INS_G05_EMESSG_Term1_AY25 by Uolo

encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

• Digital Aids: Animated talking books, interactive quizzes for additional practice and curated learning videos

• Rootedness to India: Examples from India’s unique culture and history, linked to each topic, to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation • Model Assessments: Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and the application of skills

About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-enabled learning programs. We believe that pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

hello@uolo.com `514

ISBN 978-81-981206-1-8

INS_G05_EMSSG_Term1-2-3_Cover_SS.indd 2-4

Unlock Learning Across Subjects

Term 1

• Experiential and Applicative Learning: Projects and activities designed for real-life settings, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills

Social Science

• Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking: Intellectually stimulating questions designed to

General Knowledge

Key Features

Science

• Semester Books • Uolo App • Teacher Guide

Mathematics

Product Package

Insights

English

Introducing INSIGHTS, a 21st-century product for the learners of grades 3 to 5. It includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. INSIGHTS is aligned with the NEP 2020 in terms of its design principles, and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF 2023.

Insights • Term 1

About the Book

NEP 2020 based

NCF 2023 compliant

19/12/24 5:12 PM

Insights 5

Term 1 English

Mathematics

Science

Social Science

General Knowledge

Acknowledgements Academic Authors: Melanie Grobler, Chandani Goyal, Neena Aul, Animesh Mittal, Muskan Panjwani, Sneha Sharma, Anuj Gupta Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish Book Production: Sanjay Kumar Goel, Tauheed Danish, Amisha Gupta Project Lead: Chandani Goyal VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners. © Uolo EdTech Private Limited First impression 2025 This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. Book Title: Insights 5 Term 1 ISBN: 978-81-981206-1-8 Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited Corporate Office Address: 85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003 CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986 Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

Preface In this 21st–century world, just “knowing” is not enough. Our dynamic and ever-changing world demands “thinking” skills. Learners need to be able to not just consume knowledge but also acquire higher-order

thinking skills in various domains—be it in language, mathematics or general awareness—to apply that knowledge. This is the spirit and the recommendation of the NEP (National Education Policy) 2020. It is in this context that UOLO has designed Insights, a 21st–century product for primary grade

learners (grades 1 to 5) that includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. Insights strongly aligns with NEP 2020 in terms of its design

principles and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF (National Curriculum Framework) 2022–23. English: This section not only focuses in listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar and vocabulary, but also hones the ability to interpret, analyse and communicate confidently. The task-based approach and frequent opportunities for collaborative learning provided in this section encourage learners to

express ethical views, interact constructively, solve problems creatively, apply their knowledge in new situations, and take responsibility for their own learning.

Mathematics: This section introduces mathematical concepts through real-life situations and

storytelling, connecting them to children’s experiences and transitioning smoothly from the abstract to the concrete. Clear explanations and simple steps are provided for problem-solving. This section

supports learners at all learning levels. It includes extensive practice aligned to the levels in Bloom’s

Taxonomy—from basic practice questions to thought-provoking and higher order thinking questions. Science: This section focuses on conceptual understanding, critical thinking, application, and

problem-solving skills, making science learning highly relevant in the context of the 21st century.

Each chapter is filled with vibrant illustrations, relatable examples, interactive activities, hands-on

experiments and stimulating exercises. All of these instil a scientific temper in young learners and make learning a joyous experience.

Social Science: This section is designed to fascinate students about social science, both as a subject

and as a practical experience, in their everyday lives, while also making them well-rounded individuals.

Observations, inquiries and community-based learning experiences have been embedded throughout the book to develop an evaluative mindset and make learning a relatable and enjoyable journey for them.

General Knowledge: This section focuses on enabling the learners to be well-informed individuals

so as to navigate through the complexities of the modern existence, make informed decisions, think critically and appreciate the world’s diversity. This section is crafted in keeping with the principles of

NEP 2020, emphasizing the need to develop in learners the respect towards fundamental duties and constitutional values, generating awareness on one’s roles and responsibilities in a dynamic world,

and fostering a sense of national pride and global citizenship. It offers an informative and enjoyable

learning experience, incorporating clear explanations, captivating visuals and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

iii

Key NEP Recommendations The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, introduced by the Government of India, represents a transformative shift in the country’s education system. It aims to create a more holistic, dynamic and multidisciplinary approach to education. NEP 2020 focuses on fostering conceptual understanding, skills, values, and competencies that align with the demands of the 21st–century, while also preserving India’s rich cultural heritage. UOLO is fully committed to actualising the vision of NEP 2020 by meticulously adhering to its outlined recommendations.

1. Focus on conceptual understanding 2. 21st-century skills values, and dispositions

Competency-based Education

3. Critical thinking and problem-solving 4. Application in real life NEP Pages 12, 17, and 22

5. Holistic and integrated learning 6. Experiential learning 7. Enjoyable and engaging

Teaching and Learning Pedagogy

8. Inquiry- and discovery-based approach 9. Technology-based solutions

10. Knowledge of India

NEP Pages 3, 11, 12, and 27

National Pride NEP Pages 15, 16, and 43

11. Assessment of core concepts and application skills iv

Assessments NEP Pages 12, 18, and 22

Our Key Features: Aligning with NEP 2020 Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking

Intellectually stimulating questions designed to encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes 1

Digital Aids

Talking books with animations, interactive quizzes for additional practice, and curated learning videos to make learning fun and engaging 1

Experiential and Applicative Learning

Projects and activities are set in real-life context, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills 1

Rootedness to India

Examples from India’s unique culture and history have been linked to each topic to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation 5

Model Assessments

Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and application of skills in learners 1

The NEP Tags The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 outlines essential skills, values, dispositions and learning approaches necessary for learners to thrive in the 21st century. Insights incorporates these elements throughout its content, tasks and projects. Referred to as ‘NEP Tags,’ they are defined as follows:

Art Integration & Creativity ART

Bringing creativity and fun into learning by combining music, drama and art with other subjects

Sports Integration GAMES

Using physical activities, sports and games to make learning active and fun

Cross-curricular INTEGRATED

Cross-curricular linkages to make the learning experience more holistic, joyful and meaningful

Indianness BHARAT

Texts and tasks are rooted in the Indian context and culture to develop a sense of national pride

Rational Thinking THINK RATIONAL

Using facts, logic and reasoning to understand problems and make smart decisions

Communication & Teamwork TEAMWORK

Embracing the spirit of mutual collaboration, communication and cooperation while working together or engaging in a guided conversation

Sustainable Development Goals SDG

Unwavering commitment to generating awareness of a green, peaceful, prosperous, equitable and inclusive world

SEL

Socio-Emotional Learning Developing the skills to understand and manage emotions, build positive relationships and make responsible choices

Experiential Learning HANDS-ON

Engaging actively in hands-on tasks to acquire knowledge and skills

Higher-Order Thinking HOTS

Encouraging higher-order skill such as analyzing, evaluating, problem-solving and fostering deep understanding

Green Living Generating awareness of a green, peaceful and prosperous world GO GREEN

Scientific Temper Developing a mindset rooted in curiosity, critical-thinking, problem-solving SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

and evidence based-reasoning

21st-Century Skills Fostering skills and knowledge—such as critical thinking, communication, and 21st SKILLS

digital literacy—that are essential for success in today’s rapidly changing world

Health and Wellness Promoting practices that support physical, mental, and emotional well-being HEALTH

for a balanced and healthy lifestyle

SEL SDG GAMES

BHARAT VALUE

ANDS ON

TEAM WORK

Value Development

Building a strong character, guiding towards ethical decision making, and HOTS

developing respect, kindness, and a sense of responsibility

INTEGRATED

ART

THINK RATIONAL SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

CRITICAL THINKING

vii

Our Body

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows

a big plant. A child Chapter at a Glanceinto grows into an adult. A Walkthrough of Key Elements Non-living things do not Chapter Overview

Our Body

What Makes Our Body?

Our Body Organs

Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds

Head

Organ Systems

Eyes

Get Set

Method:

Step 1: At2home, look for a plastic tub that h

Ears

Use the help box and label the body parts. Head

Plants reproduce through seeds. When you plant a seed and the seed gets air, water and minerals, it grows into a new plant. For example, a mango seed grows into a mango tree.

Feet

Eyes Ears Feet Shoulder

Elements: Interesting like Did Plants elements reproduce through seeds. Elbow When you plant a seedand and the You Know, Error Alert, Remember, Leg seed gets air, water and minerals, Think and Tell to keep the learners hooked

Leg

198

USC25CB0301.indd 198

3. North is located to the opposite of South. 4. Directions can be found using a compass.

Do and Learn

Aim: Growing plants from seeds

Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds, water

Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make small holes in the bottom of the tub.

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in a container so that they Sweet potato Snake plants can germinate easily. germinate: growing 06/12/24 10:11 AM can grow from plants canto start Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds. Water it from time to time. their leaves. grow from their roots. germinate: to start growing

219

Chapter •

Pause and Answer

Now, exchange your maps and use them to find the hidden objects of the other team. The team that finds all the objects first, wins.

Investigate and Discover

Think and Tell If you had to find out the names of all states in India, which type of map will you use?

2. A physical map shows countries and boundaries.

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different

3. North is located to the opposite of South.

Wonders of Bharat

Aim: Growing plants from seeds birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your ART

4. Directions can be found using a compass.

Aryabhata

Do and Learn

Chapter 3 • Globes and Directions

Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds.

Long-answer questions. Non-living things do6.not A small plant grows into a big plant. A baby grows Check for Understanding: Short exercises into an adult. grow. A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet? between the chapter to pause and assess Tick (✓) the correct statements. B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird. 1. Maps are flattened representations of the Earth. comprehension C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

Make two teams and hide small objects like toys, stones, sketch pens, etc. at different places in a playground. Then, make a map of the playground, marking the spots where you have hidden the objects.

Aryabhata was a famous Indian mathematician and astronomer. He said that the Earth was round.

A baby grows into an adult.

Chapter •

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows into a big plant. A child grows into an adult.

2. A physical map shows countries and boundaries.

GAMES

A small plant grows into a big plant.

Investigate and Discover

Step 1: At home, look for a plastic tub that has not been in use.

Living Things Grow 1. Maps are flattened representations of the Earth.

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows into a big plant. A child

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in can germinate easily. Method:

Non-living things do not reproduce. A table cannot make Vocabulary: Meanings of difficult words another table on its own.

Pause and Answer

Snake plants can grow from their leaves.

grows into an adult. body Some plants reproduce with their Non-living things do not parts such as roots, stemsgrow. and leaves.

a mango tree.

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

Sweet potato plants can grow from their roots.

Living Things Grow

Did You Know?

it grows into a new plant. For example, a mango seed grows into

198

Some plants reproduce with their body parts such as roots, stems and leaves.

Non-living things do not reproduce. A table cannot make another table on its own.

Shoulder

Elbow

Did You Know?

Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make bottom of the tub.

Forehead

Organ Systems

Get Set

Chapter Overview

What Makes Our Body?

grow.

Organs

Warm Up: A short and fun activity to assess the Investigate and Discover learners’ pre-knowledge and get them excited Use the help box andabout label thethe bodynew parts.topic Aim: Growing plants from seeds

Our Body

A small plant grows

273

GAMES

6. Long-answer questions. Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds, water new bird.

A. Why you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet? 6. do Long-answer questions.

Method:

B. 7. Compare the do nests by a weaver bird and a tailorbird. A. Why youmade think different birds have different types of beaks and feet? Picture-based question. Make two teams and hide small objects like toys, stones, sketch pens, Step 1:Then, At home, look a plastic tub thatmigrate? has not been ina use. What isfor migration? Why do birds etc. at different places in a playground. make aC.map of B. the Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and tailorbird. Look atis migration? the picture ofbirds afeatures duck andthree answer playground, marking the spots where you have hidden objects. D. the Draw a new type of bird by combining from differentthe questions. C. What Why do migrate? Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make small holes in the birdsobjects that you about. Write one special thingfrom about yourdifferent Now, exchange your maps and use them to find the hidden of ahave D. Draw newlearnt type of bird by combining features three new A. bird.birds Look the feet.Write Where do you think it lives? bottom of the tub. the other team. thatat you havebird’s learnt about. one special thing about your ART

ART

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in a container so that they Picture-based Look 7. at the picture of a question. duck and answer the questions. Visual Prompts: Special questions featuring visual stimuli to 4 can germinate easily.Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions. A. Look B. at the bird’s at feet.the Where do youbeak. think it lives? Look bird’s What do you think it eats? Think and Tell foster comprehension, interpretation and critical thinking If you had to find out the names of all states in India, which type of map A. willLook you use? at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives? The team that finds all the objects first, wins.

newquestion. bird. 7. Picture-based

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet? B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird. C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds. Water it from time to time. ART

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

Wonders of Bharat

germinate: to start growing B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions. A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

Challenge (HOTS) Challenge (HOTS) Aryabhata Challenge (HOTS)

Aryabhata was a famous Indian mathematician and • round. astronomer. He said that theChapter Earth was

HOTS: Intellectually stimulating questions designed for higher order thinking and analysis

Chapter 3 • Globes and Directions

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

7. Picture-based question.

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

219 Challenge (HOTS)

If a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges Ifface? a bird with webbed feet were toIfmight live in a desert, what challenges it face? might it If a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges

might it face? might it face?

Life Skills Life Skills 273

Life Skills SEL

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder. • Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow

SEL

Skills simple steps createto your very bird feeder. Make a birdtofeeder help ourown feathered friends find food. Follow 21st–century Focus: Simple activities and tips to develop a these Life • Take a these toilet paper Usetoa create spoon or a butter knifebird to spread simpleroll. steps your very own feeder. peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.knife to spread diverse set of essential skills for living well in the 21st century •Make Take a toilet paperfeeder roll. Use ato spoon or a our butter a bird help feathered friends find food. Follow SEL

SEL

roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop. • Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

Chapter • Birds

• Thread apeanut piece ofbutter stringall orover yarnthe through the in thepaper toilet paper outside ofhole the toilet roll. simple steps to through create own bird feeder. roll and•these tie the ends of the string to yarn create a loop.theyour Thread a piece of string or hole invery the toilet paper • Find a tree a hook to hang your bird feeder. rollbranch and tieorthe ends outside of the string to create a loop.

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll. • Thread a piece of string or yarn through253the hole in the toilet paper Chapter • Birds Chapter • Birds roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop. 253 • Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder. • Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

viii

253

Birds migrate in search of food, water and warmer places where they can lay eggs and raise

Siberian Crane

their babies. The Siberian crane Migration Do birds migrate migrates to India from Russia During winters, birds living in colder places move toback to their original so, when and how? warmer places. This movement places? is called If migration. during the winters.

Think and Tell

They migrate every year in the same season.

Birds migrate in search of food, water and warmer places

Wonders of Bharat where they can lay eggs and raise their babies. The Siberian crane

Migration

During winters, birds living in colder places move to warmer places. This movement is called migration. They migrate every year in the same season.

Birds migrate in search of food, water and warmer places Siberian Crane where they can lay eggs and raise Think and Tell their babies. The Siberian crane Do birds migrate back to their original migrates to India from Russia places? If so, when and how? during the winters.

important books about birds, helped create safe places for Wonders of hard Bharatto protect them. birds to live, and worked

National Pride: Fascinating insights into India’s rich culture and history

Salim Ali was a famous Indian scientist who studied birds.

Word Splash

Wonders of Bharat Salim Ali was a famous Indian scientist who studied birds. He was popularly called the “Birdman of India”. He wrote important books about birds, helped create safe places for birds to live, and worked hard to protect them.

Siberian Crane

Think and Tell

Salim Ali was a famous Indian scientist who studied birds. Do birds migrate back to their original migrates to India from Russia places? when and how? He was popularly called the “Birdman of India”. HeIf so, wrote during the winters.

He was popularly called the “Birdman of India”. He wrote important books about birds, helped create safe places for

to live, and worked hard to protect pectoral muscles:birds strong muscles located in the chest them. area

migration: movement of birds from colder places to warmer places Word Splash

Word Splash pectoral muscles: strong muscles located in the chest area

pectoral muscles: strong muscles located in the chest area

migration: movement of birds from colder places to warmer places

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

Technology Integration: Short exploratory videos to find out more about the topic

Error Alert!

Scan the QRExplore code toMore! know more about birds.

Points to Remember

Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

• Birds have wings and feathers, which are useful for flying. • Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food.

• Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food.

• Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves from predators or harsh weather. Chapter • Birds

Explore More!

Points to Remember Points to Remember

251

There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Explore More! 6 Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map. • Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food. Points to Remember Scan the QR code to know more about different types of animals.

• Birds have wings and feathers, useful for flying. • Birds have wings andwhich feathers,are which are useful for flying. useto their beaks to catch eat food. • Birds use their• Birds beaks catch and eat and food.

• Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food.

Explore More! Scan the QR code to know more about different types

Scan the QR code to know more about different types of animals.

of animals. • Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves

• Birds live in nests. lay or eggs inweather. them and also protect themselves fromThey predators harsh Points to Remember • Wild animals live by themselves in nature. They find their food and live from predators or harsh weather. • Wild animals live by themselves in nature. They find their food and live in the natural surroundings.

Points to Remember in251 the natural surroundings.

Chapter • Birds

Points to Remember: Summary of the chapter

• Pet animals are domestic animals that are kept by human beings for

• Pet animals are domestic animals companionship. that are kept by human beings for

251 • Wild animals live by themselves in nature. They find their food and live • Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat the flesh of other animals, and companionship. omnivores eat both plants and other animals. in the natural surroundings.

Chapter • Birds

Oceans are very important. They are home to animals. People can also travel from one con Chapter Checkup: Chapter-end practice exercises Chapter Checkup oceans through ships. Oceans also support aligned to different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy the fishing industry. • A food chain shows how living things depend on each other for food.

• Herbivores eat plants, eat thebeings flesh of • Pet animals are domestic animals that carnivores are kept by human forother animals, and omnivores eat both plants and other animals. companionship. Chapter Checkup

• Herbivores eat carnivores eathow the flesh other animals, on andeach other for food. • Aplants, food chain shows livingofthings depend 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. Which of these eats both plants and animals? omnivores eat both plants and other animals. Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

All of these

Rabbit

Deer

Lion

Cow

• A food chain shows how living things depend on each other for food. B. Which of these animals is a carnivore?

C. Which animal is most likely to be found in a farm? Wolf

Horse

Elephant

Herbivore

Carnivore and wild

Omnivore and pet

Omnivore and farm

A. Which of these eats both plants and animals? 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. 242

Error Alert!

Plants and animals in the ocean

Do and Learn

GAMES

With the help of your teacher, draw the world map on the ground. The teacher will then call out the name of a continent or ocean and you will take turns to go and run towards the correct location on the map. Whoever gets the maximum correct markings wins.

SDG

Sunset over the Indian Ocean GAMES

Word Splash continent: a large mass of land on the surface of the Earth ocean: a very large and deep water body on the surface of the Earth

Omnivore and pet

Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute the oceans so that we don’t harm the 242 aquatic plants and animals.

Do and Learn

Wonders of Bharat The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world. It is named after our country, India.

All of these

Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute NEP Tags: To show alignment with NEP skills and values the oceans so that we don’t harm the aquatic plants and animals. C. Which animal is most in a farm? Wolflikely to be found Horse

Oceans are very important. They are home to many aquatic plants and animals. People can also travel from one continent to another by crossing oceans through ships. Oceans also support the fishing industry. Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute the oceans so that we don’t harm the aquatic plants and animals.

Omnivore

Elephant

Cow

Shark

Oceans are very important. They are home to manyWolf aquatic plantsHorse and Elephant Shark D. What type of animal is a zebra if it eats only plants? animals. People can also travel from one continent to another by crossing D. What type of animal is a zebra if it eats only plants? Herbivore Carnivore and wild oceans SDG through ships. Oceans also support Herbivore Carnivore and wild the fishing industry. Omnivore and pet Omnivore and farm

There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Since the Earth is round, the Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map.

SDG

Herbivore A. Which of these eats both plants and Carnivore animals?

Herbivore B. WhichCarnivore of these animalsOmnivore is a carnivore?All of these There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Since the Earth is round, the B. Which of these animals Rabbitis a carnivore? Deer Lion Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map. Rabbit C. WhichDeer Lion to be found Cow animal is most likely in a farm?

Error Alert!

Shark

D. What type of animal is a zebra if it eats only plants?

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

Omnivore and farm

242

Plants and animals in the ocean

Experiential Learning: Multidisciplinary, holistic, and fun activities / projects to understand the concept better

aquatic: growing or living in water industry: business 266

Do and Learn

With the help of your teacher, draw the wo The teacher will then call out the name of Model Test Paper - 1 8 you will take turns to go and run towards t map. Whoever gets the maximum correct

Wonders of Bharat

The Indian Ocean is the third largest GAMES ocean in the world. It is named after our country, India.

Name of the Student:

Sunset over the Indian Ocean

Time: 1 Hour 1

Word Splash

continent: a large mass of land on the surface of the Earth

(4 marks)

The place value of 5 in 7645 is 50.

_________

The face value of 3 in 5673 is 3.

_________

The expanded form of the number 4190 is 4000 + 100 + 90.

The number name for 1740 is one thousand seventy-four.

Write the division statement for each picture.

Model Test Paper - 1 Summative Assessments: Continuous and comprehensive aquatic: growing or living in water assessments focusing on the depth of understanding andof the Student: Name industry: business Time: 1 Hour mastery of key concepts ocean: a very large and deep water body on the surface of the Earth

Total Marks: 50

Write True or False.

_________ _________

(4 marks)

Add the numbers. Show your work.

Write the estimated sum or difference by rounding off the numbers to their highest place.

Solve mentally.

266

Write True or False.

Wonders of Bharat

35 + 78

Total Marks: 50

45 + 22

The place value of 5 in 7645 is 50.

The face value of 3 in 5673 is 3.

The expanded form of the number 4190 is 4000 + 100 + 90.

1×7

8 × 40

56 ÷ 1

The number name for 1740 is one thousand seventy-four.

(4 marks) B

(4 marks)

658 – 321

_________ B

9×0

0 ÷ 13

(6 marks)

D 3 × 300 _________

_________ _________

The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world. It is named after our ix country, India. D

Write the division statement for each picture.

Model Test Paper - 1

(4 marks)

(6 marks)

342 + 504

Add the numbers. Show your work. A

35 + 78

(6 marks)

342 + 504

191

Contents English 1. The Shawl �� 3 Project 1: A Visit to the Post Office �� 14 2. The Adventures of Toto �� 16 3. The Life-Saving Dog �� 29 4. Kindness �� 42

Grammar Worksheets 1. Types of Noun �� 48 2. Subject-Verb-Object & Transitive and Intransitive Verb �� 50 3. Subject-Verb Agreement �� 51 4. Types of Pronouns �� 52 Practice Time-1 �� 54

Mathematics 1. Numbers up to 8 Digits �� 60 2. Operations on Large Numbers �� 74 3. Factors and Highest Common Factor �� 89 4. Multiples and Least Common Multiples �� 103 5. Fractions �� 116 6. Operations on Fractions �� 128 Model Test Paper - 1 �� 145 Answers �� 147

Science 1. Food and Health ��153 2. The Human Skeletal System ��164 3. The Human Nervous System ��173 4. Safety and First Aid ��184 5. Natural Calamities ��194 Project 1: Homemade Volcanic Eruptions! ��205 Assessment 1 ��206 Model Test Paper-1 ��207

Social Science 1. Globe—The Model of the Earth �� 210 2. Maps and Directions �� 219 3. Movements of the Earth �� 228 4. Weather and Climate �� 236 5. Natural Disasters �� 244 6. Protecting Our Environment �� 253 Project 1: Reuse and Recycle ��262 Assessment 1 ��263 Model Test Paper-1 ��264

General Knowledge 1. World Leaders, 2024 ��268 2. Heroes of Indian Freedom ��270 3. Hockey in India ��272 4. Animals of the Tropical Rainforest ��274 5. 7 New Wonders of the World ��276 6. Renowned Filmmakers ��278 7. Kitchen Gardening ��280 8. Banks and Their Uses ��282 Answers ��284

xii

ENGLISH 1 The Shawl �� 3 Project 1: A Visit to the Post Office �� 14

2 The Adventures of Toto �� 16 3 The Life-Saving Dog �� 29 4 Kindness �� 42 5 Types of Noun Worksheet �� 48 6 Subject-Verb-Object & Transitive and Intransitive Verb Worksheet �� 50 7 Subject-Verb Agreement Worksheet �� 51 8 Types of Pronouns Worksheet �� 52 Practice Time-1 �� 54

Community

Themes

The Shawl

Chapter

Compassion The LifeSaving Dog

Compassion Kindness

The Adventure of Toto

Wit and Humour

Project 1: A Visit to the Post Office

S.No

Edgar Albert Guest

Ruskin Bond

Author/Poet

Poem

Biography

Realistic story

Fable

Type

Making connections Factual questions Making inferences Identifying contextual meaning Poetry appreciation–personification, theme, main idea

Factual questions Identifying setting, characters, problem and solution Making inferences Identifying point of view Analysing character traits Doing research

Factual questions Identifying contextual meaning Analysing character actions and traits Making connections

Factual questions Ordering Making inferences Making connections

Comprehension

Collocations Synonyms

Collocations Dictionary hunt Synonyms

Singular and plural Suffixes

Text-based vocabulary Alphabetical order Dictionary hunt– parts of speech

Vocabulary

Detailed Framework

Pronouns–personal, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative and reflexive

Subject-verb-object Transitive and intransitive verbs Subject-verb-agreement

Types of nouns–proper, common, collective, concrete, material and abstract

Grammar

Speaking

Listen and Giving follow directions directions

Listen and Skit about a answer humourous incident

Listen and Roleplay– fill in community workers

Listening

Notice writing

Summary writing

Ending a story

Writing

Community 1 . The Shawl Get Set Think about something you loved but lost. What did you lose?

Why was it special to you?

Did you find it again? How?

SEL

First share your story and feelings with a partner and then with the class.

Nicki’s Dadijaan gives him something very special and asks him to be careful with it. But, something unexpected happens to the gift, that neither Nicki nor his Dadijaan could have imagined. What is this unexpected event? Let’s find out.

Let’s Read Nicki lived with his grandmother, whom he lovingly called Dadijaan, in a quaint, little village in Himachal Pradesh. Every summer, Kaku Dada brought colourful shades of wool for Dadijaan to choose from. This year was no different. Kaku Dada displayed bright red, sunny yellow, deep blue, lush green, and even some multi-coloured balls of wool. Dadijaan decided to knit a shawl for Nicki and called him over to choose a colour.

Talking Book

But, Nicki had a different idea, ‘I want my new shawl to be as white as snow,’ he declared. Dadijaan hesitated. ‘If you drop it in the Think and Tell snow,’ she warned, ‘you’ll never find it.’ But Nicki was adamant. He loved the idea of a snow-white shawl, and What did Nicki request? finally, Dadijaan agreed. All summer long Dadijaan’s needles clicked rhythmically as she knitted the shawl. Finally, as the last leaves of autumn fell and the first snowflakes began to fall from the sky, Dadijaan finished the shawl. Nicki wrapped himself in the warm, white shawl and gave Dadijaan a hug. He stepped outside to play when he heard Dadijaan shout, ‘When you come home, first I’ll look to see if you are safe and sound, and then I’ll look to see if you still have your snow-white shawl.’

quaint: attractive and old fashioned adamant: determined, unwilling to change her mind rhythmically: making a pattern of sound 4

Before long, as it sometimes happens, Nicki dropped his shawl and forgot all about it. Soon, a mole, tired from tunnelling, discovered the shawl and moved in. It was warm and cosy inside. A rabbit hopped looking for shelter and warmth. He too saw the shawl and moved in. The mole didn’t think there was any room, but when he saw how cold the rabbit was, he moved over. Next, a porcupine came snuffling by. Having spent all day looking under wet leaves for things to eat, he crawled into the shawl to warm himself. The mole and the rabbit thought there was no room for a third one, but who could argue with someone covered with quills? Moreover, they wanted to help. A big owl who was attracted by the commotion, swooped down. The animals thought there was no more room, but when they saw his big talons, they quickly let him in. Up through the snow appeared a marmot. He saw the shawl and began to get in. The mole, the rabbit, the porcupine, and the owl were not too pleased. But still, they moved over. Soon a fox was trotting by. She saw the shawl and poked in her muzzle. When the mole, the rabbit, the porcupine, the owl, and the marmot saw her shivering, they let the fox squeeze in. tunnelling: digging any room: (here) any space snuffling: smelling something and making a sound while doing it quills: long sharp points on the body of a porcupine Chapter 1 • The Shawl

Think and Tell Name all the animals who got into the shawl.

commotion: a lot of noise and activity swooped: moved quickly and suddenly downwards through the air talons: hooked claws muzzle: nose and mouth

A big brown bear lumbered by. He saw the shawl and nosed his way in. The animals were packed in as tightly as could be. The shawl stretched many times its size, but Dadijaan’s knitting held fast . Along came a meadow mouse, no bigger than an acorn. She wriggled into the one space left, on top of the big brown bear’s nose. Her whiskers tickled the bear’s nose, and he gave an Think and Tell enormous sneeze, ‘Aaaaaaa–aaaaa–aaaaa–Chooo!’ Is it possible for so many The force of the sneeze shot the shawl up into the sky and scattered the animals in all directions.

animals to fit into the boy’s shawl? Why do you think the author tells the tale in this way?

On his way home Nicki saw a white silhouette fly up into the sky. It was his shawl. He ran to catch it. As he drew closer to home, he saw Dadijaan’s face in the window. First, she looked to see if he was safe and sound, and then she saw that he still had his new shawl. As for the animals, they landed safely and quickly ran to their holes.

lumbered: moved slowly and clumsily acorn: a nut of an oak tree wriggled: moved by twisting and turning enormous: very big scattered: thrown in different directions silhouette: an outline of something against a lighter background 6

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Write True or False. a Nicki’s Dadijaan was confident that a snow-white shawl was a

good idea.

b The mole was the first animal to discover the shawl and decided to

move in because it was warm and cosy.

c The shawl ripped apart when the bear tried to squeeze in with the

other animals.

d The owl was the last animal to join the others in the shawl before it

flew up into the sky.

e When Nicki saw the shawl flying into the sky, he ran to catch it.

2. Answer the questions in three to four sentences. a Prove from the story that the wool Kaku Dada brought was ‘colourful’.

Which colour did Nicki choose, and why?

b Why did Dadijaan think the colour Nicki chose for the shawl was not a good

choice?

What did Nicki do when Dadijaan had finished knitting the shawl?

d Which animals found shelter in the shawl, and in what order did they arrive? e

HOTS

Describe what happened when the bear sneezed.

3. Fill in the key details using words from the story. Then, arrange the events in the correct sequence from 1–5. a One day, Nicki

his shawl while playing outside. A mole found the shawl and decided to in because it was warm and cosy.

b Finally, Nicki saw his shawl in the sky and ran to

got home, Dadijaan checked to see if he was safe and and if he still had the shawl.

it. When he

c Nicki, who lived with his grandmother in a small village in

for a white shawl even though she

Chapter 1 • The Shawl

, asked him it was easy to lose.

d When a small mouse’s whiskers tickled the big brown bear’s nose,

the bear gave an the .

e As more animals looked for

sneeze, sending the shawl flying into

them all, including a porcupine, a big

, the shawl stretched to fit , and even a fox.

Think and Answer 1. Answer these questions in three to four sentences. a ‘When you come home, first I’ll look to see if you are safe and

HOTS

sound, and then I’ll look to see if you still have your snow-white shawl.’ What do these lines tell us about Nicki’s Dadijaan and the relationship between Nicki and Dadijaan? b The mole didn’t think there was any room, but when he saw how cold the rabbit

was, he moved over. How would you describe the mole’s action? Which other reasons are given for allowing more animals in? c Considering the actions of the animals and Dadijaan’s care for Nicki, explain

how the story highlights the theme of sharing and caring.

2. Read the following descriptions from the story and answer the questions. a Nicki lived with his grandmother in a quaint village in Himachal Pradesh.

HOTS

What does the word ‘quaint’ tell us about the village where Nicki lives? b Every summer, Kaku Dada brought colourful shades of wool for Dadijaan to choose

from.

INTEGRATED

What does Kaku Dada do in summer and autumn and how is this similar to what some animals do? c

F inally, as the last leaves of autumn fell and the first snowflakes began to fall from the sky, Dadijaan finished the shawl.

How do the descriptions of the seasons help you understand the time period over which the story takes place? d

Nicki wrapped himseslf in the warm, white shawl and stepped outside to play.

Based on this description, what can you infer about the weather outside when Nicki goes to play? 8

Big Idea SEL

Think about a time when you received a special gift. a Describe the special gift you received. What was it and why was it special

to you?

b What did you do to take care of this special gift? Describe any specific actions or

feelings involved.

Vocabulary 1. Read the sentences in the table and match the bold words and their correct meaning. In which part of speech are these words used in the story? The workers were tunnelling through the mountain to build a new railway.

the nose and mouth of an animal

The small cabin was warm and cosy during the winter storms.

shaking due to cold or fear

The girl stroked the horse’s soft muzzle.

warm and comfortable

We had to squeeze all our luggage into the tiny car.

making a hole or passage

After playing in the snow, the children came inside shivering.

press together tightly

Part of speech:

Part of speech: Part of speech:

Part of speech:

2. Look up each word in the dictionary and write the part of speech next to it. Use the abbreviations (n, v, adj, adv). Then, write a sentence to illustrate the meaning of each word. a

quaint (

discovered (

rhythmically (

enormous (

trotting (

Chapter 1 • The Shawl

): ): ): ):

): 9

Go Grammar Types of Nouns Common, Proper and Collective Nouns

• Common nouns are the general names of people, things, animals and places. For example: boy, village, mole. • Proper nouns are capitalised because they are the specific names of people, things, animals and places. For example: Nicky, Himachal Pradesh

• Collective nouns are names for a group of people, things, animals, and places. For example: a cluster of houses, a huddle of penguins (if there are just a few) Here are some more examples of collective nouns: People

Animals

A line/dynasty of kings

A shoal/school of fish

A chain/group of islands

A flock of tourists

An opera of canaries

A network of roads

A panel of experts

A company of actors A mob of rioters

A litter/pack of dogs A drove of bullocks A scuttle of crabs

Things and Places A series of events

A network of computers A block of apartments

1. Name the type of noun and then, make a sentence.

shawl:

Himachal Pradesh:

a parliament of owls:

grandmother:

acorn:

2. Complete each sentence with the collective noun in the box. Hint Box:

pack

pile

flock

pride

of ducks swam across the pond in a neat row.

of lions looked for a place to keep themselves warm.

Dadijaan stacked a

Nicki watched a

cluster

of books high on the library shelf. of stars twinkling brightly in the night sky.

of wolves prowled through the forest, hunting for their next meal. Concrete, Material and Abstract Nouns

Concrete Nouns Nouns refer to physical things, people or phone, laptop, chair, places. They can be recognised by seeing, girl, lion touching, hearing, smelling or tasting them. Material Nouns These are also concrete nouns but they specifically refer to the material that something is made of.

gold, iron, plastic, cement

Abstract Nouns These refer to ideas, feelings, emotions, anything that is not physical and cannot be recognised by using our senses.

science, liberty, generosity, childhood, sympathy

3. Read the underlined nouns. Write C for concrete nouns, A for abstract nouns and M for material nouns. a Nicki’s Dadijaan knitted a shawl using colourful wool which she carefully

chose from a variety of colours.

b Nicki felt love for his Dadijaan when she gave him the shawl and he

hugged her tightly.

Kaku Dada brought different shades of wool so that Dadijaan could knit.

d The animals showed friendship by sharing the shawl, although it was

very cramped inside.

e The last leaf of autumn fell as Dadijaan finished knitting the shawl, and

the first snowflakes began to fall.

Nicki wore a scarf made of silk, which shimmered beautifully under the lights.

Chapter 1 • The Shawl

Making Abstract Nouns We can make abstract nouns by adding a suffix to the root word. • A suffix is a series of letters such as -ness, -ity and -tion. • The root word can be a verb or adjective. For example:

Remember!

kind (adj/adv)

kindness (abstract noun)

possible (adj)

possibility (abstract noun)

silly (adj/(adv)

silliness (abstract noun)

Check the spelling—the -e in the root word could fall away and -y may change to i.

4. Add suffixes to the root words to form abstract nouns. a

forgetful

happy

responsible

determine

diverse

CREATIVITY

In your notebook, use the abstract nouns you made above in sentences of your own.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and fill in the blanks with the words from the text. TEAMWORK

In our neighbourhood, we started a community

Mr Patel helped plant

Mrs Singh watered the

d Every

work together.

project.

. every morning. , the community members gathered to share ideas and

They planted vegetables like

and

Soon the garden expanded and became a place where people wanted to time.

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Community helpers, such as construction workers, doctors, taxi drivers, INTEGRATED shopkeepers, salespeople and bank employees perform important jobs that benefit everyone in the community. ART

Bank

a Choose a community worker and mime what he or she does. Your partner

must guess which role you have chosen.

b Next, role play being the community worker you have chosen. Your partner will

ask you questions. i

Begin with a greeting.

ii Ask questions about the job, for example, the hours worked, what is

enjoyable and not enjoyable and a funny incident that happened while doing the job.

iii

Finish the conversation by thanking your partner for their contribution.

Write Well

TEAMWORK

Write an ending to the story given. When writing an ending make sure to think about what happened in the story so far and how the ending can be written to make the story meaningful and complete.

ART

In a small town called Sunnyville, a group of neighbours noticed that the local park had no playground for the

children. The kids often played in an empty area between

buildings but they needed a safe place with swings, slides

and climbing equipment. The neighbours decided to come together and build a playground for everyone to enjoy.

Each neighbour contributed something special. Mrs Khan, a landscaper, designed the playground. Mr Kumar, a teacher, organised a fundraiser to buy the materials and

Mr Singh, a carpenter, offered his help. The local youth group volunteered their time to help with the construction. Little did they know what the project would lead to.

Complete the story by writing an ending in about 60–70 words. Write a creative ending that will leave the readers satisfied. Chapter 1 • The Shawl

Project 1 A Visit to the Post Office HANDS-ON

Project Overview: In this project, you will write a postcard to a classmate and visit the post office to send it. What You Need: • A postcard • A pen or pencil • A postage stamp Steps: • As a class, pick a chit from the bowl to find out to whom you will send a postcard. • Visit a nearby post office or a stationery store to get a postcard and a stamp. You may ask an adult to accompany you. • Write the date on your postcard and include a message to the person, focusing on their quality or skill that you admire and want to learn from them. For example: 16 July 2025 Dear Nishant, I really admire the confidence with which you give your oral presentations. You are always so prepared. I hope you can give me a few tips on how to boost my confidence. Your friend, Sanya • Paste a postage stamp in the top-right corner of your postcard. • Write the correct address of the person to whom you are sending the postcard. You may ask your friend or teacher for help.

• Ask an adult to take you to the post office. When you get there, give your postcard to the postman or drop it in the mailbox. • While visiting the post office, take a moment to observe how letters, postcards, and couriers are processed and delivered. You could ask someone to share some information with you. Final Presentation: TEAMWORK

On the presentation day, sit in a group and share the postcard you received. Talk about: • who sent you the postcard. • the date it was sent and the date when you received it. • how long it took to reach you. • the message you received. • how you felt when receiving the postcard. • what you learnt at the post office.

Project 1 • A Visit to the Post Office

Wit and Humour

2 . The Adventures of Toto

—Ruskin Bond

Get Set What are some naughty things you have seen pet animals do?

Share your story in class.

The narrator’s grandfather brings home a pet monkey named Toto, but Toto does a lot of things no one expects. Let us read to find out what happens.

Let’s Read Grandfather bought Toto from a tonga driver for the sum of five rupees. Toto was a pretty monkey. His bright eyes sparkled with mischief beneath deep-set eyebrows, and his teeth were a pearly white. But his hands looked dried up. Yet, his fingers were quick and wicked, and his tail, while adding to his good looks, also served as a third hand. He could use it to hang from a branch; and it was capable of scooping up any delicacy that might be out of reach of his hands.

Talking Book

Grandmother always fussed when Grandfather brought home some new bird or animal. So it was decided that Toto’s presence should be kept a secret from her. Grandfather and I put him away in a little closet opening into my bedroom wall, where he was tied securely—or so we thought—to a peg fastened into the wall. A few hours later, when Grandfather and I came back to release Toto, we found that the walls, which had been covered with some ornamental paper, now stood out as naked brick and plaster.

mischief: playful troublemaking delicacy: a special, tasty treat fussed: worried securely: safely; in a manner to avoid escape Chapter 2 • The Adventures of Toto

Think and Tell Why was Toto kept as a secret from Grandmother?

peg: a small hook or pin used to hang things ornamental: decorative naked: (here) bare, without paint or wallpaper

Toto was now transferred to a big cage in the servants’ quarters where a number of Grandfather’s pets lived very sociably together—a tortoise, a pair of rabbits, a tame squirrel, and, for a while, my pet goat. But the monkey wouldn’t allow any of his companions to sleep at night; so Grandfather, who had to leave Dehradun the next day to collect his pension in Saharanpur, decided to take him along. A big black canvas kit bag was provided for Toto. When the strings of the bag were tied, there was no escape. His efforts to get out only had the effect of making the bag roll about on the floor or occasionally jump into the air. Toto remained in the bag as far as Saharanpur, but while Grandfather was producing his ticket at the railway turnstile, Toto suddenly poked his head out of the bag and gave the ticket-collector a wide grin. The poor man was taken aback, but he said, ‘Sir, you have a dog with you. You’ll have to pay for it accordingly.’ Toto was classified as a dog by the ticket collector, and three rupees was the sum handed over as his fare. When Toto was finally accepted by Grandmother, he was given a comfortable home in the stable, where he had for a companion the family donkey, Nana. A great treat for Toto during cold winter evenings was the large bowl of warm water given to him by Grandmother for his bath. He would cunningly test the temperature with his hand, then gradually step into the bath until he was in the water up to his neck.

Think and Tell What are some things Toto did that made him stand out?

sociably: in a friendly way pension: a regular income made by the government or a private company to someone who no longer works due to old age or ill health railway turnstile: a gate at an entrance that allows one person to pass at a time

taken aback: surprised or shocked classified: labelled companion: friend cunningly: cleverly

One day, Toto nearly succeeded in boiling himself alive. A large kitchen kettle had been left on the fire to boil for tea. And Toto, finding himself with nothing better to do, decided to remove the lid. Finding the water just warm enough for a bath, he got in, with his head sticking out from the open kettle. This was just fine for a while, until the water began to boil. He continued hopping up and down for some time, until Grandmother arrived and hauled him, halfboiled, out of the kettle. One day, at lunchtime, a large dish of pulao-rice stood in the centre of the dining table. We entered the room to find Toto stuffing himself with rice. My grandmother screamed, and Toto threw a plate at her. Toto picked up the dish of pulao and made his exit through a window. We found him in the branches of the jackfruit tree, the dish still in his arms. He remained there all afternoon, eating slowly through the rice, determined to finish every grain. Obviously, Toto was not the sort of pet we could keep for long. Even Grandfather realised that. So Grandfather found the tonga driver, and sold Toto back to him—for only three rupees.

Think and Tell What made Grandfather realise that they could not keep Toto for long?

hauled: dragged or pulled stuffing: (here) eating a lot of food

Chapter 2 • The Adventures of Toto

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the story. a

Toto’s

were described as ‘quick and wicked’.

b Grandfather and the narrator put Toto in a

in the narrator’s

bedroom.

c Toto wouldn’t let his

in the servants’ quarters sleep at night.

d At the railway station, the ticket collector was taken

Toto stuck his head out of the bag.

e Toto sat on the branches of the

every grain of the pulao-rice.

when

tree, determined to finish

2. Write True or False. a Grandfather wanted to hide Toto because he was worried how

Grandmother would react.

b Toto improved over time, and by the end of the story, he

had become a well-behaved pet.

c Grandmother was welcoming towards Toto. Therefore, Grandfather

felt comfortable bringing home more unusual pets.

d Toto was not fond of warm baths as he would always check the

temperature of water.

e Grandfather sold Toto for less than what he had bought him for.

3. Answer the questions in three to four sentences. a How did Toto’s appearance contribute to his mischievous nature? b

What happened when Grandfather and the narrator left Toto in the closet?

How did Toto create trouble during Grandfather’s train journey?

d Ruskin Bond uses humour to make the story fun and engaging. Describe the

event in the story that according to you was the most humorous.

Which event made Grandfather change his mind about keeping Toto as a pet?

Think and Answer 1. In your notebook, write the words from the story that mean the same as the words below. Read the sentences they have been used in and then use the words in sentences of your own. mischievous

smartly

firm and resolute

2. What do the actions of the following characters tell you about their qualities? HOTS

Hint Box:

helpful

caring

accepting

enthusiastic

Character

confused

supportive

adaptable

compassionate

Actions

Qualities

Narrator

• He seems excited about Toto’s presence.

Grandmother

• She eventually accepts Toto and gives him a comfortable home in the stable.

• He doesn’t show any objections to Grandfather bringing home new pets.

• She gives Toto warm baths.

Big Idea SEL

Grandfather chose to keep an uncommon pet and the family faced many problems. We often read or hear about people with unusual pets. Sit in a group of five. List a few such pets and discuss the possible challenges that people can face. List the problems that an unusual pet might cause in a household:

Chapter 2 • The Adventures of Toto

Reflect on how people might overcome such challenges:

Vocabulary Singular to Plural

Remember! Singular means one person, animal, thing or idea. Plural means more than one person, animal, thing or idea.

