connections

In your group, discuss how your topic connects to the other two. For example, how do forests and wildlife depend on soil and water? Step 4: Prepare Your Report

Prepare a report that includes: an introduction, connection between your topic and the other two topics and a few important examples or facts. Project Output: You now have an in-depth understanding of the relation between forests, soil and water resources. Present your report to the class. Final Outcome: This hands-on project will help you understand the relation between forests, soil and water, the connection between them and how they depend on each other. To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed. 244

Assessment 2 Read this case study. Answer the questions.

Iron Mining in Kopanagar

Near a village called Kopanagar, there is a big iron mine. Most of the villagers work in this mine. They dig for iron ore, a valuable mineral used to make steel. Steel is an important material used to build cars, bridges and buildings. The iron mine near Kopanagar provides a lot of iron ore, which is then sent to factories where it is turned into steel. Many of the villagers work in these factories as well. Thus, the iron and steel industry is the most important industry in Kopanagar. It helps the local economy by providing jobs and supporting businesses that depend on steel. 1. What is the main mineral extracted from the iron mines in Kopanagar? a. Gold

b. Iron ore

c. Coal

2. What is the use of iron ore? a. It is used to make clothes. b. It is used to make steel. c. It is used to grow crops. 3. Is the iron and steel industry a large-scale industry? Give two reasons. 4. How does iron ore mining in Kopanagar affect nearby areas and the environment? Write any 2 points.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 2

245

Model Test Paper - 2 Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour 1

Total Marks: 40

Tick () the correct answer. A

(1 × 5 marks)

Which is the most fertile type of soil? a

Alluvial soil

Black soil

Red soil

Laterite soil

Which of these is a mineral-based industry? a

Sugarcane

Iron and steel

Cotton

Woodwork

How much of the Earth is covered by water? a

Half

One-fourth

Two-thirds

Three-fourths

Which of the following do we get from forests? a

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Methane

E Which of the following places receives the least amount of rainfall in India? a

Mawsynram

Kolkata

Thar Desert

New Delhi

2 Fill in the blanks.

raw materials

(1 × 5 marks) coniferous

mixed farming

bauxite

loo

A When farmers are engaged in both agriculture and animal rearing on the same

farm, it is called

Aluminium is extracted from an ore called

C The hot wind that blows in the Northern Plains during summer

is called

246

The Himalayan forests are also called

Industries are located near places where

forests. can be found.

3 Write ONE word for the following. A

(1 × 5 marks)

The practice of growing fruits, vegetables and flowers.

B An area with many wells from which oil is extracted. C

Planting new trees and creating new forests.

D Method of providing water to crops in large farm fields. E Pattern of weather conditions at a place over

many decades.

4 Write True or False.

(1 × 5 marks)

Small-scale industries are the same as cottage industries.

National parks have been built in India for the conservation of water.

The Green Revolution brought new techniques for rearing livestock.

The Indira Gandhi Canal carries water to parts of Rajasthan.

Mountain soil is rich in humus.

5 Picture-based questions.

(1 + 2 + 1 marks)

A What types of products are these:

handicrafts, clothing or food?

B In what type of industry are

these made?

C Write any two advantages of

this kind of industry.

6 Answer the following questions in short. A

Write two ways to conserve forests.

What is a perennial river? Give one example of a perennial river.

What are seasons?

What is the difference between food crops and cash crops?

7 Answer the following questions in detail. A

Why is it important to conserve minerals?

How is soil formed?

Model Test Paper - 2

(2 × 4 marks)

(4 × 2 marks)

247

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 9 States and Union Territories of India �� 250 10 Manage Your Money �� 252 11 Sport Events in India, 2024 �� 254 12 Great Inventions �� 256 13 Unique Beaches �� 258 14 Kabaddi �� 260 15 Waste Management �� 262 16 Uses of Drones �� 264 Answers �� 266

249

States and Union Territories of India

Explore More!

As of 2024, India has 28 states and 8 union territories. Let us learn about them.

States have their own elected governments. Union Territories are governed by the central government. • On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir was changed from a state to a union territory. • Telangana is the most recent state added to the list. It was established as a state in 2014. • Rajasthan is the largest state by area, while Goa is the smallest state by area. • Jammu and Kashmir is the largest union territory by area and Lakshadweep is the smallest union territory by area. • The union territory of Chandigarh serves as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. VALUE

HOTS

India is a land of diverse cultures, languages and traditions, which contribute to its richness. We should respect our diversity while staying united as one nation. By looking at the map of India, find out if you live in a state or a union territory. 250

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Name the correct union territory. a

It is the smallest by area.

It is the largest by area.

It is the capital of two states—Punjab and Haryana.

2 Write the names of any two states of India that start with the following letters. a

3 Fill in the blanks. a

India has

states and

union territories.

is the largest state in India by area.

was the last state to be formed in India in 2014.

was changed from a state to a union territory

is the smallest state in India by area.

in 2019.

Topic 9 • States and Union Territories of India

251

Manage Your Money

Explore More!

Money plays an important part in fulfilling our day-to-day needs. So, it is important to know how to manage it. Earning Money We have to work to earn money. The money that we earn by working is called our income. People can do different types of work to earn money.

Spending Money When we buy things, we have to pay for them with money. This is how we spend the money we earn. Every item or service has a price, which tells us the amount of money we need to spend to buy it. We should spend our money wisely.

Saving Money We should also save some part of the money we earn for the future. To save money, we keep some money aside and do not spend it. We can save money in a piggy bank or in a bank.

The Role of a Bank Banks help us save money. We can keep our money in a bank. Banks give us extra money, called interest, when we save money with them. We can also borrow money from a bank when we need it. They charge an extra amount for lending us, so we need to repay the money that we borrow from the bank. VALUE

It is important to save some money for the future. We should not waste money.

252

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blanks. a

When we work, we

money. (spend/earn)

When we buy groceries, we

money. (save/spend)

c Keeping money aside for future needs is

money.

(saving/lending)

d A bank can

money to people who need and repay it.

(lend/borrow)

2 Fill in the blanks. a

The money that we earn by working is called our

When we buy things, we have to pay for them with

lends money to the people who need it.

d Banks give us extra money, called

with them.

HOTS

. , when we save money

3 Write True or False. a Anu gets her salary. If she spends all her money on things

she wants, she is saving money.

b Raj borrows some money from the bank. He does not

have to repay it.

c Sana puts some money aside from her salary. She is

saving money.

d Atish thinks that the only way to earn money is to work in

a bank.

e Arnav receives money for doing his work. This is his income.

Topic 10 • Manage Your Money

253

Sport Events in India, 2024

Explore More!

India has a rich history of sport. Let us explore some of the events that India hosted in 2024. India Open 2024 The 2024 India Open is a badminton tournament that was held from 16 to 21 January. It took place at the K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium, New Delhi. Indian and international players took part in it. This tournament has been held since 1973. Khelo India Youth Games 2024 The 2024 Khelo India Youth Games were held from 19 to 31 January. It took place in Tamil Nadu. It was the sixth edition of the event. Over 5600 athletes from all over India participated in this event.

WTT Star Contender Goa 2024 The 2024 WTT Star Contender Goa is a table tennis tournament that was held from 23 to 28 January. It was held at the Peddem Indoor Stadium in Goa.

Indian Premiere League 2024 The 2024 Indian Premiere League was held from 22 March to 26 May. It was the 17th edition of the tournament. It was held across thirteen cities in India. Ten teams participated in this season.

World Junior Chess Championship 2024 The 2024 World Junior Chess Championship was held from 1 to 14 June in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. It featured the players in open and women’s categories under the age of twenty.

21st SKILLS

Playing sport teaches us to work together as a team and develops good leadership skills.

254

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Write down the dates when the following events took place in 2024. a

India Open

World Junior Chess Championship

Indian Premier League

Khelo India Youth Games

WTT Star Contender Goa

2 Name the cities or states where the following sports events took place in 2024. a India Open b

WTT Star Contender

Khelo India Youth Games

World Junior Chess Championship

3 Fill in the blanks. a The 2024 WTT Star Contender Goa was held at the

Indoor Stadium.

b The 2024 India Open was held at the

New Delhi.

c The 2024 Indian Premiere League was held across

Indoor Stadium, cities.

d The World Junior Chess Championship is a tournament for players under the

age of e Over

Games.

Topic 11 • Sport Events in India, 2024

. athletes participated in the 2024 Khelo India Youth

255

Great Inventions

Explore More!