Rules

Examples

For most nouns, add -s to the end of the singular pet form to make it plural.

petS

For nouns ending in -s, -c, -z, -ch or -sh, add -es to bus form the plural. box

buses

match quiz

For nouns ending in a consonant + -y, change -y to -ies for the plural form.

cherry

For nouns ending in a vowel + -y, add -s after -y for the plural form.

key

For most nouns ending in -f or -fe, change -f or -fe to -ves for the plural form.

knife

For some nouns ending in -f, add -s to form the plural. Some nouns do not follow the regular rules and have unique plural forms.

leaf

roof

boxes

matches

quizzes

cherries keys knives

leaves roofs

handkerchief tooth child

handkerchiefs

teeth

children

1. In your notebook, write the plurals of the words. Use the plural forms to make sentences. thief

country

mouse

batch

goose

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct singular or plural forms of the nouns. a

He packed his

(sandwich) in his lunchbox.

She picked some fresh

The

There were many

The

(berry) from the bush. (sheep) grazed in the field. (butterfly) in the garden. (leaf) have dried.

3. Choose the correct words to replace the words in the brackets.

Remember! Suffixes are letters or groups of letters that are added to the end of words to make new words. a

This activement

i b

The

They celebrated their

darkness

achievement

(inform).

information

Her i

The book gave us a lot of i

activity

(achieve).

achieveness

(dark) scared the little boy. darkment

i c

(active) helps Nishant stay fit.

informness

(happy) was visible on her face. happyment

happiness

Go Grammar Subject-Verb-Object

Remember! In a sentence, the subject is the doer of the action and the object is the receiver of the action.

Chapter 2 • The Adventures of Toto

A sentence can be divided into the following parts: Subject

Verb

Object

The subject is who the sentence is about. It is the doer of the action.

The verb is the action or the state of being.

The object is usually the receiver of the action or who/ what the action is about.

For example:

Grandfather is the doer of the action.

Bought is the action.

Toto is the receiver of the action.

Grandfather bought Toto. Grandfather bought Toto. Grandfather bought Toto.

1. Read the sentences and fill in the columns. Subject Toto threw a plate at Grandmother.

Toto

Verb threw

(What did Toto throw?)

Direct Object (Whom/What?) a plate

Toto’s tail scooped up the banana. The parrot picked a card from the deck. Grandfather paid the tonga driver for Toto. The ticket collector took the money. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs • Transitive verbs are verbs that need an object, which means they include the receiver of the action in the sentence. For example: Toto grabbed the dish of pulao. Here, the verb grabbed needs the object (the dish of pulao). ‘Toto grabbed’ is an incomplete thought that does not make sense.

• Intransitive verbs do not need an object to make a complete sentence. For example: Toto jumped. Here, even if we do not add any more details, the sentence is complete and conveys meaning.

2. Underline the verbs and write T for transitive verbs and I for intransitive verbs. a

Grandfather finds the tonga driver. T

We realised Toto was naughty.

My grandmother screamed.

The ticket collector classified Toto as a dog.

Toto seemed to laugh behind his hand.

3. In your notebook, use the verbs below to make sentences of your own. Mark them as T or I (as in the previous exercise). chased

barked laughed

caught threw

Subject-Verb Agreement The subject of the sentence must agree with the verb in person and in number. 1. The verb to be must match the person (the subject of the sentence). Singular

Plural

First person

(I) am/was/have

(We) are/were/have

Second person

(You) are/were/have

Third person

(He/She/It) is/was/has

(They) are/were/have

2. In the simple present, the verb takes an -s/-es if the subject is He/She or It. The verbs match the subject. Toto jumps into the kettle. The children jump into the bath. (He) (They)

Chapter 2 • The Adventures of Toto

3. Agreement in number means that if the subject is singular the form of the verb must be singular and if the subject is plural the form of the verb must be plural. Singular or Plural Subject

Example

Uncountable nouns take the singular form of the verb.

The pulao tastes great.

Collective nouns usually take the singular form of the verb.

The stack of cookies looks good.

If the subjects are joined with and the verb will be plural.

Toto and the donkey fight.

If the subjects are joined with or, either/or, neither/nor, the verb will be singular or plural depending on the noun closest to the verb.

Neither the Grandfather nor the narrator tells the Grandmother.

If the subject is a singular pronoun like each, nobody, everyone, every, the verb will be singular.

Everybody laughs at Toto.

Either the Grandmother or the other pets push Toto out of the house.

Each pet gets a gift on Christmas.

Nobody goes to bed on an empty stomach.

Plural pronouns like several, many, Several neighbours complain about Toto. few, a few, both take the plural form Many children run when they see Toto. of the verb. A few of them get hurt.

When using here or there, the subject comes after the verb. The verb may be singular or plural depending on the subject.

Here is hot water.

When some is used with the subject, the verb will be singular or plural depending on the subject.

Some rice is left.

The titles of books, movies or other works are treated as singular.

‘The Adventures of Toto’ is a popular story.

There are pets in the house.

Some pets are unwell.

4. Fill in the blanks with verbs that agree with the subjects. Write the verbs in the present tense. a Grandfather and I b

(put) Toto in a little closet, and we (hope) he will stay there.

The dish of pulao

(tempt) Toto, and he cannot resist it.

c Each member of the family

(be) upset with Toto for a

different reason.

Neither Grandmother nor Grandfather

‘The Lord of the Rings’

Some animals

(want) to keep Toto. (be) Grandfather’s favourite movie.

(run) away when they see Toto.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the story and fill in answers. a

What was the name of the clever crow?

What food did the farmer have?

From whom did Kulu get a banana?

What did Kulu use to distract the kids in the park?

What did the villagers do when they saw Kulu’s clever antics?

Speak Well

ART

Practise speaking here.

Sit in a group of six. Take turns to share a humorous incident from your life. Choose the incident that the group likes most and write a short skit. Practise the skit and present it in class.

Practise your lines, focussing on clear pronunciation and expressive delivery. Use objects around you as props to make your performance engaging. Use voice modulation, gestures and facial expressions.

Chapter 2 • The Adventures of Toto

Write Well To summarise is to briefly retell the main events in a story. A summary is always shorter than the actual story, because it covers only the main events written in the correct order. Beginning: Who are the characters? Where does the story take place?

Middle: What happens?

End: How is the problem solved?

What is the problem?

Model Answer

The Shawl

Beginning

Nikki was a young boy who lived in Himachal Pradesh. Dadijaan knitted a pure white shawl for him. One day, while playing outside, Nikki dropped the shawl in the snow and couldn’t find it.

Middle

A mole found the shawl and crawled under it for warmth. He was joined by a rabbit, a porcupine, an owl, a marmot, a fox, a bear and a mouse who found a place on the bear’s nose.

End

When the mouse’s whiskers tickled the bear’s nose, he gave a huge sneeze which made all the animals scatter. Nikki noticed his shawl in the air and ran to catch it. He had found his shawl!

In the notebook, summarise the story ‘The Adventures of Toto’ in your own words. HOTS

Compassion 3 . The Life-Saving Dog Get Set

INTEGRATED

TEAMWORK

Think about a hero from history or a hero in a TV programme or film. Choose three qualities that you think are important for someone to be a hero. Make notes and share with your partner why you chose these qualities. You may consider qualities like these: bravery

kindness

strength

compassion

intelligence

determination

In the freezing winter of 1925, a serious illness spread through Nome, Alaska. Read the story of how a brave dog helped to get medicine to the people there.

Let’s Read Talking Book

I never thought I’d owe my life to a dog, but then I never imagined being so sick. It all started in the harsh winter of 1925 in our small town of Nome, Alaska. Diphtheria had struck, and without the life-saving antitoxin, many of us, especially the children, were in grave danger.

Think and Tell Why were the children in grave danger?

I remember lying in bed, shivering, my strength fading. The air was so cold it felt as if ice was cutting through my lungs. My only hope was that we would get the antitoxin in time, but the only supply was in Anchorage, which was hundreds of miles away. The stormy weather made it impossible to use planes or boats.

Did You Know? Sled dogs, like Balto, can pull heavy loads over long distances. They often run more than 80 kilometres a day in difficult conditions.

owe: to feel grateful for the help received Diphtheria: a serious bacterial infection that affects the respiratory tract and can be dangerous without treatment

Think and Tell Why couldn’t the boats and planes be used to transport the vaccine?

antitoxin: medicine that works against the germs that cause an illness grave: very serious

Our last hope was the brave sled dog teams and their mushers who volunteered to bring the medicine to us. Balto was a Siberian husky, part of one of these heroic teams. Led by musher Gunnar Kaasen, Balto was not even the lead dog at first. Many didn’t believe he could lead, but fate had a different plan. With temperatures dropping to –40°C and winds howling fiercely, the journey was dangerous. Balto and the other dogs ran tirelessly, their paws bleeding from the ice. They crossed frozen rivers, climbed over steep mountains, and pushed through blizzards that blinded them. Along the way, some dogs and mushers lost their lives in the harsh weather. Balto, however, seemed to have an unbreakable spirit. When the lead dog of the team was hurt, Balto stepped up, taking the lead. It was as if he understood the urgency of his mission. He guided the team through the icy wilderness with incredible determination. The team had to run in total darkness, guided only by Balto’s instincts. sled: vehicle used for travelling over snow mushers: persons who drive a sled pulled by dogs fate: something that happens that you have no control over blizzards: heavy snowstorms with strong winds

Chapter 3 • The Life-Saving Dog

stepped up: took the necessary action urgency: the importance of acting quickly and immediately instincts: natural feelings or abilities that guide behaviour without needing to think

After five long days and nights, Balto and his team finally reached Nome. The town erupted in cheers, but my tears were of relief. The medicine was here, and with it, hope. Balto had made it, saving countless lives, including mine.

Think and Tell How did Balto demonstrate his unbreakable spirit?

For days, I could only think of the bravery and endurance of that amazing dog. Balto became a hero, a symbol of hope and courage. He showed us that even in the darkest times, light can shine through the most unexpected places. Balto lived the rest of his life in Cleveland Zoo, where he was nursed back to health, loved, and honoured. Today, a statue of Balto stands in Central Park, New York, celebrating his incredible journey and reminding us of the power of perseverance and bravery. Each time I hear the story of Balto, I feel a surge of gratitude for the dog that saved my life and the lives of so many others. Balto, our four-legged hero, will forever be remembered.

Think and Tell What feelings does the narrator experience when remembering the story of Balto?

endurance: the ability to keep going when things are tough perseverance: the quality of not giving up

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Fill in the blanks. a This story takes place in

cold winter.

during a very

b The only thing that could save the people who were struck by the disease called

was a life-saving

c When planes and boats couldn’t help, the town’s only hope was the

and their

d On their long trip,

when their

and the other dogs kept running even were bleeding from the ice.

e After a dangerous trip through

and and the team reached their goal, bringing hope to the town.

, Balto

2. Fill in the graphic organiser with information from the story. Setting:

Title of the story:

Place:

Weather:

Problem faced by the people

Characters:

Mood:

(at start and in the end)

Solution:

Chapter 3 • The Life-Saving Dog

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a

Where did the antitoxin have to come from? Can you think of a reason why?

b What kind of weather did Gunnar Kaasen and his team of dogs face? Describe it

in detail.

How did Balto’s role in the team change during the journey?

d How did the people of the town react on seeing Balto and his team? How was

the narrator’s reaction different?

What were the narrator’s feelings towards Balto?

Think and Answer A story can be told from different points of view. These are: First person: The story is told by a character using I, we, me and our. You see the story through a character’s eyes. Third person: The story is told by someone outside the story, using he, she, it, or they to describe characters. 1. Tick () the point of view from which this story is told. First person

Third person

Write two sentences from the text that show the point of view.

2. Read the information and write which qualities these actions show. You can choose from the list or use your own words. selflessness

Hint Box:

fearlessness daring

determination wisdom

trust

bravery

confidence

leadership

courage

Characters

Actions

Qualities

When the lead dog of the team was hurt, Balto stepped up, taking the lead. Balto and the other dogs ran tirelessly, their paws bleeding from the ice.

Balto

He guided the team through the icy wilderness relying on his instincts. He volunteered to bring the medicine to Nome. Gunnar Kaasen

He travelled in tough weather conditions, with temperatures dropping to –40°C and winds howling fiercely. The team had to run in total darkness.

Based on the qualities of Balto and Gunnar, write the theme of the story.

Remember! The theme is the main idea or the message of the story. For example: Kindness

Big Idea

HOTS

TEAMWORK

BHARAT

Balto and Gunnar Kaasen showed heroism and bravery. There are others in our country who have shown courage and bravery to save the lives of others. Do research about one such person. Sit in a group of four and share your findings. Discuss the following: • The name of the person. • What the person did. • Were they rewarded for their heroic deed? • What lesson did you learn from them? Chapter 3 • The Life-Saving Dog

Vocabulary Collocations Collocations are pairs or groups of words that are often used together. They can be thought of as word partners. They sound natural because they commonly appear together in speech and writing. For example: fading strength

grave danger

unbreakable spirit

natural instincts

How to use a dictionary to find collocations

• If you are looking for collocations for ‘heroic’ find ‘heroic’ in the dictionary.

• Under the entry for ‘heroic,’ you might find collocations like heroic deed or heroic figure. 1. Using the dictionary, identify collocations for the words. Underline the correct words and use them in the sentences. • harsh: dog/weather

• brave: doing/effort

• catch: a cold/fright

• warm: laugh/smile

• thoughtful: deed/work a The firefighters made a

to rescue the people trapped in

the building.

b Despite the c Her

, the team completed the marathon. made everyone feel welcome at the party.

d Be sure to wear a jacket so you don’t e His

day brighter.

in this chilly weather.

of helping his neighbour with groceries made her

2. Match the words to form collocations. In your notebook, use the word pairs to make sentences.

kind

act

express

words

charitable

offer

tender

gratitude

generous

care

Go Grammar Types of Pronouns Pronouns are words used in place of a noun. Personal pronouns stand for the names of people, animals and things. For example: Rohan went to the market. He bought a new shirt. Personal pronouns can be subjects or object. Person

Subject Pronouns

Object Pronouns

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

First person

Second person

you

Third person

he, she, it

they

him, her, it

them

Possessive, Demonstrative, Interrogative and Reflexive Pronouns Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to show Demonstrative pronouns point to the that something belongs to someone. objects to which they refer. First person: mine, ours Second person: yours Third person: his, hers, theirs

these, those, this, that

This bag is yours and that one is mine. This is my dog. That is my house. Please give the box to Neha. It is hers. These are ours. Those are yours. Interrogative Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The answer to the question should be a noun.

Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same person or thing. It reflects the action of the verb back to the subject.

who, what, which, whom, whose and which.

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves

Which is your favourite season? Who got the medicines?

The musher prepared himself for the journey. The dog cleaned itself after eating.

Chapter 3 • The Life-Saving Dog

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate possessive pronouns. a

Balto’s determination saved the town. The determination was

The sled dogs’ efforts were crucial. The efforts were

The musher’s leadership guided the team. The leadership was

. .

d The mushers volunteered their services. The idea of fetching the antitoxin was

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct demonstrative pronouns. a

was an incredibly tough journey.

dogs over there were part of the team.

is the same map they used to navigate.

medicines in my hand are the ones we needed.

3. Read each statement below and frame a question using the appropriate interrogative pronoun. a

Statement: The team leader guided the dogs through the blizzard. Question:

Statement: The path behind the mountain was considered the safest path. Question:

Statement: You borrowed the musher’s map. Question:

Statement: The musher’s jacket was left at the campsite. Question:

4. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate reflexive pronouns.

The musher prepared the sled

I reminded

The dog licked

We must get the medicine

. to stay focused. after the injury. .

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen and trace the route on the map. INTEGRATED

Hotel

The destination you will reach is the

ay attention to the directions, especially the turns (left or right) and P landmarks mentioned. Refer to the compass on the map to ensure you are moving in the correct direction (North, South, East, West).

Speak Well

INTEGRATED

TEAMWORK

Practise speaking here.

Sit in pairs. Look at the map and choose a place where you and your partner are standing. Now, ask your partner to decide where he wants to go. Give step-by-step instructions to reach the place. Start at the… and go… Turn left at the… Go straight along until you reach… Head North from… You will pass the… on your… After the…, turn… When you see the… you are almost there. Chapter 3 • The Life-Saving Dog

When you reach… your destination… will be on your… 39

Share the exact starting point. Use correct words to indicate turns and directions (go straight along, left and right; East, West, North and South). Mention landmarks on the way.

Write Well A notice is a written or printed announcement that is used to inform a group of people about an event or provide information. Notices are displayed in public places or distributed to ensure that people get the information.

A notice must… • give all the necessary information, for example, the time, venue, date, last date to register and who to contact for more information. • mention the purpose of notice clearly. • use impersonal language (write in the third person and avoid using I and you. • be placed in a box. • be concise (60–80 words).

Model Answer Greenfield High School

Name of the institution

NOTICE

Header Date

25 July 2025 Annual Science Fair

Title/Subject

Kindly note that an Annual Science Fair is being organised by our school. This will give the students an opportunity to showcase their innovative projects and experiments. The details are:

Body of the Notice

Date: 10 August 2025 Time: 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Venue: School Auditorium All students from Grade 5 and 6 are encouraged to participate. Interested students must register by 3 August 2025. Registration forms are available at the Science Department office.

• P urpose of the notice • D ate, time, venue, etc. • What the readers should do • Contact information

There will be prizes for the best projects. For more information, please contact Mr Sharma in the Science Department or email him at sharma@example.com. Nidhi Yadav Secretary Science Club

Signature Details of the person in charge

You are the Head Boy of your school. In your notebook, write a notice to inform the students about an upcoming bake and sale event to raise funds for a local shelter. Include details about the date, time and location of the event, and how they can contribute or participate.

Chapter 3 • The Life-Saving Dog

Compassion 4 . Kindness

—Edger Albert Guest

Get Set There are many stories that tell us how one kind word or act has changed people’s lives forever.

SEL

Think of your own life. How has something someone said or did made a big difference in your life? Who was the person?

What was the situation and what did the person do or say?

How did this change the situation or your life?

If you want to, share what you wrote with your classmates.

Even the smallest acts of kindness can show others that we care about and respect them. A smile here and a kind word there can make all the difference. Let’s see what the poem says about the importance of kindness.

Let’s Read Talking Book

One never knows How far a word of kindness goes; One never sees How far a smile of friendship flees. Down through the years, The deed forgotten reappears. One kindly word The souls of many here has stirred.

flees: (here) how far it spreads reappears: appears again Chapter 4 • Kindness

Think and Tell Do we always know how our kind acts affect others? Which words in the poem tell us this?

stirred: makes people think or feel something deeply

Man goes his way And tells with every passing day, Until life’s end: “Once unto me he played the friend.” We cannot say

Think and Tell

What lips are praising us today.

How does kindness live on?

We cannot tell Whose prayers ask God to guard us well. But kindness lives Beyond the memory of him who gives.

Did You Know?

INTEGRATED

There are many Heroes of Kindness in India like KR Ushakumari who has been trekking through a dangerous forest and rowing across a river for 17 years to teach 14 children in a tiny village school.

unto: an old English way of saying ‘to’ praising: saying good things about someone guard: protect

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond 1. Fill in the blanks with words from the poem. a

A word of kindness may go

A friendly smile can be remembered for many

An act of kindness, though forgotten, eventually

A single word of kindness has

. .

many people’s hearts.

e We’re unaware of who might be saying

well-being.

for our

2. Answer the questions in one to two sentences. a

According to the poem, what happens to a kind deed over time?

Write ‘Once unto me he played the friend’ in your own words.

c Why does the poet say we cannot tell whose prayers are asking God to

guard us?

3. Read the lines from the poem and answer the questions. Down through the years, The deed forgotten reappears. One kindly word The souls of many here has stirred. Man goes his way And tells with every passing day, Until life’s end: Once unto me he played the friend. a According to the poem, what effect does one kindly word have? b How do people remember acts of kindness, according to the poet?

Chapter 4 • Kindness

Big Idea The poem ‘Kindness’ and the story ‘A Life-Saving Dog’ reflect the theme of Compassion and Humanity.

TEAMWORK

Name and discuss any other text that has a similar theme with your partner. A text may be a story, an article in the news, a movie, a cartoon or a TV programme.

INTEGRATED

Name:

SDG

. Text

(text in the Coursebook)

Text That reminds me of the text

In the poem/the story

because

Vocabulary 1. Match the words to form collocations. a word of

hand

generous

heart

selfless

spirit

helping

deed

warm

kindness

In your notebook, use the pairs to write sentences of your own. 46

2. Replace the underlined words with a synonym from the box. Then, rewrite the sentence using the new word. Hint: Use a dictionary wherever needed! Hint Box: a

gentle

compassion

bond

companionship

Showing kindness is important when dealing with people and animals. Synonym:

I appreciated his friendship even more when times were hard. Synonym:

A soft answer can calm an upset friend. Synonym:

Good pals have a special connection. Synonym:

Poetry Appreciation Personification is when a non-living thing is given a human quality. For example: The chair sits in one corner. 1. In your notebook, write a line from the poem where kindness has been personified. Also, explain what the poet means by the line. 2. What is the theme of the poem? State the poet’s message. 3. If you were to rename this poem, what title would you give it? Provide the new title and a reason for your choice.

Chapter 4 • Kindness

Grammar Worksheet 1 Types of Nouns

1. Underline the nouns and write the type of noun you underlined. a

Mr Sharma, a retired doctor, lived in D N Nagar.

He had an orchard of apple trees.

This group of friends lived near Mr Sharma’s house.

Every September, they picked apples.

2. Use the collective nouns to form sentences of your own. a

A group of volunteers

A crowd of neighbours

A crew of workers

A gathering of parents

3. U nderline the abstract nouns, circle the concrete nouns and tick () the material nouns. a The villagers greet tourists with friendliness. b It is a village filled with harmony and positivity. c The mud houses show people’s love for simple living. d Their dedication to health is remarkable. e Many of the homes are still built from clay but they are maintained with care.

4. Use suffixes to make abstract nouns from the given words. a cooperate b generous c

good

d civil e

communicate

Now, make a sentence with each abstract noun you created. a b c d e

Grammar Worksheet

Grammar Worksheet 2 Subject-Verb-Object

1. Underline and write S (subject), V (verb) and O (object) in the sentences below. a

The playful dog caught the frisbee.

We feed our fish every morning.

Mithu repeats whatever I say.

My hamster spins on a wheel all the time.

His cat is napping in the sun.

Transitive and Intransitive Verb 2. Underline the verbs and identify them as ‘Transitive’ or ‘Intransitive’.

The cat chased the mouse.

The baby slept soundly.

The principal addressed the students.

The sun rises in the east.

The flowers bloomed beautifully.

Grammar Worksheet 3 Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Rewrite the sentences with the correct subject-verb agreement. a

The monkeys is eating bananas.

Neither the teacher nor the students was ready for the test.

Which group of students are making such a noise?

Everyone in the village know the crow is cheeky.

A basket of chapatis were lying on the ground.

The Gopi Diaries are a book by Sudha Murthy.

Grammar Worksheet

Grammar Worksheet 4 Types of Pronouns

1. Rewrite each sentence with a demonstrative pronoun or a possessive pronoun depending on the clue given. a

The gifts belong to them. (possessive pronoun)

The book is about our school. (demonstrative pronoun)

c The flowers over there belong to them. (demonstrative pronoun)

That cake sale poster was made by me. (possessive pronoun)

The old photo belongs to her. (possessive pronoun)

2. Read each question and fill in the correct interrogative pronoun to complete the sentence. organised the charity event last weekend?

What

Who

is that book on the table?

Whom

Whose

What

did the volunteers help at the shelter?

Who d

experienced? What

Whom

What

is the most remarkable act of kindness that you have Who

Whose

poster should we use for the cake sale?

Who

Whose

Which

Whom

3. Match the sentences with the correct reflexive pronouns. Column A She reminded be kind. He congratulated job well done. I taught of empathy. You can reward having a cup of chai. We reminded

Grammar Worksheet

Column B to always on a the importance by to keep trying.

yourself herself ourselves himself myself

Practice Time-1 Name of the Student: Class: 5

Section:

Roll Number:

Date: Section – A (Reading and Vocabulary—25 marks)

Read the text and answer the questions. Compassion is the ability to care for others and help them when they need it most. Some famous people in history have shown us how powerful compassion can be. Mother Teresa was Albanian but she spent her life caring for the poor and sick in India. She believed that no one should feel unloved or forgotten. Mahatma Gandhi taught the world about kindness and peaceful protest. He helped India gain its freedom by standing up against violence and choosing peaceful solutions. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela fought against injustice. After spending twentyseven years in prison, he forgave his enemies and worked to unite the people of the country. The change brought about by these inspiring leaders, proves that compassion can create real and lasting change in the world. 1. Choose the correct answer. a

(4 marks)

What does ‘compassion’ mean? i

To ignore others

To defeat others

iii

To help others with work

To show concern for others

Who helped the poor and sick in India? i

Mahatma Gandhi

Nelson Mandela

iii

Mother Teresa

Martin Luther King Jr.

What did Mahatma Gandhi use to help India gain freedom? i

Harmless action

Peaceful resistance

iii

Forgiveness

Violence

d How did Nelson Mandela respond after being in prison for twenty-seven years? i

He sought revenge

He forgave his enemies

iii

He left South Africa

He chose to stay silent

2. Write True or False. a

(4 marks)

Mother Teresa was born and worked in India.

b Mahatma Gandhi did not believe in peaceful solutions. c Nelson Mandela’s ability to forgive after years in prison helped

to unite his country.

d The actions of Mother Teresa, Gandhi and Mandela all demonstrate

how kindness and compassion can lead to positive change.

3. Find the words in the story that have the same meaning as the words below. Then, write your own sentences using the words you filled in. (3 marks) a

well-known

(paragraph 1)

looking after

(paragraph 2)

motivating

(paragraph 3)

4. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a

(4 marks)

What did Sister Theresa want for every person?

b Why do you think forgiveness is an important part of compassion, as shown by

Nelson Mandela’s story?

Practice Time-1

Read the poem and answer the questions that follow. The Kindness of Arjun Arjun saw the boy alone,

Sitting on the schoolyard stone,

He shared his lunch without a word, The quiet act went unobserved.

Each day he smiled, gave what he could, Not for praise, but because he should.

His heart was light, his hands were kind, Helping others brought peace of mind. One day, the boy stood tall and bright, And thanked Arjun with all his might. For every gentle thing he’d done,

The gift of kindness, quietly won. 5. Choose the correct meaning of the phrases given in the following questions.

(5 marks)

a What does the word ‘unobserved’ mean in the line ‘The quiet act went

unobserved’? i

Everyone was disturbed by the act.

It happened without being noticed.

iii

Arjun didn’t stop the boy.

No one cared about the act.

b Which line from the poem gives the reason why Arjun was kind and generous?

He shared his lunch without a word.

The quiet act went unobserved.

iii

Each day he smiled, gave what he could.

Not for praise, but because he should.

What does the phrase ‘his heart was light’ suggest about Arjun? i

He felt happy and free.

He was tired of helping others.

iii

He didn’t care about anything.

He lost weight quickly.

d Which of these is NOT a correct interpretation of the underlined words?

One day, the boy stood tall and bright,

The boy had grown up.

He was happy and confident.

iii

He did not need help anymore.

He was challenging Arjun.

Which word is NOT a synonym for the underlined word? For every gentle thing he’d done, i

soft

thoughtful

iii

compassionate

kind

6. Answer the questions in two to three sentences. a

(5 marks)

Name two kind things that Arjun did.

b How did the boy react to Arjun’s kindness at the end of the poem?

What was special about the way in which Arjun gave?

d What lesson can we learn from the way Arjun showed his kindness?

Section – B (Grammar—10 marks) 7. Fill in the blanks with verbs that agree with the subjects. Write the verbs in the present tense. (5 marks) a When Arjun b The boy

his lunch with him.

(see) the boy alone, he immediately (decide) to share his lunch. (be) grateful when Arjun

c Each day, Arjun

(show) kindness without expecting anything

in return.

d Arjun’s quiet acts of kindness

boy’s life.

e Many people

Practice Time-1

(share)

(make) a big difference in the

(not appreciate) the little things others (do) for them.

8. Complete the following sentences with the correct collective nouns. a

b As the c

d A e A company built a

(5 marks)

of judges sat to decide on the case. of fish swam past, the villagers caught them of dogs attacked the tiger in the village. of unfortunate events led to the riots in the village. of apartments for their employees to live in. Section – C (Writing—15 marks)

9. Summarise this story in four sentences. Write the key events from the beginning, middle and end. (5 marks) Anaya’s Gift Anaya saw her classmate Meena sitting alone under a tree. Meena had lost her cell phone and was very upset. Anaya knew how Meena felt, and she wanted to cheer her up. She went home and asked her mother if Meena could have the extra cell phone that Anaya was not using. Anaya’s dad had given her the phone when he got an upgrade. When she handed the phone to Meena the next day, her face lit up with joy. Meena thanked Anaya and hugged her. She was so happy, not just because of the cell phone, but because of Anaya’s kindness. From that day on, they became best friends and always looked out for each other. 10. C omplete the story in about 70–80 words. Remember to give the story a satisfying ending. (10 marks) The Magic Lantern In a bustling Indian town, young Aisha found a dusty old lantern while cleaning her attic. Intrigued, she polished it, and to her surprise, it started to glow. The lantern hummed softly, and a gentle voice whispered, “Hello, Aisha.” Astonished, Aisha watched as a tiny fairy appeared from the lantern. The fairy told Aisha that she could grant her one wish. Excited but uncertain, Aisha thought carefully about what to wish for. She wanted to help her community but wasn’t sure how best to use the wish. The fairy asked her to decide by the end of the day. Aisha started to think about her options and wondered how her wish could make a real difference. Should she wish for something that would benefit everyone, or should she focus on helping a specific person in need? With the magical lantern glowing softly beside her, Aisha thought about what she should do. The fairy waited patiently, ready to grant her wish. 58

MATHEMATICS 1 Numbers up to 8 Digits �� 60 • Understanding Large Numbers ��60 • Comparing, Ordering and Rounding-off Large Numbers ��65

2 Operations on Large Numbers �� 74 • Addition and Subtraction of Numbers up to 6 Digits ��74 • Multiplication and Division of Numbers up to 6 Digits ��77 • Choosing the Right Operator ��82

3 Factors and Highest Common Factor �� 89 • Understanding Factors ��89 • Highest Common Factor ��96

4 Multiples and Least Common Multiples �� 103 • Understanding Multiples ��103 • Least Common Multiple ��106

5 Fractions �� 116 • Understanding Fractions ��116

6 Operations on Fractions �� 128 • Addition and Subtraction of Fractions ��128 • Multiplication and Division of Fractions ��134

Model Test Paper - 1 �� 145 Answers �� 147

1 Numbers up to 8 Digits Understanding Large Numbers Real Life Connect

Dhruv was reading a newspaper. He came across news about different states in India that participated in the COVID vaccination drive and the number of vaccinations given until August 2023. Given below is the data of four states.

Cross Curricular

Delhi

Haryana

Sikkim

Goa

37409161

45546836

1360477

2874477

All About 7-Digit and 8-Digit Numbers While reading the news, Dhruv got confused and could not read the numbers given in the data. The numbers of vaccinations given were either 7-digit numbers or 8-digit numbers. Sikkim

Goa

Delhi

Haryana

1360477

2874477

37409161

45546836

7-digit Numbers

8-digit Numbers

Place Value, Face Value and Expanded Form Every digit in a number has a fixed position called the place of a digit. The value of the digit depends on its place or position in the number. So, the place value of a digit is the value represented by the digit on the basis of its position in the number. The face value of a digit is the value of the digit itself. Reading and Writing 7-Digit and 8-Digit Numbers We know that the greatest 6-digit number is 999999. Now, if we add 1 to this number, we get 1000000. 999999 + 1 = 1000000

1000000 is the smallest 7-digit number and is read as “Ten Lakhs”. Let us show the number of vaccinations administered in Sikkim, 1360477, in the place value chart. Lakhs

Thousands

periods

Ones

Ten Lakhs (TL)

Lakhs (L)

Ten Thousands (TTh)

Thousands (Th)

Hundreds (H)

Tens (T)

Ones (O)

place

9999999 is the greatest 7-digit number and if we add 1 to this number, we get 10000000. 10000000 is the smallest 8-digit number and is read as “One crore”. Now let us show the number of vaccinations administered in Delhi, 37409161, in the place value chart. Crores

Lakhs

Thousands

Ones

Crores (C) Ten Lakhs Lakhs (L) Ten Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones (TL) (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O) 3

periods place

Let us write the face value and place value of 37409161. 37 4 09161

Face Value

Place Value

1 ones = 1 × 1

= 1

1 hundreds = 1 × 100

= 100

6 tens = 6 × 10

9 thousands = 9 × 1000

= 60

Remember!

= 9000

0 ten thousands = 0 × 10000 = 0 4 lakhs = 4 × 100000

= 400000

3 crores = 3 × 10000000

= 30000000

7 ten lakhs = 7 × 1000000

= 7000000

The place value of zero is always 0. It may hold any place in a number, but its value is always 0.

Expanded Form: When place values of all the digits are added to form a number, it is known as the expanded form of the number. The expanded form of 37409161 can be given as: 30000000 + 7000000 + 400000 + 9000 + 100 + 60 + 1 = 37409161 Expanded Form

Chapter 1 • Numbers up to 8 Digits

Standard Form

Remember! Place value of a digit = face value of a digit × value of the place.

37409161 Crores period

Lakhs period

Thousands period

30000000 + 7000000 + 400000 three crore

9000

seventy-four lakh nine thousand

Ones period 100 + 60 + 1 one hundred sixty-one

Error Alert! Never write the plural form of ‘periods’ while writing number names. 36,57,648

Thirty-six lakhs fifty-seven thousands six hundreds forty-eight

Thirty-six lakh fifty-seven thousand six hundred forty-eight

Example 1: Rewrite the numbers in a place value chart. Also, write them in words. 1

54879509 2 6509808

S. No.

Numbers

Crores period Crores (C)

54879509

6509808

Lakhs period

Thousands period

Ones period

Ten Lakhs Lakhs Ten Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones (TL) (L) (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O) 4

Number Names: 1 Five crore forty-eight lakh seventy-nine thousand five hundred nine 2 Sixty-five lakh nine thousand eight hundred eight Example 2: Write the numbers for the given number names. 1 Seventy-eight lakh nine thousand one hundred nine = 7809109 2 Nine crore five lakh ten thousand two hundred = 90510200 Example 3: Write the expanded form of the number 64870977. Expanded Form: 60000000 + 4000000 + 800000 + 70000 + 0 + 900 + 70 + 7

Indian and International Number System The Indian number system includes the ones period, the thousands period, the lakhs period and the crores period.

There is another number system used globally, called the International number system. In the Indian number system, we put commas after each period, starting with the ones. But the same number in the international system will be read differently. For every number in each system, the value of each digit is 10 times the value of the digit on its right. Crores

Lakhs

Crores (C)

Thousands

Ones

Ten Lakhs (TL)

Lakhs (L)

1,00,00,000 10,00,000

1,00,000

Ten Millions (TM)

Hundred Ten Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Thousands (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O) (HTh)

Millions

Millions (M)

10,000,000 1,000,000 ×10

Ten Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O) 10,000

Thousands

100,000

×10

1,000

10,000 ×10

100

1,000 ×10

Ones

100 ×10

10 ×10

Indian Number System

1 International Number System

1 ×10

So, from the above table, we can say that: 1 lakh = 100 thousands; 10 lakhs = 1 million; 1 crore = 10 millions Let us represent the number 98710325 on the place value chart. C

TTh

HTh

TTh

Indian Number System International Number System

Indian Number System

International Number System

Standard Form: 9,87,10,325

Standard Form: 98,710,325

Number Name: Nine crore eighty-seven lakh ten thousand three hundred twenty-five.

Number Name: Ninety-eight million seven hundred ten thousand three hundred twenty-five.

Expanded form: 9,00,00,000 + 80,00,000 + 7,00,000 + 10,000 + 300 + 20 + 5

Expanded form: 90,000,000 + 8,000,000 + 700,000 + 10,000 + 300 + 20 + 5

Chapter 1 • Numbers up to 8 Digits

Example 4: Write the numbers in the international number system using commas and number names. Write their expanded forms. 1

79027348 2 90710946

79,027,348 = Seventy-nine million twenty-seven thousand three hundred forty-eight = 70,000,000 + 9,000,000 + 20,000 + 7,000 + 300 + 40 + 8

90,710,946 = Ninety million seven hundred ten thousand nine hundred forty-six = 90,000,000 + 700,000 + 10,000 + 900 + 40 + 6

Do It Yourself 1A 1

Cross Curricular

Write the place value and face value of the underlined digit in the following numbers. a 7409230

b 8656023

c 93260075

d 29543002

e 61752812

10081824

g 43889385

h 57131060

Write the standard form of the numbers in the Indian and International number systems. a 21643332

b 1200621

c 46207219

d 95910158

Write the number names and expanded form of the given numbers. a 4,41,90,887

b 1,90,81,702

c 81,085,432

d 19,854,004

Write the numerals for the following number names. a Sixty lakh eight thousand ninety-eight

b Twenty million five hundred sixty-nine

c Four million ninety thousand

d Eight crore one thousand two

Fill in the blanks.

a 10 million = _________ crore

b 1 million = _________ lakh

c 1 crore = _________ thousands

d There are _________ zeroes in 20 million.

The Amazon Rainforest covers approximately 2722000 square miles. Write the number in the Indian and the international number system.

Do as directed.

a Write the greatest 7-digit number that has the smallest odd digit at its hundreds, ten thousands

and lakhs place.

b Write the smallest 8-digit number that has the digit 7 at all its odd positions, starting from the

ones place.

Cross Curricular

India got its independence in 1947. Its population at that time was 353 million. Write the population as a numeral.

Comparing, Ordering and Rounding-off Large Numbers Real Life Connect

During COVID, India offered support to 150 affected countries in the form of vaccines, medical equipment and medicines. Given below is the data of the number of vaccine doses supplied by India to four different countries.

Cross Curricular

Nepal

Bangladesh

Australia

Nigeria

94,99,000

2,80,82,800

3,09,13,200

98,02,000

Comparing and Ordering Numbers Rahul: Which country did India supply the greatest number of vaccine doses to? Bran: We could compare the numbers to find the country to which India supplied the greatest number of vaccine doses.

Comparing Numbers What if Rahul wanted to compare the number of vaccines sent to Nepal and Australia? Let us find out. Since 94,99,000 has 7 digits and 3,09,13,200 has 8 digits, 3,09,13,200 > 94,99,000.

Remember! A number with more digits is always greater.

Thus, Australia was sent more vaccine doses.

Now, what if we want to compare two numbers with the same number of digits? Let us consider 4,13,23,456 and 4,13,23,657. Step 1: Write the numbers in a place value chart and check the number of digits. Both the numbers have the same number of digits, that is, 8 digits.

Step 2: Start comparing the digits from the left until we find different digits. The number with the greater digit is greater.

Here, the digits are the same until the thousands place. Now, we compare the digits in the hundreds place. We see that 4 < 6.

So, 4,13,23,456 < 4,13,23,657.

Chapter 1 • Numbers up to 8 Digits

TTh

4=4

1=1

3=3

2=2

3=3

4<6

Example 5: Compare the numbers 6,47,17,389 and 6,47,00,508. C

TTh

6=6

4=4

7=7

Did You Know? Aryabhata (476–550 CE) was the first mathematician who was known for his significant contributions to the place-value system, where he used letters of the alphabet to denote numbers, expressing quantities.

1>0

So, 6,47,17,389 > 6,47,00,508

Ordering Numbers Do you remember the number of vaccine doses donated by India to different countries? Let us read them again. Nepal

Bangladesh

Australia

Nigeria

94,99,000

2,80,82,800

3,09,13,200

98,02,000

Can you rearrange them in ascending order? g din

c As

de or

smallest to greatest

din

rd e

greatest to smallest

To arrange the number of vaccine doses in ascending order, follow the given steps. 1. Compare the two 7-digit numbers. 94,99,000 < 98,02,000 So, 94,99,000 is the smallest number. 2. Compare the two 8-digit numbers. 3,09,13,200 > 2,80,82,800 So, 3,09,13,200 is the greatest number.

TTh

7 digits

8 digits

7 digits

The ascending order is 94,99,000 < 98,02,000 < 2,80,82,800 < 3,09,13,200.

Remember! The predecessor of a number is just before the number. So, it is always less than that number. For example, 100 is the predecessor of 101 and 100 < 101.

Think and Tell

Can you arrange these numbers in descending order?

Example 6: Arrange 38,65,080; 10,00,000 and 4,50,50,809 in descending order. Descending order

4,50,50,809

38,65,080

10,00,000

4,50,50,809 > 38,65,080 > 10,00,000 is the descending order. Example 7: Arrange 8,15,64,205; 8,13,54,610; 65,99,090; 8,76,01,006 in descending order. 65,99,090 is the smallest number since it has the least number of digits. 8,76,01,006 is the largest number. 8,15,64,205 > 8,13,54,610. Thus, the descending order of the numbers is 8,76,01,006 > 8,15,64,205 > 8,13,54,610 > 65,99,090.

TTh

Forming Numbers Let us understand this using an example. Let us say we are given the digits 9, 5, 1, 0, 6, 7 and 3. Let us try forming some numbers such that each digit appears exactly once. 5106739

7106539

6107539

5013769

7013569

6013579

5137609

7135609

6135709

Think and Tell

Can you form more such numbers?

Now, what if we wanted to form the greatest and the smallest 7-digit numbers using these digits only once? Greatest number: Write the digits in descending order.

Smallest number: Write the digits in ascending order. 0 will appear in the second position; otherwise it forms a 6-digit number if 0 comes in the leftmost position.

Now, what if we want to form a number by repeating 1 digit? Greatest number: Repeat the greatest digit. We get an 8-digit number.

Chapter 1 • Numbers up to 8 Digits

Think and Tell

Why did we choose to repeat the greatest digit?

Smallest number: Repeat the smallest digit. We get an 8-digit number.

1 0 0 3 5 6 7 9 Example 8: Form the greatest and the smallest 8-digit number using the digits 1, 8, 6, 0, 9, 2, 5 and 4. No repetition of digits is allowed. Greatest number = 98654210; Smallest number = 10245689 Example 9: Find the greatest and smallest 8-digit number using the digits 5, 4, 7, 6, 0, 1 and 3 but repeating any one digit only once. The given digits are 5, 4, 7, 6, 0, 1 and 3. To form the greatest number, we will repeat the digit 7. Greatest 8-digit number formed using the given digits = 77654310 To form the smallest number, we will repeat the digit 0. Smallest 8-digit number formed using the given digits = 10034567

Do It Yourself 1B 1

Which is smaller: 76,24,578 or 87,90,213?

Fill in the blanks with <, > or =.

a 35,72,123 ____ 35,78,123

b 63,45,789 ____ 63,45,789

c 2,86,73,451 ____ 57,81,290

d 6,24,58,110 ____ 6,24,59,211

e 82,60,154 ____ 89,12,620

84,63,758 ____ 7,65,38,453

Match the numbers so that the number in the second column is 1,00,000 more than the number in the first column. a 99,00,000

10,00,000

b 2,89,52,468

3,00,52,468

c 9,00,000

1,00,00,000

d 2,99,52,468

2,90,52,468

Arrange the following numbers in ascending order and descending order. a 1,00,36,782; 5,00,00,367; 8,87,21,460; 93,12,820 b 92,56,890; 36,81,910; 6,92,10,350; 8,26,00,031 c 5,00,21,138; 6,04,50,821; 6,50,24,567; 9,45,21,823

Write the greatest and the smallest 7-digit numbers using all the digits only once. a 5, 3, 4, 0, 8, 9, 1

b 5, 7, 6, 2, 1, 3, 8

c 1, 0, 3, 5, 6, 2, 4

Write the greatest and the smallest 8-digit numbers using all the digits but repeating any one digit exactly once. a 2, 7, 1, 0, 8, 6, 4

Cross Curricular

b 8, 3, 9, 4, 7, 1, 6

c 7, 5, 2, 0, 4, 9, 3

Rearrange all the digits of the number 5,48,79,802 to form the largest and the smallest 8-digit number.

Write the greatest 8-digit number and the smallest 7-digit number using:

The total areas of 4 countries in sq. km are given below. Arrange the names in descending order of their area.

a two different digits

b four different digits

c five different digits

Russia - 17,098,242; India - 3,287,590; China - 9,706,961; Australia - 7,692,024. Creativity

10 Create a word problem on comparing two 8-digit numbers.

Rounding-Off Numbers

Remember, the number of vaccine doses donated by India to Bangladesh was 2,80,82,800. But what if we wanted to convey this number to a friend? The number 2,80,82,800 is very inconvenient to read and say out loud. What if we just said that India donated about 3,00,00,000 vaccines to Bangladesh. It still gives a fair idea of how many vaccines were donated. This is called rounding off a number. While rounding off numbers, terms like “about” and “approximately” are added to convey that the number is close to being exact. Let us learn how to round-off numbers to different places. Rounding-Off to the Nearest 10s

Did You Know? The diameter of the Sun is approximately 14,00,000 km.

If the ones digit is less than 5, then the ones digit is replaced by 0. 5 4, 7 0, 8

rounded off to

5 4, 7 0, 8

3<5

If the ones digit is greater than or equal to 5, then the ones digit is replaced by 0 and the tens digit is increased by 1. 2, 6 4, 8 0, 0

7 7>5

Chapter 1 • Numbers up to 8 Digits

rounded off to

2, 6 4, 8 0, 0

2+1=3

Rounding-Off to the Nearest 100s To round off to the nearest 100s, we look at the tens digit. If the tens digit is less than 5, then the ones and tens digits are replaced by 0. 6 4, 3 0, 7

rounded off to

6 4, 3 0, 7

0<5

If the tens digit is greater than or equal to 5, then the ones and tens digits are replaced by 0 and the hundreds digit is increased by 1. 5, 6 4, 3 0, 7

rounded off to

5, 6 4, 3 0, 8

5=5

7+1=8

Rounding-Off to the Nearest 1000s

To round off to the nearest 1000s, we look at the hundreds digit. If the hundreds digit is less than 5, then the ones, tens and hundreds digits are replaced by 0. 7 8, 5 1, 4

rounded off to

7 8, 5 1, 0

4<5

If the hundreds digit is greater than or equal to 5, then the ones, tens and hundreds digits are replaced by 0 and the thousands digit is increased by 1. 2, 8 3, 4 9, 6

rounded off to

2, 8 3, 5 0, 0

6>5

9 + 1 = 10

Think and Tell

How do you think the number of vaccine doses donated by India to Bangladesh was rounded off ? Explain.

Example 10: Round off 3,76,87,519 to the nearest 10s, 100s and 1000s. To the nearest 10s: 3,76,87,519 is rounded off to 3,76,87,520. To the nearest 100s: 3,76,87,519 is rounded off to 3,76,87,500. To the nearest 1000s: 3,76,87,519 is rounded off to 3,76,88,000.

Do It Yourself 1C 1

Round off the following numbers to the nearest tens.

Round off the following numbers to the nearest hundreds.

a 85,48,749

a 1,25,89,183

b 89,05,462

b 87,52,368

c 6,07,85,888 c 68,67,790

d 1,56,48,950 d 77,59,910

Round off the following numbers to the nearest thousands.

Cross Curricular

The distance of the Moon from the Earth is 238,855 miles. What is the approximate distance between the Moon and the Earth when rounded off to the nearest thousand?

Value Development

Shekhar participated as a volunteer in the municipal corporation drive to plant trees and provide a habitat for various species of birds, insects and other wildlife. The municipal corporation spent ₹65,94,830 on the project. Rewrite the amount spent by rounding off the number to the nearest 1000s. Have you ever planted trees?

Use the given information to form the greatest 7-digit numbers using the digits 6, 0, 3, 2, 1 and 9. Round off the numbers formed to the nearest thousands.

a 8,97,00,110

b 53,12,069

a Repeat the greatest digit only once.

c 8,21,58,701

d 5,89,89,929

b Repeat the smallest digit only once.

Math Lab

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Mystery Number Puzzle Objective: To solve puzzles involving large numbers by identifying missing digits based on the given clues. Setting: In pairs

Materials Required: Puzzles or worksheets with missing digit problems, Pencils Method: 1

repare puzzles where certain digits of large numbers are missing. Provide clues to P identify the missing digits (e.g., “The digit in the millions place is double the digit in the ten thousands place”).

Students work in pairs to solve the puzzles and fill in the missing digits.

The team which solves the puzzle first wins.

nce the students have completed their puzzles, bring the class together to discuss O the solutions.

Chapter Checkup 1

Rewrite the following numbers in figures and words using both the Indian and international number systems. Also, write their expanded form. a c

3507681 63565842

b d

42087950 91500084

Write the numbers for the following number names in both number systems. a

Sixty million seven hundred fifteen thousand two hundred thirty-nine

Eight crore nine lakh fifty thousand two

One million one hundred thousand thirty-nine

Chapter 1 • Numbers up to 8 Digits

Round off the following to the nearest tens, hundreds and thousands. a

Cross Curricular

6,45,87,123

89,09,008

Fill in the blanks using <, > or =. a

6,56,52,567 ______ 6,48,90,650

90,00,518 ______ 90,76,757

34,57,879 ______ 34,57,879

13,05,885 ______ 6,74,38,989

Arrange the following numbers in ascending order. a

23,56,475; 9,08,04,365; 8,91,63,896; 90,87,687

6,76,12,895; 6,76,87,980; 4,35,46,576; 3,24,35,678

Arrange the following numbers in descending order. a

4,56,45,768; 5,36,45,787; 2,40,85,167; 43,56,787

80,88,428; 4,90,76,837; 9,09,87,897; 80,68,964

List all the numbers that are rounded off to the nearest tens as 16,48,240.

Under the Vaccine Maitri initiative, India supplied COVID-19 vaccines to various countries. India supplied around 3,151,324 vaccines to UK. Write the expanded form of the number in both numeral systems.

A certain 8-digit number has only fives in the ones period, only sevens in the thousands period, only nines in the lakhs period and only ones in the crores period. Answer the following questions. a

Write the number in figures and words using both the Indian and international number systems.

Round off the number to the nearest tens, hundreds or thousands.

Challenge 1

anya wants to solve a 7-digit secret code in a safe. Use the given clues to help Sanya S solve the secret code. a b c d e

Critical Thinking

The digit in the hundreds and ones place is 6.

The digit in the lakhs place is 4 less than the digit in the ones place.

The digit in the ten lakhs and ten thousands place is the smallest odd number. The face value of the digit in the thousands place is 5.

The digit in the tens place is the biggest 1-digit number.

rite the greatest 8-digit odd number using only 5 digits. Do not repeat any digit W more than twice.

Case Study

Cross Curricular

Population of Countries The population of different countries is shown using a table. Read the data carefully and answer the questions.

Country

Germany

France

Poland

Italy

Population

83,294,633

64,756,584

67,736,802

41,026,067

58,870,762

Which country has the least population? a Italy c

Poland

b Germany d United Kingdom

Which country has the greatest population? a Poland c

Italy

b United Kingdom d Germany

Which country has approximately double the population than that of Poland?

Arrange the countries in ascending order as per their population.

I f all the digits in the population of each country are rearranged to form the greatest number, then which country will have the greatest population?

Chapter 1 • Numbers up to 8 Digits

Operations on Large Numbers

Addition and Subtraction of Numbers up to 6 Digits Real Life Connect

Sahil’s father runs a bakery. At the end of each year, they calculate the total sales for the different types of baked goods they sold. Father: We made ₹2,50,678 by selling cakes and ₹1,56,240 by selling cookies this year. Sahil:

Wow! How much did we make last year?

Father: Last year, we made a total of ₹3,15,500. Sahil wonders whether they have made more or less this year!

Addition and Subtraction Sahil wants to know the total sales they made this year. He also wants to know whether they have made more or less this year than last year. How will Sahil do that? Let us help him out!

Adding Numbers up to 6 Digits If Sahil wants to find the total sales they made this year, he will have to add the numbers ₹2,50,678 and ₹1,56,240. Add: ₹2,50,678 + ₹1,56,240

TTh Th

Carry

Addend

Sum

Example 1: Add 1,98,794, 52,250 and 21,000.

So, Sahil’s father made ₹4,06,918 this year.

Using the steps, we can add the numbers as: 1,98,794 + 52,250 + 21,000 = 2,72,044.

Addend

TTh

2 0

5 4

Example 2: A company produced 4,56,360 boxes in 2019. The same company produced 3,60,780 boxes in 2018 and 90,995 boxes in 2017. How many boxes have they produced in three years? Boxes produced in 2019 = 4,56,360 Boxes produced in 2018 = 3,60,780 Boxes produced in 2017 = 90,995 Total number of boxes produced = 4,56,360 + 3,60,780 + 90,995 = 9,08,135

L TTh Th

+ 9

So, the company produced 9,08,135 boxes in three years.

Subtracting Numbers up to 6 Digits Sahil found that they earned ₹4,06,918 this year, which is more than the money they earned last year, which was ₹3,15,500. Now, Sahil wants to know how much more they have earned this year. Let us subtract the sales made last year from the sales made this year.

−

TTh

10 0

After borrowing Minuend

4 3

Subtrahend

Difference

Remember! Changing the order of addends does not change the sum.

₹4,06,918 − ₹3,15,500 = ₹91,418. Therefore, they earned ₹91,418 more this year than last year. Example 3: Find the difference of 57,588 and 6765. We know that we subtract the smaller number from the larger number as shown:

Th 6 7

6 0

H 15 5

Total number of pens = 9,28,667 Number of red pens = 58,475

7 8

8 6 2

8 5 3

TTh

Minuend

Subtrahend

Difference

−

Therefore, 57,588 − 6765 = 50,823. Example 4: A pen company manufactures 9,28,667 pens in total, out of which 58,475 are red pens. Find the total number of pens that are not red.

TTh

− 8

Number of pens that are not red = Total number of pens − Number of red pens Therefore, 9,28,667 − 58,475 = 8,70,192. Chapter 2 • Operations on Large Numbers

Error Alert! Always write the smaller number below the larger number. Th

–

Do It Yourself 2A 1

Write True (T) or False (F). a When the number is subtracted from itself, the difference is zero. b When 0 is subtracted from a number, the difference is zero. c When the order of the addends is changed, the sum remains the same. d The order of the numbers involved in subtraction can be changed.

Add the given numbers. a

TTh Th H +

6 76

6 6

TTh Th H –

TTh Th H 8

TTh Th H

+ 6

TTh Th H 1

TTh Th H

Subtract the given numbers. a

7 5

4 8

–

2 5

5 4

3 2

–

Write the numbers in columns and add. a 1,72,744 and 5,56,200

b 3,44,567, 78,456 and 39,894

c 5,89,569, 1,24,887 and 56,758

d 3,86,565, 2,34,567, 56,468 and 46,568

Find the difference of the given numbers. a 87,687 and 5789

b 9,87,609 and 56,000

c 5,68,978 and 3,21,098

d 7,99,098 and 2,67,548

The difference of two numbers is 3,98,460. If the smaller number is 5,05,090, find the greater one.

A factory manufactured 59,899 blazers in the year 2020, 78,906 blazers in the year 2021 and 1,34,145

Cross Curricular

What is the difference between the diameters of Jupiter and Saturn if Jupiter’s diameter is about

Value Development

An NGO collected ₹2,89,230 for a charity fund in one year and ₹3,97,500 in another year. They used

blazers in the year 2022. How many blazers did they manufacture in these three years? 142,984 kilometres and Saturn’s diameter is about 120,536 kilometres.

₹3,05,700 out of the total amount collected in the two years. How much money are they left with now? Do you volunteer for any charity activities?

Multiplication and Division of Numbers up to 6 Digits Real Life Connect

Jay runs a toy store. He has marbles in all shapes, sizes and colours. Each jar of marbles contains 1225 marbles. Sometimes, the customers want to buy more than one jar. Sometimes, they want to buy only a few marbles from the jar. How do you think Jay calculates the number of marbles a customer is buying?

Multiplication and Division Let us say, a customer wants to buy 2 jars of marbles. Jay will have to multiply 1225 by 2 to find the total number of marbles he will give. So, Jay will give 2450 marbles. Now let us say that a customer wants to give marbles from one jar to 5 of his friends. To find out how many marbles each friend will get, he will have to divide 1225 by 5. Each friend will get 245 marbles.

Divisor

Multiplicand

Multiplier

Product

245

5 1225 10

22 20 25 25 0

Quotient

Dividend

Remainder

Let us see some properties of multiplication and division. 1

Order Property: Two numbers can be multiplied in any order. The product will always be the same. For example: 12 × 4 = 48 and 4 × 12 = 48

rouping Property: Two or more numbers can be grouped in any way. The product G will be the same. For example: (3 × 5) × 6 = 15 × 6 = 90 and 3 × (5 × 6) = 3 × 30 = 90

Distributive Property: The product of a sum of two or more numbers is equal to the sum of the products. For Example: 4 × (2 + 3) = (4 × 2) + (4 × 3) = 8 + 12 = 20 and 4 × (2 + 3) = 4 × 5 = 20

Multiplying Numbers with 10s, 100s and 1000s A customer wants to buy 10 marble jars. How can he find the total number of marbles? Chapter 2 • Operations on Large Numbers

We know that he will have to multiply the number of marbles in one jar by the number of jars he wants. He will have to multiply 1225 by 10. Step 1

Multiply the non-zero digits. 1225 × 1 = 1225

Remember!

Step 2

Put the remaining 0s at the end of the product.

The product of any number multiplied by 1 will always be the number itself. The product of any number multiplied by 0 will always be 0.

1225 × 10 = 12,250

So, he will get 12,250 marbles. What if he buys 100 jars?

What if he buys 1000 jars?

Step 1

1225 × 1 = 1225

Step 2

1225 × 100 = 1,22,500

1225 × 1000 = 12,25,000

Multiply the non-zero digits.

Put the remaining 0s at the end of the product.

So, he will get 1,22,500 marbles.

Multiply the non-zero digits.

Put the remaining 0s at the end of the product.

Thus, he will get 12,25,000 marbles.

So, when we multiply a number by 10, 100, 1000 and so on, we add as many 0s to the right of the multiplicand, as there are 0s in the multiplier to get the product. Example 5: Multiply 7865 by 30. Step 1

Step 2

7865 × 3

7865 × 30 = 2,35,950

Multiply the non-zero digits. TTh

1 ×

Put the remaining 0s at the end of the product. Therefore, the product of 7865 × 30 is 2,35,950.

Example 6: A book contains about 1244 letters on one page. If there are the same number of letters on each page, then how many letters will there be on 200 pages? Number of letters on 1 page = 1244 Number of letters on 200 pages = 1244 × 200 = 2,48,800 Therefore, the book has 2,48,800 letters in total. 78

Multiplying Numbers up to 4 Digits Radha wants to buy 125 jars of 1225 marbles each, from Jay’s store. Let us find the total number of marbles using multiplication. Thus, if Radha buys 125 jars of 1225 marbles each, she will get a total of 1,53,125 marbles. Mr Sharma is a businessman. He visited Jay’s store and wants to buy 1121 jars of marbles.

L TTh Th

125 = 100 + 20 + 5

1225 × 5

1225 × 20

+ 1

1225 × 100

To find the total number of marbles he is buying, we will have to multiply 1225 by 1121. We will first expand 1121 = 1000 + 100 + 20 + 1 = 1 thousand + 1 hundred + 2 tens + 1 one. L TTh Th H T 0 1

2 2 5

1 2 1

2 2 5

5 0 0

1 2

0 0 0

1 3

2 2 5

1121 = 1000 + 100 + 20 + 1 1225 × 1 1225 × 20

Did You Know? Zero was invented by the great Indian mathematician Aryabhata in the 5th century.

1225 × 100 1225 × 1000

So, if Mr Sharma buys 1211 jars of 1225 marbles each, he will have a total of 13,73,225 marbles.

Remember! Anything multiplied by zero is zero.

Example 7: Multiply 3479 by 452. L

TTh

Expand 452 = 400 + 50 + 2

Step 1: Multiply the ones: 3479 × 2

Step 2: Multiply the tens: 3479 × 50

Step 3: Multiply the hundreds: 3479 × 400

Step 4: Add all three products. 3479 × 452 = 15,72,508

Chapter 2 • Operations on Large Numbers

Example 8: There are 1500 students in a school. The school is planning to take all the students for a trip. Each student has to contribute ₹555. What is the total amount collected by the school? We know that: Total amount collected = Total amount paid by 1500 students The amount to be paid by 1 student is ₹555. The amount to be paid by 1500 students = 1500 × ₹555 = ₹8,32,500 So, the total amount collected by the school is ₹8,32,500.

Dividing Numbers by 10s, 100s and 1000s Jay, the owner of the toy store, has 40,000 marbles apart from the marbles in the jars. He wants to put them equally into other jars. He can either put them into 10 jars, 100 jars or 1000 jars. Remainder

Quotient

Number of marbles in each jar

Division by 10

1 digit from the right is the remainder

Remaining is the quotient

40,000 ÷ 10 Remainder = 0 Quotient = 4000

Jay will put 4000 marbles in each jar.

Division by 100

2 digits from the right is the remainder

Remaining is the quotient

40,000 ÷ 100 Remainder = 00 Quotient = 400

Jay will put 400 marbles in each jar.

Division by 1000

3 digits from the right is the remainder

Remaining is the quotient

40,000 ÷ 1000 Remainder = 000 Quotient = 40

Jay will put 40 marbles in each jar.

We can conclude that the same number of digits, as the number of 0s in the divisor from the right of the dividend, form the remainder. The remaining digits are the quotient. Let us see some more properties of division. 1

hen 0 is divided by any number then the W quotient is always 0.

hen a number is divided by 1, the W quotient is always the number itself.

hen a number is divided by itself then W the quotient is 1.

Example 9: Divide 15,679 by 100. 15,679 ÷ 100 = 156, with a remainder 79. Thus, quotient = 156 and remainder = 79.

Error Alert! The remainder can never be greater than the divisor. If it is more than the divisor, that means the long division is incomplete or incorrect. 1 12 135 –12 15

11 12 135 –12 15 –12 3

Example 10: Divide 98,562 by 1000. 98,562 ÷ 1000 = 98, with a remainder 562. Thus, quotient = 98 and remainder = 562

Dividing 5-Digit Numbers by 3-Digit Numbers Jay wonders if he could divide all of the 40,000 marbles into 120 smaller jars.

333 120 40000 Look at the division house to see how 40,00 is divided by 120 to –360 400 get 333 as the quotient and 40 as the remainder. –360 So, Jay can only put 333 marbles in each jar, and he will be left with 40 marbles. 400 –360 40 Let us check to see if the quotient is correct. Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder Here, the Dividend = 40,000. Quotient × Divisor + Remainder = 333 × 120 + 40 = 40,000. Since the answer is the same as the dividend, our answer is correct. Example 11: Divide 76,545 by 115. 665 115 76545 –690 754 –690 645 –575 70

Dividend = 76,545 Quotient × Divisor + Remainder = 665 × 115 + 70 = 76,475 + 70 = 76,545 So, our answer is correct.

Example 12: A room is large enough for 256 people to sit. How many rooms will be required for 32,000 people to sit? We know that 256 people can sit in 1 room. So, 32,000 people can sit in 32,000 ÷ 256 rooms. Therefore, the required number of rooms is 125.

Chapter 2 • Operations on Large Numbers

125 256 32000 –256 640 –512 1280 –1280 0

Do It Yourself 2B 1

Write True (T) or False (F). a The divisor and remainder in a division sum can be the same. b The result of multiplication is called the multiplicand. c When a number is divided by another number, it is called the difference. d Anything multiplied by zero is zero.

Multiply the given numbers by 10, 100 and 1000. a 56,567

Cross Curricular

Value Development

c 82,587

d 1,98,454

c 8,95,000

d 9,87,000

Divide the given numbers by 10, 100 and 1000. a 25,000

b 47,852

b 3,54,000

Find the product of the given numbers. a 2675 × 23

b 4561 × 600

c 8795 × 895

d 8755 × 1674

e 8784 × 3456

7846 × 5678

g 9876 × 4788

h 6784 × 7890

a 26,486 ÷ 144

b 34,204 ÷ 274

c 45,436 ÷ 284

d 52,222 ÷ 323

e 86,576 ÷ 370

67,865 ÷ 500

g 77,127 ÷ 567

h 88,755 ÷ 868

Divide the given numbers.

How many hours are there in one leap year?

Find the product of the largest 3-digit and 2-digit number.

Divide the largest 5-digit number by the smallest 3-digit number.

Mrs Gupta earns ₹78,562 every month. How much does she earn in 3 years?

10 The book Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare has about 24,645 words. Each page contains 155 words.

How many pages are there in the book?

11 The owner of a shop makes a profit of ₹98,000. He decides to keep ₹30,000 for himself and distribute

similar stationery kits among 100 kids in an orphanage. What is the cost of each stationery kit? Have you ever donated anything to an orphanage?

Choosing the Right Operator Real Life Connect

On a school trip, there were 6 teachers who accompanied one group out of 2 equal groups in a class of 54 students. On the day of the trip, 2 groups of 5 students each were absent. Ram, a student on the trip, wonders how many people including the teachers, are on the trip. Let us help him find out. 82

Solving Expressions Using DMAS Ram tries putting the number and operators in a problem. He comes up with: 6 + 54 ÷ 2 − 2 × 5

Seeing so many operations in a single problem, Ram cannot figure out how to solve it. To solve this problem, he will have to use DMAS.

What is DMAS? When we have two or more operations in a problem, we carry out these operations in a certain order. This order is called DMAS. Now, let us help Ram figure out how many people are there on the trip.

Division

Multiplication

Addition

Subtraction

−

Using DMAS

Let us help Ram solve the problem: 6 + 54 ÷ 2 – 2 × 5 We always move from left to right.

We will follow the following steps of DMAS: Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

= 6 + 54 ÷ 2 − 2 × 5

= 6 + 27 − 2 × 5

= 6 + 27 − 10

= 33 − 10 = 23

= 6 + 27 − 2 × 5

= 6 + 27 − 10

= 33 − 10

Simplify division (÷)

Simplify multiplication (×) Simplify addition (+)

Simplify subtraction (−)

Therefore, there are 23 students and teachers on the trip. Example 13: Simplify: 42 ÷ 7 + 3 × 9 − 1 42 ÷ 7 + 3 × 9 − 1 =6+3×9−1 = 6 + 27 − 1 = 33 − 1 = 32

Multi-step Word Problems A teacher has 72 apples. He distributes them equally among 4 bags and keeps only 1 bag for himself. Then, 4 students give the teacher 10 apples each. Finally, all of them together eat 20 apples from the bag. Calculate the number of apples left with the teacher. The teacher puts the apples equally in 4 bags. That is, 72 ÷ 4. 4 students give him 10 apples each. So, he has 4 × 10 more apples. That is, 72 ÷ 4 + 4 × 10. Chapter 2 • Operations on Large Numbers

Now, all of them ate 20 apples. So, the apples left in the bag are: 72 ÷ 4 + 4 × 10 − 20 = 18 + 4 × 10 − 20

Think and Tell

= 18 + 40 − 20

Are multiplication and division related?

= 58 − 20 = 38

Example 14: Tarun has 2 sets of 10 toy cars. His father gives him 5 more toy cars. Tarun then wants to give 4 cars to his friend. How many cars will he be left with? Cars in sets of 2 = 2 × 10

Father gives him 5 more cars = 2 × 10 + 5

Think and Tell

Tarun gives 4 cars to his friend = 2 × 10 + 5 − 4

If we do not follow DMAS,

Number of cars left = 20 + 5 − 4

will we get the same answer?

= 25 − 4 = 21

Therefore, Tarun will be left with 21 toy cars.

Do It Yourself 2C 1

Tick () the correct answer. a The order of DMAS is: i

+, ×, – , ÷

iii ÷ , ×, –, +

iv ×, ÷, +, –

920

iii 780

iv 29

110

iii 50

iv 1

iii 23

iv 7

÷, ×, +, –

b 100 × 10 – 100 + 2000 ÷ 100 = ____ i c

979

100 ÷ 10 + 10 × 10 = ____ i

200

d 63 ÷ 9 + 12 × 4 – 5 = ____ i

Write True (T) or False (F). a In DMAS, we first perform addition/subtraction and then division/multiplication. b In DMAS, the last step is subtraction. c 5 × 4 + 12 ÷ 3 = 24 d 36 ÷ 6 – 3 × 2 = 2

Fill in the blanks. a 82 × 3 + 20 = ______

b 28 ÷ 7 + 8 × 5 = ______

c 55 ÷ 11 + 7 = ______

d 20 + 50 ÷ 2 – 5 = ______

e 16 + 8 ÷ 2 – 1 × 5= ______

25 – 4 × 12 ÷ 4 + 3 = ______

Simplify. a 120 – 12 + 36 ÷ 3 × 5

Value Development

b 279 + 321 ÷ 3 – 57 × 2

c 676 + 835 × 45 ÷ 15 – 10

Alex has saved ₹120. He wants to buy a toy for ₹28 and a book. The book is half the price of the toy.

Anish had 50 stickers. He gave 3 stickers to each of his 4 friends. He then bought 10 more stickers.

Sahil has 15 pencils. He wants to distribute them among his 3 friends. All three friends already have

How much money will he have left after buying the toy and the book? How many stickers does Anish have now?

2 pencils. If he gives each friend the same number of pencils, find the total number of pencils each friend has. Do you also share things with your friends?

Value Development

Solar Panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells made of

semiconductor materials like silicon. In a school with 350 students, the administration wants to install solar panels to help the environment and teach students about renewable energy. On Monday,

25 students were absent. The rest of the students brought ₹230 each for the project. How much money did the students bring?

Math Lab Setting: In pairs

Communication & Collaboration

Roll, Multiply, Win: The Dice Challenge

Materials Required: 3 dice, a pencil and paper. Method: 1

Divide the students into pairs.

Each pair should have a pencil and paper.

One student from each pair would roll the 3 dice.

rom the three numbers obtained, one student from each pair will form the largest and F the smallest number. The other student will multiply the two numbers.

Note down the number obtained on a sheet of paper.

eep repeating the above process, and each time add the results obtained after K multiplication to find the sum.

The student who gets the sum of 6,00,000 or more first wins.

Chapter Checkup 1

Find the sum of the given numbers. a

56,789 and 23,456

9,87,654 and 45,774

6,73,778 and 5,67,433

2,53,621, 12,365 and 36,586

Chapter 2 • Operations on Large Numbers

Cross Curricular

Subtract the given numbers. a

54,676 and 34,575

8,64,826 and 96,537

8,68,636 and 65,365

9,54,863 and 8,45,622

Multiply the given numbers by 10, 100 and 1000. a

896

4546

6457

9876

Divide the given numbers by 10, 100 and 1000. a

2100

4086

51,200

74,562

Find the product of the given numbers. a

6789 and 432

8646 and 200

4321 and 2981

1256 and 3251

Divide the given numbers using long division. a

54,767 and 231

56,785 and 314

88,757 and 768

99,866 and 982

Simplify. a

18 ÷ 2 × 3

12 × 6 − 2 + 18 ÷ 3

34 + 2 × 5 − 9 ÷ 9

63 − 4 + 8 ÷ 2 × 30

The product of two numbers is 25,290. If one number is 562, find the other number.

Find the difference of the largest 6-digit number and the smallest 6-digit number.

10 Raj and his team are census workers, whose job is to collect the population. In Ghaziabad city, there are 3,81,53,154 men, 3,15,31,873 women and 6,81,231 children. How many people are there in Ghaziabad?

11 Isha is planning a road trip that covers a total distance of 7500 km. She plans to drive 150 km each day. In how many days will Isha complete the trip?

12 Ooty organises a botanical flower show every year. A garden is divided into 60 equal sections. Each

section has 1280 flowers. 30 of these sections are replanted with the same number of new flowers, and the rest remain the same. How many new flowers are there in the garden now?

13 An auditorium has a capacity of 64,070 people. If one row can seat 430 people, how many rows are there in the auditorium?

14 Maya has 80 marbles. She gives 5 marbles each to 6 of her friends. Then, she finds 15 more marbles. How many marbles does Maya have now?

15 Neha’s annual income is ₹98,780. She spends ₹50,000 and saves the rest. How much money will she save in 10 years?

16 What number must be subtracted from the sum of 5,00,000 and 3,00,000 to make it equal to their difference?

17 There are 5565 mangoes. The number of oranges is twice the number of mangoes. How many

oranges will each box contain if the shopkeeper keeps an equal number of oranges in 5 cartons?

Value Development

18 Shreya had ₹45,000 in her bank account. She got her salary and the amount in her bank account

became three times what it was before. She donated ₹14,500 to an emergency relief fund for the

soldiers on the Indian border. How much money was left in her bank account? Have you ever collected funds for a charity event? Creativity 19

Write a word problem with one 6-digit number and two 5-digit numbers. The word problem should have addition, division and subtraction.

Challenge 1

Critical Thinking & Cross Curricular

The population of Hassan is 1,88,000. The population of Mysore city is 12,61,000. Read the statements and answer the question given below. Statement 1: The population of Belgaum is 7,83,000, which is 5,95,000 more than the population of Hassan.

Statement 2: The population of Hassan and Belgaum together is less than the population of Mysore.

Is statement 1, 2 or both true? Show your working. 2

Ravi has two bank accounts A and B. The combined balance of the two accounts is ₹8,75,632. What is the balance in account B?

Read the statements and choose the correct option. Statement 1: The balance in Account A is ₹3,56,289. Statement 2: Account B has more balance than account A. a

Statement 1 alone is sufficient to answer.

Statement 2 alone is sufficient to answer.

Both statements together are sufficient to answer.

Both statements together are not sufficient to answer.

Chapter 2 • Operations on Large Numbers

Case Study

Cross Curricular

Rice Production Our country is the largest rice-producing country. Most of the states in our country produce rice, and most of the rice varieties are exported to different parts of the world. The table shows the amount of rice produced by the state in 2 months. State

Amount of Rice Produced

Karnataka

5,04,975 kg

Tamil Nadu

8,20,965 kg

Bihar

7,05,136 kg

Madhya Pradesh

4,94,814 kg

The total weight of the rice produced by Karnataka and Bihar is ___________.

Write True (T) or False (F). a Tamil Nadu produces 4,67,870 kg more rice than Madhya Pradesh. b Karnataka produces 3,15,990 kg less rice than Tamil Nadu.

Tamil Nadu wants to deliver 78,432 kg of rice in 456 bags to a relief camp. What will be

24,430 kg of rice from Bihar and 20,510 kg of rice from Karnataka are to be mixed and

the weight of rice in each bag?

put equally in 214 containers. What will be the weight of the rice in each container?

actors and Highest F Common Factor

Understanding Factors Real Life Connect

For a group dance event, 12 dancers were to enter the stage together. The dance teacher made all the dancers stand in a single line, but all of them could not fit on the stage.

So, she decided to try different ways in which the dancers could fit onto the stage. 2 rows of 6 dancers

4 rows of 3 dancers

3 rows of 4 dancers

She noticed that all the dancers could fit when she made 3 rows of 4 dancers. So, here we saw four different ways to make 12 dancers stand in lines having equal rows and columns. 1 × 12

2×6

4×3

3×4

Think and Tell

Can there be more ways to arrange the dancers in lines having equal rows and columns?

Factors of a Number 1, 12, 2, 6, 3 and 4 are all the numbers we multiplied to get 12. Therefore, we can say that 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are all factors of 12. Chapter 3 • Factors and Highest Common Factor

The numbers that are multiplied to get a product are called its factors.

Factors

Product

Let us look at the factors of 12 once more. • 1 is its smallest factor. 1 is the smallest factor of every number. • 1 2 is the greatest factor of itself. Every number is the greatest factor of itself. • Every factor of 12 is less than or equal to 12. The factors of a number are always equal to or less than the number. We know that multiplication and division are opposite operations. Thus, we can also define factors in terms of division. The factor of a number is a number that divides the given number evenly or exactly, leaving no remainder. In our example, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are all factors of 12 because each of these numbers divides 12 exactly without leaving any remainder.

Finding Factors We can find the factors of a number by recalling the multiplication facts of numbers. We begin with the multiplication table of 1 and gradually move on to higher tables to see where the given number appears. Finding Factors Using Multiplication Let us try to find the factors of 18 using multiplication. 1 × 18 = 18; 2 × 9 = 18; 3 × 6 = 18 The multiplication table of 4 does not give 18 as a product. The multiplication table of 5 does not give 18 as a product.

Remember! When finding factors by multiplication, always: • S tart with the multiplication table of 1. • S top when any factor starts repeating.

6 × 3 = 18. This is the same as 3 × 6 = 18, which is already covered. Thus, we will stop at the multiplication table of 6. So, the factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18. Finding Factors Using Division To find the factors of a number, we can also look for numbers that divide the given number exactly, without leaving any remainder. Let us find the factors of 36 using the division method. 90

Number

Divisors

Quotient Remainder

Factors

1 and 36 are factors of 36.

2 and 18 are factors of 36.

3 and 12 are factors of 36.

4 and 9 are factors of 36.

5 and 7 are not factors of 36.

6 is a factor of 36.

7 and 5 are not factors of 36.

8 and 4 are not factors of 36.

STOP! 9 and 4 are already covered above.

When factors are repeated, no further division takes place. So, the factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 36. Example 1: Find the factors of 20 using multiplication. 1 × 20 = 20 2 × 10 = 20 The multiplication table of 3 does not give 20 as a product. 4 × 5 = 20. 5 × 4 = 20. This is the same as 4 × 5 = 20, which is already covered above. Thus, we will stop at the multiplication table of 5. So, the factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20. Example 2: Find the factors of 30 using the division method. Number

Divisors

Quotient Remainder

Factors

1 and 30 are factors of 30.

2 and 15 are factors of 30.

3 and 10 are factors of 30.

4 and 7 are not factors of 30.

5 and 6 are factors of 30.

STOP! 6 and 5 are already covered above.

When factors are repeated, no further division takes place. So, the factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30.

Prime and Composite Numbers Numbers which have only two factors, namely 1 and the number itself, are called prime numbers. Numbers with more than two factors are called composite numbers. Chapter 3 • Factors and Highest Common Factor

When 2 numbers have 1 as their common factor, they are called co-prime numbers. For example, 4 and 7 have 1 as their common factor. When 2 numbers have only one composite number between them, they are called twin prime numbers. For example, (3, 5), (11, 13), (17, 19). Example 3: Which is a prime number, 16 or 17? Factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.

Remember! • 0 and 1 are neither prime nor composite. • 2 is the lowest and the only even prime number.

Factors of 17 = 1 and 17 17 has 2 factors, so it is a prime number.

Do It Yourself 3A 1

Find the factors of the numbers using the multiplication method. a 14

Creativity

d 48

e 55

b 41

c 63

d 72

e 81

e 56

Sort the given numbers as prime or composite numbers. a 11

b 27

c 29

d 55

g 73

h 81

Cross Curricular

c 37

Find the factors of the numbers using the division method. a 15

b 34

How many prime numbers are there between 10 and 20? List them.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacteria which is responsible for tuberclosis. It has a slower replication

An event manager is getting chairs arranged for a stage show. He wants to put the same number of chairs

Create a word problem to find factors of a number.

time and typically divides every 17 minutes (approx.). How many factor are there for the number 17? in rows as the total number of rows. How many chairs will be there in each row, if he has 169 chairs?

Concept of Divisibility The rules of divisibility will help you find the numbers that divide other numbers without leaving any remainder.

Divisibility by 2, 5 and 10 The divisibility of a number by 2, 5 and 10 can be checked by looking at the last digit of the number. Look at the table below:

A number is divisible by:

If the last digit is:

0, 2, 4, 6, 8

0, 5

A number is divisible by 2 and 5 if it is divisible by 10. Example 4: Is 64 divisible by 2?

Example 5: Is 45 divisible by 5?

64 ends with the digit 4.

45 ends with the digit 5.

So, 64 is divisible by 2.

So, 45 is divisible by 5.

Divisibility by 3 and 9 To test the divisibility of a number by 3 or 9, we add the digits of the number. If the sum is divisible by 3 or 9, the number itself is divisible by 3 or 9, respectively. A number is divisible by:

If the sum of the digits is divisible by:

A number is also divisible by 3 if it is divisible by 9. Example 6: Is 54 divisible by 3?

Example 7: Is 452 divisible by 9?

5+4=9

4 + 5 + 2 = 11

9 is divisible by 3.

11 is not divisible by 9.

So, 54 is divisible by 3.

So, 452 is not divisible by 9.

Do It Yourself 3B 1

Circle the numbers that are divisible by 2. a 11

d 49

e 160

b 75

c 37

d 190

e 300

c 92

d 60

e 130

c 56

d 118

e 919

Circle the numbers that are divisible by 3. a 72

c 38

Circle the numbers that are divisible by both 5 and 10. a 51

b 24

b 63

Circle the numbers that are divisible by 9. a 36

b 45

Chapter 3 • Factors and Highest Common Factor

A secret passage has a number lock. Below are the clues to the correct number needed to open the lock. Which of the given numbers shows the secret code?

•

The number is divisible by 3 and 5.

•

The number has 0 as the last digit.

a 660 Value Development

b 530

c 130

d 370

Anu is distributing gifts to the poor kids in her neighborhood. There are 10 kids in all. She has 40 pencils, 20 erasers, 55 candies and 20 notebooks. Which are the items that she can divide equally among the kids?

Prime Factorisation A prime factor of a number is a factor that is also a prime number. A composite number can be expressed as the product of prime factors. This is called prime factorisation.

A factor tree can be used to find the prime factors of a number. Let us find the factors of 120 using a factor tree. Step 1: Write the

Step 2: Fill in the branches with a

number at the top of the factor tree and draw two branches below

factor pair of the number above.

We chose 12 and 10 as the factor pair.

12 4 2

120

10 5

2 Step 3: Continue until each branch ends in a prime number.

Prime factorisation of the number = Product of prime numbers found by factor tree Prime factorisation of 120 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5

Remember! Prime factorisation can be checked by multiplying all the factors. The product should be equal to the given number.

Prime factors can also be found using repeated division. In this method, we start dividing the given number by the smallest possible prime number and continue dividing it by prime numbers until we reach 1. Let us factorise 81 by the division method. 3

Remember! There is only one unique product of prime factors for any number. For example, prime factors of 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5. There is no other possible set of prime numbers that can be multiplied to make 40.

1 So, the prime factorisation of 81 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3. Example 8: Draw a factor tree for the number 36 and then express the number as a product of its prime factors.

Example 9: Use repeated division to find the prime factors of 84. Express the number as a product of its prime factors. 2 84

2 42

3 21

2 3

So, 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3.

7 1

So, 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7.

Do It Yourself 3C 1

Which of the following represents the prime factorisation of 80? a 2×2×4×5

2 3

Cross Curricular

c 2×2×2×3×5

d 2×3×3×4×5

Which of the following has 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 as its prime factorisation? a 1206

Art Integration

b 2×2×2×2×5

b 1222

c 1260

d 1360

Draw factor trees to find the prime factorisation of the given numbers. a 8

b 20

c 24

d 33

e 63

g 90

h 112

Find the prime factorisation of the following using the division method. a 16

b 22

c 30

d 45

e 51

g 100

h 148

The Earth completes its revolution around the Sun in 365 days. What are the prime factors of 365?

Chapter 3 • Factors and Highest Common Factor

Highest Common Factor Real Life Connect

Mrs Gupta has 18 students in her class today, and her fellow teacher, Mrs Mehra, has 27 students. The teachers want to combine the classes for a group activity that requires groups of equal size. The teachers aim to maximise the number of students in each group.

Finding the HCF The teachers want to divide their students into groups. Thus, the factors of the total number of children can represent the group size and number of groups. Total number of children in the class = Number of groups × Students per group. Mrs Gupta’s class

Mrs Mehra’s class

Group Size

Number of Groups

Group Size

Number of Groups

Possible group size = 18, 9, 6, 3, 2 and 1.

Possible group size = 27, 9, 3 and 1.

Common Factors Notice that all the possible group sizes are factors of the class sizes. Now, let us list the possible group sizes that are equal in the two classes. We do this in the following manner: Thus, 1, 3 and 9 are possible equal group sizes for the Factors of 18 Factors of 27 two classes. These are the common factors of the two numbers. We can say that 1, 3 and 9 are common factors of 2 1 27 18 and 27. 3 6 9 A common factor is a number that can evenly divide a set 18 of two or more numbers without leaving any remainder. How can we find the common factors of any two numbers? We list the factors of each number and then identify the common factors among them. Let us try to find the common factors of 16 and 40. Factors of 16 = 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 and 16.

Factors of 40 = 1 , 2 , 4 , 5, 8 , 10, 20 and 40. Common Factors of 16 and 40 = 1 , 2 , 4 and 8. Example 10: Find the common factors of 15 and 20.

Remember!

Factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15.

When two or more numbers have the same factor, that factor is called a common factor.

Factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20. The common factors of 15 and 20 are 1 and 5. Example 11: Find the common factors of 12 and 16. Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.

Remember!

Factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16.

1 is the common factor of every two or more given numbers.

The common factors of 12 and 16 are 1, 2, and 4.

Factor Method The following are the possible group sizes that can be formed in Mrs Gupta’s and Mrs Mehra’s classes: Mrs Gupta’s class of 18: 18, 9, 6, 3, 2 and 1. Mrs Mehra’s class of 27: 27, 9, 3 and 1 The common factors represent the equal numbers of group sizes that can be formed. These are 1, 3 and 9. For the activity, the teachers wanted to maximise the number of students per group. The biggest group size that can be achieved is 9! So, 9 is the highest common factor, or simply, the HCF. 9 is the HCF of 18 and 27. Let us see how we can find the HCF of any two numbers, say 12 and 18. We proceed using the following steps: The highest common factor (HCF) of 12 and 18 is 6.

Factors of 12 = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 6 and 12 Factors of 18 = 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 and 18. Common Factors of 12 and 18 = 1 , 2 , 3 and 6 .

The largest of the common factors is the HCF of the two numbers. Example 12: Find the HCF of 56 and 70. Factors of 56 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28 and 56. Factors of 70 are 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 35 and 70. The common factors of 56 and 70 are 1, 2, 7 and 14.

Remember! The HCF of the given numbers cannot be bigger than any one of the given numbers.

The highest common factor (HCF) of 56 and 70 is 14. Chapter 3 • Factors and Highest Common Factor

Example 13: Mike has 16 blue marbles and 8 white marbles. If he wants to place them in identical groups without any marbles being left over, what is the largest number of groups Mike can make? Number of blue marbles: 16 Number of white marbles: 8 As we need to find the greatest number of groups, we will find the HCF. Factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 Factors of 8 = 1, 2, 4, 8 Common factors = 1, 2, 4, 8 Highest common factor = 8 Hence, the greatest number of groups that Mike can make is 8.

Prime Factorisation Method Let us now use the prime factorisation method to find the HCF of 24 and 32. 1. Find the prime factorisation of both numbers. 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

2. Find the common factors of both numbers. 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

3. Multiply the combination of common factors to get the HCF of the numbers. HCF = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.

Remember! The HCF of two or more numbers is the product of their common prime factors.

Example 14: Find the HCF of 12, 18 and 24. 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 The common factors of 12, 18, and 24 are 2 and 3. Hence, HCF = 2 × 3 = 6.

Long Division Method In this method, we divide the greater number by the smaller number. The remainder of this division becomes the new divisor, and the previous divisor becomes the new dividend. We continue this process until the remainder is 0. The last divisor obtained is the HCF of the given numbers.

Let us find the HCF of 18 and 48 using the long division method. 2 18 4 8 –3 6 1 12 18 –1 2 2 6 12 –1 2 0

Remainder 12 becomes the new divisor. Remainder is 0. So, the last divisor 6 is the HCF.

Divisor 18 becomes the new dividend.

Example 15: Find the HCF of the given numbers using the long division method. 1

20 and 24

20 2 4 1 –2 0 4 20 5 –2 0 0

56 and 84 56 8 4 1 –5 6 28 56 2 –5 6 0

HCF = 28

HCF = 4

Example 16: Three pieces of fabric, measuring 42 m, 49 m and 63 m long have to be divided into curtains of the same length. What is the greatest possible length of each curtain? Length of pieces of fabric = 42 m, 49 m and 63 m. Greatest possible length of each curtain = HCF of 42 m, 49 m and 63 m. 42 6 3 1 –4 2 C.F. 21 4 2 2 –4 2 0 Remainder

21 4 9 2 –4 2 7 21 3 –2 1 0 Remainder

Hence, the greatest possible length of each curtain is 7 m.

Do It Yourself 3D 1

Find the common factors for the 2 numbers. a 13, 36

b 21, 16

c 28, 35

d 24, 27

e 30, 45

30, 54

g 42, 22

h 50, 45

Chapter 3 • Factors and Highest Common Factor

Art Integration

Find the HCF by finding all the factors. a 16, 24

b 15, 90

c 25, 45

d 27, 47

e 27, 81

28, 42

g 40, 50

h 33, 55

c 36, 54

d 24, 40, 56

Draw factor trees to find the HCF of the given numbers.

Find the HCF of the following numbers by using the long division method.

a 12, 15

b 26, 65

a 18, 24

Cross Curricular

b 14, 84

c 20, 120

d 81, 108

The length, breadth and height of a box are 75 cm, 85 cm and 95 cm, respectively. Find the length of

Rice takes 120 days to mature, while maize takes 150 days to mature. A farmer wants to plant and

the longest tape which can measure the three dimensions of the box exactly.

harvest both crops in such a way that they can start planting both crops again on the same day after the crops have matured and been harvested. How many days will it take for this cycle to repeat?

Math Lab

Experiential Learning & Art Integration

Prime and Composite Numbers from 1 to 100

Setting: In groups of 4

Materials Required: Number chart for numbers 1 to 100, coloured pencils Method: 1

Colour the number 1 on the number chart as 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Circle the number 2 and put a blue dot for all the numbers divisible by 2.

Circle the number 3 and put a red dot for all the numbers divisible by 3.

Circle the number 5 and put a green dot for all the numbers divisible by 5.

Find the next number that is neither circled nor has a dot. Circle that number and

List the numbers that have dots of all the colours.

All the circled numbers are prime numbers, and the numbers that have dots are

Write the number of prime numbers between 1 and 100.

Write the number of composite numbers between 1 and 100.

put a different colour for all the numbers that are divisible by this new number.

composite numbers.

Chapter Checkup 1

100

Sort the numbers as prime or composite numbers. a 49

b 61

c 73

d 99

Find the factors of the numbers using the multiplication method. a 16

Art Integration

b 20

c 24

Find the factors of the numbers using the division method.

Use the divisibility rules to check if the given numbers are divisible by 2, 3, 5, 9, 10.

Draw factor trees to find the prime factorisation of the given numbers.

Use the repeated division method to find the prime factorisation of the numbers.

Find the common factors of each pair of numbers.

Find the HCF by finding all the factors.