We use different machines every day that have made our lives easier. Have you ever wondered who invented them? Let us learn about some inventors and their important inventions. The Microscope Inventor: Hans and Zacharias Janssen Year: 1590

This father-son team from the Netherlands invented the first microscope. It is used to magnify objects. The earliest microscope could magnify an object around 3–10 times.

The Telescope Inventor: Hans Lippershey Year: 1608

He was a spectacle maker in the Netherlands who invented the first telescope. It is used to see faraway objects. It is a useful tool for studying stars and planets.

The Computer Inventor: Charles Babbage Year: 1833–1871

Charles Babbage is also known as the ‘Father of Computers’. He worked on the first computer until he passed away in 1871. The first computer was called the ‘Analytical Engine’. It was able to perform many mathematical calculations. The Light Bulb Inventor: Thomas Alva Edison

Year: 1880

Edison was an American scientist who developed the first commercial light bulb. He was popularly known as the ‘Wizard of Menlo Park’. A light bulb has a thin wire called a filament that heats up and gives light. The Motorcar Inventor: Karl Benz Year: 1886 Benz’s car was a three-wheeled vehicle with a single-cylinder engine. It had a top speed of about 16 kilometres per hour. The Telephone Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell

Year: 1876

Graham Bell was studying ways to teach the deaf. In the process, he invented the telephone. The first words spoken in the first telephone call were Alexander Graham Bells’s instruction to his assistant, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.” Use the internet to find out the inventors of the machines you use daily. 21st SKILLS

256

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Write the year of the following inventions and the person who invented them. Inventions a

The light bulb

The motorcar

The telescope

The telephone

The microscope

Year of invention

Person who invented it

2 Write the correct answers. a

The nickname of Thomas Alva Edison:

The top speed of the first motorcar:

c The profession of the person who made

the first telescope:

The number of wheels on Benz’s first car:

The name of the first computer:

The magnifying ability of the first microscope:

Topic 12 • Great Inventions

257

Unique Beaches

Explore More!

Beaches are stretches of narrow land spread across the edge of the sea or ocean. Beaches mostly have sand, pebbles or rocks and often have pretty shells. Let us read about some of the most unique beaches around the world. Location: Bahamas

The Pink Sand Beach

This beach gets its pink shade from tiny organisms called foraminifera that live in the coral reefs. They have bright pink or red shells that are full of holes. When these creatures die, their shells end up on the beach and mix with the sand, giving it a pink colour.

Location: Australia

The Jervis Bay Beach

hen it gets dark in Jervis Bay, the water sometimes starts to glow with a W blue light. This is because of tiny creatures called dinoflagellates. When the water moves, it lights up the beach as if the water is full of tiny stars.

Location: Bali, Indonesia

The Keramas Beach

It is a popular black-sand beach in Bali made of volcanic sand mixed with rocks. It is a popular beach among surfers because of the waves that can be up to three metres high. The Glass Beach Location: Fort Bragg, California

This beach is covered with colourful pieces of glass spread over white sand. It is not a natural beach, as it used to be a garbage dumping site. These unique pebble-like glass pieces formed over the years, as glass items were shattered and were made smooth by the waves.

Location: Hawaii, USA

The Papakolea Beach

This beach has green sand made of a mineral called olivine, which came from the lava of the Big Island (where the beach is located). When the lava cooled off, it stayed on the beach, giving the beach its unique green colour. There are only three other green beaches in the world.

21st SKILLS

India also has many unique beaches. There is a magical hide-and-seek beach in India, which vanishes completely twice a day. Use the internet to find out about it.

258

Practice Time 1

HOTS

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Name the country where this unique beach is situated. a

The Glass beach

The Jervis Bay beach

The Pink Sand beach

The Keramas beach

The Papakolea beach

2 Fill in the blanks. a The Papakolea beach has green sand because of b

beach is one of the black-sand beaches in Bali.

c The blue light In Jervis Bay is because of d

create the pink shade of the pink sand beach.

e The glass pieces in the glass beach were made smooth by the

f The Keramas beach in Bali is known for its big waves, which can be as high as

metres.

HOTS

3 Circle six differences between the two images.

Topic 13 • Unique Beaches

259

Kabaddi

Explore More!

Kabaddi is a sport played by a lot of people around the world. It is often believed that the origin of this game lies in ancient India. Let us learn more about it. How to Play Kabaddi Teams: Two teams with seven players each (Attackers and Defenders). Format: Two halves of 20 minutes each.