Find the HCF using the prime factorisation method.

a 28

a 35

a 88

a 75

a 25, 45

a 16, 60

a 34, 38

b 36

b 93

b 102

b 21

b 75, 125

b 25, 65

b 34, 51

c 56

c 450

c 112

d 42

d 80

d 700

d 140

c 128

d 164

c 33, 55

d 120, 156

c 48, 120

d 150, 225

c 60, 225

d 105, 180

10 Find the HCF of the following numbers by using the long division method. a 36, 63

b 119, 187

c 45, 89

d 136, 170

11 Write a 3-digit number such that both 420 and the number have 2 as a common factor. Cross Curricular

12 Rainwater harvesting is a simple technique of collecting, filtering and subsequently storing rainwater

into reservoirs or tanks. Two tanks contain 250 litres and 425 litres of rainwater, respectively. What will be the maximum capacity of a bucket that can measure the water in both tanks an exact number of times?

13 Kirti is making identical balloon bunches for a party. She has 24 white balloons and 16 orange

balloons. She wants each bunch to have the same number of balloons of each colour. What is the greatest number of bunches she can make if she uses every balloon?

14 Jose is making a game board that is 66 inches by 24 inches using square tiles only. What is the largest

square tile he can use, and how many tiles will he need?

15 Neeta wants to distribute refreshments at a party. She has 240 cupcakes and 160 sandwiches. She

wants to equally distribute the food items among her classmates in packets. What is the maximum number of packets she can make, and what will be the contents of each?

Value Development

16 Anita baked 30 oatmeal cookies and 48 chocolate chip cookies to package in plastic containers to

giveaway at an old age home. She wants to divide the cookies into identical containers with each

container having the same number of each type of cookie. If she wants each container to have the greatest number of cookies possible, how many plastic containers does she need? Have you ever visited an old age home?

Chapter 3 • Factors and Highest Common Factor

101

Challenge

Critical Thinking

Find the greatest number that divides 178 and 128, leaving a remainder of 8 in each case.

‘ I am twice the number that divides two numbers without leaving any remainder. One number is 2 more than half a century, and the other number is 16 more than a century.’ Who am I?

Case Study

Cross Curricular

Colourful Gems Jewellery making is an art. The stones used in making a jewel goes through a lot of chemical processes. Rubies are red in colour and are made from the corundum mineral. Emerald is made from beryl mineral and it is green in colour. Pearls are obtained below the sea and are white in colour. Jade comes in vibrant colours and is obtained from jadeite. A jeweller has a few pearls, emerald, ruby and jade. He customises jewellery according to the needs of the customer. 1

customer asks him to make a pearl bracelet with an odd number of strings. The total A number of pearls in the bracelet is 72. If the number of strings is also a prime number, then which of these can be the number of strings? a 8

d 3

girl asks the jeweller to use emeralds and rubies to make bangles. The jeweller has A 18 rubies and 24 emeralds. What is the maximum number of stones he can use in each, such that the number of rubies and emeralds are equal in the bangles? a 2

102

b 9

b 6

d 9

girl orders 32 pairs of earrings. She also asks the jeweller to pack them per his choice. A If the jeweller decides to pack them in prime factors, draw the factor tree for the same.

he jeweller decides to use 24 jades and 36 emeralds to make identical necklaces T without any stones left. What is the greatest number of necklaces that the jeweller can make?

4 Common Multiples

Multiples and Least

Understanding Multiples Real Life Connect

Ajay is very fond of music. He attends music classes on every fifth day of the month. The rest of the month, he practises what he has already learnt in the class.

Ajay wants to mark every fifth day on the calendar so that he does not forget to attend his music classes.

So, Ajay skip counts by 5 to make a list of the days on which he will attend his music class in the month of August. Music Classes:

5th August

10th August

15th August

20th August

25th August

30th August

Finding Multiples Here, the list prepared by Ajay gives the first six multiples of 5. When any number is multiplied by 1, 2, 3, 4, …, we get the multiples of that number. For example, we get the multiples of 7 by multiplying 7 with 1, 2, 3, 4, … and so on. 7 × 1 = 7, 7 × 2 = 14, 7 × 3 = 21, 7 × 4 = 28, …

Think and Tell

Do all the numbers when Ajay attends the music classes appear in the multiplication table of 5? What do we call such numbers?

Hence, multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, … Look at the multiplication sentence given below. 7 and 2 are the factors of 14. 14 is the multiple of 7 and 2. Multiple of 7

7 × 2

= 14

Factors of 14

Remember! Multiple of 2

Chapter 4 • Multiples and Least Common Multiples

Multiple of a number = Number × Any number

103

This is the same as recalling the multiplication tables of those numbers.

× × × × × ×

For example, multiples of 9 are the numbers in the 9 times table. We can also find the multiples of a number by skip counting on the number line.

× × × × × ×

When we skip count by a number, we get the multiples of that number. +2

The numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 are the first seven multiples of 2. Another way to create a list of multiples of a number is to start at the number and add it repeatedly to the sum. The repeated addition method is one of the simplest methods to find the multiples of any given number. For example, the multiples of 25 can be found by: Using the Multiplication Tables

Using Repeated Addition

25 × 1 = 25

25 + 0 = 25

25 × 2 = 50

25 + 25 = 50

25 × 3 = 75

25 + 25 + 25 = 75

25 × 4 = 100

25 + 25 + 25 + 25 = 100

25 × 5 = 125

25 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 = 125

Here, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 are a few multiples of 25. Hence, it is possible to find the multiples of any number by repeated addition of that number or by recalling the times table of that number. Look at the multiples of 25 once more. 25 is a multiple of itself.

A number is a multiple of itself.

25 is a multiple of 1.

Every number is a multiple of 1.

There are countless multiples of 25.

There is no end to the multiples that you can find for a number.

Each multiple of 25 is either greater than or equal to 25.

104

Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to the number itself.

You can also check if a number is a multiple of a given number by using division. 1 3 If the remainder is zero, then the bigger number (dividend) is a multiple of the 7 9 1 smaller number (divisor). − 7 For example: 2 1 − 2 1 On dividing 91 by 7, we get 0 as the remainder. So, 91 is a multiple of 7. 0 0 Example 1: Show the first eight multiples of 8, on a number line. +8

So, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 are the first eight multiples of 8. Example 2: What is the 9th multiple of 7? The 9th multiple of 7 is 7 × 9 = 63. Example 3: Is 78 a multiple of 3?

2 3 7 − 6 1 − 1 0

6 8 8 8 0

On dividing 78 by 3, we get no remainder. So, 78 is a multiple of 3.

Do It Yourself 4A 1 Write the first 5 multiples of the given numbers. a 8

b 11

c 21

d 25

e 50

2 Is 7209 a multiple of 9? Justify. Cross Curricular

3 The kumbh mela is a major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism. The ‘Purna Kumbh mela’ is organised every 12 years. The last Purna Kumbh mela was organised in 2013. When will the next three Purna Kumbh melas be organised?

4 Select any number with 0 in its ones place and write its first ten multiples. State whether the multiples are odd or even.

Cross Curricular

5 Cicadas are large and winged insects known for their distinct, loud sound. Two species of cicadas

emerge from the ground every 13 years and 17 years respectively. If both species emerged in 2021, will they emerge together over the next century?

Chapter 4 • Multiples and Least Common Multiples

105

Least Common Multiple Real Life Connect

Apart from music classes, Ajay also attends art classes every fourth day in the month of August. Ajay marks every fourth day on the calendar and completes the list of the days on which he will attend his music and his art classes in the month of August. Music Classes:

5th August

10th August

15th August

20th August

25th August

30th August

Art Classes:

4th August

8th August

12th August

16th August

20th August

24th August

28th August

Ajay looks at the lists to see if there are any days on which he has to attend both—his music and his art classes. He finds that 20th August is the date when he would have to attend both the classes. So, 20th of August is the only day in August when Ajay will be attending both the classes.

Common Multiples

When a number is a multiple of two or more numbers, it is called a common multiple of those numbers. Let us list the multiples of 5 and 6. Multiples of 5:

…

Multiples of 6:

…

30 is a common multiple of 5 and 6.

60 is a common multiple of 5 and 6.

30 and 60 are known as common multiples of 5 and 6. If the pattern is extended, you will find that 90 and 120 are also common multiples of 5 and 6. Out of these numbers, 30 is the lowest common multiple, or LCM, of 5 and 6. LCM by Common Multiples

The smallest number among the common multiples is called the lowest common multiple or LCM. It is also the smallest number which can be divided by each of the given numbers. 106

Did You Know?

Aryabhata was an Indian mathematician who helped us understand how to find the least common multiple (LCM) of numbers, which is useful for solving problems where we need to find a common time or number for different things to happen together.

Example 4: Find the LCM of 3 and 5. 15 is a common multiple of 3 and 5.

30 is a common multiple of 3 and 5.

Multiples of 3:

…

Multiples of 5:

…

15 is the lowest of all common multiples.

So, 15 is the LCM of 3 and 5.

15 is the lowest among the common multiples, it is the LCM of 3 and 5. Example 5: Find the LCM of 6, 4 and 8. Multiples of 6:

…

Multiples of 4:

…

Multiples of 8:

…

Common multiples of 6, 4 and 8 = 24, 48, … Since 24 is the lowest among all the common multiples, so it is the LCM of 6, 4 and 8.

Do It Yourself 4B 1 Which of the following is a common multiple of 25, 75 and 50? a 75

b 100

c 125

2 Find the common multiples of the given numbers. Write their LCM. a 12 and 15

e 6, 12 and 18

b 9 and 63 f

6, 10 and 15

c 5 and 55

g 12, 15 and 20

3 Which of these will have the same lowest common multiple as 4 and 15? a 4 and 20

Cross Curricular

b 6 and 25

c 5 and 12

d 150 d 8 and 10

h 15, 25 and 30 d 8 and 30

4 The U.S. presidential elections are held every 4 years, while Senate elections are held every 6 years. If both elections are held in 2024, in which year will they next occur together again?

5 A machine requires maintenance every 12 days, and another machine requires maintenance every

18 days. If both machines are maintained today, in how many days will they both need maintenance on the same day again?

6 Two sisters, one in a primary school and the other in a middle school, have lunch together when their

school bells ring at the same time. The bell of the primary school rings every 30 minutes, while the bell of the middle school rings every 40 minutes. If both bells ring together at 8:30 a.m., when will they ring together again?

Creativity

7 Create a question based on LCM.

Chapter 4 • Multiples and Least Common Multiples

107

LCM by Prime Factorisation Method In this method, we first find the prime factorisation of each number. We then multiply each factor the maximum number of times it occurs in any given number. For example, to find the LCM of 60 and 45, follow the steps given below: Step 1: Write the prime factorisation of the numbers. 2 2 3 5

60 30 15 5 1 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5

Step 2: Multiply each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in the prime factorisation.

3 3 5

45 15 5 1 45 = 3 × 3 × 5

We take 2 two times, 3 two times, and 5 one time and multiply

So, LCM of 45 and 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 180

Example 6: Find the lowest common multiple of 84 and 90. 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7

90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5

So, LCM of 84 and 90 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 1,260 Example 7: Find the LCM of 36, 48 and 56 by the prime factorisation method. 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

LCM of 36, 48 and 56 = 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 = 1,008

56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7

Do It Yourself 4C 1 Find the prime factorisation of the numbers. a 35 and 75

b 44 and 88

c 48 and 12

d 25 and 115

2 These numbers have already been factorised for you. Find the LCM of the pairs given below. 8=2×2×2 a 8, 10

25 = 5 × 5 b 8, 16

16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 c 16, 10

10 = 2 × 5

d 25, 10

3 Find the LCM of the given numbers using the prime factorisation method. a 16, 24

b 25, 35

e 18, 40 and 45

72, 96 and 108

c 36, 45

d 63, 105

g 48, 56 and 70

h 30, 60 and 90

4 Rohan writes the prime factorisation of the numbers 12, 24 and 56 as shown below. 12 = 2 × 2 × 3

24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7

He says that the LCM of the numbers is 24. Is he right? Why or why not? Cross Curricular

5 The T20 cricket world cup is held every 2 years while the FIFA world cup is held every 4 years. Both the world cups were last held together in 2022. How many times will both world cups be held together till 2040 after 2022?

Creativity

6 Create a word problem on finding the LCM of 2 numbers. 108

LCM by Short Division Method Let us see how we can find the LCM of 25 and 45 using the short division method. Step 1: Arrange the numbers in a line.

25, 45

Step 2: Start dividing the numbers

1, 9

by common prime number, which, in this case, is 5.

5, 9

Step 3: Continue dividing until

1, 3

we get 1 as the quotient for

1, 1

all the numbers.

Step 4: Multiply all the prime factors to get the LCM. LCM = 5 × 5 × 3 × 3 = 225

Example 8: Find the LCM using the short division method. 1

6, 12 and 15 3 2 2 5

6, 12, 15 2, 4, 5 1, 2, 5 1, 1, 5 1, 1, 1

12, 16 and 20

2 12, 16, 20 2 6, 8, 10 2 3, 4, 5 2 3, 2, 5 3 3, 1, 5 5 1, 1, 5 1, 1, 1

LCM = 3 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 60

LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 240

Do It Yourself 4D 1 Find the LCM using the short division method. a 21, 24

b 25, 30

e 28, 42, 56

75, 100, 150

c 32, 48

d 60, 75

g 21, 63, 105

h 90, 135, 180

2 Rohit finds the common prime factors of 42 and 56 using short division as shown below.

He says that the LCM of 42 and 56 is 28. Is he right? Why or why not?

2 7 2

42, 56 21, 28 3, 4

3 Match the following. A

LCM of 42, 70

LCM of 30, 45

LCM of 63, 105 LCM of 9, 15

LCM of 12, 48 Chapter 4 • Multiples and Least Common Multiples

45 210 315

109

Cross Curricular

4 Jupiter takes around 12 years to revolve around the Sun while Saturn takes around 30 years to revolve around the Sun. If Jupiter, Saturn and the Sun are in a straight line at the beginning of their revolution cycle, after how many years will they be in their original positions again?

Word Problems When do we use LCM?

When do we use HCF?

When we need to find the smallest number that is a multiple of all the numbers in a group.

When we need to find the largest number that evenly divides all the numbers in a group.

Let us look at some examples to understand this better. An Example of Using LCM A store is distributing freebies to its loyal customers. Every third customer receives a free keychain, and every fourth customer receives a free pen. Which customer will be the first to receive both a keychain and a pen? List the multiples of 3 and 4. Multiples of 3:

Multiples of 4:

12 is a common multiple of 3 and 4.

24 is a common multiple of 3 and 4.

The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4 is 12. The first customer to get both a keychain and a pen is the 12th customer. An Example of Using HCF The fifth-grade class is conducting an activity. There are 32 girls and 40 boys who want to participate. Each team must have the same number of girls and the same number of boys. What is the greatest number of teams that can be formed? List the factors of 32 and 40. Then, write the common factors. The class can divide 32 girls into 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 teams. Factors of 32:

Factors of 40:

The class can divide 40 boys into 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, and 40 teams.

The common factors of 32 and 40 are 1, 2, 4, and 8. The HCF of 32 and 40 is 8.

So, the greatest number of teams that can be formed is 8. Let us now understand the relationship between HCF and LCM.

110

Product of 2 numbers = HCF × LCM Numbers

Product of the Numbers

HCF

LCM

HCF × LCM

8 and 10

2 × 40 = 80

12 and 16

192

4 × 48 = 192

Example 9: The product of two numbers is 864. If the LCM of the two numbers is 72, what is the HCF of the two numbers? We know that the Product of two numbers = HCF × LCM 864 = HCF × 72 So, the LCM = 864 ÷ 72 = 12 Example 10: At a school carnival, every 4th student to enter the carnival gets a candy and every 10th student gets a chocolate. Which student was the first to get both the candy and the chocolate? Find the answer using the prime factorisation method. Let us find the LCM of 4 and 10. 4=2×2

2 2

10 = 2 × 5

4 2 1

2 10 5 5 1

So, LCM of 4 and 10 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20 Thus, the 20th student will get both the chocolate and the candy. Example 11: For a morning walk, three people step out together. Their steps measure 80 cm, 85 cm, and 90 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance that each should walk before they are together again? We need to find the minimum distance they have walked so that they are together again. Now, the distance walked by them will be greater than 80 cm, 85 cm, and 90 cm. So, we need to find the LCM in this case. LCM = 2 × 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 17 = 12,240 cm Therefore, the minimum distance walked so that they are together again = 12,240 cm.

Chapter 4 • Multiples and Least Common Multiples

2 5 2 2 2 3 3 17

80, 85, 90 40, 85, 45 8, 17, 9 4, 17, 9 2, 17, 9 1, 17, 9 1, 17, 3 1, 17, 1 1, 1, 1

111

Example 12: Three pieces of cloth 84 cm, 98 cm and 126 cm long need to be divided into table mats of the same length. What is the greatest possible length of each mat? Here the pieces of cloth need to be divided into table mats of the greatest possible length. So, the length of each table mat would be less than the lengths of the given pieces of cloth. So, we need to compute the HCF in this case. Required length = HCF of 84 cm, 98 cm and 126 cm 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7

98 = 2 × 7 × 7

126 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 7

HCF = 2 × 7 = 14. Therefore, the required length of each table mat is 14 cm.

Do It Yourself 4E 1 Narendra attends drawing classes which are scheduled once every seven days, starting from the 7th of

August. He marks all the dates on a calendar. Write the dates that he will mark for the classes scheduled in the month of August.

2 There are 12 boys and 18 girls in Mrs. Mehra’s maths class. Each activity group must have the same

number of boys and the same number of girls. What is the greatest number of groups Mrs. Mehra can make if every student must be in a group?

3 A milkman has 75 litres of milk in one can and 45 litres in another. What is the maximum capacity of a container which can measure the milk in either container an exact number of times?

4 An electronic device beeps every 60 seconds. Another device beeps every 62 seconds. They beep together at 10:00 a.m. What will be the time they beep together again?

5 A school is organizing a sports event. There are 72 soccer balls and 96 basketballs. The organizers

want to divide the balls into the largest possible equal groups, such that each group has the same

number of soccer balls and basketballs. How many soccer balls and basketballs will be in each group? 6 The HCF of two number is 4 and their LCM is 48. If one of the number is 12, what is the second number?

Cross Curricular

7 Three different species of flowers have different blooming cycles, depending on their species and types.

The sunflowers bloom every 10 weeks, the roses bloom every 5 weeks and the tulips bloom every 3 weeks. If all three species bloom today, after how many weeks will they all bloom together again?

8 Three sets of books, containing 336 English, 240 Mathematics and 96 Science books, need to be stacked in such a way that all the books are stored subject-wise. The height of each stack is the same with the maximum possible number of books. What is the total number of stacks? Creativity

9 Create a word problem on finding the HCF.

112

Math Lab

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

Locate the LCM

Setting: In groups of 3

Materials Required: Crayons of three colours—blue, orange, and green, and a notebook. Method: 1 The students will make a grid of 10 rows and 10 columns in their notebooks. 2 The students will write the numbers from 1 to 100 in them. 3 The teacher will ask the students to find the LCM of three numbers, say, 3, 6 and 8. 4 The students will highlight 3 and its multiples using blue crayons, 6 and its multiples

using orange crayons and 8 and its multiples using green crayons. The students can be asked to shade one-third of the cell in each colour.

5 The teacher will tell the students that the numbers which are shaded with all 3 colours

are the common multiples of 3, 6 and 8. The teacher will then ask the students to locate the smallest common multiple of 3, 6, and 8 on the grid.

Chapter Checkup Art Integration

Colour the multiples of 9 in the number chart shown below. 3

this multiplication? 103

105

847

30, 45

What will be the 9th multiple of the numbers given? a

Ajit picked a number and multiplied it by 7. Which of the following numbers cannot be the result of a

Select the common multiples of 30 and 45 from the following options. 30 = 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, … a

Only 180

90, 180

Chapter 4 • Multiples and Least Common Multiples

45 = 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, … c

Only 90

113

In the following table, the prime factorisation of two numbers A and B is given. Complete the table by finding the LCM of A and B. A

2×5×7

2×3×5

3×3×5

2×3×3×7

2 × 3 × 11

18, 27

35, 14

360

5, 9, 15

25, 40, 60

120

180

15, 36 and 40

45, 18 and 63

Find the LCM by the short division method. a

2×3×3

Which of the following is the smallest number that is divisible by 9, 12 and 15? a

LCM of A and B

Find the LCM of the given numbers using prime factorisation. a

12, 20 and 32

93, 62 and 120

Aakash noticed that the number of questions given for homework is divisible by both 3 and 13. What is the smallest possible number of questions that could have been given?

10 Three bells ring at intervals of 20 minutes, 30 minutes and 45 minutes respectively. After how many

minutes will the bells ring together?

Cross Curricular

11 El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of a natural climate pattern across the tropical Pacific

Ocean. If El Niño occurs every 3 years and La Niña every 7 years, starting from 2020 when both were observed, in what future year will both phenomena occur together again?

12 The product of 2 numbers is 2025. What is the LCM of two numbers if their HCF is 15?

Challenge 1

Critical Thinking

A teacher asks the students to name any number that has 75 as a multiple. Rahul says 15, Sahil says 25, and Ajay says 12.

Which of the statements given below is correct regarding this scenario?

Rahul and Ajay are correct.

Ajay and Sahil are correct.

Rahul and Sahil are correct.

Only Rahul is correct.

Read the given statements. Choose the correct option. Assertion (A): The LCM of 3 and 9 is 9.

Reason (R): The LCM of any two numbers is always greater than their HCF. a b

114

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true, but R is false.

A is false, but R is true.

Case Study

Value Development

Coordinating for a Cause Riya and Samir are school friends. They live at equal distance from their school but in opposite directions. They use the local bus to go to their school. Riya’s bus arrives every 15 minutes, while Samir’s bus arrives every 20 minutes. For Earth Day, they decided to plant trees together, outside the school, to increase awareness about saving the environment. For this, they wanted to reach the school at the same time. The buses arrived at their respective bus stands at 8:00 a.m. but both of them missed their buses. Now, answer the following questions. 1

How often do the buses arrive at the same time? a

Every 30 minutes

Every 60 minutes

Every 75 minutes

Every 90 minutes

hen should Riya and Samir take the next bus so as to reach school at the W same time? a

8:15 a.m.

8:30 a.m.

8:45 a.m.

9:00 a.m.

hen they finished planting trees, Riya said, “The number of trees I planted is a W multiple of 2.” Samir said, “The number of trees I planted is a multiple of 5.” They both planted the same number of trees. What is the lowest multiple of trees planted that is common to both?

n the way back home, Riya’s bus arrives every 10 minutes and Samir’s bus arrives O every 15 minutes at the school’s bus stand. If the last time that both the buses arrived together was at 3:30 p.m., when will they arrive at the school bus stop together again?

Have you ever taken part in such plantation drives? Give a reason for your answer.

Chapter 4 • Multiples and Least Common Multiples

115

5 Fractions Understanding Fractions Real Life Connect

Richa and Amit are in their art and craft class.

Richa: Amit! I have a colourful square origami sheet with me.

Amit: I have one too! Let us draw lines on it and see the patterns that come out of it. Richa and Amit drew lines on their sheets in the following way.

Richa’s Sheet

Amit’s Sheet

Reviewing Fractions

Look at the pattern on the origami sheet carefully. What do you see? We see 8 triangles on Richa’s sheet. Each triangle is exactly equal in size! 1 8 1 8

1 1 8 8 1 1 8 8

1 8 1 8

What part of the square is each triangle? Since the square sheet is divided 1 into 8 equal parts, one part is 1 out of 8 or of the square sheet. 8

What about Amit’s sheet? Here, 4 equal triangles divide the square. 1 So, each part is 1 out of 4 or of the square sheet. 4

1 4

Types of Fractions Unit Fractions: Numerator = 1 1 2 Examples:

116

1 3 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , 2 3 4 5 14

1 4

Proper Fractions: Numerator < Denominator 3 4 Examples:

4 8 3 4 5 6 11 , , , , 4 8 9 9 19

1 4

Improper Fractions:

Mixed Numbers

Numerator ≥ Denominator

Whole Number Part + Fraction Part

4 4

2 5 4

Whole number part: 2 Fraction part: 1 4

Examples: 4 , 5 , 9 , 9 , 19 4 4 5 6 11

Examples: 1

Like Fractions: Same denominators 2 7

Examples:

1 4

4 1 and 2 11 2

Unlike Fractions: Different denominators 4 5

3 7 2 3 4 5 6 , , , , 7 7 7 7 7

Examples:

6 7 4 6 2 6 3 , , , , 5 7 9 11 13

Example 1: Which of the following are like fractions? 1

4 1 and 5 5

As the denominators of

4 1 and are the same, they are like fractions. 5 5

As the denominators of

3 1 and are different, they are unlike fractions. 6 3

3 1 and 6 3

2 5 1 7 9 , as proper fractions, improper Example 2: Classify the fractions , , 3 , 5 3 7 10 5 fractions or mixed numbers. Proper Fractions

Improper Fractions

Mixed Numbers

2 and 7 5 10

5 9 and 3 5

1 7

Converting Between Improper Fractions and Mixed Numbers Let΄s see how we can convert fractions with the help of examples. Conversion of Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions An improper fraction shows the same number of parts as a mixed number. Both show a value greater than 1. Here we see each square divided into 4 equal parts.

Chapter 5 • Fractions

117

Improper Fraction

Mixed Number

Parts each shape is

Wholes shaded = 2

divided into = 4

Parts shaded = 3 out of 4 3 2 4

Total parts shaded = 11 11 4

Convert 4 1

4 into an improper fraction. 5

plit the mixed S number into a whole number and proper fraction. 4

rite the whole W number part as a proper fraction.

4 4 =4+ 5 5

M ultiply the numerator and denominator by the denominator of the fractional part.

4 4 + 1 5

4× 5

1×5

A dd the numerators to get the improper fraction.

24 20 4 20 + 4 + = = 5 5 5 5

4 5

Quick way: Step 1: Multiply the denominator

Step 3: Write the result obtained in

with the whole number part.

Multiply 4×5

Step 2: Add the result obtained in

Add 20 + 4

step 1 to the numerator.

step 2 over the denominator.

4 = 5

(4 × 5) + 4 = 5

24 5

Conversion of Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers Write

24 as a mixed number. 5 Divide the

numerator by the denominator.

The divisor is

the denominator of the fraction.

The quotient

Whole number part

4 5 24 24 = – 20 5 4 Denominator

becomes the whole number part.

4 5

Remember! The fractional part of a mixed number cannot have the numerator bigger than the denominator.

Numerator

The remainder becomes the numerator of the fraction.

Example 3: Convert:

42 into a mixed number. 5 5 42 5×5 + 3 3 25 + 3 8 = = 28 5 = 5 5 5 5 5 5 42 42 2 3 – 40 28 Thus, 5 = . Thus, =8 . 5 5 5 5 2

1 5 3 into an improper fraction.

118

Do It Yourself 5A 1

Are the given pairs of fractions like or unlike? a

4 1 and 7 4

5 4 and 8 8

1 1 and 4 5

3 5 and 7 7

6 7 and 18 18

Classify the following fractions as proper fractions, improper fractions or mixed numbers. a

68 91 458 17 7 12 26 1289 4 4 6 1 58 5 174 12 7 125 26 6 91 58 174 12 7 125 26 4 612 7 12 26 68 91 458 174 12 7 125 26 8 ,19 ,58 4 6 ,5, 5 , 17 , , , 7 , ,1,5 , , 4 , ,5 , b ,, , 4 , ,,6 ,,5 ,, ,,7 ,4 5,6 6 , , ,7 ,c ,,1 , ,,5 ,, ,,7, ,,1 ,4d5,6, , ,5 , , ,, ,7 , 4,1 5, e 5 2 7 5 8 11 15 3 9 29 17 9 7 5 2 7 5 8 115 15 9 7 2 37 59 298 17 115 15 3 9 29 17 9 7 5 2 9 7 75 8 11 15 3 9 29 17 2 7 5 8 11 15 3 9 29 17

4 612819 5847 12 5 17 128 6 9 1 475812 52617 4 6812 194587 12 5 17 2612 89 74 12 26 8 4 4 6 1 58 5 17 4 612 19 587 12 5 17 26 26 4 , 4,56 , , ,5, , , 7, , ,,1 45 ,i , ,6 ,5, , , , , 7 , ,1,6 5j , , , 7 ,15 , , 4 , ,5f , ,, , 4, , 6 ,,5 ,, g , ,, 7, 4, ,1,5 ,6 ,5 , , , , ,h 7, , ,1 5 2 7 5 8 11 5 15 2 3 7 9 5 29 8 17 11 5 2 9 15 7 3 7 5 9 29 8 11 17 15 9 3 9 7 29 17 9 7 5 2 7 5 8 11 5 215 73 59 29 8 11 17 159 3 79 29 17 9 7 3

Match the mixed numbers and the improper fractions of the same value. a b c d e

1 15 314 15

79 15

4 15 45 3 264 6

14 15

44 61 15

Convert between improper and mixed fractions. a

14 3

58 7

27 5

45 6

1 9

71 9

1 2

4 7

2 3

3 11

Value Development

87 rice packets are distributed among 5 families during floods. How many packets of rice does each

Art Integration

Use fraction strips to represent

family get? Express your answer as a mixed number. Have you ever helped flood victims? 15 as an improper fraction and a mixed number. 6

Equivalent Fractions Remember Richa and Amit had drawn lines on their origami sheets. Now, Richa and Amit cut parts of their origami sheets in the given way. The white part shows the sheet that is removed.

Chapter 5 • Fractions

Richa

Amit

119

Equivalent Fractions Using Multiplication Notice that Amit and Richa have the same size of paper cutouts! 2 Richa has cut 2 out of 8 parts. So, she now has of the entire sheet. 8 1 Amit has cut 1 out of 4 parts. So, he now has of the entire sheet. 4 1 2 Since both Amit and Richa have the same size of paper, we can say = . 4 8 These are called equivalent fractions.

×2 We can multiply the numerator and the denominator by the same number to find any equivalent fraction. 1 = 2 1 and are equivalent fractions. 4 8 4 3 Example 4: Write three equivalent fractions for . ×2 7 6 3 9 3 3 × 4 12 3×3 3 3×2 = = = = = = 14 7 21 7 7 × 4 28 7×3 7 7×2

2 8

Equivalent Fractions Using Division We can also divide the numerator and the denominator by the same number to find more equivalent fractions. ÷2 4 8

2 4

÷2 Fraction in its Simplest Form

4 8

2 4

To convert a fraction to its simplest form, divide the numerator and the denominator by the highest common factor. Convert

4 to its simplest form. 8

HCF of 4 and 8 = 4.

4 4÷ 4 1 = = 8 8÷ 4 2

Checking for Equivalent Fractions 4 12 Check whether and are equivalent or not. 5 15 1

ross multiply the denominator of C one fraction with the numerator of the other fraction and vice versa. 4 5

120

12 15

heck if the products of both the C multiplications are the same. If the products are the same, the fractions are equivalent. 4 × 15 = 60 5 × 12 = 60 12 4 Hence, and are equivalent. 15 5

Another way:

4 12 and are equivalent or not. 5 15 Reduce both the fractions to their lowest form and check if they are equal. Check whether

4 is already in its lowest form. 5

12 12 ÷ 3 4 = = 15 15 ÷ 3 5

Both the fractions are equal, so

12 4 and are equivalent. 15 5

Example 5: Write any three equivalent fractions for

90 using division. 120

90 ÷ 3 90 ÷ 2 30 90 90 45 90 ÷ 10 9 90 = = = = = = 120 120 ÷ 3 40 120 120 ÷ 2 60 120 120 ÷ 10 12 Example 6: Express

42 in the simplest form. 91

Factors of 42 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42; Factors of 91 = 1, 7, 13, 91. HCF of 42 and 91 = 7. 42 ÷ 7 42 6 = = 91 ÷ 7 91 13

Thus,

42 6 is the simplest form for . 91 13

Example 7: Check whether the 60 ÷ 30 2 2 = and 90 ÷ 30 3 3

60 2 and are equivalent or not. 90 3

60 2 2 2 and are equivalent. = , hence 90 3 3 3

Example 8: Fill in the box to make the given fractions equivalent. 5 = 11 55

Since the denominator 11 × 5 = 55; hence, the numerator 5 × 5 = 25. Thus,

5 25 . = 11 55

Chapter 5 • Fractions

121

Do It Yourself 5B 1

Find any two equivalent fractions by using multiplication for each of the given fractions. a

Art Integration

12 20

14 56

30 42

32 48

24 60

27 63

24 72

44 55

8 2 and 10 4

3 6 and 5 10

14 22 and 21 33

5 25 and 10 50

12 36

Fill in the boxes to make the given fractions equivalent. a

Cross Curricular

11 17

Check whether the given fractions are equivalent or not. a

12 20

6 15

Express the given fractions in their lowest form. a

Find any two equivalent fractions by using division for each of the given fractions. a

6 7

4 = 5 35

21 3 = 8

1 5

2 2 of the Earth's surface is covered with water. Choose the option which represents the same fraction as . 3 3 12 4 24 1 a b c d 16 8 36 3 2 Represent visually 2 fractions equivalent to . 3

Comparing and Ordering Fractions Richa and Amit had cut out different parts of their origami sheet. Although the sizes of both their sheets were the same, are each of the single triangles in their sheets the same size? Let us see!

Comparing Fractions

1 8 1 2 Single triangle in Amit’s sheet = Fraction of the sheet = = 4 8 To compare like fractions, compare the numerators.

Richa

Amit

Single triangle in Richa’s sheet = Fraction of the sheet =

Richa’s sheet

Amit’s sheet

Greater the numerator, greater the fraction. 2 1 2 > 1. Thus, > . 8 8 We can also see above that the shaded portion in Amit’s sheet is bigger than that in Richa’s sheet. 122

For unlike fractions with the same numerator, we compare the denominators. The fraction with the greater denominator is smaller. Compare

2 2 2 2 and . 7 < 8. Thus, > . 7 8 8 7

But, what if both the numerators and the denominators are different? Method 1: Make the fractions like, using the LCM Method. Compare

2 1 and . 6 4

1 Step 1: Find the LCM Step 2: Find the equivalent fractions of Step 3: Now that the fractions are like 4 of the denominators. fractions, compare the numerators 2 and such that their denominators are 12. and identify which fraction is larger. 6 The LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

So,

3 4 . < 12 12

Thus,

LCM of 4 and 6 =12 4

1 2 < . 4 6

3 3 1 × = 4 3 12

3<4

4 2 2 × = 6 2 12

Method 2: Cross-multiplication Method 1 2 and . 5 7 Cross multiply the denominators with the numerators. Compare

1 × 7 = 7 and 5 × 2 = 10 1 2 7 < 10. Thus, < . 5 7 Example 9: Which fraction is smaller? 10 6 or 15 8 LCM of 8 and 15 = 120

6 × 15 6 90 = = 8 × 15 120 8 90 80 > . 120 120 Hence,

10 10 × 8 80 = = 15 15 × 8 120

10 is the smaller fraction. 15

Chapter 5 • Fractions

1 5

Example 10: Which fraction is bigger? 5 4 or 8 7 Apply the cross-multiplication method. 4 × 8 = 32 5 × 7 = 35 32 < 35 Thus,

4 5 is bigger than . 7 8 123

3 of a metre long, and the 4 2 other piece is of a metre long. Which piece of ribbon is longer? 3 2 3 To compare and , we find a common denominator, which is 12. 3 4 Example 11: Lila has two pieces of ribbon. One piece is

3 3×3 9 2 2× 4 8 = = = = ; 4 4 × 3 12 3 3 × 4 12 Since

8 3 9 is greater than , piece of the ribbon that is of a metre long is longer. 12 4 12

Ordering Fractions Arrange

1 3 2 4 , , , in ascending order. 5 7 5 7

Step 1

Step 2

Convert all the fractions into like fractions.

Since the denominators are the same, compare the numerators and order the fractions.

LCM of 5 and 7 is 35.

1 11 77 7 = ××× = 5 55 77 35

5 15 3 3 = × = 5 35 7 7

22 77 14 2 = 55×××77 = 35 5

4 44 55 20 = ××× = 7 77 55 35

7 < 14 < 15 < 20 7 14 15 20 So, . < < < 35 35 35 35 Thus,

1 2 3 4 < < < . 5 5 7 7

9 4 1 Example 12: Arrange the fractions 3 , , , in descending order. 4 13 26 2 LCM of 2, 4, 13 and 26 = 52. 3 3 13 39 = × = 4 4 13 52

9 9 4 36 = × = 13 13 4 52

4 4 2 8 = × = 26 26 2 52

1 1 26 26 = × = 2 2 26 52

39 > 36 > 26 > 8 So,

39 36 26 8 . > > > 52 52 52 52

Thus,

124

3 9 1 4 . > > > 4 13 2 26

Do It Yourself 5C 1

Compare the following fractions using >, <, =. a

17 23

3 4

7 9

4 2 > 5 3

6 5 = 12 10

1 6

4 20

7 15 < 8 17

14 > 12 12 11

2 1 3 , , 4 6 7

2 1 5 1 , , , 3 5 6 2

3 5 5 1 7 , , , , 13 7 12 4 12

7 8 4 5 , , , 8 15 8 12

1 1 1 1 , , , 11 14 9 6

4 3 4 2 1 , , , , 5 15 11 3 6

4 Arrange the given fractions in descending order. a

Creativity

6 9

Arrange the following in ascending order. a

Art Integration

4 5

Put a tick () for the statements which are correct and a cross () for the statements which are wrong. a

14 23

3 1 3 1 , , , 8 4 5 6

3 8 1 1 , , , 8 9 3 2

1 . 4

Represent visually 2 fractions greater than the fraction

Shashank studied for

Create a word problem on your own on comparing two fractions.

6 11 hours while Reshma studied for hours. Who studied for a longer duration? 13 23

Math Lab

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

Equivalent Fractions

Aim: To understand how to represent equivalent fractions. Materials Required: Paper strips. Setting: In groups of 4 Method: 1 1 1 1 1 Each group should choose a fraction like , , , etc. 2 3 4 5 1 2 Fold one strip to show the chosen fraction (e.g., fold in half for 2 ) 3 4 5

Mark the folds and label each part.

Fold and mark the other three strips to show three equivalent fractions. Compare the strips and discuss how they show equivalent fractions.

Chapter 5 • Fractions

125

Chapter Checkup 1

Convert the given mixed numbers into improper fractions. a

1 2

2 3

7 8

3 8

87 19

5 8

11 14

75 195

108 132

75 125

72 136

1 57 and 6 3 9

11 1 3 4 , , , 12 2 5 7

2 Convert the given improper fractions into mixed numbers. a

2 6

1 9

16 24

24 42

42 56

66 84

14 1 and 5 2

4 34 and 5 4

24 and 8 3

Arrange the following fractions in ascending order. a

Value Development

145 6

Compare the fractions and put the correct symbol >, <, =. a

Write the following fractions in the simplest form. a

41 5

Find any three equivalent fractions using division. a

Find any three equivalent fractions using multiplication. a

18 4

5 1 4 1 , , , 12 2 5 6

1 3 3 1 , , , 5 5 8 2

1 2 6 2 , , , 2 3 7 5

Reading books is a relaxing activity, that reduces stress levels and enhances brain connectivity. Three friends, Alex, Bailey, and Casey borrowed some books from the library. Alex took and Casey took

1 3 , Bailey took , 4 8

3 of the total borrowed books. Who took the least fraction of the borrowed books 12

and who took the greatest fraction? Cross Curricular

he approximate population of the 6 continents of the world as fractions are given below. Arrange T them in ascending order. Asia:

126

3 1 7 7 1 3 , Australia: , Europe: , Africa: , South America: , North America: 5 80 80 40 20 40

Challenge 1

Critical Thinking

1 3 5 5 If 4 fractions , , and are placed on the number line, which fraction will be to 2 8 4 6 the extreme left?

Read the statements and choose the correct option. 1 1 1 Assertion (A): > > . 2 3 4 Reason (R): In unit fractions, the denominators are compared. The smaller the denominator, the smaller the fraction. 2

a b c d

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. A is true but R is false. A is false but R is true.

Case Study

Value Development & Cross Curricular

Sorting Recyclables Mrs Gupta’s class is learning about recycling and the importance of sorting waste correctly. For their science project, they decide to organise a recycling drive. The students need to sort paper, plastic, and glass into different bins. The bins are labelled with different fractions representing how full they can be before being emptied: 3 3 4 Paper Bin: full; Plastic Bin: full; Glass Bin: full 6 4 5 Tanvi, one of the students, notices that the fractions on the bins look different but wonders if they might actually be the same. Answer these Questions: 1

Which of the following fractions is equivalent to the paper bin? 1 3 2 4 a b c d 2 8 6 6 Which option shows the fractions from the bins arranged in ascending order? 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 , , , , , , a b c d , , 4 5 6 4 6 5 5 4 6 6 4 5

_____ . 10 The fraction of the plastic bin is an improper fraction. (True/False)

Tanvi realises that sorting recyclables correctly helps keep the environment clean and

The fraction of the glass bin is equivalent to

conserves resources. Why is it important to recycle and sort waste properly?

Chapter 5 • Fractions

127

6 Operations on Fractions Addition and Subtraction of Fractions Real Life Connect

Shagun celebrated her birthday. Her mother made apple pies for the party. Shagun: I will eat 2 slices of the apple pie. Arvind: I will eat 3 slices of the apple pie. All her other friends also had the apple pie.

Adding and Subtracting Fractions There are 8 slices in one apple pie. Shagun ate 2 of the 8 apple pie.

3 of the 8 apple pie.

Arvind ate

What part of the apple pie did they both eat together? 2 3 2+3 5 + = = 8 8 8 8

Adding Unlike Fractions What if the denominators of the two fractions added, are not the same? We first make the denominators the same, that is, make them like fractions. We can then easily add the fractions. Let us add the unlike fractions 2 and 1 . 5 15

Remember! Sum of numerators Sum of like fractions = Common denominator

We first find the LCM of the denominators of the two fractions. 128

Step 1 Find the LCM of the denominators. LCM of 5 and 15 = 15

Step 2 Find the equivalent fractions of the two fractions so that the denominators of both become the LCM. 2 = 2 × 3 = 6 5 5 3 15

1 = 1 ×1= 1 15 15 1 15

Step 3 Add the numerators after the denominators become the same.

6 + 1 =6+1= 7 15 15 15 15

Step 4 Reduce the fraction to its simplest form, if required. 7 is already in its simplest form. 15

2 5

1 15

LCM of 5 and 15 = 15 6 15

6 15

1 15

Thus, 2 + 1 = 7 5 15 15

7 15

Example 1: Add 6 and 5 . 9 12 LCM of 9 and 12 = 36

Example 2: Add 2 and 5 . 7 9 LCM of 7 and 9 = 63

24 15 24 + 15 39 + = = 36 36 36 36

2 5 2 9 5 7 18 35 + = × + × = + 7 9 7 9 9 7 63 63 18 35 18 + 35 + = 63 63 63 53 = 63

5 5 3 15 6 6 4 24 = × = = × = 12 12 3 36 9 9 4 36

39 (1 × 36) + 3 1 × 36 3 3 1 = = + = 1 = 1 36 36 36 36 36 12

5 11 Example 3: Suhani spent hours on a project on Saturday and hours on Sunday. 7 14 How many hours did she spend on the project together? 5 hours 7 11 Fraction of hours spent on Sunday = hours 14 5 11 Total hours spent = + 7 14 10 + 11 21 3 1 = = = hours = 1 hours 14 14 2 2 Fraction of hours spent on Saturday =

Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

[LCM of 7 and 14 = 14] 129

Adding Mixed Numbers Remember Shagun, who had a birthday party? Her friends ate 2 whole apple pies and

3 5 of an apple pie. 3 of the apple pies was left. 6 6

How much apple pie was there in total? Here the two mixed numbers are like.

Method 1: When the mixed numbers to be added are like, we can add the whole number to the whole number and the fraction to the fraction. Add 2

5 3 and 3 . 6 6

Add the whole number to the whole number.

2 + 3 = 5

................. (1)

Add the fractional part to the fractional part.

5 3 5+3 8 += = 6 6 6 6

................. (2)

Convert the fraction to a mixed number.

8 2 =1 6 6

Add the results of step 1 and step 3.

5+1

................. (3)

1 2 2 = 6 =6 3 6 6

1 1 What if the total apple pie eaten was 2 and the apple pie left was 3 , then how much 3 2 apple pie was there in total? Method 2: When the mixed numbers to be added are unlike, we convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions and then add. Add 2

1 1 and 3 . 3 2

Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions. 1 (2 × 3) + 1 6 + 1 7 = = = 2 3 3 3 3

1 (3 × 2) + 1 6 + 1 7 = = = 3 2 2 2 2

7 7  7 2   7 3  14 21 14 + 21 35 + =  × + ×  = + = = 3 2 3 2 2 3 6 6 6 6

  7 3  14 21 14 + 21 35 (Add the improper fractions) + = = + ×  = 6 6 6  2 3 6 35 (5 × 6) + 5 5 × 6 5 5 = = += 5 6 6 6 6 6 130

Example 4: Add 3

1 1 and 5 . 3 4

1 (5 × 4) + 1 20 + 1 21 1 (3 × 3) + 1 9 + 1 10 5 = = = 3 = = = 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 10 21  10 4   21 3  40 63 103 + = × + × = + = 3 4  3 4   4 3  12 12 12 103 (8 × 12) + 7 8 × 12 7 7 = = + = 8 12 12 12 12 12

5 1 Example 5: Rakesh has two ropes of length 3 m and 1 m. What is the total length 6 3 of the ropes? Length of both the ropes = 3

1 5 m and 1 m 3 6

Total length of the ropes = 3 + 1 +

 1 5 1 5 + =4 +  +  3 6 3 6

2 + 5 6×1 + 1 7 1 1 =4 +  =4 + 1 + =5 m  =4 + =4 +  6  6 7 6 6   Hence, the total length of rope is 5

1 m. 6

Subtracting Unlike Fractions

5 of an apple pie. 8 Let us see how much apple pie was left with them. Remember, Shagun and Arvind had eaten

5 eaten 8

A whole is represented as 1. Apple pie left = 1 −

5 3 8 5 8−5 = − = = 8 8 8 8 8

left 3 8 Thus, of the apple pie was left. 8 1 3 What if of the apple pie was left and Shagun ate of the apple pie from the leftover? 3 4 Let us find out.

Make the fractions like using the LCM method. To find the leftover pie, we will subtract Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

1 3 from . 3 4 131

LCM of 3 and 4 = 12 3 3 3 9 = × = 4 4 3 12

1 1 4 4 = × = 3 3 4 12

Subtract the like fractions.

LCM of 3 and 4 = 12

9−4 9 4 5 − = = 12 12 12 12

Thus,

9 12

5 3 1 − = 4 3 12

9 12

Example 6: Find 7 − 1. 8 4

7 7 1 7 = × = 8 8 1 8

4 12 −

4 12 5 12

Convert the fractions into like fractions. LCM of 8 and 4 = 8

1 3

3 4

1 1 2 2 = × = 4 4 2 8

7 2 7−2 5 − = = 8 8 8 8 5 7 1 Thus, − = . 4 8 8

Remember! Difference of like fractions =

Difference of numerators Common denominator

Subtracting Mixed Numbers Subtracting Like Mixed Numbers

2 1 If the total apple pie available was 5 and the portion eaten was 2 , then how much 3 3 apple pie would be left? To find the leftover pie, we will subtract 2

1 2 from 5 . 3 3

2 (2 × 3) + 2 6 + 2 8 1 (5 × 3) + 1 15 + 1 16 = 2 = = = 5 = = 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 So,

16 8 16 − 8 8 −= = 3 3 3 3

8 (2 × 3) + 2 2 × 3 2 2 = = += 2 3 3 3 3 3 Subtracting Unlike Mixed Numbers

1 2 If the total apple pie available was 4 and the portion eaten was 2 , then how much 3 5 apple pie would be left? 132

In this case, we will subtract 2

1 2 from 4 . 3 5

2 (4 × 5) + 2 20 + 2 22 1 (2 × 3) + 1 6 + 1 7 4 = = = 2 = = = 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 22 7  22 3   7 5  × − ×  – = 5 3  5 3 3 5 =

Did You Know?

66 − 35 31 66 35 − = = 15 15 15 15

Mahavira, in his work "Ganita Sara Samgraha," provided systematic rules for dealing with fractions. He discussed how to reduce fractions to their lowest terms and how to handle operations with mixed numbers.

31 (2 × 15) + 1 2 × 15 1 1 = = + = 2 15 15 15 15 15 Example 7: Simplify

5 1 5 +2 −1 9 3 18

5 1 5 5 7 23 +2 −1 = + − 9 3 18 9 3 18 =

10 + 42 − 23

(LCM of 3, 9 and 18 = 18)

18 52 − 23 29 11 = = 1 18 18 18

3 Example 8: Niharika bought 4 litres of milk from the milk parlour. She was left 4 5 with 2 litres of milk after preparing a sweet dish. How much milk did she use in 8 the sweet dish? 3 Amount of milk bought = 4 litres 4 5 Amount of milk left = 2 litres 8 3 5 19 21 − Amount of milk used in the dish = 4 − 2 = 4 8 4 8 38 − 21 17 1 = = = 2 litres. 8 8 8

Do It Yourself 6A 1

Circle the pair of fractions in each problem which add together to make 1 . a

1 2 3 5 , , , 4 4 4 4

Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

1 5 1 2 , , , 8 8 2 4

3 8 12 4 , , , 7 21 21 14

2 15 15 12 , , , 5 10 25 35

133

4 5

Add the fractions and write the answer in the simplest form. a

5 and 4 9 10

4 and 3 5 15

1 3 and 3 5 5

2 and 1 2 3 9

1 5 , and 11 7 7 14

21 44 and 21 , 4 5 20

1 and 17 13 3 18

1 1 2 , 4 and 5 18 3 9

7 3 − 13 7

2 1 − 15 7 14

1 1 5 +3 −1 3 6 12

10 − 3

Find the difference. a

6 4 − 5 5

65 14 − 12 6

14 11 − 3 24

1 7 −4 4 8

6 1 −2 9 3

2 1 2 +2 −1 3 4 4

Simplify. a

2 5 3 + − 3 6 9

Answer the questions. a Subtract the sum of 2

1 3 +5 5 5

1 1 1 1 and 3 from the sum of 5 and 2 . 3 4 4 3

b Subtract the difference of 2

1 4 −2 8 9

1 1 1 1 and 1 from the difference of 5 and 3 . 3 3 2 2

2 2 kg of mangoes. Rajiv puts 2 kg more mangoes in it. What is the total weight of the 5 5 mangoes in the basket? A basket has 1

39 Earth’s atmosphere is composed of many gases. The atmosphere is composed of about nitrogen and 50 21 about oxygen. What is the fraction of all the other gases in the atmosphere? 100

Cross Curricular

Value Development

3 1 Sanjay sent 50 kg of wheat to help the flood victims. 10 kg of wheat was spoilt. What quantity of 4 2 wheat reached the victims? What else can be done to help flood victims?

Create a multi-step word problem on addition and subtraction of fractions.

Creativity

Multiplication and Division of Fractions Real Life Connect

Mithun, a shopkeeper, sells dairy products like milk, curd and paneer. 1 He packs milk in litre packets. 4

Multiplying and Dividing Fractions

1 Mithun packed 8 packets of litre of milk each. Let us see what quantity of milk 4 he packed. 134

Multiplying Fractions and Whole Numbers To show this using fraction strips, we can say that there are 8 groups of What will we get when 8 one-fourths are put together?

1 4

1 . 4

1 4

2 wholes

8 groups of

1 1 is the same as 8 × . 4 4

The steps to multiply the whole number 8 by a fraction Step 1

1 are given below. 4

To multiply a whole number with a fraction, multiply the whole number by the numerator of the fraction. The denominator remains the same. 8×

8×1 8 1 = = 4 4 4

Step 2

Convert the improper fraction into a mixed number. 8 =2 4 Thus, the total quantity of milk packed is 2 litres.

Example 9: Multiply 5 and 5×

6 5×6 30 = = 7 7 7

6 . 7

30 (4 × 7) + 2 4 × 7 2 2 = = += 4 7 7 7 7 7

2 pages of a book. The total number of pages in the book 5 is 100. How many pages has he read? Example 10: Mahesh reads

Total number of pages = 100 Fraction of pages read =

2 5

Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

135

Number of pages read =

2 2 40 pages. of 100 = × 100 = 5 5

Hence, Mahesh read 40 pages.

Multiplying Two Fractions Multiply

2 3 and 5 7

Let us multiply the above 2 fractions using pictures. 1 To show 2, divide the rectangle vertically 5 into 5 equal parts. Shade 2 out of 5 parts.

3 D raw crosses in 3 out of 7 parts, horizontally. × × ×

× × ×

6 35

2 5 2 Then, to show 3, divide the rectangle horizontally 7 into 7 equal parts.

4 C ount the number of equal parts which have both the shading and the cross (×). 6 out of 35 parts, both have the green colour and the cross (×).

Fractions can be multiplied using two methods. Method 1: Multiplying the numerators and multiplying the denominators.

Method 2: Cancelling out the common factors in the numerators and denominators.

2 3 2×3 6 ×= = 5 7 5 × 7 35

16 33 4 11 44 × = × = 81 52 27 13 351

2 3 6 Thus, × = 5 7 35

16 33 4 11 44 × = × = 81 52 27 13 351

Remember! Fraction of a fraction: ‘of’ means multiplication when multiplying fractions.

136

Example 11: Multiply 2 by 7. 3 8

Example 12: Find 4 of 7. 9 2 4 7 7 4 of = × 9 2 2 9

2 7 2 × 7 14 ×= = 3 8 3 × 8 24

4 7 42 7 2 7 14 × = × = × = 9 2 9 21 9 1 9

14 14 ÷ 2 7 = = 24 24 ÷ 2 12 Thus,

2 7 7 × = 3 8 12

14 = 9

5 1×9 5 (1 × 9 ) + = 5 + = 1 9

3 4 of the squares are shaded. If of the shaded squares are 7 5 blue, what fraction of the entire grid is made up of blue squares? Example 13: In a grid

Fraction of square shaded =

4 5

Fraction of shaded squares that are blue =

3 7

Fraction of grid made up of blue squares =

4 3 12 × = 5 7 35

Hence,

12 of the grid is blue. 35

Dividing a Whole Number by a Fraction Lalit has to pack 2 cakes in boxes. Each box can hold How many cake boxes are needed? We need to find 2 ÷

1 of the cake. 2

1 . 2

To find the number of boxes packed by Lalit, let us first understand the concept of reciprocal. Reciprocal of a Number The reciprocal of a number or a fraction is obtained by interchanging the numerator and the denominator of the fraction. What is the reciprocal of 5? 5 5= 1 1 Reciprocal of 5 = 5

Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

What is the reciprocal of Reciprocal of

1 5 = or 5. 5 1

1 ? 5

137

Two numbers are said to be reciprocals of each other when their product is 1. Thus, reciprocals are the multiplicative inverse of each other. Now, let us find the number of boxes packed by Lalit. 1 There are 2 boxes. Each box can hold of the cake. 2 1 So, we need to find 2 ÷ or how many halves will fit into 2 2 wholes.

Think and Tell

What is the reciprocal of 1?

Let us see, using the figures. 2÷

1 means how many halves will fit into 2 wholes. 2

4 halves

2 ÷

1 2

Keep, change and flip method 2

1 2

Keep

Change

Flip

2 1

Thus, 4 boxes of cake were packed by Lalit. Example 14: Divide 5 by 1. 5 5

Keep

Change

Flip

5 1

5 Thus, 5 ÷ 138

1 5

1 = 25 5

Error Alert! Always remember to flip the second fraction while dividing fractions.

5÷

5 5 5 = × 4 1 4

5÷

5 5 4 = × 4 1 5

3 miles in a day. How many 4 days will it take her to achieve her running goal of 12 miles? Example 15: Sarah follows an exercise routine. She runs Running goal of Sarah = 12 miles

Number of miles she runs in a day =

3 miles 4

3 4 = 12 × = 16 days 4 3 Hence, Sarah will take 16 days to achieve her goal. Number of days required to reach the goal = 12 ÷

Dividing a Fraction by a Whole Number 1 by 4 . 2

Divide

1 2 1 2

1 8

1 divided into 4 equal parts 2

Let us understand this in another way. 1 Write the whole number as a fraction.

3 Write the reciprocal of the fraction.

1÷4=1÷4=1×1=1×1=1 2 2 1 2 4 2×4 8 4 Multiply the fractions to get the answer.

2 Reverse the ‘÷’ symbol to ‘×’.

Example 16: Divide 1 by 6. 3

1 3 Thus,

1 1 ÷6= 3 18

1 divided into 3 6 equal parts

Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

Example 17: Divide 4 by 2. 8

4 4 2 4 1 4×1 4 1 ÷2= ÷ = × = = = 8 8 1 8 2 8 × 2 16 4

1 18

Thus,

4 1 ÷2= 8 4

139

Value Development

Example 18: Megha has

5 of a watermelon. She wants to share it equally with her 6

5 friends. What fraction of watermelon will each of her friends get? Fraction of watermelon with Megha =

5 6

Number of friends she wants to divide the watermelon among = 5 Fraction of watermelon each friend will get = Hence, each friend will get

5 5 1 5 1 ÷5 = × = = 6 6 5 30 6

1 of the watermelon. 6

Dividing a Fraction by a Fraction Divide

1 1 by . 2 6

Method 1

Method 2

How many one-sixths will fit into one-half? 1 2

1 6

3 one-sixths will fit

1 1 So, ÷ = 3 2 6

Example 19: Divide 1 by 1 . 3 6 How many one-sixths will fit into one-third? 1 3

Thus,

140

1 6

1 1 ÷ = 2 3 6

1 6

1 6 1 6

2 one-sixths will fit.

1 2 Keep 1 2

1 6

Change

Flip

6 1

Example 20: Divide 4 by 2 . 7 7 4 2 4 7 4 × 7 28 ÷ = × = = =2 7 7 7 2 7 × 2 14 Thus,

4 2 ÷ = 2 7 7

Example 21: A water tank is filled to 2 of its capacity. Rahul wants to empty the tank 3 using buckets that can hold 1 of the tank’s capacity. How many buckets are needed to 6 empty the tank? 2 of its capacity 3 1 Volume of water each bucket can hold = of the tank’s capacity 6 2 1 2 Number of buckets needed to empty the tank = ÷ = × 6 = 4 buckets 3 6 3 Volume of water in the tank =

Hence, 4 buckets are needed to empty the tank.

Do It Yourself 6B 1

Find the reciprocal of the given fractions. 2 5 a b 3 9 d

Art Integration

2 3

5 4

6 19

3 7

12 14

5 2 × 6 5

1 3 × 4 3

7 5 × 8 6

Multiply the fractions using fraction strips. a

Multiply. a

2×

1 4

5×

6 13

15 ×9 17

7 8 × 10 5

15 3 × 9 20

13 4 × 8 26 19 ÷ 54 4

Divide. a

18 ÷

4 5

64 ÷

36 12

18 ÷2 6

32 12 ÷ 15 25

3 27 ÷ 5 42

5 Answer the questions.

3 of 2 hours? 4 2 of 1 week? b How many days are 7 a What is

3 of a cake at his party. The total weight of the cake was 2 kg. What 6 Sushen and his friends ate 4 weight of cake was eaten? Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

141

7 Value Development

Creativity

3 kg each. How many such packets does he pack? 4

Ravi has 21 kg of rice. He packs the rice in packets of

3 of the fuel is used up to travel from one place to 5 another. What quantity of fuel is left in the fuel tank? What should we do to utilise fuel efficiently? 57 3 9 How many bottles of capacity L can be filled from a container of capacity L? 4 4 10 Create a word problem to multiply a whole number by a fraction. 8

A car has 50 litres of petrol in its fuel tank.

Math Lab

Collaboration & Communication

Fraction Bingo Aim: To understand fractions and add fractions. Setting: In pairs

Materials Required: Fraction bingo cards, markers or coloured pencils Method: 1

Create the fraction bingo cards and the list of fractions that are to be called out.

Each pair gets a fraction bingo card and a coloured pencil or marker.

Call out the fractions along with the operation that needs to be done.

The pairs will perform the operation and check if the answer is on their bingo card.

The pairs that gets all the answers in a row, column or diagonal says Bingo and wins!

If found they will circle the answer.

Chapter Checkup 1

Find the multiplicative inverse of the given fractions. a

b c d

142

Write True or False. a

3 1

4 5

18 17

78 14

1 5

15 26 + 6 4

The reciprocal of every fraction is a proper fraction. 0 ÷ any fraction = 0.

The reciprocal of 0 is 0.

The multiplicative inverse of any fraction is always greater than 1.

Add the given fractions. a

5 17 + 9 18

1 2 + 12 5 5

6 21 + 17 34

7 5 +3 17 17

1 14 + 3 6

2 4 +5 3 6

1 4 + 10 5 10

Subtract the fractions and express the answer in its simplest form. a

12 3 − 5 4

Cross Curricular

6×

5 9

5÷

2 5

Cross Curricular

4 1 −2 9 3

7 1 − 18 3

5 7 −5 6 8

17 5 − 24 8

2 1 −1 3 2

15 ×

14 5

2 3 × 9 8

3 4 × 5 16

3 4

11 ÷3 5

5 ÷ 18 9

12 ÷

Answer the following questions. a

Which is more: the difference of 2

1 1 1 1 and 8 or the sum of 2 and 4 ? 8 4 4 3

Which is less: the product of 5 and

1 4 4 or the sum of 1 and 2 ? 4 5 5

What is the difference between the product of 4 and

1 2 , and the product of and 3? 5 5

Delhi is the capital city of India. The age distribution in Delhi is given as; Children and Elderly people -

Divide and find the quotient. a

14 3 − 16 8

Multiply to find the product. Also, write the answer in its simplest form. a

1 7 −2 2 8

3 . What fraction of the population of Delhi are not children? 50

13 29 , Adults 20 100

A boy was travelling to his grandmother’s home. He travelled 41 km by bicycle, 23 km on foot and 101 7 4 2 km by car. What is the total distance covered by him?

10 9 The Delhi metro is a rapid rail system that connects Delhi to its adjoining cities. About 65 km of the total length was constructed in phase 1, about 125 km in phase 2 and about 167 km in phase 3. About 11 2 times of the length of phase 1 was constructed in phase 4. What is the length constructed in Phase 4? 3 11 of a parking lot is full when there are 66 cars in it. How many cars can be parked inside the parking lot? 4 1 12 14 cans can hold 144 litres of water. What is the capacity of each can? 2 2 5 13 Radhika purchased 20 m of cloth. She used 11 m of cloth for the curtains and 3 m of cloth for a bed 5 6 sheet. How much cloth does she have left?

Creativity

14 Create a word problem to divide a fraction by a whole number.

Chapter 6 • Operations on Fractions

143

Challenge 1

Critical Thinking

A recipe requires 5 cup of grated cheese. With the help of 6 cheese cubes, you get 3 6 5 of the amount you need. How much more grated cheese (in cups) do you need? How many more cheese cubes should you grate?

Read the given statements. Choose the correct option. Assertion (A): Shefali has 2000 marbles, out of which 1 are red and the rest are green. 2 4 5 of the red marbles are defective. The total number of non-defective red marbles is 300. 2

Reason (R): To add two unlike fractions, first the denominator is made the same by finding the equivalent fractions and then the numerators are added. a b c d

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. A is true but R is false. A is false but R is true.

Case Study

Value Development & Creativity

Sonia's Summer Diary It is summer holidays for Sonia. Her mother signed her up for different social service classes. Sonia goes to a different class each day of the week. The table below shows how much time Sonia spends in each class. Read the table and answer the questions. Day

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Social Service Class

Community Clean-Up

Recycling Workshops

Gardening and Farming

Community Clean-Up

Animal Care and Welfare

Hours Spent

3 4

1 2

1 4

1 2

2 5

How much time does Sonia spend in Community Clean-up Programs in the entire week? a

3 hours 4

1 hours 4

1 hours 2

1 hours for a gardening and farming class on Sunday, 2 how many fewer hours will she spend in the class on Sunday than on Wednesday? If Sonia wants to add another 1

144

Monday

1 hours 4

3 hours 4

1 hours 4

3 hours 4

Sonia’s friend Misha goes to animal care and welfare classes but spends 45 minutes less

Sonia learnt how to create art from recycled materials and made small pots for gardening.

time there than Sonia. How much time does Misha spend in the class?

Look for some recyclable materials around you and use them to create something new.

Model Test Paper - 1 Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour 1

Total Marks: 50

Choose the correct option. A

The place value of 5 in 74095230 is ___________. i

500

iii

5000

50,000

Sixty-six lakh one thousand four hundred seventy in figures is ___________. i

(4 marks)

6,14,720

66,10,470

iii

6,60,147

66,01,470

The expanded form of 13294190 in Indian number system is ___________. i

10,00,000 + 3,00,000 + 20,000 + 9,00,000 + 4000 + 100 + 90

1,00,00,000 + 30,00,000 + 2,00,000 + 90,000 + 4000 + 100 + 90

10 million is equal to ___________. i

1 crore

1 lakh

iii

10 crores

10 lakhs

2 Add and subtract the given fractions. A

17 5 24 − 8

(4 marks) B

15 26 6 + 4

3 Form the greatest and the smallest 8-digit number using the digits

1, 8, 6, 0, 9, 5, 2 and 4, without repeating any digit.

(2 marks)

4 Look at the Venn diagram. Answer the questions.

(8 marks)

The factors of 18 are ____________.

The common factors of 12 and 8 are ____________.

he factors that are common to 12 and 18 and T not to 8 are ____________.

The HCF of 8, 12 and 18 is ____________.

Model Test Paper - 1

12 4

1 2 9

3 6

18 18

145

5 Solve to find the answer. Show your work. A

87,687 + 46,568

7,99,098 – 2,67,548

(6 marks)

6 Spot the errors in the given factor tree and redraw the factor tree correctly. Also

write the prime factorisation of the number 120.

(4 marks)

120

4 2

7 Write the fractions shown in the given figures. Arrange them in

ascending order. A

8 Which is more—the products of 5 and

4 1 4 5 or the sum of 1 4 and 2 5 ?

9 Find the LCM of the following numbers. A

25, 45

(6 marks)

(4 marks) (8 marks)

12, 16 and 20

10 A town has a total population of 4,00,000. The population of females is 1,20,500

and the population of males is 1,50,800. Read the statements and answer the question given below. Statement 1: The population of children is 1,28,700, which is 8,200 more than the population of females in the town. Statement 2: T he population of females and children together is less than the population of males. Is statement 1 true or statement 2? Are they both true?

146

(4 marks)

A n swe rs Chapter 1 Do It Yourself 1A

. a. 9000; 9 1 b. 50000; 5 c. 90000000; 9 d. 20000000; 2 e. 60000000; 6 f. 800; 8 g. 3000000; 3 h. 100000; 1 2. a. Indian System: 2,16,43,332; International System: 21,643,332 b. Indian system: 12,00,621; International System: 1,200,621 c. Indian system: 4,62,07,219; International System: 46,207,219 d. Indian system: 9,59,10,158 3. a. 4,00,00,000 + 10,00,000 + 90,000 + 800 + 80 + 7 Four crore forty-one lac ninety thousand eight hundred eighty-seven b. 1,00,00,000 + 90,00,000 + 80,000 + 1000 + 700 + 2 One crore ninety lac eighty-one thousand seven hundred two c. 80,000,000 + 1,000,000 + 80,000 + 5000 + 400 + 30 + 2 Eighty-one million eighty-five thousand four hundred thirty-two d. 10,000,000 + 9,000,000 + 800,000 + 50,000 + 4000 + 4 Nineteen million eight hundred fifty-four thousand four 4. a. 60,08,098 b. 20,000,569 c. 4,090,000 d. 8,00,01,002 5. a. 1 b. 10 c. 10,000 d. 7 6. Indian number system- 27,22,000 International number system- 2,722,000 7. a. 91,19,199 b. 170,70,707 8. 353,000,000

Do It Yourself 1B

. 76,24,578 1 2. a. < b. = c. > d. < e. < f. < 3. a. 1,00,00,000 b. 2,90,52,468 c. 10,00,000 d. 3,00,52,468 4. a. Ascending order: 93,12,820 < 1,00,36,782 < 5,00,00,367 < 8,87,21,460 Descending order: 8,87,21,460 > 5,00,00,367 > 1,00,36,782 > 93,12,820 b. Increasing order: 36,81,910 < 92,56,890 < 6,92,10,350 < 8,26,00,031 Decreasing order: 8,26,00,031 > 6,92,10,350 > 92,56,890 > 36,81,910 c. Increasing order: 5,00,21,138 < 6,04,50,821 < 6,50,24,567 < 9,45,21,823 Decreasing order: 9,45,21,823 > 6,50,24,567 > 6,04,50,821 > 5,00,21,138 5. a. 98,54,310; 10,34,589 b. 87,65,321; 12,35,678 c. 65,43,210; 10,23,456 6. a. 8,87,64,210; 1,00,24,678 b. 9,98,76,431; 1,13,46,789 c. 9,97,54,320; 2,00,34,579 7. 9,88,75,420 and 2,04,57,889 8. a. 9,99,99,998; 10,00,000 b. 9,99,99,876; 10,00,023 c. 9,99,98,765; 10,00,234 9. Descending Order = Russia, China, Australia, India 10. Answers will vary. Sample answer. The government of a country has allocated its national budget for the upcoming fiscal year. The budget for the education sector was ₹45,678,912 and for healthcare was ₹45,345,678. Which sector had a greater budget?

Answers

Do It Yourself 1C

1. a . 85,48,750 b. 89,05,460 c. 6,07,85,890 d. 1,56,48,950 2. a . 1,25,89,200 b. 87,52,400 c. 68,67,800 d. 77,59,900 3. a . 8,97,00,000 b. 53,12,000 c. 8,21,59,000 d. 5,89,90,000 4. 239,000 approximately 5. The municipal corporation spent ₹65,95,000 on planting trees. 6. a. 99,63,210; 99,63,000 b. 96,32,100; 96,32,000

Chapter Checkup

1. a. Indian system: 35,07,681; Thirty-Five Lakh Seven Thousand Six Hundred Eighty-One; 30,00,000 + 5,00,000 + 7000 + 600 + 80 + 1; International system: 3,507,681-Three Million Five Hundred Seven Thousand Six Hundred Eighty-One; 3,000,000 + 500,000 + 7000 + 600 + 80 + 1 b. Indian system: 4,20,87,950; Four Crore Twenty Lakh Eighty-Seven Thousand Nine Hundred Fifty; 4,00,00,000 + 20,00,000 + 80,000 + 7000 + 900 + 50 International system: 42,087,950; Forty-Two Million Eighty-Seven Thousand Nine Hundred Fifty; 40,000,000 + 2,000,000 + 80,000 + 7000 + 900 + 50 c. Indian system: 6,35,65,842; Six Crore Thirty-Five Lakh Sixty-Five Thousand Eight Hundred Forty-Two; 6,00,00,000 + 30,00,000 + 5,00,000 + 60,000 + 5000 + 800 + 40 + 2 International system: 63,565,842; Sixty-Three Million Five Hundred Sixty-Five Thousand Eight Hundred Forty-Two; 60,000,000 + 3,000,000 + 500,000 + 60,000 + 5000 + 800 + 40 + 2 d. Indian system: 9,15,00,084; Nine Crore Fifteen Lakh EightyFour; 9,00,00,000 + 10,00,000 + 5,00,000 + 80 + 4 International system: 91,500,084 - Ninety One Million Five Hundred Thousand Eighty-Four; 90,000,000 + 1,000,000 + 500,000 + 80 + 4 2. a. 60,715,239; 6,07,15,239 b. 8,09,50,002; 80,950,002 c. 1,100,039; 11,00,039 3. a. 6,45,87,120; 6,45,87,100; 6,45,87,000 b. 89,09,010; 89,09,000; 89,09,000 4. a. > b. < c. = d. < 5. a . 23,56,475 < 90,87,687 < 8,91,63,896 < 9,08,04,365 b. 3,24,35,678 < 4,35,46,576 < 6,76,12,895 < 6,76,87,980 6. a. 5,36,45,787 > 4,56,45,768 > 2,40,85,167 > 43,56,787 b. 9,09, 87, 897 > 4,90,76,837 > 80,88,428 > 80,68,964 7. 16,48,235; 16,48,236; 16,48,237; 16,48,238; 16,48,239; 16,48,240; 16,48,241; 16,48,242; 16,48,243; 16,48,244 8. 3,151,324 Indian number system - 31,51,324 = 30,00,000 + 1,00,000 + 50,000 + 1,000 + 300 + 20 + 4 International number system- 3,000,000 + 100,000 + 50,000 + 1,000 + 300 + 20 + 4 9. a. Indian number system: 1,99,77,555 One Crore Ninety-Nine Lakh Seventy-Seven Thousand Five Hundred Fifty-Five; International Number system: 19,977,555 Nineteen Million Nine Hundred Seventy-Seven Thousand Five Hundred Fifty-five b. 1,99,77,560; 1,99,77,600; 1,99,78,000

147

Challenge 1. 12,15,696

2. 99887765

6. a. Quotient = 237; Remainder = 20 b. Quotient = 180; Remainder = 265 c. Quotient = 115; Remainder = 437

Case Study

1. Option c 2. Option d 3. Germany 4. Poland, Italy, France, United Kingdom, Germany 5. Germany

Chapter 2 Do It Yourself 2A

. a. True 1 b. False c. True d. False 2. a. 89,285 b. 2,64,859 c. 15,54,313 3. a. 91,660 b. 71,092 c. 9,21,018 4. a. 7,28,944 b. 4,62,917 c. 7,71,214 d. 7,24,168 5. a. 81,898 b. 9,31,609 c. 2,47,880 d. 5,31,550 6. 9 ,03,550 7. 2,72,950 blazers 8. 22,448 kilometres 9. ₹3,81,030

Do It Yourself 2B

. a. False 1 b. False c. False d. True 2. a. 5,65,670; 56,56,700; 5,65,67,000

c. 89,500; 8950; 895 4. a. 61,525

e. 3,03,57,504

d. 98,700; 9870; 987

f. 4,45,49,588

h. 5,35,25,760

c. 78,71,525

d. 1,46,55,870

g. 4,72,86,288

5. a. Quotient = 183; Remainder = 134 b. Quotient = 124; Remainder = 228 c. Quotient = 159; Remainder = 280 d. Quotient = 161; Remainder = 219 e. Quotient = 233; Remainder = 366 f. Quotient = 135; Remainder = 365 g. Quotient = 136; Remainder = 15 h. Quotient = 102; Remainder = 219 6. 8784 days 9. 28,28,232

7. 98,901 8. Q = 999 R = 99 10. 159 pages 11. ₹680

1. a. (ii) b. (ii) c. (ii) d. (ii) 2. a. False b. True c. True d. False 3. a. 266 b. 44 c. 12 d. 40 e. 15 f. 16 4. a. 168 b. 272 c. 3171 5. ₹78 6. 48 stickers 7. 7 pencils 8. ₹74,750 1. a. 80,245 2. a. 20,101

b. 10,33,428 b. 7,68,289

3. a. 8960; 89,600; 8,96,000 c. 64,570; 6,45,700; 64,57,000

c. 12,41,211

c. 8,03,271

d. 3,02,572

d. 1,09,241

b. 45,460; 4,54,600; 45,46,000 d. 98,760; 9,87,600; 98,76,000

4. a. Quotient = 210; Quotient = 21; Quotient = 2, Remainder = 100

b. Quotient = 408, Remainder = 6; Quotient = 40, Remainder = 86; Quotient = 4, Remainder = 86 c. Quotient = 5120; Quotient = 512; Quotient = 51, Remainder = 200 d. Quotient = 7456, Remainder = 2; Quotient = 745, Remainder = 62; Quotient = 74, Remainder = 562

5. a. 29,32,848 b. 17,29,200 c. 1,28,80,901 d. 40,83,256

148

c. 43

d. 179

8. 45

17. 2226 oranges in each carton 18. ₹1,20,500 19. Answer may vary. Sample answer:

A company manufactures 1,86,320 pencils and 98,346 erasers. The company packs 2 pencils and 1 eraser in a packet. How many pencils and erasers will be left unpacked?

Challenge 1. Both statements are true.

Case Study

1. 12,10,111 kg 2. a. False 3. 172 kg 4. 210 kg

2. Option a

b. True

. a. 1, 2, 7 and 14 1 b. 1, 2, 17 and 34 c. 1 and 37 d. 1, 2 , 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48 e. 1, 5, 11 and 55 2. a. 1, 3, 5 and 15 b. 1 and 41 c. 1, 3, 7, 9, 21 and 63 d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 72 e. 1, 3, 9, 27 and 81 3. Prime numbers: a, c, g, i Composite Number: b, d, e, f, h, j 4. 4 prime numbers - 11, 13, 17 and 19 5. 2 factors 6. The chairs will be arranged in 13 rows with 13 chairs in each row. 7. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Alika has a ribbon of length 27 m. In how many ways she can cut the ribbon equally?

Do It Yourself 3B

. b, c, e 1 2. d, e 3. a, b, d 6. pencils, erasers and notebooks

Do It Yourself 2C

Chapter Checkup

b. 76

9. 8, 99, 999 10. 7,03,66,258 people 11. 50 days 12. 38,400 flowers 13. 149 rows 14. 65 marbles 15. ₹4,87,800 16. 6,00,000

Do It Yourself 3A

b. 35,400; 3540; 354

b. 27,36,600

7. a. 27

Chapter 3

b. 4,78,520; 47,85,200; 4,78,52,000 c. 8,25,870; 82,58,700; 8,25,87,000 d. 19,84,540; 1,98,45,400; 19,84,54,000 3. a. 2500; 250; 25

d. Quotient = 101; Remainder = 684

4. a, b

5. 660

Do It Yourself 3C

1. b 2. c 3. a. 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 b. 20 = 2 × 2 × 5 c. 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 d. 33 = 3 × 11 e. 63 = 3 × 3 × 7 f. 72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 g. 90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 h. 112 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 4. a. 16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 b. 22 = 2 × 11 c. 30 = 2 × 3 × 5 d. 45 = 3 × 3 × 5 e. 51 = 3 × 17 f. 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 g. 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 h. 148 = 2 × 2 × 37 5. 1, 5, 73, 365

Do It Yourself 3D

1. a. 1 b. 1 c. 1, 7 d. 1, 3 e. 1, 3, 5, 15 f. 1, 2, 3, 6 g. 1, 2 h. 1, 5 2. a. 8 b. 15 c. 5 d. 1 e. 27 f. 14 g. 10 h. 11 3. a. 3 b. 13 c. 18 d. 8 4. a. 6 b. 14 c. 20 d. 27 5. 5 cm 6. 30 L

Chapter Checkup

1. Prime Numbers: b and c Composite number: a and d 2. a. 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 b. 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 d. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42

3. a. 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 36 c. 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28 and 56 d. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 40 and 80 4. a. divisible by 5 b. divisible by 3 c. divisible by 2, 3, 5, 9 and 10 d. divisible by 2, 5 and 10 5. a. 88 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 b. 102 = 2 × 3 × 17 c. 112 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 d. 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 6. a. 75 = 3 × 5 × 5 b. 21 = 3 × 7 c. 128 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 d. 164 = 2 × 2 × 41 7. a. 1,5 b. 1, 5, 25 c. 1, 11 d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 8. a. 4 b. 5 c. 24 d. 75 9. a. 2 b. 17 c. 15 d. 15 10. a. 9 b. 17 c. 1 d. 34 11. Answers may vary. Sample answer: 120 12. 25 litres 13. 8 bunches 14. 6 inches; 44 15. 80; 3 cupcakes; 2 sandwiches 16. 6 containers

3. a. 48 b. 175 c. 180 d. 315 e. 360 f. 864 g. 1680 h. 180 4. No, LCM of 12, 24, and 56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 168 So, Rohan is not right. 5. 4 times 6. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Find the least length of a rope which can be cut into whole number of pieces of length 45 cm and 75 cm.

Do It Yourself 4D

. a. 168 b. 150 c. 96 d. 300 e. 168 f. 300 g. 315 h. 540 1 2. No, Rohit’s calculation is incorrect, as he didn’t consider all the prime factors. 3.

Challenge 1. 10 is the greatest number that divides 178 and 128 leaving remainder as 8. 2. HCF is 4. Twice the HCF is 4 × 2 = 8. So, the number is 8.

Case Study 1. d 3.

4. 60

2. b

LCM of 42, 70

210

LCM of 63, 105

315

LCM of 30, 45

LCM of 9, 15

LCM of 12, 48

Do It Yourself 4E

. August 7, 14, 21, 28. 1 2. 6 groups 3. 15 litres 4. 10:31 a.m. 5. 24 balls 6. 16 7. 30 weeks 8. 3360 stacks 9. Answers may vary. sample answer. Three pieces of ribbons 42 cm, 49 cm and 63 cm long need to be divided into the same length. What is the greatest possible length of each ribbon?

32 16

Chapter Checkup

4. 12 necklaces

1. 9, 18 and 27 2. a 3. a. 63 b. 81 c. 99 d. 117 4. b 5. a. 630 b. 90 c. 1386 d. 6930 e. 180 6. a. 54 b. 70 c. 45 d. 600 7. d 8. a. 480 b. 3720 c. 360 d. 630 9. 39 10. 180 minutes 11. 2041 12. 135

Chapter 4

Case Study

Challenge 1. c. Rahul and Sahil are correct.

Do It Yourself 4A

1. a. 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 b. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 c. 21, 42, 63, 84, 105 d. 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e. 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 2. Yes, 7209 is completely divisible by 9. 3. 2025, 2037, 2049 4. Answers may vary. Sample answer. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100; Even. 5. No

Do It Yourself 4B

. d 1 2. a. 60 b. 63 c. 55 d. 40 e. 18 f. 30 g. 60 h. 150 3. c 4. 2036 5. 36 days 6. 10:30 a.m. 7. Answers may vary. Sample answer. A shopkeeper sells candles in packet of 12 and candle stands in packets of 8. what is the least number of candles and candle stands Rita should buy so that there will be one candle for each candle stand?

Do It Yourself 4C

. a. 35 = 5 × 7; 75 = 3 × 5 × 5 1 b. 44 = 2 × 2 × 11; 88 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 c. 48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3; 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 d. 25 = 5 × 5; 115 = 5 × 23 2. a. 40 b. 16

Answers

c. 80 d. 50

1. b. Every 60 minutes 3. 10 4. 4:00 p.m.

2. a

2. 9:00 a.m. 5. Answers may vary.

Chapter 5 Do It Yourself 5A

1. a. Unlike fractions d. Like fractions 2. Proper fractions:

b. Like fractions

c. Unlike fractions

e. Like fractions

4 12 12 , , � 5 15 29

6 58 17 9 , , , � 2 5 11 3 1 5 7 Mixed numbers: 4 , 5 , 6 � 7 8 9 79 61 14 3. a. b. 20 c. d. 15 e. 44 15 15 15 3 8 2 2 2 4. a. 4 b. 8 c. 5 d. 7 e. 7 6 9 3 7 5 135 18 55 35 9 f. g. h. i. j. 11 7 9 3 2 Improper fractions:

149

5. 17 6.

2 5

11 9 3 3 b. c. d. 14 17 4 5 4 34 1 14 24 6. a. 2 < b. 6 < c. =8 5 4 2 5 3 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 3 7. a. b. < < < < < < 6 12 2 5 5 8 2 5 2 1 2 6 1 4 3 11 c. d. < < < < < < 5 2 3 7 2 7 5 12

5. a.

Mixed Number 3 2 6

Improper Fraction 15 6

Do It Yourself 5B

1. Answers may vary, sample answers:

12 18 22 33 12 18 b. , c. , , 30 45 34 51 14 21 2. Answers may vary. Sample answers:

6 3 , 10 5 2 3. a. 5 a.

3 b. 7

7 2 , 28 8

1 c. 3

15 10 , 21 14

4 d. 5

24 36 , 40 60

16 8 , 24 12

7. Answer may vary. Sample answer.

Do It Yourself 5C 1. a. <

b. <

c. >

d. <

2. a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

1. b

b. d.

e. 1

8 1 3 1 > > > 9 2 8 3

4 2 4 3 1 > > > > 5 3 11 15 6

6. Reshma

7. Answer may vary. Sample answer. 14 8 Shalini studied for hours, Priya studied for hours. 9 3 Who studied for more hours?

Chapter Checkup 15 2

17 3

103 8

51 8

1 11 1 c. 24 d. 4 5 19 6 3. Answers may vary. Sample answers:

2. a. 4

2 4

b. 8

2 3 4 4 6 8 b. , , , , 18 27 36 12 18 24 10 15 20 22 33 44 c. d. , , , , 16 24 32 28 42 56 4. Answers may vary. Sample answers: a.

8 4 2 , , 12 6 3

150

12 8 4 , , 21 14 7

1 3 , 4 4

1. a.

b. 1

9 14

f. 15

25 15 5 , , 65 39 13

3. a. e.

17 18

2. a.

5. Answer may vary. Sample answer.

1. a.

2. a

Do It Yourself 6A

1 3 2 1 1 2 5 b. < < < < < 6 7 4 5 2 3 6 5 4 8 7 3 1 5 7 5 < < < < < < < c. d. 12 8 15 8 13 4 12 12 7 3 3 1 1 > > > 5 8 4 6 1 1 1 1 c. > > > 6 9 11 14

1 57 = 3 9

8 10

4. False

1 2 , 2 4

5. Answer will vary.

Chapter 6

3. a.

4. a.

d. 6

8. Least: Alex and Casey; Greatest: Bailey 9. Australia < South America < North America < Europe < Africa < Asia 3 Challenge 1. 2. Option a 8

Case Study

4. a. Not equivalent b. Equivalent c. Equivalent d. Equivalent 5. a. 28 b. 56 c. 2 d. 70 6. d.

54 36 18 , , 66 44 22

3 8

2 5

4. a. 1

b. 3

1 3

1 6

c. 5

1 10

d. 5

c. 4

b. 5

4 5

g. 23

1 12

5 12

3 12 , 7 21

5 9

1 18

h. 12

5 24

31 3 or 2 14 14

c. 4

2 15 , 5 25

1 12

10 91

11 18

49 72

d. 12

2 5

1 4 3 6. 3 kg 7. 8. 39 kg 5 100 4 9. Answers may vary. Sample answer. 3 Neeta filled 2 litres of petrol in her car. After a day she 4 1 again filled 1 litres of petrol. Next day she went to visit her 4 3 grandparents and used 3 of the petrol. How much petrol is 4 5. a. 2

b. 1

left in her car?

Do It Yourself 6B 3 2 1 2. a. 3 1 3. a. 2

9 5 1 b. 4

1. a.

4. a. 22 e. 4

4 9

5. a. 1

b. 2

1 2

c. c.

4 13

1 3

35 48

16 17

14 15

1 hours 2

14 12

c. 7

b. 21 f.

4 5

b. 2 days

d. 1

19 216

3 25

d. 1

3 kg 2

19 6

1 2

1 4

7 3

1 4

7. 28 packets

8. 20 L

9. 19 bottles

7. a. Sum of 2

10. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

4 Roy ran of a km each day for 6 days. How many kms did he run 5 in all?

Chapter Checkup

11. 88 cars

5 4

2. a. False 3. a. 1

1 2

17 14 c. d. 5 18 78 b. True c. False d. False

33 34

f. 7

12 17

g. 8

1. a.

e. 17

3 5

4. a. 1 g. 1

23 24

13 20

6. a. 12

Answers

1 2

1 6

1 2

5. a. 3 b. 16

8 2 or 2 3 3

h. 14

1 18

1 3

11 15

11 km 28

12. 10

10. Phase 4: 97

9 litres 28

13. 4

4 5

2 5

23 m 30

1 A glass of water holds cups of water. How many cups will it take 4 to fill the glass? 1 Challenge 1. cup; 4 cheese cubes 2. b 3

3 5

Case Study

1 12

b. 42

9. 17

100

b. Product of 5 and

14. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

d. 9

1 3

1 1 and 4 3 4

e. 1 12

5 8 d.

f. 2 3 20

1 9

13 hours 20 4. Students will create something using recyclable materials. 1. c

2. b

3. 1

5 162

151

SCIENCE 1 Food and Health �� 153 2 The Human Skeletal System �� 164 3 The Human Nervous System �� 173 4 Safety and First Aid �� 184 5 Natural Calamities �� 194 Project 1 �� 205 Assessment 1 �� 206 Model Test Paper-1 �� 207

152

Food and Health

Chapter Overview Food and Health Components of Food

Maintaining Good Health

Diseases

Get Set Circle the names of five nutrients from the given word search. INTEGRATED

CARBOHYDRATES FATS MINERALS PROTEINS VITAMINS

Chapter 1 • Food and Health

153

Components of Food Think about how plants in a garden need different things like sunlight, water and good soil to grow strong and healthy. Our bodies too need a variety of nutrients to grow, perform various functions, and be healthy and strong. We get these nutrients from the healthy foods we eat every day. Different foods provide different nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates. These nutrients are the building blocks of our health. Let’s learn about these essential nutrients, what they do for our bodies, and where we can find them.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for our body. The different forms of carbohydrates are starches and sugars. Carbohydrates can be found in foods like wheat, rice, potatoes, sugar, honey, corn, etc. When we eat carbohydrates, our bodies break them down into simple sugars like glucose, which gives us the energy to stay active throughout the day.

Bread Chapati

Rice Potato

Corn

Honey Sugar

Carbohydrates

Fats We can imagine fats as the storage units for our bodies. While carbohydrates give us instant energy, fats store energy for later use. They also protect our organs like a cushion, help in the absorption of certain vitamins, and help to keep our bodies warm. Fats can be found in foods like nuts, seeds, avocados, butter, ghee, cheese and oil. We require fats in very small amounts.

Dry Fruits Butter

Ghee Oil Fats

Error Alert! Not all fats are good for us. Unhealthy fats, found in fried and processed foods, cause health problems.

Proteins Proteins are essential for building, maintaining, and repairing muscles, blood, skin, bones, and other tissues and organs in the body. Because of this important function, processed food: food changed from its natural state, often to make it last longer or taste better 154

they are known as “body-building nutrients”. Foods rich in protein include meat, eggs, dairy products, fish, beans, soya and pulses. Growing children and sick people should include more protein-rich food in their meals.

Remember! When you get cut yourself, your body works hard to heal and repair itself. Proteins play a crucial role in this healing process by helping to repair and build tissues.

Egg Milk

Fish

Meat

Beans Pulses Proteins

Vitamins Although needed in small amounts, vitamins are crucial for maintaining good health. They are required in very small amounts by our body. You can find vitamins in a variety of foods like fruits, vegetables, dairy products and meats. Vitamins help our body fight against infections. They help to heal wounds and keep our bones and gums strong.