Attacker: One player from the team enters the opponent’s court and tries to tag as many players as possible in 30 seconds to score points. He or she keeps chanting ‘Kabaddi, Kabaddi’ in one breath. This is called a raid, and the player is known as a raider. Defenders: The defending team tries to stop the raider from tagging players to score points. Kabaddi Tournaments Kabaddi World Cup

The first Kabaddi World Cup was held in Mumbai in 2004. It had teams from Asia, Europe and North America. The tournament is organised by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF). Kabaddi at the Asian Games

Kabaddi was first included at the 11th Asian Games, Beijing in 1990. India won the gold medal that year. Women’s kabaddi became a part of the games from the 16th Asian Games in 2010. India has secured 11 gold medals in kabaddi at the Asian Games, with 8 won by men and 3 by women. The Pro Kabaddi League The Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) is India’s premier kabaddi championship, which was launched in 2014 by Mashal Sports and supported by the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI). Players from all over the world represent different franchises in this event. Playing kabaddi helps us increase our strength and stamina. HEALTH

21st SKILLS

Kabaddi teaches us that teamwork and coordination are key to overcoming challenges and achieving success as a group. 260

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Fill in the blanks. a Kabaddi is played by

teams with

players in each team.

b India has won a total of

gold medals in Kabaddi at the

Asian Games.

c The person attacking the opponent team is called a d The person attacking must chant

repeatedly, out loud.

e The person attacking has

seconds to score points.

f The game of kabaddi is usually played in two halves of

minutes each.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct details. a

The Kabaddi World Cup is organised by the

b The first Kabaddi World Cup was held in

The Pro Kabaddi league was launched in the year

Women’s kabaddi was included in the Asian Games in the year .

The Pro Kabaddi league was launched by

. in the year .

f Kabaddi was included for the first time in the Asian Games in the year

Topic 14 • Kabaddi

261

Waste Management

Explore More!

Every year, the world produces about 200 crore tonnes of solid waste. This waste often ends up in landfills and waterbodies. Let us learn how to manage the waste we produce. Recycling is changing waste material into reusable material.

We can reduce waste by following the different ‘Rs’ of waste management.

Waste plastic bottles Cut and melted

Refuse items that cause waste.

Reduce waste; carry your own bottle or bag.

Reuse old things instead of buying new ones.

Repurpose things and turn old items into new useful ones.

Recycle only when you cannot reuse or repair.

What can be recycled?

Plastic chips

What cannot be recycled?

Paper and Cardboard

Plastic

Metal

Glass

Electronics

Paper is made of wood. Recycling 1000 kilograms of paper can save 17 fully grown trees!

Plastic destroys the environment, as it does not decompose easily. But it can be recycled easily.

Metals are recycled more easily than plastic. Steel is the most recycled material in the world.

Glass is fully recyclable. It can be recycled many times without reducing the quality.

Electronics often contain harmful materials that can’t be recycled safely.

GO GREEN

New plastic things

Hazardous Plant and Waste Animal Waste

This contains waste that is toxic, reactive to heat or fire or can cause diseases.

This waste can easily be broken down naturally through composting, so it is not recycled.

We should use separate dustbins for different types of waste, such as recyclable and non-recyclable items. This promotes proper waste management. 262

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Write Y for waste that can be recycled and N for waste that cannot be recycled. a

An empty glass jam jar:

An old plastic bottle:

Vegetable peels:

Leftover food:

Newspaper:

Dry flowers:

Broken steel spoon:

Empty juice can:

Empty oil bottle:

Old notebooks:

2 Choose the correct word from those given in the brackets and fill in the blanks. a Paper is made from

(metal/wood) and can be recycled.

b Waste from hospitals like medicines and syringes are

(electronic/hazardous) waste.

c Waste like old mobile phones and batteries are

for the environment.

d Waste like dry flowers and leaves can be

recycled).

e The most recyclable material in the world is

HOTS

(safe/unsafe) (composted/ (steel/copper).

3 The list has different ways to manage waste. Write the correct R beside each. a

When we say NO to buying plastic bottles:

When we carry our own bag for shopping:

When we use an empty jar as a pen holder:

When we make paper mache from waste paper:

Topic 15 • Waste Management

263

Uses of Drones

Explore More!