Minerals Minerals are another group of essential nutrients that help our bodies to stay healthy. Some important minerals include sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus and iodine. Calcium is important for strong bones and teeth, while iron helps in carrying oxygen in our blood. Minerals can be found in foods like dairy products, nuts, fruits and green leafy vegetables. Vitamins and minerals are collectively known as “protective foods” as they are necessary for good health and protecting our body.

Vitamins and Minerals

Water and Roughage Water doesn’t provide any nutrients to our body. Did You Know? However, it’s an important component of food. It’s The body of an adult human being often referred to as our “body’s lifeblood” because consists of about 60% water. it plays a critical role in almost every bodily function. It aids in digestion, regulates body temperature, maintains skin health, and helps in transporting nutrients to the different parts of the body. We should drink plenty of water every day.

Chapter 1 • Food and Health

155

Roughage, also known as dietary fibre, is the indigestible part of food. Roughage plays an important role in digestion. It promotes smooth passage of food through the digestive system, preventing constipation. It adds bulk to the food and helps to get rid of the undigested food from the body. Fibre-rich foods like whole grains, fruits and vegetables provide the roughage our bodies need to maintain a healthy digestive system.

Investigate and Discover Aim: To analyse the nutrient content in a packet of chips. Materials Needed: a packet of chips (of your choice) Method: Step 1: Choose your favourite packet of chips. Make sure the packet includes nutritional information. Step 2: Look at the nutritional information on the packet. Focus on key nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Step 3: Now look at the amount of salt, sugar, food colours and preservatives. Findings: A packet of chips contains very high amounts of salt, food colour, oil and preservatives. These items, in such quantities, are not good for health if consumed on a regular basis. Conclusion: This experiment helps you see the nutrient content in things like a packet of chips. This will help you make healthier choices in terms of what you eat.

Pause and Answer Write any two food items rich in each of the nutrients listed below. 1. Carbohydrates

2. Fats

3. Proteins

4. Vitamins

5. Minerals

indigestible: something that cannot be digested constipation: a condition in which stool becomes hard and is difficult to pass 156

Maintaining Good Health Being healthy means your physical and mental well-being. A healthy person eats a balanced diet rich in nutrients, practises good hygiene, maintains good posture, exercises regularly, gets enough rest and sleep, and keeps their surroundings clean. They feel good physically as well as mentally.

Balanced Diet A balanced diet means eating a variety of foods from all the major food groups to get the nutrients that are required by the body. A balanced diet provides all the essential nutrients for the proper growth and functioning of our body.

Do and Learn

A balanced diet should contain all the nutrients.

Create your own balanced meal! Draw a plate and divide your plate into sections and label each with different food items that make up a balanced meal.

SDG

Hygiene Hygiene is essential for staying healthy and preventing illness. This includes practices that help remove or reduce the number of germs on your body and in your environment. Some hygiene practices that we should follow to stay healthy are listed below. SDG

•

Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds when they are dirty, before and after meals, and after using the toilet.

•

Brush your teeth twice a day. Use a tongue cleaner to clean your tongue.

•

Regularly shower to keep your skin clean. Always wear neat and clean clothes after bathing.

Chapter 1 • Food and Health

157

•

Keep your nails trimmed and clean to prevent the accumulation of dirt and germs, which can cause infections.

•

Regular cleaning of kitchens, toilets and bathrooms should be done.

Posture

Correct posture for sitting

Hygienic practices

Posture is how we hold our body while standing, sitting, moving or lying down. Good posture means positioning our body in ways that reduce stress on muscles. It helps keep bones and joints strong. Always make sure to keep your back straight while standing, sitting and walking. Correct posture makes your body appear smarter and improves flexibility in joints.

Exercise Regular exercise is essential for maintaining a healthy body and mind. Walking, cycling, jogging, running, yoga and swimming are some exercises that keep us fit and healthy. Let’s learn about some benefits of regular exercise. •

It makes our bones and muscles strong and healthy.

•

It improves the circulation of blood in our body. When we exercise, our heart pumps blood at a faster rate, which leads to more intake of oxygen and better functioning of the body.

•

It keeps our body in good shape.

•

It makes our body healthier and more flexible.

•

It keeps us active and energetic throughout the day.

•

It improves our quality of sleep.

We should exercise daily.

Rest and Sleep Rest and sleep are important for your body to recover and work well. When you sleep, your brain stores memories, helping you to learn better. Your muscles repair themselves, making you feel strong. Sleep also boosts your immune system, so you don’t get sick easily. Besides sleep, taking breaks during the day helps to reduce stress and tiredness, giving your body and mind time to recharge. accumulation: to collect or gather 158

Clean Surroundings SDG

A clean surrounding reduces the risk of infections and other health issues. Let’s learn about how to keep our surroundings clean. •

Regularly clean your room by dusting, sweeping and organising your belongings to reduce the presence of dust.

We should throw garbage properly.

•

Always throw garbage in dustbins.

•

All drains in the house should be covered and cleaned properly.

•

Avoid letting dirty water accumulate in your surroundings, as it can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and harmful germs.

Diseases A disease is a condition in which our body or any part of it is not in a healthy condition. Diseases can be caused by improper diet, or lack of hygiene, rest and exercise. Diseases can be classified into two main types: communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Non-communicable Diseases These diseases don’t spread from person to person. Some non-communicable diseases are caused due to the lack of nutrients. These are called deficiency diseases. Let’s first learn about some deficiency diseases. Names of deficiency diseases

Caused by deficiency of

Night blindness

Vitamin A

Scurvy

Vitamin C

Beriberi Rickets

Anaemia Goitre

Vitamin B Vitamin D Iron

Iodine

Apart from deficiency diseases, there are a few other kinds of non-communicable diseases such as: 1. Allergy: Some people are highly sensitive towards certain food items, dust or chemicals. When people are exposed to any of these things, they might sneeze, cough or even become ill. This state or condition is called an allergy. Chapter 1 • Food and Health

159

2. Obesity: This occurs due to excess consumption of oily, fried and processed foods or by overeating. Obese people are more prone to heart diseases and diabetes. 3. Diseases like arthritis and diabetes are caused due to malfunctioning of body parts like the joints and the pancreas.

Think and Tell Reflect on your own eating and exercise habits. What is one healthy change you can make to reduce the risk of diseases?

4. Diseases like cancer can be caused due to environmental pollution, smoking or consumption of alcohol. 5. Some people have heart disease from birth which they inherit from their parents.

Communicable Diseases These diseases can spread from one person to another or through the environment. These are caused by germs such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The germs causing communicable diseases can spread in several ways. Let’s learn about them. •

Remember! Not all microbes are bad. Microbes help us in many ways. They are used to make food such as curd, yogurt, cheese and bread. They also help in digestion of food. Scientists use microbes to make medicines like antibiotics.

Direct Contact: Germs can transfer through physical contact like shaking hands with the infected person. Communicable diseases can also spread by touching or using the belongings, like clothes and utensils, of the infected person. Diseases such as chickenpox, whooping cough, common cold, measles and tuberculosis spread through direct contact.

Common cold

•

Dirty food and water: You might have noticed a lot of mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches sit on the uncovered food and dirty water. These insects carry germs on their bodies and pass them to the uncovered food and water. Consumption of infected food items spreads diseases such as typhoid and cholera.

•

Insects or carriers: Some insects, such as mosquitoes, can bite and transmit germs into a person. When the female Anopheles mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it sucks in Rat flea causes Female Anopheles plague. mosquito causes malaria. the germs along with the blood of the person. Then, this mosquito bites a healthy person and causes malaria

inherit: to pass from parents to children 160

to him/her as well. Some other carriers of diseases include Aedes mosquitoes (causing dengue) and rat fleas (causing plague).

Wonders of Bharat Kerala, a beautiful state in southern India, is known for its rich history in the spice trade. Spices from Kerala have been traded with ancient civilisations across the world. These spices are packed with vitamins and minerals that boost our immune system and add a variety of nutrients to our diet.

Word Splash nutrients: the essential components found in food that our body needs to function properly roughage: a dietary fibre that aids in digestion communicable diseases: diseases that spread from one person to another non-communicable diseases: diseases that don’t spread from person to person

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about the skeletal system.

Points to Remember •

Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, are essential for the body to function properly.

•

Eating a balanced diet ensures that the body gets all the essential nutrients it needs.

•

Proper hygiene, regular exercise, sleep and rest are important for us to stay healthy.

•

Communicable diseases spread from one person to another through various means.

•

Non-communicable diseases don’t spread from one person to another.

Chapter CheckUp 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. Which of the following nutrients primarily provides energy for the body? Proteins Chapter 1 • Food and Health

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals 161

B. Which of the following must be included in a balanced diet? All nutrients only

Nutrients with water and roughage

Only water

Only roughage

C. Which of the following is a non-communicable disease? Whooping cough

Diabetes

Tuberculosis

Malaria

D. Which of the following is caused by consuming dirty food and water? Dengue

Malaria

Plague

Cholera

2. Fill in the blanks. communicable

proteins

roughage

water

helps in the growth, repair and maintenance of tissues.

aids in digestion and regulates body temperature.

helps to prevent constipation.

D. Diseases that spread from one person to another are called diseases. 3. Write True or False. A. Good posture helps reduce strain on muscles and joints. B. Cancer and arthritis are non-communicable diseases. C. Exercise can help to improve our health.

D. A balanced diet means avoiding all kinds of fats. 4. Match the following.

Diseases

Caused by the deficiency of

A. Night Blindness

i. iodine

B. Beriberi

ii. vitamin A

C. Scurvy

iii. iron

D. Rickets

iv. vitamin C

E. Goitre

v. vitamin D

F. Anaemia

vi. vitamin B

5. Short-answer questions. A. How do fats help the body besides providing energy? B. What is the role of roughage in digestion?

C. Why do we need to maintain good posture? 162

D. Write two benefits of exercise.

E. What happens when we don’t take proper rest and sleep? F. Why are vitamins and minerals called protective foods? 6. Long-answer questions. SDG

A. Explain the importance of a balanced diet and how it benefits the body. B. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases. Give examples for each. C. Describe the different ways in which communicable diseases can spread. Give an example for each. 7. Picture-based questions. A. Which of these actions affect the spread of communicable diseases? B. How do actions like washing hands and covering your mouth when sneezing help prevent the spread of communicable diseases? What might happen if people don’t follow these habits?

Challenge (HOTS)

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

One day, during the monsoon, Latika had a plate of golgappas from a seller outside her school. The next morning, she became unwell. What do you think could have happened and why? What are the two things she should take care of to avoid falling sick like this in future?

Life Skills INTEGRATED

Make a meal plan for yourself and your family for a week. Make sure that all the meals are balanced. Stick the meal plan on the refrigerator door or a cupboard from where it can be easily seen. Stick to the meal plan and share your experience in the class.

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The Human Skeletal 2 System Chapter Overview The Human Skeletal System What Makes Up Our Skeletal System

Parts of the Skeletal System

Joints

Muscles

Get Set Look at the pictures of the organ systems and label them. Circulatory system

Skeletal system

Digestive system

Respiratory system

Our body is made of different organ systems such as the digestive, respiratory, muscular, and skeletal systems. Of these systems, the skeletal system provides shape, support and strength to our body. Let us learn more about the skeletal system. 164

What Makes Up Our Skeletal System The human skeletal system is a framework of bones. It has many parts. Some of the main parts are the skull, the backbone, the ribcage, limb bones, and joints.

Bones

Bones are the hard structures that make our skeleton system. Although we cannot see them, but we can feel them as hard structures beneath our skin. They are made of calcium phosphate. A bone has three main parts:

Spongy bone

Compact bone Bone marrow

• A hard outer layer called the compact bone. •

An inner layer called the spongy bone.

Structure of a bone

• The jelly-like material in bones is called the bone marrow. It is the site for making new blood cells. It also stores fat.

Importance of Skeletal System

Just like a helmet protects our head against injury, similarly, our skeletal system also protects our internal organs. It also system provides support, shape and strength to the body and helps in the movement of different body parts.

Did You Know? A newborn baby has 305 bones. Some bones fuse and an adult human is left with only 206 bones.

Parts of the Skeletal System

The main parts of the skeletal system are the skull, spine, ribcage and limbs (forelimbs and hindlimbs).

Skull

Socket for eyes

The skull is the framework of the head and it protects Socket for the brain from injuries. An adult human skull has 22 nose bones. All the bones of the skull, except the lower jaw, do Upper jaw not move and are fused together. The movable lower jaw allows us to speak and chew food. The skull has sockets Skull for the eyes, nose and ears. Teeth are present both in the upper and the lower jaws. Think and Tell sockets: holes

Chapter 2 • The Human Skeletal System

Lower jaw

What would happen if the bones of the lower jaw were also immovable?

165

Spine

Skull

The spine is also called the backbone or the vertebral column. It is Spine made up of 33 small bones called vertebrae. The vertebrae attach the skull to the spine. The spine protects the spinal cord that is present in it. The spine helps us bend and stretch. The spine also allows us to stand upright, bend, stretch, twist and turn. It also helps us to maintain our balance.

Ribcage Run your fingers from the underarms and move towards the waist. Do you feel some thin hard structures under the skin? These are ribs. Ribs are thin, flat and curved bones. We have 12 pairs of ribs that forms our ribcage. The function of the ribcage is to protect the heart and the lungs. Out of 12 pairs, 10 pairs of ribs are joined to the breastbone (or sternum) in front and to the spine at the back. The last two pairs are ribs are attached only to the spine. They are not attached to the breastbone and are called floating ribs.

Sternum

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ribcage

Ribs Vertebral column

Floating ribs

Limbs Our body has two pairs of limbs. These are forelimbs, or arms, and hindlimbs, or legs.

Forelimbs

The forelimb has two parts: the upper arm and the lower arm. The upper arm has a single bone called the humerus. The lower arm has a pair of bones that are connected to the humerus at the elbow. The hand is attached to the lower arm and has many small bones.

Shoulder Blade Forelimb

breastbone: a flat bone in the chest

166

Radius

Ulna

Hindlimbs The hindlimb has two parts: the upper leg and the lower leg. The upper leg is made of a single bone called the femur or thigh bone. The lower leg has

Humerus

Femur Hindlimb

Tibia

Fibula

Forelimbs and hindlimbs

two bones that are joined to the femur at the knee. Many small bones make up the feet.

Did You Know? The femur is the longest bone in our body.

Pause and Answer Look at the pictures. Write the names of the parts of the skeleton.

Joints Joints are the places where two or more bones are connected. The bones are held together at the joints by strong tissues called ligaments. At joints, the surface of bones has cartilage. Cartilage is a tough elastic tissue that prevents the bones at the joints from rubbing against each other.

Error Alert! The hard but flexible tip of your nose and ears is not made up of bones. It is made of cartilage and therefore we can bend them.

Types of Joints Joints are movable or immovable. The joints that allow movement of body parts are movable joints. There are four types of movable joints in our body—hinge joint, ball and socket joint, pivot joint and gliding joint. Let’s discuss about each of them in detail.

Hinge Joint

Observe the direction in which the door of your room opens. Does it open only in one direction? See the movement at its hinges (the piece of metal that joins its edges). A hinge joint allows the movement of bones only in one direction. Bones of the elbows, knees, toes and fingers have hinge joints. Hinge joint

elastic: not rigid

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167

Ball and Socket Joint

A ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped end of the other bone. It allows movement in many directions. Our shoulders and hips have ball and socket joints.

Pivot Joint

he pivot joint allows up, down, and side-to-side movement. It is found in T our neck.

Ball and socket joint

Gliding Joint A gliding joint allows two flat bones to move past each other in any direction. The wrists and ankles have gliding joints.

Do and Learn SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

Pivot joint Gliding joint

Sit on a chair. Your feet should touch the ground. Now move your knees in all possible directions. Now do the same for your shoulders. Which one of these moves in all directions? Which one moves only in one direction?

Immovable joints do not allow any movement. The bones at these joints are fixed and therefore they are also called fixed joints. The joints between the bones of the skull are immovable joints. They do not have cartilage between the bones.

Investigate and Discover Aim: To know the joints used to do various actions.

Materials Needed: a paper, a pen, a book lying on the floor and a football Method:

Step 1: Get into groups of five.

Step 2: One student in the group to perform certain actions such as nodding, moving their head in right and left directions, lifting a book from the floor, rotating an arm, or kicking a football. Step 3: Other students in the group will identify the joint that is being used for that action. Observe the type of movement that joint allows. Record the observations in your notebook.

168

Fixed joints

Findings:

1. Nodding: Pivot joint; allows up-down movement of the neck

2. Moving the head right and left: Pivot joint; allows turning the neck 3. Rotate your arm: Ball and socket joint; 4. Kick a football:

Conclusion: Joints allow movements of body parts. The range of allowed movements differs for different joints.

Muscles Muscles are the tissues that connects two bones. They are attached to the bones by strong tissues called tendons. Our body has about 650 muscles. There are three types of muscles in our body: voluntary, involuntary and Remember! cardiac muscles. The muscles of our body make up the muscular system.

Voluntary Muscles

We can control the movement of voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are also called skeletal muscles as they are joined to our bones. They have bands or stripes and are also called striped muscles. The muscles of our arms and legs are voluntary muscles.

Involuntary Muscles We cannot control the movements of involuntary muscles. These muscles do not have stripes on them. So, they are also called smooth muscles. The muscles in our digestive system are smooth muscles.

Cardiac Muscles The muscles in the heart are cardiac muscles. Even though the cardiac muscles are striped, yet they are not voluntary muscles. They work continuously on their own without stopping even for a second. 2

Skeletal muscle Chapter 2 • The Human Skeletal System

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle 169

Pause and Answer Read these statements on voluntary muscles. Write T for true and F for false. 1. They are also called smooth muscles. 2. They work automatically. 3. They are present in the heart. 4. They are striped.

Wonders of Bharat Yoga originated in India around 5,000 years ago. Maharishi Patanjali is popularly known as the ‘Father of Yoga’. He wrote a book Yoga-sutra, which talks about the different aspects of yoga. Today, 21 June is celebrated all over the world as Yoga Day.

Maharishi Patanjali

Word Splash bones: hard structures that make our skeleton system bone marrow: the jelly-like material in bones

skull: the framework of the head which protects the brain from injuries vertebrae: small bones that make the spine

joints: the places where two or more bones join

ligaments: strong tissues that join the bones at joints

cartilage: a tough elastic tissue at the surface of bones of movable joints tendons: strong tissues that join muscles to bones

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about the skeletal system.

Points to Remember • The skeletal system protects the internal organs, gives the body a shape and helps in movement. • The human skeletal system is made up of the skull, spine, ribcage and limbs. • Joints allow the movement of body parts. These can be movable or immovable. • Muscles in our body are involuntary, voluntary and cardiac. 170

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. The organ system made of bones is

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Digestive system

Circulatory system

B. Which of the following is not a part of the skeletal system?

skull

spine

ribcage

cardiac muscles

C. The number of bones in our skull is

D. The only movable bone of our skull is in the

head

upper jaw

lower jaw

collar bone

2. Fill in the blanks. cartilage

ligaments

ribs

floating

A. Our spine is made of small bones called B. The ribcage is made up 12 pairs of

vertebrae .

C. The ribs that are attached only to the spine are called D. The bones are held together at the joints by strong tissues called

ribs. .

E. is a tough elastic tissue that prevents the bones from rubbing against each other at the joints. 3. Write True or False. A. The ribcage protects the heart and lungs. B. The breastbone is also called the sternum. C. Our spine has a total of 23 bones. D. Our body has around 200 muscles. 4. Short-answer questions.

A. What are the functions of the skeletal system in our body? B. What is the significance of bone marrow in our body?

Chapter 2 • The Human Skeletal System

171

C. Why is the spine important? D. Where are immovable joints located in our body? E. How are forelimbs different from hindlimbs? 5. Long-answer questions.

A. Describe the structure of a bone with the help of a diagram. B. Explain the different types of joints with an example of each.

ART

C. Differentiate between the different types of muscles. Draw their diagrams.

ART

6. Picture-based questions. A. Name the type of muscle marked as A. B. Name the type of muscle marked as B. C. Which of these muscles is involuntary? A

Challenge (HOTS) What would have happened if the muscles in our limbs were involuntary muscles?

172

The Human Nervous System

Chapter Overview The Human Nervous System

Brain

Spinal Cord

Nerves

Sense Organs

Get Set Complete the following to find out the names of various organ systems. 1. This system provides shape and structure to our body. S

2. This system breaks down food and absorbs it. D

VE S

3. This system consists of the nose, windpipe and lungs. R

4. This system comprises of the heart, blood and the blood vessels. I

Chapter 3 • The Human Nervous System

173

Brain Spinal cord

The brain, the spinal cord and the nerves constitute our nervous system. It is responsible for things like sensing and responding to stimuli. Let us learn more about our nervous system.

Remember!

Nerves

An organ system consists of a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions in our body.

Human nervous system

Brain The brain acts as the control centre of our body. It is located in the head and is protected by the skull. It sends and receives information from all the parts of the body, through a network of nerves. The brain is further divided into three parts—cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla. Let us learn about them.

Cerebrum

Medulla

Cerebellum Human brain

It is the largest part of our brain. It is the in-charge of our sense organs. It gives us the capacity to think, talk, remember, recall and learn.

Cerebellum

This part of the brain is located at the back, below the cerebrum. It enables us to maintain the balance of our body, its movement and muscle coordination. Without the cerebellum, we won’t be able to stand or walk properly.

Medulla

Think and Tell What would happen to our body movements if the cerebrum is damaged?

It is a stem-like structure which lies at the bottom of the brain. Due to its structure, it is also known as the brain stem. It connects the brain and spinal cord. It controls involuntary activities, like digestion, blood circulation and breathing. This part of the brain keeps working, even when we are asleep.

coordination: working together smoothly and efficiently involuntary: an action done without one’s own choice

174

Do and Learn

Make a list of any ten things that we continue doing even in sleep and ten things that we have to stop doing when we sleep. Write them a table as shown below.

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

Activities

Continue while sleeping

Stop while sleeping

Pause and Answer Name the following. 1. The part of the nervous system that is the control centre of the body. 2. The part of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. 3. The part of the brain that helps us to maintain the body balance. 4. The largest part of the brain.

Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a tube-like structure that extends from the medulla to the lower end of the spine. It is surrounded by the bony vertebral column. The spinal cord connects the brain to the remaining parts of the body through nerves. It also transmits information between the brain and other body parts.

Reflex Actions The spinal cord controls some automatic and involuntary actions that do not involve the brain. Such actions are known as reflex actions. For example, when we step on something pointed by mistake, we immediately pull our feet away due to a reflex action. Some other examples of reflex action are the blinking of eyes and watering in the mouth when looking at tasty food.

Brain Cerebellum Spinal cord Nerves

Spinal cord

Reflex action

transmit: to send something from one place to another Chapter 3 • The Human Nervous System

175

Nerves Nerves are long, thread-like structures that transmit messages between the brain or spinal cord and other parts of the body. The nerves in the head and neck connect to the brain, while nerves from the rest of the body connect to the spinal cord. There are three types of nerves in our body: sensory nerves, motor nerves and mixed nerves. Let us learn about each of them.

Sensory Nerves

Sensory nerves carry messages from the sense organs of our body to the brain and spinal cord. These nerves help us sense the world around us. For example, when you touch something hot, the sensory nerves in your skin send a message to your brain, letting you know that it is hot.

Motor Nerves

Motor nerves carry messages from the brain and the spinal cord to the muscles in the body. These messages tell the muscles to move. For example, when you decide to pick up a book, motor nerves send a signal from your brain to your hand muscles to make them move.

Mixed Nerves

Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor nerves. This means they perform both sensory and motor functions. These nerves can carry messages to the brain or the spinal cord to other body parts and vice-versa. Mixed nerves help coordinate many activities in the body by sending and receiving messages.

Pause and Answer Rearrange the following to make meaningful words related to the nervous system. 1. LANPIS

DORC

2. SERVEN 3. SORYSSEN

SEVERN

4. ROOTM

SEENVR

5. DIMEX

VEERSN

Sense Organs Our sense organs are special organs in our body that help us experience the world around us. They allow us to see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. These organs collect and send information to our nervous system through sensory nerves. Our brain further processes the information and lets us know about what are we experiencing through 176

our sense organs. There are five sense organs in our body—eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. Let’s learn about them.

Eyes

Eyes help us see different things around us. They are very sensitive organs. Therefore, these are protected by eyelids and eyelashes from dust, dirt and bright light. Our eyes are complex organs and have many parts. Let us learn about them.

Retina Optic nerve

Iris Cornea Pupil Lens Human eye

Parts of the Eye Cornea: It is a thin transparent layer that covers and protects the front part of the eye. Iris: It is the round and coloured part that lies behind the corner of the eye. It can be blue, black, brown or grey. The lens: The transparent part of the iris. It is located behind the iris. Pupil: It is the black spot in the centre of the eye that lets light in. Retina: It is a thin lining present at the back of the eye. It is like a screen. The retina is connected to the brain through optic nerves. These nerves send signals to the brain, which then interprets the signals as images.

Did You Know?

The size of the pupil depends on the brightness of light entering our eyes. The pupil becomes bigger in dim or low light. On the other hand, the pupil becomes smaller in bright light.

Ears

Outer ear

Our ears allow us to hear sounds. Each ear is divided into three parts: the outer, middle and inner ear. The outer and visible part of the ear is called the pinna. It receives sound and directs it to the eardrum through the ear canal. The eardrum is located in the middle ear. The middle ear is composed of three small bones, including the eardrum, that transmit sound waves to the inner ear.

Middle ear Inner ear

Ear canal Pinna

Eardrum Middle ear Human ear

The inner ear converts these sound waves into nerve signals and sends them to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain then interprets these nerve signals, allowing us to hear different sounds. interpret: to understand information auditory: related to hearing Chapter 3 • The Human Nervous System

177

Tongue

The tongue helps us speak, and taste a variety of food. The surface of our tongue is covered with many taste buds. The taste buds send signals to the brain, which then interprets these signals as different tastes. Our taste buds can detect four major tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.

Tongue

Discuss!

How would it be if we had no taste buds present on our tongue? Discuss with your classmates.

Nose

Our nose helps us smell and breathe. It has two openings called nostrils. Inside the nostrils, tiny hairs and mucus trap dust particles. Our nose has special nerve cells that detect different smells and send messages to the brain. The brain then interprets these messages, allowing us to recognise what we are smelling.

Nose

Skin

The skin is our largest sense organ. There are many nerve endings in the skin that help us feel touch and sensations like hotness, coldness and pain. The skin has different types of receptors that detect different sensations. Our skin also has pores on its surface that allow body waste to exit as sweat. Besides protecting our internal organs, our skin also helps to regulate body temperature.

Investigate and Discover Experiment: To demonstrate how the tongue helps us identify different tastes.

TEAMWORK

Materials Needed: Food items cut into pieces (apple, cucumber, carrot, mango, peach, pear, lemon) and a blindfold Step 1: You can do this experiment with a friend or a family member. Arrange the different food items on a table. Step 2: Ask your friend or the family member to volunteer to be blindfolded. Then, let him/her taste one item at a time. Make sure you give the person enough time to taste the item properly. Step 3: Ask him/her to guess the taste of the food item and then its name. recognise: to identify sensation: a type of feeling

178

Step 4: You can volunteer to be blindfolded and taste a different set of food items. Findings: We can identify the taste of different food items without actually seeing what food it is. Conclusion: Our tongue helps us taste various food items. Tip: Please arrange different food items per their availability.

Taking Care of Our Sense Organs SEL

Our sense organs are essential for experiencing the world around us. They help us see, hear, smell, taste and feel. It’s important to take good care of them for their proper functioning. Here are some tips on how to take care of each of our five sense organs.

Eyes

• Avoid staring at screens for too long. Take breaks every 20 minutes to rest your eyes. • Maintain a proper distance while watching computer screens or TV. • Avoid reading in dim lights or while travelling when the book. • Don’t touch your eyes with dirty hands. Wash your hands before touching your eyes.

Ears

• Clean the outer part of your ears with a damp cloth.

• Never put sharp objects inside your ears. • Don’t listen to loud music for too long. Plug your ears with your fingers if you are in a noisy place. • If you have trouble hearing, visit a doctor as soon as possible.

Nose

• Gently blow your nose to clear out mucus and dust. Don’t pick your nose. • Stay away from strong chemicals and smoke that can irritate your nose.

Tongue

• Always clean your tongue using a tongue cleaner.

• Don’t eat foods which are too hot as they can burn your tongue.

Skin

• Bathe regularly with mild soap and water to remove dirt and sweat. • Always wear clean and washed clothes. • Eat raw fruits and vegetables and plenty of water to keep your skin healthy. • Keep any open cut or wound away from dust and dirt and ask an adult to put an antiseptic cream on it. damp: slightly wet or moist Chapter 3 • The Human Nervous System

179

Wonders of Bharat The Garden of Five Senses in Delhi is designed to stimulate all our sense organs through visually appealing flowers, fragrant plants, and different textures to touch. It also offers sounds from nature, creating a joyful experience that engages our sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste.

Word Splash nerves: long thread-like structures that carry messages between the brain, spinal cord and the other parts of the body

reflex actions: involuntary actions that are automatic and in which the brain is not involved nostrils: two openings present on the nose

receptors: special cells in our body that detect and respond to different types of signals, like light, sound or touch lens: the transparent part of the iris

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about brain.

Points to Remember

180

•

The nervous system comprises the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

•

The brain is the control centre of the body.

•

he spinal cord is a tube like structure consisting of nerves that runs from T the brain to the lower spine, transmitting information between the brain and the body.

•

erves are thread-like structures that carry messages between the brain, N spinal cord and the body.

•

ense organs help us experience the world. There are five sense organs in S our body—eyes (seeing), ears (hearing), nose (smelling), tongue (tasting) and skin (feeling).

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option. A. Where is the brain located and how is it protected? In the chest, protected by ribs In the head, protected by the skull In the abdomen, protected by muscles In the neck, protected by bones. B. What is the function of motor nerves? Carry messages from the body to the brain Carry messages from the brain to the body Carry messages from the brain to the spinal cord Control movement of the body parts C. What do our sense organs help us do? Move our muscles Experience the world around us Digest food Grow D. What is the function of the nose besides smelling? Tasting

Hearing

Breathing

Seeing

2. Fill in the blanks. taste

spinal cord

sensory

motor

A. The through nerves.

connects the brain to the remaining parts of the body

B. and spinal cord.

nerves carry messages from the sense organs to the brain

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181

C. nerves carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles in the body. D. The surface of our tongue is covered with many detect different tastes.

buds that

3. Write True or False. A. The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain. B. There are only two types of nerves in our body. C. Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor nerves. D. The spinal cord transmits information between the brain and other body parts. 4. Match the following. A. eyes

i. sight

B. ears

ii. taste

C. nose

iii. smell

D. skin

iv. sensation

E. tongue

v. hearing

5. Short-answer questions. A. Why is the nervous system important? B. How are sensory nerves different from motor nerves? C. Write two ways to take care of your skin. D. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for reflex actions?

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

E. Name and describe three parts of the eye. 6. Long-answer questions. A. Describe the main parts of the brain. Mention the function of each part. B. Describe reflex action with an example. C. Explain how motor nerves help us move our muscles with the help of an example. D. Draw and describe the three parts of the ear and their functions.

ART

182

7. Picture-based questions. A. What is shown in the image?

B. Label the parts in the image. C. Mention the function of the part labelled as 2. 3. 2.

Challenge (HOTS) hich parts of the nervous system work together to make us wake up in the W morning?

Life Skills SEL

Think about a friend you know who might have trouble seeing or hearing well. List some activities where this friend might find it hard to do things because of their vision or hearing issues. Write down some ideas on how you can help this friend make these activities easier for them. Offer to help your friend and share your ideas with others to encourage them to be supportive too.

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Safety and First Aid

Chapter Overview Safety and First Aid Importance of Safety

Safety at Home

Get Set Solve the following riddles. INTEGRATED

I am in your car and keep you tight,

If there’s a sudden stop, I hold you right. Put me on before you start,

For safety’s sake, I’m a crucial part. What am I?

I protect your head and keep it sound. When you’re riding your bike around Strap me on before you go.

For safety first, that’s what you should know. What am I?

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Safety on Roads

First Aid

Importance of Safety We should always be alert and aware to decrease the chances of accidents. An accident is an unexpected event that causes harm, injury or damage. Accidents can occur if we are not cautious. To prevent accidents and ensure our safety, it is important to follow certain safety rules. Let us learn more about them in this chapter.

Basic Rules of Safety • Always cross the road at the zebra crossing. Look both ways before crossing the street. • Do not run up or down the staircase.

• Do not play with sharp objects, fire, electrical appliances.

• Whenever there is an accident, help the injured. Don’t panic in such situations.

Think and Tell Imagine you are responsible for creating a safety plan for a school field trip. What are the key safety measures that you would include? Use zebra crossing to cross roads.

Safety at Home We spend a lot of time at home, so it is very important to follow safety rules to stay safe. Let us discuss different situations where we need to be cautious while at home.

Sharp Objects Have you ever seen anyone cutting fruits and vegetables with a knife? They always cut them very carefully to avoid any injury. To stay safe while handling sharp objects, follow the following rules: • If you are carrying scissors, keep the sharp sides pointing downwards.

Use sharp objects under adult supervision.

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• Never run while holding a sharp object.

• Keep all sharp objects away from children.

• Be careful with your fingers when using a knife. Do it under adult supervision only.

Electrical Appliances We need to be careful while using electrical appliances. To be safe around such appliances, follow these rules: • Do not use electrical appliances with wet hands. • Always operate them under adult supervision. • Wear rubber slippers when handling them.

• Avoid plugging too many devices into a single socket, as it may lead to a short circuit and cause a fire.

Never touch electrical appliances with wet hands.

Gas Leak INTEGRATED

Sharad noticed a peculiar smell coming from the gas stove. He quickly called his father. His father asked Sharad to stay away and quickly turned the gas cylinder off. The gas cylinders have an added smell in them that makes the detection of gas leaks easy. In case of a gas leak, follow the steps mentioned below. • Warn everyone in the house about the leak.

Open windows in case of gas leaks.

• Open all the doors and windows to let the smell out.

• Don’t operate any electrical appliances, as these can produce sparks. • Call the gas company or mechanic immediately to repair the leak.

Fire In case of a fire, follow the steps given below: • Inform an adult and immediately call the fire brigade.

• If the fire is at a plug point, do not throw water on it. Either use the fire extinguisher or sand. supervision: monitoring of someone over an activity peculiar: strange

186

Use a fire extinguisher to control fire.

• If the fire is due to oil or petrol, again, use the fire extinguisher instead of water. • If the fire is out of control, immediately evacuate that area.

Chemicals

We use chemicals, like detergents and disinfectants, in our homes. Some chemicals, like vinegar and baking soda, are also used in cooking. We also keep medicines at home for emergencies. To stay safe around these things, follow these rules: • Always keep chemicals and medicines out of the reach of children. •

Take all medicines only under adult supervision.

Wear gloves while using chemicals.

• Always wear gloves while handling chemicals like disinfectants and floor cleaners.

• Wash your hands thoroughly after handling chemicals, even if you were wearing gloves. • Seek medical help immediately if you accidentally swallow chemicals or get them in your eyes.

Internet Safety SEL

Nowadays, the internet plays a crucial role in our daily lives, including helping with homework and projects. However, it is essential to follow certain guidelines to ensure online safety. • Never share your personal details online without your parents’ permission.

• Create strong, unique passwords for your online accounts and don’t share them with anyone. • Only chat with people you know in real life. •

Spend a balanced period of time online.

Pause and Answer Tick ( ) the correct statement about internet safety. 1. We should share our personal details with an unknown person. 2. We should spend a balanced period of time online. 3. We should share passwords with everyone. 4. We should chat with everyone. evacuate: to leave an area urgently unique: different from others Chapter 4 • Safety and First Aid

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Safety on Roads INTEGRATED

Ravi is riding his bike on the footpath. He has a helmet on to protect his head. As he rides, he makes sure to stay on the footpath and look both ways before crossing the lane. Why is it essential to wear a helmet? A helmet helps to protect your head if you fall or bump into something. Without it, Ravi could hurt himself more easily. Wearing a helmet keeps you safe while riding your bike! Let us learn more about road safety. To be safe on roads, follow these rules:

Always wear helmet while riding bicycle.

•

ook left and right before crossing. Wait for the traffic to come to a complete stop L before crossing.

•

bey traffic signals and road signs. Green O means go, red means stop and yellow means prepare to stop.

•

Don’t jump off or get on moving vehicles.

•

ever stick your hands or face out of a moving N vehicle.

•

on’t play near roads. Play in parks or playgrounds D instead.

Error Alert! Many think only drivers need to follow traffic rules, but that’s not true. Cyclists and pedestrians must also follow road-crossing rules.

Do and Learn

Make some posters showing road signs for display in your classroom. You can discuss their importance with your teachers, school bus drivers and your parents.

ART

Never keep your body parts out of the moving vehicle.

First Aid Since accidents can happen anywhere and anytime, it is wise to know what to do during an emergency. First aid is the immediate help given to someone who is hurt or sick before a doctor can attend to it.

Cuts and Wounds

The following first-aid measures should be taken in case of a cut or wound. 188

First-aid box

• Cuts and wounds can happen at any time, and knowing how to provide first aid is essential for proper care and healing. • Never ignore a wound, no matter how small it seems. Keep hygiene in mind when giving first aid, as germs can easily enter through cuts.

Remember! An ice pack is a bag filled with ice or a cold substance used to reduce swelling and pain from injuries.

• Wash your hands with soap and water before treating a wound. • Clean the wound with water, soap, and antiseptic lotion.

• Cover it with a bandage to prevent infection and control bleeding.

• If the bleeding continues, apply a tight bandage above the wound to reduce heavy bleeding. • For deep wounds, take the person to a doctor immediately, as stitches may be needed. If the cut is from a rusty object, an anti-tetanus injection may be necessary to prevent tetanus.

Burns Burns can be caused by touching something hot, like a stove or a flame, hot liquids like boiling water or steam and chemicals. • If a person’s clothes catch fire, tell them to lie down and roll on the ground to extinguish the flames, as fire spreads upward.

For minor burns, run cool water over it

• Wrap the person in a blanket to cut off the air supply and put out the fire.

• The person should not run, as this will fan the flames and make the fire spread. • Do not apply ointment or cream to burns.

• For minor burns, run cool water over it. Apply an antiseptic cream over the burn. • For serious burns, cover the area with sterile gauze and a loose bandage. • Avoid puncturing any blisters.

Fracture or Sprain

A fracture occurs when there is a crack in the bone. Use a splint to prevent the moving of the fractured part. Seek medical help immediately. A sprain indicates an injury to the ligament. A ligament is the tissue connecting the bones at the joints. When a ligament is torn or stretched, it causes sprain. This usually occurs due to falling or twisting.

Use a splint in case of a fracture.

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• Keep the injured joint still to avoid any other injury. • Apply an ice pack over the injured area to reduce swelling. Keep it on for at least 15 minutes. • Wrap the injured part with an elastic bandage to provide support.

• Raise the injured part above the level of the heart to reduce swelling.

Ice pack prevents swelling in sprains.

Nose Bleed

On hot, dry days, a nosebleed may occur when tiny blood vessels in the nose burst. The following first-aid measures should be taken in case of a nose bleed: • Loosen clothing around the neck.

• Have the person sit upright with their head slightly forward. • Pinch the bleeding side of the nose and ask the person to breathe through their mouth.

• Apply an ice pack or wet cloth to the nose and neck.

A woman pinching her nose and leaning forward, in a nose bleed.

• Advise the person not to blow their nose for a few hours after the bleeding stops. • If the bleeding is heavy, consult a doctor immediately.

Dehydration Dehydration happens when your body loses more water than it takes in. This can happen if you don’t drink enough water, especially on hot days or after lots of exercise. Signs of dehydration include feeling thirsty, tired, dizzy, or having a dry mouth. • Give the person small sips of water or an oral rehydration solution (ORS) to drink. • Move the person to a cool, shaded area to rest.

• If the person feels very weak or dizzy, seek medical help immediately.

Insect Bites Insect bites or stings can be very painful. It can cause redness, swelling and itching in the affected area. • Wash the bite area with soap and water. Use an antiseptic lotion over the infected area. Remove the insect sting with the help of a tweezer. • For a bee sting, apply toothpaste or sting relief cream over the bite area. 190

Sting relief cream provides relief from bee sting.

Did You Know? For a snake bite, tightly tie a cloth above the bite area. This will prevent bleeding and the spreading of poison in the body. Seek medical help immediately.

Wonders of Bharat Traditional remedies, such as using Neem leaves for insect bites, are helpful for first aid. Neem has antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties that can reduce itching and prevent infection. It is still commonly used as a natural solution for insect bites.

Word Splash first aid: the immediate help given to someone who is hurt or sick before a doctor can take over fracture: a crack in the bone

sprain: when a ligament gets torn or stretched, it causes sprains

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about first aid.

Points to Remember • Accidents can happen with anyone and at any time.

• We should always be alert and aware to prevent accidents.

• In case of accidents, first aid measures should be followed.

• Stay calm and help the patient in case of an accident till the doctor arrives.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. What should you do if you burn yourself slightly?

Apply ice directly on the burn

Run cool (not cold) water over the burn

Cover it with a heavy cloth

Pop any blisters that form

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B. Why is it important to wear a helmet while riding a bicycle?

To look fashionable

To protect your head in case of an accident

To ride faster

To keep your hair in place

C. When crossing the road, what should you always do?

Run quickly across

Look left and right first

Cross at any point you like

Follow the car ahead of you

D. Which of the following is a sign of dehydration?

Sweating

Increased urination

Dizziness

Feeling energetic

2. Fill in the blanks. A. An or damage.

is an unexpected event that causes harm, injury

B. A

is a break or crack in the bone.

C. D. Use

happens when our body loses more water than it takes in. creams to prevent infection.

3. Write True or False. A. Y ou should perform first aid before calling for medical help in an emergency. B. Pedestrians should follow traffic signals, just like vehicles. C. Leaning your head back is the best way to stop a nosebleed. D. It’s okay to ignore an insect bite and not wash the area. 4. Short-answer questions.

A. Write any two ways to stay safe on the road.

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

B. What should be done in case of a kitchen fire? C. Mention the first aid to be given in case of dehydration. D. How can you help someone with an insect bite?

SEL

E. Write two ways that you should follow for internet safety.

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5. Long-answer questions.

A. What is an accident? Why should we follow safety rules? B. How would you provide help to a person with a nosebleed? C. What precautions should you take when handling medicines and chemicals?

6. Picture-based questions. A. W hat kind of an accident is shown in the given image? B. Mention the first aid to be given in this case.

Challenge (HOTS) I f a family member gets a deep cut while using a sharp tool at home, what immediate actions would you take to stop the bleeding and prevent infection?

Life Skills TEAMWORK

In small groups, choose a common household accident, such as burns, cuts, or electric shocks. Each group will act out how to give first aid for that situation and follow safety rules. After the role-play, discuss how to prevent such accidents and why staying calm is important during emergencies. This activity helps everyone understand the steps needed to stay safe and handle emergencies at home.

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Natural Calamities

Chapter Overview Natural Calamities Types of Calamities

Dealing with Calamities

Get Set Solve the following riddles. I am round with many layers, not a fruit or a treat. I spin through

space, yet you stand on your feet. What am I?

I have no colour, but I am everywhere, I fill the oceans and float in the air. What am I?

Introduction INTEGRATED

It was a regular school day, and Siya was enjoying her science class. Then, it started raining heavily, and the rain kept getting stronger. The principal announced that school would end early because of flooding in many places. Siya wanted to learn more about flooding, so she asked her teacher. The teacher explained to her that flooding is a type of natural calamity. Let us learn more about natural calamities. A natural calamity is a sudden event caused by natural forces that can cause a lot of damage to the environment, life and property. 194

Types of Calamities Some common natural calamities are earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, floods, cyclones and droughts. Let us learn about each of them in detail.

Earthquake An earthquake occurs when the ground shakes suddenly. Earthquake is also called as tremor or quake.

Cause of an Earthquake An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by movements within the Earth. The Earth’s crust consists of large and small rock plates called tectonic plates that move slowly past each An earthquake struck site other. Sometimes, these plates pull apart, collide, or slide under one another, causing vibrations that result in earthquakes. They can range from mild to severe, leading to significant damage to life and property. The point on the Earth’s surface directly above where the earthquake starts is called the epicenter, which feels the strongest effects. The focus is the point below the ground at which the earthquake originates. Aftershocks are smaller tremors that may occur within a few days after the main quake as the rocks settle back into place. Earthquakes are measured with a seismograph, and their intensity is recorded on the Richter scale. Richter scale was developed by Charles Richter in 1935. Earthquakes rated between 6 and 8 on this scale can cause major destruction, with the extent of damage depending on the earthquake’s location and intensity. A value of 1 on the Richter scale indicates a minor earthquake.

A seismograph

Effects of an Earthquake •

• •

An earthquake can cause the ground to vibrate and shake which leads to the collapsing of buildings, roads and bridges.

Many people lose their lives as they get trapped under the collapsing buildings. The shaking ground during an earthquake can crack gas pipes, leading to fires. This results in more damage to the people and buildings.

Effects of earthquake

intensity: strength or force of something

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Preventive Measures If you are indoors, cover your head and neck with your arms. Take shelter under a sturdy piece of furniture, like a table or desk.

•

If you are outside, stay away from tall buildings, trees and power lines. Move to an open space such as a field or park.

•

If you are inside a tall building, evacuate it as soon as possible.

•

Take shelter under a piece of furniture.

Do not use elevators during an earthquake as they may get stuck or malfunction. Instead, take the stairs.

•

Do and Learn

Gather information about the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in 2001. You may take help of the internet or an adult. Make a report of it in your scrapbook. Collect and paste pictures and news clippings related to this disaster to make your report more informative.