Drones are flying gadgets that can zoom through the sky. Some drones have a built-in camera that is used to take pictures and record videos. Let us learn more about drones and their uses. Drone A drone is a small aircraft that can be controlled by a person using a remote control or a computer. Drones are also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). They are named so because they are flown without a pilot or crew. Is a Drone a Plane? While both drones and planes are flown, yet they are very different in the way they are operated. • A plane is flown by a pilot whereas a drone is flown by a person on the ground. • Drones are limited to a certain range while planes can cover very long distances. • Drones fly at lower heights compared to planes.

Uses of Drones Media and Entertainment Drones are used for capturing aerial shots for films, TV shows and sports matches.

Delivery They are used by organisations to deliver medicines and goods during a natural disaster.

GO GREEN

Agriculture They are used by farmers to monitor the health of their crops.

Environment They are used for monitoring air quality and pollution in water bodies.

Drones are not just high-tech gadgets. They are powerful tools that help to monitor animals in the forests. They also help to maintain the count of endangered species. They have empowered us to protect our environment in a better way.

264

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Fill in the blanks. a A drone is a small

that can be controlled by a person on the

ground.

Drones are controlled using

Drones are also known as

Drones fly at

Drones are limited to a certain

or computers. . heights compared to planes. .

2 Name any two sectors in which drones are used. a b

HOTS

3 Tick () the activities that involve the use of drones. a

To show sports matches on TV

To monitor the health of crops

To cook food

To monitor animals in the forests

To exercise

To deliver medicines

To capture shots for films

To drive a car

Topic 16 • Uses of Drones

265

A n swe rs 9. States and Union Territories of India

13. Unique Beaches

2. a. Assam, Andhra Pradesh b. Gujarat, Goa c. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh d. Karnataka, Kerala e. Maharashtra, Meghalaya f. Tripura, Tamil Nadu g. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh

2. a. olivine b. Keramas c. dinoflagellates d. foraminifera e. waves f. three

1. a. Lakshadweep c. Chandigarh

b. Jammu and Kashmir

3. a. 28, 8 b. Rajasthan d. Jammu and Kashmir 1. a. earn

b. spend

c. saving

3. a. False

b. False

c. True

b. bank

c. money

d. interest

d. False

e. True

1. a. 16 to 21 January b. 1 to 4 June c. 22 March to 26 May d. 19 to 31 January e. 23 to 28 January

3. a. Peddem d. twenty

b. Goa d. Gandhinagar

b. K.D. Jadhav e. 5600

c. thirteen

12. Great Inventions

1. a. 1880, Thomas Alva Edison b. 1886, Karl Benz c. 1608, Hans Lippershey d. 1876, Alexander Graham Bell e. 1590, Hans and Zacharias Janssen

2. a. Wizard of Menlo Park b. 16 kilometres per hour c. spectacle maker d. three e. Analytical Engine f. 3-10 times

266

d. lend

11. Sport Events in India, 2024

2. a. New Delhi c. Tamil Nadu

c. Bahamas

c. Telangana e. Goa

10. Manage Your Money 2. a. income

1. a. USA b. Australia d. Indonesia e. USA

14. Kabaddi

1. a. two, seven b. 11 c. attacker d. Kabaddi, Kabaddi e. 30 f. 20

2. a. International Kabaddi Federation b. Mumbai, 2004 c. 2014 d. 2010 e. Mashal Sports f. 1990

15. Waste Management 1. a. Y g. Y

b. Y h. Y

c. N i. Y

d. N j. Y

2. a. wood b. hazardous d. composted e. steel 3. a. Refuse

b. Reduce

e. Y

f. N

c. unsafe

c. Repurpose

d. Recycle

16. Uses of Drones

1. a. aircraft b. remote controls c. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles d. lower e. range 2. a. Agriculture

3. a.  f. 

b.  g. 

b. Media and Entertainment

c.  h. 

d. 

e. 

encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

• Digital Aids: Animated talking books, interactive quizzes for additional practice and curated learning videos

hello@uolo.com `496

ISBN 978-81-981206-7-0

INS_G04_EMSSG_Term1-2-3_Cover_SS.indd 5-7

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Term 2

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• Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking: Intellectually stimulating questions designed to

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Insights • Term 2

About the Book

NEP 2020 based

NCF 2023 compliant

17/12/24 6:39 PM