ART

Discuss!

Discuss how families and schools can prepare for an earthquake. What should be included in an emergency kit? Where are the safest places to take cover?

Pause and Answer Name the following.

1. Instrument used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. 2. Scientists who study and observe earthquakes. 3. Small tremors felt after the earthquake. 4. Large plates of rocks that make up the earth’s crust.

Volcano A volcano is an opening in the earth’s surface through which molten rock called magma comes out . When this magma reaches the earth’s surface, it is called lava. It comes from the inner layers of the earth and reaches the outer layer through cracks. Eruptions happen when pressure builds up inside the earth. Eruption of volcanoes can cause a lot of damage to life and property. It is difficult to control such type of natural calamity. sturdy: strong; malfunction: to function incorrectly; magma: hot, melted rock found beneath the Earth’s surface; lava: hot, melted rock that comes out of a volcano during an eruption; eruptions: sudden explosion 196

Types of Volcanoes Active volcano: These volcanoes can erupt at any time or have erupted recently. For example, Barren Island in Andaman and Nicobar islands, Mount Vesuvius and Mount Fuji. Dormant volcano: A volcano that has not erupted in recent years but can erupt in the near future is known as a dormant volcano. For example, Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and Mauna Kea in Hawaii.

Extinct volcano: Volcanoes that have stopped erupting and have no chances of erupting in the future are known as extinct volcanoes. For example, Mount Popa in Myanmar and Zuidwal volcano in the Netherlands.

Tsunami

Tides are the regular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the pull of the moon and the sun. When the Sun, the Moon, and Earth are in a straight line, tides can be higher than usual. Tidal waves can occur due to storms or earthquakes.

Tsunamis are very large waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. The term “tsunami” Tsunami means “harbor wave” in Japanese and is often confused with tidal waves. When a tsunami occurs, the waves can travel in all directions and can reach heights of up to 100 feet when they reach the shore, causing massive destruction in seconds.

While tidal waves and tsunamis cannot be controlled, people can be advised to move to higher ground for safety. Many coastal areas have tsunami warning centers that help alert residents about potential tsunamis.

Did You Know? The Indian Ocean tsunami was triggered by a massive undersea earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 26, 2004. The tsunami measured 9.1 on the Richter scale. Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Somalia and Thailand were the countries affected by the tsunami.

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Floods and Cyclones Floods happen when a river overflows its banks. Heavy rainfall is the major cause of floods. When air pressure in coastal areas changes, it causes sudden strong storms. These are called cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes or tropical storms, depending on their locations.

A car in a flooded street

These storms bring heavy rain, strong winds and can cause big waves. These can be dangerous and affect coastal areas, causing damage to homes, trees and sometimes flooding.

Effects of Floods and Cyclones •

Both these disasters cause damage to life and property.

• Floods wash away the crops and destroy them. • Floods result in water logging, which affects traffic movements and causes diseases such as cholera, dengue, typhoid and malaria.

Preventive Measures

Cyclone

Floods can be prevented by building, checking and maintaining dams regularly. • We should construct raised embankments or bunds near residential areas to prevent the overflow of water. •

• We should plant trees along river banks to avoid the overflow of water. •

Dams prevent floods

To prepare for cyclones, early warning system that alerts coastal areas about approaching storms should be maintained.:

Investigate and Discover Aim: To show how flooding affects different surfaces.

Materials Needed: Two trays, soil, stones or grass (for one tray), water, and a watering can or cup. Method:

Step 1: Fill both trays with soil. In one tray, add stones or grass on top of the soil. Leave the other tray with just soil. Step 2: Slowly pour water over both trays to depict heavy rain or a flood.

water logging: collection of too much water on the ground embankments: raised barrier or mound built to prevent flooding or support roads and railways

198

Step 3: Observe how the water affects both trays.

Findings: The tray with only soil shows more erosion and water runoff. The tray with stones or grass shows less soil movement and more water absorption. Conclusion: Natural coverings like grasses and stones help reduce the effects of floods by preventing soil erosion and controlling water flow. This shows how important it is to protect the environment to reduce the impact of floods.

Drought A drought occurs when a region receives little to no rainfall for an extended period, sometimes lasting for years. This leads to higher temperatures and shortages of food and water.

Effects of Drought

• It dries up water bodies, making it difficult to grow crops. This causes great problems for farmers and other people. • If drought lasts for a longer period of time, famines can occur due to food shortage. Deforestation can reduce rainfall and create drought-like conditions. In India, regions such as eastern and southern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Gujarat, Telangana, and Rajasthan are prone to drought.

Preventive Measures

• Plant more and more trees in our surroundings. • Save water by using it wisely at home and in agriculture. • Planting crops that need less water to grow. SDG

• Communities can also build reservoirs to store water during rainy seasons to use during dry periods. This practice is called rainwater harvesting.

Error Alert! A common misconception about droughts is that they are just short periods without rain. In reality, droughts can last for months or even years, severely impacting water availability.

By studying how natural calamities like earthquakes, floods and droughts SCIENTIFIC TEMPER occur, we learn to ask important questions and find solutions to protect ourselves. This careful observation helps us better prepare for and respond to such events. famines: extreme scarcity of food reservoirs: artificial lakes made to store water Chapter 5 • Natural Calamities

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Pause and Answer Match the natural disasters with their respective causes. Natural disasters Causes 1. Volcanoes

Causes excessive shaking of the ground

2. Earthquakes

Caused by eruption of molten lava

3. Droughts

Caused by heavy rainfall

4. Floods

Caused by less rainfall and water scarcity

5. Tsunamis

Caused by underwater earthquake

Dealing with Calamities We cannot predict or control natural calamities. But we can be prepared beforehand for any such disaster. We should spread awareness about these calamities. SEL

Although we cannot control the disasters from happening, we can help the victims in many ways. We can donate money, clothes, food items and other essential supplies to the disaster-affected people.

Remember! Human beings should help each other in times of crisis.

Help from Government • Early Warning Systems: Use weather monitoring and forecasting to predict floods and cyclones early. • Community Preparedness : Educate people about the risks of natural calamities and what to do in emergencies, such as conducting mock drills.

• Evacuation plans: This include taking measures to lead people out of danger and take them to safe places.

Evacuation camps

NGOs and Other Organisations

NGOs are Non-Governmental Organisations that provide help to victims. One of the well-known NGOs is the Red Cross society. Other organisations that work towards public welfare are WHO and UNICEF. Let us discuss how each of them helps the disaster-hit victims.

Red Cross Society relief camp

forecasting: guessing or predicting; emergencies: sudden and unexpected situations 200

1. Red Cross Society: It is an organisation that helps people in emergencies, like natural disasters or accidents. It provides food, shelter and medical care to those in need. 2. WHO (World Health Organization): They help countries by giving advice on how to prevent and treat diseases, and they also help during health emergencies like outbreaks of new diseases.

Think and Tell List any two ways in which you can help the disaster-hit victims.

3. UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund): It is an organisation that helps children all around the world. They work to make sure that every child has what they need to grow up healthy and happy.

Wonders of Bharat The Sundarbans, located in the delta region of West Bengal, are the largest mangrove forests in the world. These mangroves act as a natural shield against natural calamities like cyclones. When a cyclone hits, the dense mangrove roots and trees help absorb the impact of strong winds and waves, reducing the damage to nearby areas.

Sunderbans

Word Splash natural calamity: a sudden event caused by natural forces that can cause widespread damage earthquake: the sudden and violent shaking of the ground

epicenter: the point on the Earth’s surface directly above where the earthquake starts

volcano: a mountain that erupts to let out to a pool of molten rock (magma) from below the Earth’s surface floods: a situation when too much water covers land

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about natural disasters.

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Points to Remember • Natural calamities can cause widespread destruction to the environment. • Some of the common natural calamities include earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, floods, cyclones and droughts. • We can donate money, clothes and other essential stuff to the calamity-affected people. • The government and the NGO’s play an important role in disaster management.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of these values on the Richter scale indicates a mild earthquake?

B. How many types of volcanoes are there?

Two

Three

Four

Five

C. Which of these is a common effect of drought?

Flooding

Water scarcity

Strong winds

Earthquakes

D. What should you do during an earthquake?

Run outside immediately.

Stand near windows.

Take cover under a sturdy piece of furniture.

Use the elevator to get to a higher floor.

2. Fill in the blanks. A. The intensity of an earthquake is measured by an instrument called . B. There are

types of volcanoes in nature.

is a hot, melted rock found beneath the Earth’s surface.

can be prevented by building dams.

E. A is a huge ocean wave caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. 202

3. Write True or False.

A. NGO’s do not have any role to play in dealing with calamities. B. I t is important to have early warning systems in place to deal with a natural calamity. C. Active volcanoes can erupt at any time. D. The Richter scale is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. E. We should use the elevator during an earthquake.

4. Short-answer questions. A. What causes earthquakes? B. How do we measure earthquakes? C. How can we prevent floods? D. What happens during a drought? E. Name any three organisations that help disaster-hit victims. 5. Long-answer questions. A. Explain different types of volcanoes with an example of each. SEL

B. W hat are the preventive measures implemented by the government to deal with natural calamities? C. W hat is a drought? Mention any two causes of droughts and two measure that can be taken to prevent droughts. 6. Picture-based questions.

A. Identify and name the natural calamity shown in the image. B. What happens during this calamity?

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Challenge (HOTS) I magine you are part of a disaster management team in your town. Discuss three strategies you would propose to improve community preparedness for natural disasters like floods or earthquakes.

Life Skills We can help people affected by natural calamities in many ways. Collecting and giving relief materials like food, water, and clothes is important. Organising fundraisers and donating money to trusted groups can support their recovery. Volunteering to help distribute supplies or offer shelter also makes Serving food for the needy a big difference. Raising awareness through social media and creating care packages with essentials like food and blankets can bring comfort to families in need. Together, we can help rebuild communities after a disaster.

SEL

204

PROJECT 1 Homemade Volcanic Eruptions! Objective: Students will understand how a volcano erupts. Materials Needed: A small bottle, baking soda, vinegar, red food colouring, clay, a cup, a tablespoon and a tray Step 1: Learn about Volcano and Their Different Types: Study about the volcano and its various types. You can take the help of school textbooks or the internet. Step 2: Build Your Volcano: Place the plastic bottle in the centre of the tray. Shape clay around the bottle to create a volcano, leaving the top open. Step 3: Prepare the Eruption: • Add two tablespoons of baking soda to the bottle.

• In a separate cup, mix ½ cup of vinegar with a few drops of red food colouring. Step 4: Erupt the Volcano: Carefully pour the vinegar mixture into the bottle and watch the eruption! Tip: Take the help of an adult while pouring the vinegar mixture into the bottle. Step 5: Document Your Observations: Take pictures of or draw each step of your project, especially the eruption. Write down what happened and any similarities to real volcanoes. Project Output: Now you have your own volcano model. Share your volcano model and pictures with the class. Explain how it works and what you learnt about volcanic eruptions. Final Outcome: This hands-on project not only allows you to create a fun and exciting volcano model but also helps you understand the scientific principles behind volcanic eruptions and encourages teamwork, observation and communication skills.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

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205

Assessment 1 Read the given conversation. Answer the questions given below.

Internet Safety! Aarav: Hi, Meera! I just got a new game on my computer. I can even chat with people while playing!

Meera: That sounds fun, Aarav! But remember, we need to be careful when talking to people online. Aarav: Why? It’s just a game.

Meera: Well, some people online might not be who they say they are. It’s important to only talk to people you know in real life like friends or family. Aarav: Oh, I didn’t think about that. What else should I do to stay safe?

Meera: Make sure you have a strong password and never share it with anyone. Also, don’t click on links or download anything from people you don’t know. It could be dangerous. Aarav: Good idea! I’ll be careful. What if I see something weird or someone is mean to me? Meera: You should tell a trusted adult, such as your parents or a teacher, right away. They can help you report it, if needed.

Aarav: Thanks, Meera! I’ll remember these tips to stay safe online. 1. W hich of the following is a good practice to stay safe while using the internet? A. Sharing your full name and address with friends online

B. Using a strong password and not sharing it with anyone C. Clicking on any link you find interesting

2. What should you do if you see something online that makes you feel uncomfortable? A. Ignore it and continue using the internet B. Click on it to learn more about it C. Report it to a trusted adult

3. I magine you are playing an online game and someone you don’t know sends you a message. Mention any two steps you would take to ensure your safety.

4. A arav is excited to play his new game online, but he is asked to create a password. What are some important things Aarav should keep in mind while creating his password, and why is it important to have a strong password?

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

206

Model Test Paper - 1 Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour 1

Total Marks: 40

Tick () the correct answer. A

Which of the following nutrients primarily provides energy for the body? a

Proteins

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Minerals

What is the function of motor nerves? a

Carry messages from the brain to the body

Control movement of the body parts

Carry messages from the brain to the spinal cord

Carry messages from the body to the brain

What should you do if you burn yourself slightly? a

(1 × 5 marks)

Apply ice directly on the burn

Run cool water over the burn

Cover it with a heavy cloth

Pop any blisters that form

Which is the only movable bone in our skull? a

Collar bone

Lower jaw

Upper jaw

Head

What should you do during an earthquake? a

Run outside immediately

Stand near windows

Take cover under a sturdy piece of furniture

Use the elevator to get to a higher floor

2 Fill in the blanks.

(1 × 5 marks)

dehydration spinal cord A

seismograph

ligaments

roughage

Bones are held together at the joints by strong tissues called

B The intensity of an earthquake is measured by an instrument called C

Model Test Paper - 1

happens when our body loses more water than it takes in. 207

D The

through nerves.

connects the brain to the remaining parts of the body

helps to prevent constipation.

3 Write ONE word for the following.

(1 × 5 marks)

A A tough elastic tissue at the surface of bones of

movable joints.

B The point on the Earth’s surface directly above where

the earthquake starts.

C The essential components found in food that our body

needs to function properly.

D Special cells in our body that detect and respond to

different types of signals.

A crack in the bone.

4 Write True or False. A

A balanced diet means avoiding all kinds of fats.

The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain.

The breastbone is also called the sternum.

(1 × 5 marks)

D NGOs do not have any role to play in dealing with natural calamities. E Leaning your head back is the best way to stop a nosebleed.

5 Picture-based questions. A

Name the type of muscle marked as A.

Name the type of muscle marked as B.

(1 + 1 + 2 marks)

C Which of these muscles is involuntary?

Why do we call it an involuntary muscle?

6 Answer the following questions in short. A

Write any two ways to stay safe on the road.

Why are vitamins and minerals called protective foods?

What happens during a drought?

How are sensory nerves different from motor nerves?

7 Answer the following questions in detail.

208

(2 × 4 marks)

(4 × 2 marks)

Explain the different types of volcanoes. Provide one example for each.

What is the importance of a balanced diet? How does it benefit the body?

SOCIAL SCIENCE 1 Globe—The Model of the Earth �� 210 2 Maps and Directions �� 219 3 Movements of the Earth �� 228 4 Weather and Climate �� 236 5 Natural Disasters �� 244 6 Protecting Our Environment �� 253 Project 1 �� 262 Assessment 1 �� 263 Model Test Paper-1 �� 264

209

Globe—The Model of the Earth

Chapter Overview Globe – The Model of the Earth

Shape of the Earth

The Globe

Poles and Hemispheres

Latitudes, Longitudes and Grids

Get Set Read the poem given below aloud along with your classmates. The Earth is round, like a big blue ball,

INTEGRATED

It spins and spins, never will it fall. From space, it looks so small and bright, A circle of wonder, day and night. Though it seems flat below our feet, It is round and whole, a special feat. From oceans deep to mountains high, The Earth’s a circle, under the sky. In this chapter, we will learn more about our planet, Earth, and what the vertical and horizontal lines on the globe and maps mean.

210

Shape of the Earth We have already studied that the Earth is round. In ancient times, people used to believe that the Earth is flat. They believed that if a person will walk towards the end of the Earth and keep walking, then the person will fall off the edge of the Earth. From where we stand, the Earth looks flat because our eyes can only see a small part of it. The Earth is so vast that we cannot see its shape from the ground. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, sailed around the Earth and proved it is round. You can only see the Earth’s curve from space. Studying the whole of Earth is not easy because it is so large. To make it easier, geographers use different methods to represent the Earth on a smaller scale. Two essential tools for this are maps and globes.

The Earth as seen from space

The Globe INTEGRATED

Chandani has always wondered what the Earth would look like. One day she asked her teacher, “Ma’am how does the Earth look?” Her teacher showed her a globe kept in the school library. She told her that a globe is a model of the Earth. Chandani was excited to see the globe and wanted to know more about it. The globe is a small model of the Earth. It shows how oceans, continents and seas are spread across the Earth. We can see the location of countries on a globe. It helps us see the shape of countries, and some cities. We can only see one half of the globe at a time. To view the other half of the globe, we must rotate it. The globe can be turned around, just like the Earth turns around an imaginary line which passes through it. This line is called the axis. The axis is not straight. It is tilted at an angle of 23½°.

A Globe

Even though a globe is a representation of the Earth, we cannot always use it due to the following reasons: •

It is big and difficult to carry around.

•

It can only show a part of the Earth at once.

edge: the boundary line of a surface or an area vast: very large essential: very important Chapter 1 • Globe—The Model of the Earth

Direction of the Earth's spin

Earth tilted on its axis 211

•

It cannot show all the specific details about a place and its people.

•

Globes lack the detail needed for complete understanding.

•

Globes cannot be folded and included in books for easy access.

Pause and Answer Circle the correct word. 1. People in ancient times believed the Earth was round/flat. 2. Geographers/Philosophers use different methods to study Earth’s features. 3. The axis/equator is an imaginary line passing through the centre of the Earth.

Poles and Hemispheres The axis of rotation has two end points called the poles. They are the North Pole and the South Pole. These poles are at the very top and bottom of the planet. The North Pole is in the middle of the Arctic Ocean and is covered by ice. The South Pole is in the middle of the coldest continent, called Antarctica, which is also covered by ice. Poles and Hemispheres At the centre, between the two poles there runs an imaginary line that circles the planet. It is called the Equator. It divides the Earth into two equal halves. These halves are called hemispheres. Towards the north is the Northern hemisphere and towards the south is the Southern hemisphere.

Latitudes, Longitudes and Grids Latitudes

On the globe, horizontal and vertical lines are drawn for the ease of locating places. The imaginary horizontal lines that run from east to west on the globe are called Latitudes. The Equator is one of them. The latitudes are also called lines of latitude or parallels of latitude as they all run parallel to each other. There are 180-degree latitudes in total. The units degree (°) and minutes (`) are used to measure the latitudes. Sixty minutes (60`) are equal to one degree (1°). 212

The Equator lies at the 0°. At the 90° north, there is the North Pole. At 90° south, we have the South Pole. Therefore, with the help of latitudes, we can know the distance we have travelled towards north or south. For example, a place which is located 45° south, lies between the Equator and the South Pole. Similarly, 60° south will be nearer to the South Pole. Important latitudes on the Earth: •

At 23½°N, we have the Tropic of Cancer.

•

At 66½°N, we have the Arctic Circle.

•

At 23½°S, we have the Tropic of Capricorn.

•

At 66½°S, we have the Antarctic Circle.

Important latitudes of the Earth

Properties of Latitudes •

The parallel lines are at an equal distance from each other, and they do not meet.

• The Equator is the longest latitude and other latitudes become smaller when moving towards the poles. •

The North Pole and South Pole are just points. There are no lines there.

• Latitude affects climate, with locations near the Equator being warmer and locations near the poles being colder.

Do and Learn

INTEGRATED

With the help of the internet, look for five countries from the Northern hemisphere and five countries from the Southern hemisphere.

Longitudes

The vertical, imaginary lines drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole are called Longitudes. The longitude that runs through Greenwich near London is at 0°. It is called the Prime Meridian. As this meridian passes through the observatory at Greenwich in London, United Kingdom, it is also called the Greenwich Meridian.

Meridian line at Greenwich

There are 360° of longitude: 180° towards the east of the Prime Meridian and 180° towards the west of the Prime Meridian. The longitude divides the Earth into Eastern hemisphere observatory: a place with special equipment like telescopes, where scientists watch and study the stars, planets, and weather

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213

and the Western hemisphere. The 180th degree of the Eastern and Western hemisphere meet at a single line. It is called as International Date line or the 180° longitude. In total, there are 360 longitudes: the Prime Meridian at 0°, the International Date line at 180°, 179 meridians in the Eastern hemisphere and 179 meridians in the Western hemisphere. The longitudes, therefore, tell us how far east and west we have travelled. Properties of Longitudes •

These lines are semi-circles that run from the North Pole to the South Pole.

•

The lengths of the meridians are the same.

•

The distance between the lines is broader at the centre and lesser at the poles. Distance between the lines is less at the poles.

Error Alert! The International Date Line is not a straight line. It is drawn as a zig-zag line to maintain a consistent time zone in the countries and islands that it passes near.

Grids

Latitudes and longitudes intersect each other at right angles, forming a network of lines called grids. By knowing the degrees of latitude and longitude, we can pinpoint the exact location of a place. The point where the latitude and longitude intersect marks the location of a place.

Greenwich Mean Time

The time at the point of the Prime Meridian, or the Greenwich Meridian, is considered as the mean time and called as the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The countries on the eastern side of this meridian get to see the sunrise earlier than the countries on the western side of the meridian.

Latitudes and longitudes forming a grid

Did You Know? Norway experiences the longest night or darkness of the year in its northern regions during the winter, a phenomenon known as “polar night.”

The local time of a particular place is calculated based on the distance from Greenwich and the time at Greenwich.

214

Indian Standard Time

Every country has a particular longitude fixed to calculate the time of that country. Many longitudes pass through one single country. To avoid confusion, one longitude is chosen. In India, 82½°E longitude is chosen to calculate the time. It almost divides India into two equal parts. This longitude passes through Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. This standard time is called the Indian Standard Time (IST). By calculating its distance from Greenwich and the time at Greenwich, Indian Standard Time is 5½ hours ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time.

Do and Learn

INTEGRATED

Find out the current time in India and in Greenwich. Write them in your notebook.

Discuss! How would the lives of people of India be different if India had different time zones? Discuss with your friends.

Wonders of Bharat Jantar Mantar in Jaipur, built in the 18th century, is a place with special instruments used to measure time, predict eclipses, and observe stars and planets. It is famous for its role in advancing ancient Indian astronomy and science. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

Word Splash geographer: a person who studies the Earth’s features axis: an imaginary line around which the Earth spins poles: the points on the Earth’s surface where the axis ends latitude: horizontal lines drawn around the globe longitude: vertical lines drawn around the globe

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about how to find the location of a place using latitudes and longitudes.

Chapter 1 • Globe—The Model of the Earth

215

Points to Remember • Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, sailed around the Earth and proved that it was round. • Latitudes are the imaginary horizontal lines and longitudes are the imaginary vertical lines which help to find the location of a place. • The important latitudes are the Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle; and the important longitudes are the Prime Meridian and International Date Line. • Indian Standard Time (IST) is 5½ hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. The axis of the Earth is titled at which angle? a. 66½°

b. 23½°

c. 90°

b. International Date Line

c. Equator

B. The 0° Longitude is called a. Greenwich Meridian

C. The total number of longitudes are a. 180

b. 181

c. 360

D. The total number of latitudes are a. 90

b. 181

c. 180

2. Fill in the blanks. east to west

north to south

poles

grids

A. The latitudes and longitudes intersect and form a network of lines called . B. Latitudes run from C. Longitudes run from

. .

D. The points on top and bottom of the Earth are called 216

3. Write True or False. A. Longitudes affect the climate in both hemispheres. B. The 23½°S latitude is called the Tropic of Cancer. C. Latitudes are also called parallels. D. The Equator is also called the Prime Meridian. 4. Match the following. A. Latitude

Arctic Circle

B. Longitude

ii.

Axis of rotation

C. 23½°

iii. Prime Meridian

D. 66½°N

iv. Equator

5. Short answer questions. A. Define latitudes and longitudes. B. What is a globe? Write one advantage and one disadvantage. C. What is the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)? D. What are grids? How are they useful? 6. Long answer questions. A. What are the properties of latitudes? B. What are the properties of longitudes? C. What is Indian Standard Time? How is it calculated? 7. Picture-based questions. A. Name any one continent the Equator is passing through. B. Which line divides the Earth into the Eastern hemisphere and the Western hemisphere?

Map to Scale

Chapter 1 • Globe—The Model of the Earth

217

HOTS 1. If you travel directly from the Equator to the North Pole, how will the environment around you change? Describe what you might observe about the climate, daylight and landscapes as you move from 0° to 90°N latitude. 2. India has only one time zone, the Indian Standard Time (IST), which is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. Considering the vast geographical spread of India, what could be some advantages and disadvantages of having a single time zone for the entire country?

THINK RATIONAL

Community Connect Connect to a friend/relative who is living in a different country and find out the difference in time, weather, food and culture. Present the details to your class.

218

2 Maps and Directions Chapter Overview Maps and Directions

Globes and Maps

Types of Maps

Directions and Sub-directions

Reading a Map

Get Set

INTEGRATED

Shreyas is new to his school. At lunch time, he asks his classmate Mahima to tell where the school canteen is. Mahima gives him the directions to these. She tell him to first go to the north block of the school, and then take a left from there. The canteen would be on his right. Do you also give directions to others to help them reach a particular place? In this chapter, we will learn about maps and directions.

Globes and Maps In the previous chapter, we have learnt that a globe is a miniature model of the Earth. It accurately represents the shape, size and location of places. It helps us study the distribution of water and land on the Earth’s surface. miniature: very small

Chapter 2 • Maps and Directions

219

However, globes have some limitations: •

Large globes are hard to carry around.

•

You can only see one-half of the Earth at a time.

•

They don’t show all the details of the Earth.

•

Making a large, detailed globe is difficult.

Discuss! What are some ways in which maps can be more convenient than globes? Discuss with your partner.

To overcome these issues, we use maps. A map is a flat representation of the Earth’s surface, usually on paper. Since the Earth is curved, it is impossible to flatten it perfectly on paper. This leads to some inaccuracies in the shapes and sizes of landmasses on maps. Mapmakers work to reduce these inaccuracies. Maps may have distortions, but they can still show small areas precisely. This makes them useful for studying the Earth. However, maps can be outdated and need to be updated from time to time.

Types of Maps Maps can show the entire world or specific Think and Tell areas like continents, countries, cities or Why do you think we use different neighbourhoods. They come in various sizes. maps for a place or region instead of Larger maps, such as those of the world, tend including all details on a single map? to have more errors due to the broad area they cover. In contrast, smaller maps, like those of a neighbourhood, can provide more accurate details. Did You Know? A wall map of the world may be large because it During the 16th century, includes many details, but it can be rolled up or folded Gerardus Mercator, a map-maker, was the first to for easy transport. There are various types of maps: • P olitical maps: They show the boundaries of continents, countries, states and cities.

compile and publish a collection of maps in the form of a book.

• P hysical maps: They highlight natural features such as rivers, plateaus, mountains and plains. limitations: restrictions inaccuracies: errors or mistakes distortions: changes that make something unclear or wrong precisely: exactly or accurately contrast: comparison

220

• C limatic maps: They display information on rainfall and climate across different places.

• T hematic maps: They include details on railways, roads and airline routes.

• R esource maps: They show industries, crops, minerals, soils, wildlife, forests and natural resources. A book of maps is called an atlas.

INDIA

A FGH A N I S TA N

POLITICAL

LADAKH

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISION LADAKH

JAMMU & KASHMIR CHANDIGARH P A K I S TA N

INDIA

AFGHANI STAN

HIMACHAL PRADESH

CHINA TIBET

UTTARAKHAND

HIMACHAL PRADESH PAKI STAN

PUNJAB HARYANA DELHI

NEPAL

CHI NA TIBET

UTTARAKHAND

PUNJAB

L HA AC SH UN AR RADE P

SIKKIM

JAMMU & KASHMIR

HARYANA NEPAL

BHUTAN RAJASTHAN

BHUTAN

ASSAM

UTTAR PRADESH

NAGALAND

JHARKHAND MADHYA PRADESH IS

TT HA

DAMAN & DIU DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

MIZORAM

JHARKHAND MADHYA PRADESH

GUJARAT

MAHARASHTRA

BAY OF BENGAL

MAHARASHTRA

BAY OF BENGAL TELANGANA

AR ABI AN SEA

ARABIAN SEA GOA

PUDUCHERRY

MAP NOT Map notTOtoSCALE Scale

Political map of India

TAMIL NADU

SRI LANKA

PUDUCHERRY LAKSHADWEEP

INDIAN OCEAN

KARNATAKA

TAMIL NADU

The Himalayan Mountains The Northern Plains The Southern Plateau The Coastal Plains The Great Indian Desert The Islands

ANDHRA PRADESH

INDIAN OCEAN

SRI LANKA

DS LAN AR IS ANDAM AN AND NICOB

KARNATAKA

DS LAN AR IS ANDAM AN AND NICOB

ANDHRA PRADESH

LAKSHADWEEP

M YANM AR ODISHA

TELANGANA

GOA

MIZORAM

R GA

CH DAMAN & DIU DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

TRIPURA

WEST BENGAL

MYANMAR ODISHA

MANIPUR

BANG L ADESH

TRIPURA

WEST BENGAL

R GA

NAGALAND

MEGHALAYA

BIHAR

RAJASTHAN

MANIPUR

B A N G L A D ES H

GUJARAT

ASSAM

UTTAR PRADESH

MEGHALAYA

BIHAR

L HA AC SH UN AR RADE P

SIKKIM DELHI

MAP not NOT TO Map toSCALE Scale

Physical map of India

Pause and Answer Underline the correct answer. 1. A map/globe is a small model of the Earth. 2. Maps that show the boundaries of continents or countries are known as physical/ political maps. 3. Using maps, we can see the whole/half world at once.

Directions and Sub-directions To use any map, it is important to follow a set of directions. A direction is an indication leading towards a place. There are four major directions: North, South, East and West. These are known as cardinal directions. On a map, the top usually represents the North, the bottom represents the South, the right side represents the East, and the Chapter 2 • Maps and Directions

221

left side represents the West. Often on a map, an arrow pointing to the North is marked with the letter ‘N,’ which helps you identify the other directions. In addition to the cardinal directions, there are also intermediate directions that provide more precise guidance. The area between North and East is called Northeast, and the area between North and West is called Northwest. The directions Similarly, the area between South and East is called Southeast, and the area between South and West is called Southwest.

Reading a Map Maps provide us with detailed information about the world, a country, or a specific place. However, to effectively read a map, we need to understand certain features that guide us. These features are known as the elements of a map. Here are some basic elements:

Did You Know? In early maps, symbols were often more artistic with detailed drawings representing cities or mountains.

Symbols

Maps convey information about mountains, rivers, dams, lakes, bridges, landforms, airports, railway tracks and much more. Since everything cannot be written out on a map, symbols are used to represent these features. For example, cities are often marked by small circles and mountain peaks by triangles. These symbols make it easier to understand the information being given by the map. Map symbols 222

Scale

INTEGRATED

A map condenses a large area, such as the entire world, a country or a state, into a much smaller size. It is not feasible to draw a map of the same size as the actual place. To address this, scales are introduced. A scale helps compare the actual size of an area to a smaller representation on the map. For instance, a scale might show that 1 cm on the map equals 200 km in reality. This ratio between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground is called the scale.

Do and Learn

ART

Create a map showing the route from your school to your home. Mark landmarks like libraries, hospitals, parks, etc. with your own symbols and use blue for any water bodies along the way.

Colour key

Different colours are used on maps to represent various features, and most maps follow similar colour patterns. For example, generally on a physical map, mountains are shown in shades of brown, yellow represents plateaus, and green represents plains. Water bodies are shown in shades of blue, with light blue representing shallow waters and dark blue indicating deeper waters. Typically, a key is provided in the upper or lower right corner of the map. This key helps us understand what the different colours on the map represent. ARCTIC OCEAN

CLIMATIC REGIONS OF THE WORLD

Arctic Circle ASIA NORTH AMERICA

EUROPE

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

ATLANTIC OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN

INDIAN OCEAN

SOUTH AMERICA

Tropic of Capricorn

PACIFIC OCEAN

AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

Antarctic Circle

Very hot and wet Hot and wet Warm and wet Mediterranean

Very hot and dry Cool and wet Cool and dry Very cold

SOUTHERN OCEAN ANTARCTICA

Map not to Scale

Climatic regions of the world condenses: makes something smaller or compact feasible: possible or practical to do

Chapter 2 • Maps and Directions

223

Wonders of Bharat Indore celebrated India’s 75th Independence Day in a unique way. Over 5,000 people, including students and social workers, came together to form a giant human chain shaped like India’s map. This incredible achievement earned them a spot in the World Book of Records for creating the largest human chain forming a geographical shape. The participants carefully created the outline of the map, including the tricolor flag and the Ashok Chakra emblem in the centre.

Word Splash map: a flat representation of the Earth’s surface, usually on paper atlas: a collection of maps, typically bound together in a book direction: an indication that leads to a particular point cardinal directions: the four main directions—north, south, east and west intermediate directions: the directions in between the cardinal directions elements: the features used on a map that guide you to read the map easily symbols: small pictures or icons that represent different features and landmarks scale: ratio between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the symbols and colours used on maps.

Points to Remember • Maps may be distorted since the curved Earth cannot be represented perfectly on flat paper.

• Smaller maps show details more accurately, while larger maps may be less precise. • An atlas contains different types of maps, such as political, physical, climatic, thematic and resource maps, each serving a specific purpose.

• There are four directions and four intermediate directions that help us to locate places on the map. • The basic elements used on a map include symbols, scales and colours.

224

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. A collection of maps is called a. a map book

b. a globe

c. an atlas

B. Political maps show information about a. states and cities

b. rivers and plateaus

c. temperature

C. Landmarks are represented on maps by a. colours

b. symbols

c. scales

D. The directions between the cardinal directions are called directions. a. in-between

b. medium

c. intermediate

E. Plateaus are shown on maps in a. brown

b. green

c. yellow

2. Fill in the blanks. intermediate directions resource maps globe scale

thematic maps

A. shows the ratio between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground. B.

give the details of minerals, crops, industries and soil.

is a miniature model of the Earth.

give details on railway, roads and airline routes.

E. Northeast, Northwest, Southeast and Southwest are called

3. Write True or False. A. Water bodies are always represented in shades of green. B. There are four cardinal directions and four intermediate directions used in a map. C. Physical map gives information on rivers, plateaus, etc. D. Plains are represented in shades of light green and dark green. E. Large maps are easy to handle and read. Chapter 2 • Maps and Directions

225

4. Match the following. A. States and continents

Climate map

B. Rivers and plateaus

ii. Physical map

C. Railway and airports

iii. Political map

D. Rainfall

iv. Resource map

E. Crops and minerals

Thematic map

5. Short answer questions. A. What are the uses of maps? B. What are symbols? Why are they used on a map? C. What are the different elements used on a map? D. How is the scale used on a map? E. What does a colour key on a map mean? 6. Long answer questions. A. What are cardinal directions and intermediate directions? Explain. B. Name three different types of maps and describe what they represent. 7. Picture-based questions. A. What type of map is this?

SRI LANKA

B. What does this type of map tell us? C. What information do you get from the key of this map?

Colombo

226

HOTS Why do you think it is important to know which direction is north, south, east or west while reading a map? Support your reason with examples.

Life Skills INTEGRATED

Two friends are lost in the woods and need to find their way back to the camp! Start at the ‘START’ and follow the arrows to reach the ‘FINISH’. There might be different paths, but try to find the quickest one. Write the directions in the empty circles to guide the campers.

Chapter 2 • Maps and Directions

227

Movements of the Earth

Chapter Overview Movements of the Earth Rotation of the Earth

Revolution of the Earth

Equinox and Solstice

Eclipses

Get Set Solve the riddles related to the seasons given below. I am hot, full of sunlight, ice cream, pools and lots of fun.

INTEGRATED

Who am I? Snow games and cold winds blow, cozy sweaters and ice that glows. Who am I? Flowers bloom and birds take flight, nature wakes, fresh and bright. Who am I?

We know that the Earth spins around its own axis. We also know that it moves around the Sun. In this chapter, we will learn more about how these movements cause day and night; and different seasons. In ancient times, there was a belief that the Earth was flat. However, an Indian astronomer, Aryabhata, was among the first to propose that the Earth is spherical and propose: to suggest an idea, plan or action 228

rotates on its axis. People did not believe it until astronomers like Nicolaus Copernicus and navigators like Ferdinand Magellan provided evidence to support their findings. Today, satellite images of the Earth clearly show that it is spherical in shape. You can learn more about the Earth and its features using a globe. Aryabhata

Did You Know? The Earth is spherical but slightly flattened at the poles and slightly bulging at the equator. As a result, gravity is stronger at the poles than at the equator.

Rotation of the Earth The Earth rotates on its axis. It takes about 24 hours to complete one full rotation. The rotation of the Earth is responsible for causing day and night. As the Earth rotates from west to east, we see the Sun rising in the east and setting in the west. To understand how day and night happens in a better way, try this activity: Take a globe and shine a flashlight on it. You will observe that light shines on only one-half The rotation of the Earth causes day and night. of the globe, leaving the other half in darkness. This is similar to what happens on the Earth. Because the Remember! Earth is spherical, when the Sun's rays shine on one side, A globe is a small model that side experiences day. The opposite side remains of the Earth. dark because the Sun's rays do not reach there, creating night. This cycle repeats regularly, creating our daily cycle of day and night.

Revolution of the Earth The Earth moves around the Sun in an oval-shaped path called an orbit. This movement of the Earth around the Sun, in a fixed path, is called revolution. It takes about 365¼ days for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun. The 1/4 day evidence: facts, information or objects that help prove whether something is true or false Chapter 3 • Movements of the Earth

229

adds to one full day every fourth year. To keep our calendar accurate, we add this extra day to February of that fourth year. This creates a leap year with 366 days. As the Earth revolves around the Sun, different parts of the Earth get varying amounts of sunlight. This causes the seasons: summer, winter, spring and autumn. Because the Earth’s axis is tilted, the part that gets more direct sunlight experiences summer, while the part that gets less sunlight experiences winter.

)

Revolution of the Earth causes seasons.

THINK RATIONAL

From April to August, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. Thus, that part of the Earth experiences summer, with longer days and shorter nights. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere is titled away from the Sun. So, that part of the Earth experiences winter, with shorter days and longer nights. From October to February, this is reversed— the Southern Hemisphere experiences summer, while the Northern Hemisphere experiences winter. Can you guess what season does Australia have in the month of June?

Error Alert! Although it looks like the Sun moves around the Earth, it is actually the other way round: it is the Earth that moves around the Sun.

Pause and Answer Underline the correct answer. 1. A leap year occurs every 6/4 years. 2. Camera/Satellite images of the Earth confirm that it is a sphere. 3. The Earth takes 40/24 hours to complete one rotation. reverse: opposite 230

Equinox and Solstice Equinox and solstice are important positions in Earth’s revolution around the Sun. These times of the year help us note the change of seasons. An equinox is a time of the year when the length of day and night are nearly equal. This happens twice a year: on 21 March and 23 September. In an equinox, the axis of the Earth is neither tilted towards the Sun nor away from the Sun. Solstices are two days in a year when the Sun shines directly on one of the two tropics.

Summer Solstice – June 21

On June 21, the Sun’s rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer. So, in the Northern Hemisphere, it is the longest day and is called the summer solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is the shortest day and is called the winter solstice.

On December 22, the Sun's rays fall directly on the Tropic of Capricorn. So, in the Northern Hemisphere, it is the shortest day and is called the winter solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is the longest day and is called the summer solstice. Winter Solstice – December 22

Did You Know? At the poles during the solstices, the Sun does not set or rise for extended periods. For instance, in the Arctic Circle, on the summer solstice, the Sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours. This creates a unique phenomenon known as the “midnight sun,” where the Sun is visible even at night.

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Eclipses On Sunday morning, when Shreya was playing outside with her brother, she noticed that it was turning dark. They quickly went inside, and Shreya asked her mother, “Why is it turning dark now? It is 11’o clock in the morning.” Shreya's mother replied, “It is because there is a solar eclipse today.” Eclipses occur when the Earth or the Moon fall into the shadow of each other. This happens because the Earth revolves around the Sun, and the Moon revolves around the Earth. During an eclipse, the Sun, Earth and Moon are aligned in a straight line.

Solar Eclipse

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth, partially or completely blocking the Sun’s rays over an area on the Earth. This event can only happen on a new moon day. Because the Sun’s rays are blocked, this phenomenon is called a solar eclipse. We should not look directly at the Sun during a solar eclipse, as it can be harmful for our eyes.

Solar Eclipse

Moon Earth

Penumbra (Half Shadow)

Sun

The Solar Eclipse

Lunar Eclipse

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, partially or completely covering the Moon in its shadow. This is also known as lunar eclipse. It happens on full moon nights. Since the Moon does not produce its own light, it is safe to look at it during a lunar eclipse. During a lunar eclipse, the Moon often appears reddish and generally lasts for a few hours.

Do and Learn

ART

Umbra (Full Shadow)

LUNAR ECLIPSE Blood, Red Moon

Umbra (Full Shadow)

Earth Sun

Moon

Penumbra (Half Shadow)

The Lunar Eclipse

Create a simple model using two balls of different sizes to represent the Moon and the Earth. Use a torch to represent sunlight. Arrange the balls in a straight line. First, shine the torchlight with the smaller ball in front of the bigger ball to understand solar eclipse. Then, exchange their places to understand lunar eclipse.

Wonders of Bharat The Nehru Planetarium in Bangalore is one place where you can look at creative models of the Earth’s rotation and revolution to understand things like the axis, the Earth’s tilt, day and night, seasons, equinoxes and solstices, and eclipses. 232

Nehru Planetarium

Word Splash astronomers: people who study space, including stars, planets and other objects in the universe rotation: the spinning of the Earth on its axis which is an imaginary line that runs from the north pole to the south pole orbit: the curved path that one celestial object takes around another celestial object revolution: the movement of the Earth around the Sun leap year: the year with 366 days instead of 3651/4 equinox: a time of the year when the day and the night are the same length everywhere on the Earth solstice: the time of year when the Sun shines directly on one of the tropics

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about eclipses.

Points to Remember • The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. The rotation of the Earth causes day and night. • The Earth moves around the Sun in an oval-shaped orbit and takes 365¼ days to complete one revolution. The revolution of the Earth causes seasons. • Equinoxes are times in a year when the day and the night are almost equal. It happens twice a year: 21 March and 23 September. • Solstices are times in a year when the Sun shines directly on one of the tropics. It happens twice a year: 21 June and 22 December. • During a solar eclipse, the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth. • A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon. This causes the Earth’s shadow to fall on the Moon. • Solar eclipses happen on new moon days. Lunar eclipses happen on full moon nights.

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Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. How many hours does the Earth take to complete one rotation? a. 23 hours

b. 24 hours

c. 30 hours

B. What is the pathway along which the Earth revolves around the Sun called? a. Orbit

b. Axis

c. Equator

C. On which of these days does the Summer Solstice occur in the Northern Hemisphere? a. June 21

b. March 21

c. December 22

D. During which event does the Moon pass between the Sun and the Earth? a. Solar Eclipse

b. Lunar Eclipse

c. Solstice

2. Fill in the blanks. winter solstice

solar eclipse

axis

leap year

A. When the Sun’s rays fall on the Tropic of Capricorn, it is known as in the Northern hemisphere. B. The Earth rotates on an imaginary tilted line called C. A

occurs once every four years.

D. It is harmful for our eyes if we look directly at the Sun during a . 3. Write True or False. A. The Earth moves around the Sun in an oval-shaped orbit. B. During a lunar eclipse, the Moon comes in between the Sun and the Earth. C. During an equinox, the Sun’s rays shine directly on the tropics. D. The seasons are caused due to the revolution of the Earth.

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4. Match the following. A. Equinox

Axis

B. Solstice

ii. 366 days

C. Imaginary line

iii. March 21

D. Leap year

iv. June 21

5. Short answer questions. A. What causes day and night? B. How are seasons caused? C. What is an equinox? D. What is a solstice? 6. Long answer questions. A. Differentiate between solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. B. Differentiate between summer solstice and winter solstice. 7. Picture-based questions. A. What does this image show? B. What is the cause of this eclipse?

HOTS What do you think would happen if the Earth’s axis was not tilted?

Community Connect Talk to an elder in your family or your community. Ask them about any folktales or stories related to eclipses.

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Weather and Climate

Chapter Overview Weather and Climate

The Atmosphere

Weather and Seasons

Climate and the Factors Influencing It

Climatic Zones

Get Set Look at the pictures and think about the type of weather these places would have. Write it in the space given below the pictures.

In this chapter, we will learn more about weather and climate.

The Atmosphere The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth, and supports life by providing oxygen and protecting us from harmful rays of the Sun. The atmosphere has several layers. The temperature changes in each layer depending on how much heat from the Sun is absorbed. 236

Weather and Seasons Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. Has it ever happened that you were out and it was dark and cloudy, but suddenly it became bright and sunny? This happens because weather can quickly change from day to day and hour to hour. Weather can be hot, cold, windy, dry or humid. Different seasons occur because of changes in weather patterns. In India, we have three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. These seasons affect the food we eat and grow, what we wear, our daily activities and the kinds of houses we build.

Summer

Monsoon

Winter

Climate and the Factors Influencing It Climate is the weather pattern of a specific place for a longer period of time. We know that the climate of hilly areas is generally cold and chilly, while deserts have a hot and dry climate. Climate affects things like transportation, food and housing. Scientists who study the climate are called climatologists. Have you ever wondered why different Did You Know? places have different climates? The coldest place where people live is Oymyakon, For example, if you compare the climate a remote village in Siberia, Russia. During winter, of Mumbai and Leh, you will note that temperatures here can drop below –50°C. Mumbai is warm and humid, while Leh is cold and dry, even though they are both in the same country. Several factors influence the climate of a place. Let us learn about them.

Latitude

Latitude is the distance of a place from the equator. The Earth is spherical, with the equator as an imaginary line around its middle. The equator receives direct sunlight. In contrast, the North and South Poles receive sunlight at an angle. That is why, the contrast: to show how two or more things are different from each other

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Sun's rays have to travel a longer distance through the atmosphere to reach the Earth's surface around poles. As a result, the rays lose much of their heat by the time they get there. This is why regions near the equator are warmer, while areas near the poles are colder.

Sun’s rays on Earth

Altitude

Altitude means the height of a place when measured from the sea. Since the sea level is the same everywhere on Earth, so it is used as a reference point for measuring altitude. The climate of a place is significantly affected by its altitude. The layer of air near the Earth's surface is thicker and can absorb and retain more heat. Therefore, areas at lower altitudes tend to be warmer. However, as altitude increases, the air becomes thinner and absorbs less heat. This is why mountain regions are colder, even in the summer, and often have freezing temperatures in winter.

Distance from the Sea

Sign board showing altitude in Leh

The distance from the sea significantly impacts a region's climate. Coastal areas, like Mumbai, experience a moderate climate due to the sea’s influence. Seas get heated up and cooled down at a slower rate compared to land. That is why coastal areas are cooler in summer than areas which are far from the sea. Similarly, coastal areas are warmer in winters than other areas.

Mountain covered by snow

Dry hot climate of Delhi

Places that are far from the sea, like Delhi, face extreme temperatures. Without the sea’s moderating effect, these areas experience very hot summers and very cold winters.

Did You Know? The Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest places on Earth, with less than 0.0 4 inches of rain per year.

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Direction of Winds

Winds are the horizontal movements of air. They play a significant role in influencing the climate of a place. Hot winds can increase the temperature of an area, while cold winds can lower it. Winds also help bring rainfall to certain regions. When winds blow from the sea to the land, they are called sea breezes. These winds carry moisture, making the area humid and warm, and they often bring rainfall. On the other hand, when winds blow from the land toward the sea, they are called land breezes. These winds are dry and do not significantly affect the temperature of the area. In India, the south west monsoon wind brings rainfall from June to September.

Humidity

Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. The heat of the Sun causes faster evaporation in the regions around the equator, which leads to heavy rains in those areas. In regions with less evaporation of water, there is little humidity, leading to dry land and very little rain throughout the year.

Humidity Meter

Discuss! How is the climate in Shimla different from the climate of the Thar Desert? Discuss with your partner and think of any 2 differences.

Pause and Answer Fill in the blanks. 1. The south west monsoon winds bring

to India.

is the distance of a place from the equator.

areas experience moderate climate due to the sea’s influence.

Climatic Zones The world is divided into three climatic, or heat, zones. These three zones are the Torrid Zone, the Temperate Zone and the Frigid Zone. The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It receives direct rays from the Sun, resulting in high temperatures and heavy rainfall. It is typically hot and humid throughout the year. This zone generally receives a lot of rainfall. Chapter 4 • Weather and Climate

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The Temperate Zone is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. These regions receive slanting rays from the Sun, so the climate is neither too hot nor too cold. The Frigid Zone is found near the poles, between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere, and between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere. It is very far from the equator and receives very slanted rays of the Sun. This zone remains frozen for most of the year. SDG

Frigid Zone

Arctic Circle

Temperate Zone

Tropic of Cancer

Torrid Zone Equator

Torrid Zone

Tropic of Capricorn

Temperate Zone

Antarctic Circle

Frigid Zone

Climatic zones of the world

Error Alert! Polar regions are not always cold and dry. Coastal areas in Antarctica can be humid, and some Arctic regions of Alaska and Canada experience significant snowfall and milder temperatures at certain times during the year.

Due to global warming, the ice caps in the polar regions are melting. We must play our part in reducing air pollution and protecting environment so that we can stop global warming.

Wonders of Bharat Gulmarg in Jammu and Kashmir is the ultimate snowy paradise in India. With its breathtaking snow-covered landscapes, fantastic skiing opportunities, and some of the heaviest snowfall in the country, it is the perfect destination for snow enthusiasts.

Word Splash atmosphere: the layer of air surrounding the Earth temperature: a measure of how hot or cold something is weather: the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time climate: the average weather conditions over a long period climatologists: scientists who study climate and weather patterns latitude: distance from the equator altitude: height of a place above the sea level humidity: the amount of moisture in the air

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Gulmarg

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about factors that are affecting climate change.

Points to Remember • The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth. • The local weather and climate significantly influence people's lifestyles, including their clothing, food and housing. • Climate is the weather pattern of a place for a longer duration of time. • The main factors affecting climate include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, direction of winds and humidity. • The world is divided into three climatic zones, which are the Torrid Zone, the Temperate Zone and the Frigid Zone.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick (

) the correct answer.

A. The atmosphere is a layer of air that surrounds the a. Mountains

b. Earth

c. Water bodies

B. Altitude is the height of a place above the a. Ground level

b. Sea level

c. Mountain level

C. The imaginary line that circles the middle of the Earth is a. Axis

b. Equator

c. Orbit

D. How many climatic zones is the Earth divided into? a. 3

Chapter 4 • Weather and Climate

b. 5

c. 4

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2. Fill in the blanks. moisture

sea breezes

climatologists

Tropic of Capricorn

A. The people who study the climate are called

B. Humidity is the measure of

present in the air.

C. The Torrid Zone is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the . D. warmth and often rainfall.

blow from the sea to the land, bringing moisture,

3. Write True or False. A. The atmosphere consists of several layers. B. Winds blowing from the sea toward the land are called land breezes. C. The Torrid Zone is situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. D. The Frigid Zone is far from the equator and remains cold for most of the year. 4. Match the following. A. Distance from the equator

Atmosphere

B. Height above sea level

ii.

Poles

C. Layer of air around Earth

iii.

Latitude

D. Frigid zone

iv.

Altitude

5. Short answer questions. A. Name the factors that influence the climate. B. What is humidity and how does it affect the climate? C. Differentiate between sea breeze and land breeze. D. Differentiate between latitude and altitude. 6. Long answer questions. A. How does the distance from the equator and the sea affect the climate of a place? B. Describe the three climatic zones of the Earth. 242

7. Picture-based questions. A. What kind of place is this? B. What will be the climate of this place? THINK RATIONAL

C. What type of clothes should people wear in this place?

HOTS SDG

What role do trees and forests play in affecting the climate of a place? Mention any two points.

Community Connect Talk to your grandparents or some older neighbours from your community. Ask them about how weather patterns have changed over the years. Here are some questions you can ask: 1. What was the weather usually like when you were my age? 2. Have you noticed any changes in the weather patterns from the time of your childhood till the present day?

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5 Natural Disasters Chapter Overview Earthquake

Cyclones

Natural Disasters

Floods

Help During Disasters

Droughts

Get Set Name the situations the given pictures are telling about. Use can take help from the hints given along with the pictures. 1. 2.

(Hint: When there are continuous rains.)

(Hint: When the Earth shakes and shocks are felt.)

The pictures above are of natural disasters. A natural disaster is a crisis or a calamity caused by nature. These disasters occur without warning and can cause a lot of damage. They even harm people, animals and the environment. Earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones are some of the different kinds of natural disasters. In this chapter, we are going to learn about them. 244

Earthquake An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the ground. One of the major reasons for an earthquake is movements under the surface of the Earth. These movements cause sudden tremors on the Earth’s surface. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on a scale called the Richter scale. A value of 1–2 on the Richter scale indicates mild earthquakes, Destruction caused by an earthquake while that of 6 or above is considered extremely powerful. A machine that records and measures how strong an earthquake is is called a seismograph. The point from where an earthquake originates is called the focus. The place directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface is called the epicentre of the earthquake. The effects of the earthquake are maximum at the epicentre. The Himalayas and its surrounding areas experience frequent earthquakes. They are also frequent in Japan, the Philippines and on the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Safety tips to follow during an earthquake: • Drop to the ground, take cover under a sturdy table or desk and hold on until the shaking stops. • Move away from windows, glass objects and anything that could fall, like bookshelves or heavy pictures. • If you are inside, stay there until the shaking stops. Do not use lifts; use stairs instead.

Did You Know?

On 26 January 2001, Gujarat was struck by a violent earthquake that recorded 7.7 intensity in the Richter scale. It caused a huge loss of life and property.

Floods Have you ever noticed how the roads in your city sometimes become waterlogged? Sometimes, when the rain is too much for the drains to handle, water starts to collect and cannot flow away easily. This waterlogging is like a small version of what happens during a flood. Floods happen when a lot of water covers the land due to water logging or overflowing of water bodies. tremors: the shaking or vibration of the Earth's surface sturdy: something that is strong and solid or thick

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Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, cloudbursts and melting snow. Sometimes, when a dam breaks or gets damaged because of heavy rains; all the stored water can rush out quickly and flood the areas downstream of the dam. During floods, buildings are destroyed because of water filling inside them, thereby causing them to collapse. Floods in Assam There is so much build up of water that it covers roads, enters homes, and can even sweep away everything in its path. There is loss of crops as floods can wash away crops too. Floods also cause loss of lives of animals. There is a rise in epidemics, like malaria and diarrhoea, after flooding. Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are frequently affected by floods. Safety tips to follow during floods: •

Go to a high place like a rooftop or a hill where the water cannot reach you.

•

Help in rescuing older people, children and pets who are caught in the water.

•

Try to swim away from electronic appliances or heavy furniture.

• If the flow of water is too strong, try to swim to a sturdy pole or a tree, and hold on to it. •

Always listen to the instructions given by rescue officers.

Do and Learn

THINK RATIONAL

With the help of internet, prepare an evacuation plan for your family in case of floods. Include the steps to take before, during and after the floods. Share your plan with your friends as well.

Pause and Answer Write True or False. 1. Roads become filled with water when floods occur. 2. Earthquakes are measured using the Doppler scale. 3. The breaking of dams can cause floods. cloudburst: sudden violent rainstorm epidemics: when a large number of people in a specific area get sick from the same disease at the same time

246

Cyclones Cyclones are violent storms that form over seas and oceans. They cause great damage when they reach the shore. During cyclones, there is heavy rainfall, and strong winds. In India, the states of Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are frequently hit by cyclones. Safety tips to follow during cyclones: • Do not go close to the sea or the ocean. If you are out in the open, take shelter immediately. Avoid sheltering beneath trees.

Destruction caused by a cyclone, West Bengal

• Stay indoors if you live in apartments or other kinds of pucca houses. •

Stay away from electrical appliances.

Tsunami

Another natural disaster near the coastal regions is a tsunami. They are huge ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Large waves come rushing towards the land and cause flooding in minutes. The height of the waves can vary between 10 feet to 100 feet. Tsunamis can flood coastal areas and destroy homes, buildings and roads. The sudden impact of a tsunami can cause Destruction caused by a tsunami numerous people to lose their lives and others to get injured. The salty sea water brought in by the tsunami can make the soil less fertile, affecting farming and plant growth. Safety tips to follow during a tsunami: • If you hear a tsunami warning, quickly move to higher ground. • Pay attention to emergency alerts and warnings from local authorities. •

Do not go to the beach to watch the waves.

•

Use evacuation routes to reach safer areas.

numerous: too many evacuation: safe escape

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Drought A drought occurs when there is not enough rain for a long time. This causes a shortage of water for plants, animals, and people. As the underground water levels reduce, availability of water for drinking and other daily purposes becomes scarce. The geographical location of a place plays an important role in determining places affected by droughts. Deforestation, caused due to overgrazing and excessive cutting of trees is also a factor that causes droughts. During a drought, streams, lakes and wells may dry up, leading to a shortage of clean water for families. This makes it hard to cook, drink and wash properly. Farmers are most affected by A drought situation droughts. Crops dry up and die, which makes it difficult for farmers to grow food. This results in famine and starvation. Animals also struggle because there is not enough water to drink. Some ways to stop the spreading of droughts are: SDG

• The best way to tackle droughts is by planting more trees. This is known as afforestation. For example, Rajasthan has suffered less droughts after planting more trees. • Rainwater harvesting techniques should be implemented. • Water conservation projects should be implemented in states that are prone to droughts.

Error Alert!

It is believed that droughts can only happen in very hot places. But that is not true. Droughts can occur in various climates, including temperate and even cold regions, when there is a prolonged lack of rain or snowfall.

Help During Disasters A natural disaster can occur anytime. We must be trained and ready to keep ourselves and our family and friends safe if any natural disaster occurs. We must follow these steps in the event of a natural disaster. •

Remain calm and listen to instructions from adults or authorities.

• Move to a safe place away from danger, such as staying indoors during cyclones or going to higher grounds during tsunamis or floods. scarce: so less in quantity that almost nothing is left famine: extreme scarcity of food

248

•

Organise help and rescue operations.

• Stay updated through radio, TV or official announcements about what is happening and when it is safe to return to normal activities. SDG

•

elp people who are affected by natural H calamities by donating clothes, money, food and medicines to help them rebuild their lives.

Rescue efforts at an earthquake site

The government also provides help during natural disasters. It invests in advanced technologies to detect natural disasters early. In India, the NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) lays down policies for effective disaster management. Sometimes, the army is also involved to move people to safer places. During natural calamities, apart from the government, some other organizations and agencies also help the affected people. Let us talk about some of them. 1. Red Cross Society: Their symbol is a huge red cross on a white background, which is visible on all its vehicles, equipment and clothing worn by its volunteers. The Red Cross provides medical relief to the victims and helps in rehabilitating them. 2. WHO (World Health Organisation): The WHO helps during natural disasters by giving medical care and making sure people have clean water, food and healthcare. This organisation also prevents the spreading of diseases and helps communities get their health services back quickly. 3. UNICEF (The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund): UNICEF provides financial assistance and essential items, particularly to children. It also ensures that orphans and people with disabilities receive care and support after a natural disaster.

Wonders of Bharat The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is an Indian force dedicated to helping and rescuing people during natural disasters. It is made up of 16 battalions, each consisting of about 1,149 personnel. The NDRF's rapid and effective response to major disasters has been possible due to its extensive training and the use of advanced technology.

NDRF rescuing people during floods

rescue: save from a difficult situation rehabilitating: restoring someone to normal life

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Word Splash natural disaster: a crisis or a calamity caused by nature earthquake: sudden shaking of the ground seismograph: a machine used to record and measure an earthquake flood: a lot of water on land which also enters homes, etc. cyclones: violent storms that form over the sea or the ocean tsunami: a huge ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic erruption drought: when there is not enough rain for a long time

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about flood prevention management.

Points to Remember • Natural disasters are sudden events that cause widespread death, destruction and damage. • Earthquake, volcano, flood, tsunami and drought are some examples of natural disasters. • The government and some other agencies provide rescue and relief support to people affected by natural disasters.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. Which of the following is a natural disaster? a. Afforestation

b. Tsunami

c. Deforestation

B. Which instrument measures the intensity of an earthquake? a. Seismograph

250

b. Thermometer

c. Barometer

C. Which organisation provides relief, particularly for children? a. WHO

b. UNICEF

c. Red Cross

D. A drought occurs when there is a. Less rainfall

b. Thunderstorm

c. Flooding

2. Fill in the blanks. famine

coastal

floods

A. Cyclones and Tsunamis occur in B. A strong winds.

cyclone regions.

is always accompanied by heavy rainfall and

C. Epidemics, such as malaria and diarrhoea, are common after . D. A drought can result in a

3. Write True or False. A. Drought-hit areas experience heavy rainfall. B. The army does not play any role during natural disasters. C. Weather updates over the radio can help during natural disasters. D. WHO provides relief during natural disasters. 4. Match the following. A. Drought

Ground shakes violently

B. Tsunami

ii. Extreme scarcity of rain

C. Earthquake

iii. Overflowing of water everywhere

D. Flood

iv. Huge ocean wave formed due to underwater earthquake

5. Short answer questions. A. How can you identify whether the earthquake is mild or severe? B. How does a drought occur? C. How does a tsunami affect people? D. Name any two organizations that provide help during a natural calamity.

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251

6. Long answer questions. A. Write two measures each to prevent floods and droughts. B. What are the effects of a cyclone? How can we be safe during a cyclone? THINK RATIONAL

C. What is NDMA? What does it do?

7. Picture-based questions. A. Identify the natural calamity shown in the image. B. What are the two after effects of this calamity?

SEL

C. Give two safety measures to be followed during this calamity.

HOTS I magine a drought occurs in the Northern Plains of India. What do you think could happen as a result, and how would it affect the country?

THINK RATIONAL

Community Connect Natural disasters, like floods, earthquakes and cyclones, can have a huge impact on the people and the environment. Talk to your parents, neighbours or elders and ask them if they have ever experienced a natural disaster. Find out what happened, how they prepared for it and how they stayed safe. Share the learnings with your classmates.

Life Skills With the help of your teachers and friends, present a short skit on how to stay safe during an earthquake. You pretend that an earthquake happens while you are at school. Talk about what you would do to keep yourself and your friends safe during the earthquake. Then, present the skit.

ART

252

Protecting Our Environment

Chapter Overview Protecting Our Environment

Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Land Pollution

Waste Management

The 3 Rs

Get Set

THINK RATIONAL

Look at the pictures. Put a tick () against the images that are good for the environment. 1.

The environment is made up of all living and non-living things around us. It also includes human-made things. We create human-made things to make our lives easier. These include vehicles, houses, electrical appliances, roads, etc. However, human-made things have also damaged the environment in many ways, like the release of smoke into the air from factories. The damage caused to the environment results in pollution. Chapter 6 • Protecting Our Environment

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Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances in our environment (air, water, land). These harmful substances are called pollutants. Pollution is caused by things like factories and vehicles releasing smoke into the air and the act of littering. There are three main types of pollution—air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. Let us learn about each of them.

Air Pollution When harmful gases, toxic particles, or a lot of dust are released into the air, they cause air pollution. Air pollution is caused when factories, power plants and vehicles release harmful gases and smoke into the air. Burning fossil fuels, like petrol releases a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Also, various natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires and dust storms cause air pollution.

Release of smoke from a factory

Smoke from cars

Volcanic eruption

Effects on the Environment • Gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap the sun’s heat and increase the temperature of the Earth. This leads to global warming, which is the increase in the Earth’s temperature by these gases (especially carbon dioxide). • The ozone layer is a layer in the atmosphere that protects us from the harmful rays of the sun. But certain gases damage this layer, thereby exposing us to the sun's harmful rays. • When various harmful gases rise and combine with water vapour in the atmosphere, it results in acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and forests and is harmful for living beings as well. • Air pollution causes several diseases such as asthma, lung cancer and bronchitis.

People get diseases due to air pollution.

littering: throwing of waste on the ground or in a public place global warming: the increase in the temperature of the Earth due to the trapping of the sun's heat by gases such as carbon dioxide 254

Error Alert! Pollution is not something that happens outside only. Indoor air pollution is as harmful as outdoor air pollution. Major pollutants of indoor pollution include vapours from paints, and dust from tiles and cement.

Steps to Prevent Air Pollution SDG

• Encourage afforestation or the planting of trees and plants.

• Use public transport for travelling. Try carpooling with your friends and family rather than using private vehicles. Try to walk wherever possible. • Recycle garbage instead of burning them.

• Reduce the use of things that use up or burn fossil fuels. For example, electricity comes from burning huge amounts of coal. Switching off lights and fans when not using them reduces the use of electricity, thereby reducing the amount of coal used.

Water Pollution THINK RATIONAL

Have you ever seen people throwing garbage into rivers or washing their clothes on the river bank? What do you think happens to the river water due to this? When things like chemicals, garbage and sewage are dumped into our water bodies, they cause water pollution. Water pollution severely affects aquatic plants and animals and cause a lot of diseases in us. Many things cause water pollution. Some of them are:

Washing of clothes in water bodies

• Domestic chores, like bathing and washing clothes in rivers, ponds or lakes.

• Dumping untreated waste from homes and factories or immersing idols in rivers, ponds or lakes.

• Oil spills caused from oil tankers or oil mining sites pollute the ocean, severely harming marine life. It takes a very long time for the ocean waters to be clean again.

Accidental oil spill in oceans

Effects on the Environment • The consumption of dirty and polluted water causes several diseases like jaundice, cholera, typhoid and dysentery.

• Oil spills make a layer of oil on the surface of the water that reduces the amount of oxygen dissolving in the water. This causes marine plants and animals to choke and die due to lack of oxygen. Chapter 6 • Protecting Our Environment

255

Steps to Prevent Water Pollution SDG

• Never throw garbage near or in water bodies such as rivers, lakes or ponds.

• Reuse water to prevent dirty water to be drained into rivers. For example, reuse kitchen water for cleaning your car and watering your plants.

• Use more eco-friendly products so that there is less chemical waste released from your homes.

• Use reusable items instead of items that are thrown away after being used once. For example, reusing glass bottles instead of using and throwing away a plastic bottle. • Join cleaning drives to voluntarily clean local water bodies like ponds and streams.

Land Pollution Urmi and her father went to the park one evening for a walk. They noticed a garbage dump in a corner. It caused the park to smell, attracted flies, and spoilt the way the park looked. Her father told her that the dumping of waste materials on land is a cause of land pollution. Land pollution happens when land or soil gets contaminated by Dump of garbage harmful substances such as solid waste, garbage, and harmful chemicals. Another cause of land pollution is deforestation. The roots of the trees hold the soil firmly. But when trees are cut down, the fertile soil gets washed away due to running water and strong winds, thereby causing its erosion. Dumping of non-recyclable waste such as polythene bags, plastic bottles, chemical waste and e-waste (old laptops, mobile phones, televisions and computers) on land causes pollution. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural purposes, and animal and human waste also cause land pollution.

Heavy use of fertilisers

Effects on the Environment • Most plants need soil to grow. We get our food from plants. Plants grown in polluted soil may contain harmful substances that reach us through the food we eat. This can cause several diseases. • Some animals and plants die due to soil contamination and hence, the food chain gets disturbed. • Chemicals in the soil also leak into the ground water or get washed into rivers during rains. This contaminates the water we use for our domestic purposes, and cause diseases. pesticides: chemical sprays used to kill insects on crops 256

Steps to Prevent Land Pollution SDG

• Create less waste. For example, carry your water bottle instead of purchasing a new one, each time you go out. • Plant more trees and use organic manure for agricultural purposes.

• Dispose of waste properly. Throw biodegradable wastes into green bins and non-biodegradable wastes into blue bins.

Pause and Answer Complete the following sentences. 1. The increase in the Earth’s temperature is called

2. Oil spills in oceans reduce the supply of dissolved 3. One of the main causes of land pollution is

. .

Waste Management Materials that are no longer useful to people are called waste. It is important to dispose of waste properly. Otherwise, it can lead to pollution and the spreading of germs and diseases. Waste is sorted into two types: • The waste that can be broken down by worms and bacteria when mixed with the soil is called biodegradable waste. Fruit and vegetable peels, paper and leaves are some examples of biodegradable waste. It is useful for the environment. It can be converted into manure, which can be used to improve the fertility of the soil. This is done through a process called composting. In this process, biodegradable waste is buried in the soil for around two months.

Use separate bins for different types of wastes

• Waste that cannot be broken down by worms and bacteria when mixed with the soil is called non-biodegradable waste. Plastic items, metal cans, glass bottles, etc. are examples of non-biodegradable waste.

During waste disposal, biodegradable waste should be thrown in green-coloured dustbins while non-biodegradable waste should be thrown in blue-coloured dustbins.

Discuss! What are the benefits of using separate dustbins for different types of waste? Is it necessary to do so? Discuss with your classmates.

Chapter 6 • Protecting Our Environment

257

The 3Rs We should follow the policy of the 3Rs to protect our environment. The 3Rs are: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Reduce: Reduce your usage of things that generates more non-biodegradable waste. We should reduce our usage of plastic since it cannot be broken down in the soil and it creates waste. We should only buy as much as we need so that excess items do not have to be thrown away.

Plastic bottles for recycling

Reuse: Some items can be used again and again. We can reuse plastic bottles to store water instead of throwing them away. We can reuse cloth bags to carry grocery instead of plastic bags. Plastic containers can be used to store things around the house.

Recycle: Items that cannot be reused can be made into other useful items. This process is called recycling. Old newspapers can be used to make paper bags. Waste objects made of metal are melted in factories to make other items. Even water can be recycled. The water that we use to cook food can be used to water plants. SDG

Following the policy of the 3Rs in our daily lives will help us protect our environment and keep it clean and green.

Do and Learn

ART

Gather old newspapers, magazines, empty plastic bottles, cardboard boxes and other unusable items from your home. Use your creativity to make new items such as a flower vase, pot holders, pen stands, etc., from these materials. Decorate your new item with the materials of your choice.

Wonders of Bharat The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan is known for their deep respect for nature and wildlife. The Bishnoi people are popularly known for their efforts to save trees from being cut down. A few people from the Bishnoi community.

Word Splash pollution: the addition of harmful substances into the environment pollutants: harmful substances that pollute the environment

258

afforestation: planting of trees and plants deforestation: cutting down trees and forests over a large area of land biodegradable waste: waste from natural materials that can be broken down non-biodegradable waste: waste that cannot be broken down

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about air pollution.

Points to Remember • Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. • There are three major types of pollution—air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. • When harmful gases or toxic particles are released into the air, they cause air pollution. • When land or soil gets contaminated by harmful substances such as solid waste, garbage, and metal containers, it causes land pollution. • When chemicals, wastes and sewage are added into water bodies, these pollute water and cause water pollution. • Waste can be sorted into two types: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. • The policy of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle can help us protect our environment.

Chapter Checkup 1. Tick ( ) the correct answer. A. One cause of air pollution is a. burning of fossil fuels.

b. sounds from factories.

c. sewage. B. Water pollution causes diseases like a. cholera.

b. asthma.

c. high blood pressure. Chapter 6 • Protecting Our Environment

259

C. We can tackle land pollution by a. recycling.

b. throwing garbage in the open.

c. cutting down trees. D. The 3Rs stand for a. Reject, Redeem, Repurpose

b. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

c. Refuse, Redo, Remember 2. Fill in the blanks. pollution

acid

afforestation

biodegradable

A. environment.

is the introduction of harmful substances into our

rain has harmful effects on buildings and living beings.

C. We should throw

waste into green dustbins.

D. Planting of trees is called

3. Write True or False. A. Air pollution can cause respiratory problems. B. Water pollution does not affect aquatic life. C. Planting trees helps reduce air pollution. D. Recycling means creating new things out of old objects. 4. Match the following. A. Air pollution

Soil-borne diseases, skin allergies

B. Land pollution

ii. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery

C. Water pollution

iii. Asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis

D. Biodegradable waste

iv. Generated from natural things

5. Short answer questions.

A. Define pollution and pollutants.

B. Mention one harmful effect of land pollution on humans. C. What is global warming?

D. What are the 3Rs about protecting the environment?

260

6. Long answer questions.

A. Write a note on the causes and ways to control air pollution. B. What are the two types of waste? How are they different?

C. In what can we apply the 3Rs in our lives to prevent environmental pollution? Give any three ways. 7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions. A. Which type of pollution is shown in the given image?

B. How will this type of pollution affect the plants and animals that depend on water?

C. Write two ways that we can use to reduce this type of pollution.

HOTS THINK RATIONAL

SDG

1. A forested area was cleared to build a highway. How do you think this will affect the environment? 2. What would happen if we keep polluting our environment? How do you think it will affect our future generations? Explain in 2 points.

Community Connect Ask your family and neighbours about how they recycle things at home. Then, discuss with them about more ways of reusing and recycling things that would further reduce the amount of waste produced at home and in your neighbourhood.

Life Skills INTEGRATED

With your parents and neighbours, organise a cleanliness drive for a nearby water body. Collect and separate waste into different coloured garbage bags. You can use green colour bags for biodegradable waste and blue/black bags for non-biodegradable waste. Make a note of 5 items you put in each bag.

Chapter 6 • Protecting Our Environment

261

PROJECT 1 Reuse and Recycle Objectives: Students will understand the importance of reusing and recycling materials to protect the environment. Materials Needed: Used plastic bottles, cans, cardboard, scissors, glue, tape, paint or markers, paper, pencils Step 1: Learn About Reuse and Recycle Study the basics of Reuse and Recycle, as concepts, from textbooks or online resources. Understand their importance and how they impact the environment. Step 2: Collect Reusable Items Gather items from home that are usually thrown away—plastic bottles, cardboard and aluminium cans. Step 3: Sort the Items Sort the collected items based on whether they can be reused or recycled. Step 4: Reuse Use the sorted items to create something useful, such as turning plastic bottles into plant pots or aluminium cans into pencil holders. Step 5: Recycle Work together with your friends or classmates to collect all the recyclable items, like glass and paper. You can then give it away to a scrap dealer for recycling. Project Output: Now you have created useful items from waste, and contributed to recycling of materials. Share your experience in the class. Final Outcome: This hands-on project will help you understand the importance of reusing and recycling materials; and how they can positively impact the environment by reducing waste output.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

262

Assessment 1 Read this news article. Answer the questions given below.

Cyclone Hits Coastal City

On Monday, a powerful cyclone named Cyclone Vara hit the coastal city of Vardhanpur, causing heavy rain and strong winds. The cyclone warning was issued two days before the storm, giving the local government time to prepare. Early preparations included evacuating people from low-lying areas and closing schools and offices. Emergency shelters were set up, and rescue teams were kept on standby. Despite these efforts, the cyclone damaged many homes, uprooted trees, and disrupted electricity supply across the city. The local hospital reported a few injuries but, fortunately, no loss of life. After the cyclone passed, the government quickly began the repair work. Workers cleared fallen trees and restored power lines. Roads were repaired, and relief camps provided food and water to those whose homes were destroyed. The city’s mayor praised the efforts of the citizens and emergency workers in their timely response to the crisis. Although Vardhanpur is recovering, it will take time for the city to return to normal. 1. What was the name of the cyclone that hit Vardhanpur? a. Cyclone Vara

b. Cyclone Vayu

c. Cyclone Titli

d. Cyclone Phailin

2. Why were people evacuated from low-lying areas before the cyclone? a. To protect buildings

b. To prevent waterlogging

c. To ensure safety from flooding

d. To stop traffic jams

3. How did the cyclone harm the city? 4. Imagine you are the mayor of Vardhanpur. What additional steps would you take to make sure the city is better prepared for future cyclones? Write any two steps.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed. Assessment 1

263

Model Test Paper - 1 Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour 1

Total Marks: 40

Tick (✔) the correct answer. A

(1 × 5 marks)

What is the 0° longitude called?

a Equator

c Tropic of Capricorn B

What do political maps show information about?

a Landforms

c Population D

International date line

How many climatic zones is the Earth divided into?

a 6 C

Prime Meridian

Temperature

States and cities

What is the pathway along which the Earth revolves around the Sun?

a Axis

Orbit

Equator

Latitude

E Which instrument measures the intensity of an earthquake?

a Seismograph

c Thermometer

Barometer Anemometer

2 Fill in the blanks.

(1 × 5 marks) cyclone grid

moisture

axis

scale

The Earth rotates on an imaginary tilted line called the

is always accompanied by heavy rainfall and strong winds.

C Latitudes and longitudes intersect and form a network of lines called a

D A

shows the ratio between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground.

Humidity is the measure of

present in the air.

3 Write ONE word for the following. A The time of the year when the Sun shines directly on

one of the tropics.

B Scientists who study the climate and weather patterns. C A huge ocean wave caused by an underwater

earthquake or volcanic eruption.

264

(1 × 5 marks)

D Cutting down trees and forests over a large area of land. E Horizontal lines drawn around the globe. 4 Write True or False. A

(1 × 5 marks)

Water bodies are represented in shades of green on a map.

B The frigid zone is far from the Equator and remains cold for

most of the year.

Latitudes are also called parallels.

Drought-hit areas experience heavy rainfall.

Seasons are caused due to the revolution of the Earth.

Picture-based questions.

(1 + 2 + 1 marks)

A What type of map is this? B What does this type of

map tell us?

SRI LANKA

C What information do

you get from the key of this map?

Answer the following questions in short. A B C D

What is global warming?

Differentiate between land breeze and sea breeze. What is an equinox?

Name any two organisations that provide help during a natural calamity.

7 Answer the following questions in detail. A

(2 × 4 marks)

What is Indian Standard Time? How is it calculated?

(4 × 2 marks)

B What are the 3Rs? Write any 3 ways that we can apply them to our lives to

prevent environmental pollution.

Model Test Paper - 1

265

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 1 World Leaders, 2024 �� 268 2 Heroes of Indian Freedom �� 270 3 Hockey in India �� 272 4 Animals of the Tropical Rainforest �� 274 5 7 New Wonders of the World �� 276 6 Renowned Filmmakers �� 278 7 Kitchen Gardening �� 280 8 Banks and Their Uses �� 282 Answers �� 284

267

Explore More!

World Leaders, 2024

The leader of a country makes important decisions that affect people’s lives. They are chosen to lead countries. Let us learn about some of the leaders who were elected in the year 2024.

Vladimir Putin

Narendra Modi

Cyril Ramaphosa

Keir Starmer

He became the president of Russia for the fifth term in May after winning the 2024 Russian presidential elections. Previously, he served as Russia’s president from 2000 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2024.

He was elected the president of South Africa for the second time in June after the South African national elections of 2024. He has served as the president of South Africa since 2018.

He became the prime minister of India for the third time in June after the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. He served as India’s prime minister from 2014 to 2019 and 2019 to 2024.

He became the prime minister of the United Kingdom in July after winning the 2024 UK general elections. He was also the Leader of the Opposition from 2020 to 2024.

Anura Kumara Dissanayake

He became the president of Sri Lanka in September 2024 after winning the 2024 Sri Lankan presidential elections. He is the 9th executive president of Sri Lanka.

21st SKILLS

The leader of a country is responsible for making important decisions that affect the nation’s future. A good leader takes responsibility for his/her actions and sets a good example for others to follow.

268

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Name the leaders. a Prime Minister of India b Prime Minister of the UK c President of Russia d President of South Africa e President of Sri Lanka

2 Fill in the blanks. a Vladimir Putin was elected as the president of Russia for the term.

b Narendra Modi served as the prime minister of India from to

and

to 2024.

c Cyril Ramaphosa became the president of South Africa for the first time in the year

d Keir Starmer was the

from 2020 to 2024.

e Anura Kumara Dissanayke is the

executive president

of Sri Lanka.

HOTS

3 Write the names of the countries led by the following leaders and the months in which they were appointed to their positions in 2024. Leaders

Country

Month

a Narendra Modi b Vladimir Putin c Cyril Ramaphosa d Anura Kumara Dissanayake e Keir Starmer

Topic 1 • World Leaders, 2024

269

Heroes of Indian Freedom

Explore More!

India gained its independence from British rule due to the efforts of its brave freedom fighters. Let us learn about them.

Mahatma Gandhi

He was a popular leader of India’s independence struggle. He led important movements like the Salt March and the Quit India Movement. He believed in nonviolence. His birthday, 2 October, is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti.

Subhas Chandra Bose

He was a leader who joined the non-cooperation movement started by Gandhi. He founded the Indian National Army. He is also known as Netaji. His birthday, 23 January, is celebrated as Netaji Jayanti. Tum mujhe khoon do, mein tumhe azadi doonga (‘Give me blood and I will give you freedom’) is a famous declaration by Netaji.

Bhagat Singh

He was a courageous hero of the Indian freedom movement. He began to protest against British rule at a young age and fought for national independence. In his honour, the anniversary of his death, 23 March, has been declared as Shaheed Diwas. He made the slogan, Inquilab Zindabad (Long Live Revolution) popular.

Bipin Chandra Pal

He was a prominent Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and writer. He was one of the key members of the Swadeshi movement that encouraged people to use only Indianmade products. He was also a strong supporter of Swaraj (self-rule) for India.

Lala Lajpat Rai

Lala Lajpat Rai was a writer, politician and a famous leader in India’s struggle for independence. He was known as Punjab Kesari for his acts of protest against the British. Some of his most memorable writings include Unhappy India.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

He was a scholar, teacher and a devoted leader. He played an important role in inspiring the nationalist movement. He earned the title Lokmanya. He also talked about the importance of education and unity among the people of India. ‘Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it’ is a famous statement he made.

Jawaharlal Nehru

SEL SDG

He emerged as the leader of the country’s youth during India’s independence movement. He led a historic session at Lahore which declared complete independence as India’s political goal. After independence, he became the first prime minister of India in 1947.

BHARAT VALUE

Our freedom fighters fought for our country’s independence. They displayed courage, dedication and patriotism. We should be proud of our country and its history.

HOTS

TEAM WORK

INTEGRATED

THINK RATIONAL

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

270

CRITICAL THINKING

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Write the titles given to these freedom fighters. a Bal Gangadhar Tilak b Lala Lajpat Rai c Subhas Chandra Bose

2 Which freedom fighters popularised/said these words? a Inquilab Zindabad. b Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it. c Tum mujhe khoon do, mein tumhe azadi doonga. 3 Write the dates of these events. a Gandhi Jayanti: b Shaheed Diwas: c Netaji Jayanti:

HOTS

4 Which hero of the Indian Freedom Movement am I? a I became the first Prime Minister of India in 1947. b I believed in nonviolence. c My birth anniversary is celebrated as Netaji Jayanti. d My death anniversary is celebrated as Shaheed Diwas. e I wrote the book Unhappy India. f

I was one of the key members of the Swadeshi movement.

Topic 2 • Heroes of Indian Freedom

271

Hockey in India

Hockey is a popular sport in India. It is played by two teams of 11 players each. The players use J-shaped sticks to hit the ball into the opposite team’s goal.

National Hockey Teams of India

• Men’s team • Women’s team

• Junior men’s team • Junior women’s team

A Golden Era in Hockey

From 1928 to 1956, the Indian men’s hockey team won six consecutive gold medals at the Olympics.

The Indian Hockey Team, 1948

Busting the Myth

Due to hockey’s popularity, many people regard it as India’s national sport. However, this is a myth. In 2012, the Sports Ministry undersecretary Shiv Pratap Singh Tomar clarified that there is no record from the ministry that hockey, or any other sport is our national game.

HEALTH

Explore More!

Major Dhyan Chand is known as the Wizard of Indian Hockey. He was a three-time Olympic gold medallist. On 29 August every year, his birthday is celebrated as the National Sports Day.

The Men’s National Hockey Team

Some International Achievements

• It is the most successful team in the Olympics with 8 gold, 1 silver and 4 bronze medals. • They have won medals in many other events: - World Cup: Gold in 1975, silver in 1973 and bronze in 1971 - Asian Games: 4 gold, 9 silver and 3 bronze medals - Asia Cup: 3 gold, 5 silver and 2 bronze medals - Asian Champions Trophy: 5 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze medal

The Women’s National Hockey Team

Some International Achievements • The women’s team represented India for the first time at the Olympics in 1980. • The team has won medals at many events: - Asian Games: 1 gold, 2 silver and 4 bronze medals - Asia Cup: 2 gold, 2 silver and 3 bronze medals - Asian Champions Trophy: 2 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medal.

Hockey is a high-energy sport that needs players to constantly move. It improves physical health and enhances the balance and coordination of a player.

272

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Answer the following correctly. a The number of players in a hockey team: b The number of Indian hockey teams: c The shape of a hockey stick is like this letter: d The years during which the men’s national hockey team won consecutive Olympic gold medals:

e The number of times Major Dhyan Chand won Olympic gold medals:

The number of Olympic gold medals won by the men’s national hockey team:

2 Fill in the blanks. a Major Dhyan Chand is known as the

of Indian hockey.

b The Indian men's hockey team won

consecutive gold medals

at the Olympics.

c In World Cup, the Indian men's hockey team won gold in in

, silver

and bronze medals in 1971.

d The Indian women's hockey team represented India at the Olympics for the first time in the year

HOTS

3 Write down the number of medals won by the Indian hockey teams in the given tournaments. Tournament a Asian Games

Men's Team Gold

Silver

Bronze

Women's Team Gold

Silver

Bronze

b Asia Cup

c Asian Champions Trophy

Topic 3 • Hockey in India

273

Animals of the Tropical Rainforest

Explore More!

Tropical rainforests are dense forests that are warm and receive a large amount of rainfall. They are home to a large variety of animals and birds. Sloths are found mostly in the rainforests of Central and South America. They live in trees. They have curved claws that are four inches long which enable them to hold onto branches and hang from the trees. They spend 15 to 20 hours per day sleeping.

Toucans are found in the rainforests of America. They spend most of their time nesting high in the forests. They take shelter in hollowed-out trees. Toucans have large bills that can be four times the size of their head!

Poison dart frogs are found in the rainforests of Central and South America. They are small frogs with brightlycoloured bodies. Their skin is poisonous! The golden poison frog is the most poisonous of all. This frog has enough poison to kill about 20,000 mice.

Orangutans are redhaired apes that live in the tropical rainforests on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. They can weigh up to 100 kg which makes them the heaviest tree-dwelling animals. They have extremely long arms.

Okapi are found mainly in the Rainforest of Ituri in the, Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa. Although they have stripes like a zebra on their legs and a body like a horse, they actually belong to the giraffe family. The tongue of an okapi is long enough to clean its eyelids, ears and even its neck.

Boa constrictors are large rainforest snakes, found mainly in Central and South America. The anaconda, a member of the boa family, can grow as long as 9 metres! They are non-venomous. Boa constrictors give birth to babies, unlike other snakes that lay eggs.

GO GREEN

Tropical rainforests once covered about 14% of the Earth’s surface, but now they only cover around 6%. They are being destroyed at an alarming rate. It is important to make efforts to save the rainforests in order to protect the environment.

274

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Fill in the box with the correct number. a Sloths have claws that are

inches long.

b Anacondas can grow as big as

metres.

c The golden poison frog has enough poison to kill about d The bills of toucans can be

mice.

times the size of their heads.

2 Where do I live? a Orangutans are found in the rainforests of

b Toucans are found mostly in the rainforests of

c Sloths are found mostly in the the rainforests of

d Okapi are found in the rainforest of

3 Complete the sentences. a Other snakes lay eggs, while boa constrictors b The long claws of sloths help them to c The long tongues of the okapi help them to HOTS

4 Read the features. Then, write the names of the animals. a It is a slow-moving animal that spends most of its time clinging to trees:

b It is the most poisonous frog: c They have stripes like a zebra on their legs and a body like a horse.

d They are the heaviest tree-dwelling apes: e They are birds with large, colourful bills: Topic 4 • Animals of the Tropical Rainforest

275

Explore More!

7 New Wonders of the World

On 7-07-2007, the New 7 Wonders Foundation (now an official partner of the UN) declared the new 7 wonders of the world. These wonders were chosen by the votes of more than 10 crore people across the world. The Taj Mahal

The Colosseum

Agra, India

Rome, Italy

It is made of white marble and is located on the banks of the River Yamuna. The main structure has four pillars (minars) around it. It was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

It is the largest amphitheatre ever built. It could host about 50,000 people at once. It was built by the Romans as an entertainment venue and for hosting human fights and animal hunts.

The Great Wall of China

Christ the Redeemer

China This 21,196-km-long wall is one of the largest buildingconstruction projects in the world. It spreads from the eastern seaside to the western desert in northern China. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, ordered its construction to protect his people from nomads. Machu Picchu

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil This 30-m-tall statue of Jesus Christ with open arms stands on top of Corcovado Mountain. It was viewed as a symbol of hope and peace for the people after World War I.

Chichén Itzá

Petra

Andes mountains, Peru

Yucatán State, Mexico

Petra, Jordan

It is a ruined, stone city of the Inca Empire. It was hidden in the middle of a mountain forest. Archaeologist, Hiram Bingham, found it in 1911. Thus, it is also called The Lost City of the Incas.

It is the site of a ruined ancient Mayan city. It is most popular for its temple pyramid. The pyramid has 365 steps, for each day of a year. The complex also has the Temple of Warriors.

It is a ruined city of an ancient Arab kingdom, located in a distant valley and surrounded by mountains. It is half-built and halfcarved into the rocks. It is also known as the RedRose City because of the colour of its rocks.

GO GREEN

All monuments are an important part of our cultural heritage. We should protect them from damage and conserve them.

276

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

In which cities are these new wonders located? a Taj Mahal

b Colosseum

c Christ the Redeemer 2

In which countries are these new wonders located? a Chichén Itzá

b Machu Picchu

c Petra 3

SDG

4 HOTS

Fill in the blanks with the correct names of the wonders of the world. a

is a 30-metre-tall statue.

has a famous temple pyramid.

is the largest amphitheatre ever built.

d seven wonders of the world.

is the longest of all the new

was part of an Arab kingdom.

f of his late wife.

was built by an emperor in memory

g of the forest.

is a ruined stone city in the middle

Who am I? a I am known as The Lost City, as I was found in the year 1911.

THINK RATIONAL

CRITICAL THINKING

b The rose colour of my rocks gave me the name, The Red-Rose City. c I gave hope to people after a time of chaos during World War 1.

Topic 5 • 7 New Wonders of the World

277

Renowned Filmmakers

Explore More!

Films help us see and understand different people, places and stories. Many filmmakers from different parts of the world have inspired us with their films. Let us learn about some of them.

Asia

Satyajit Ray was an Indian filmmaker known for depicting intense emotions and social issues in his films. He received an Honorary Oscar in 1992 for his lifetime achievements and contribution to world cinema.

Major Films: Pather Panchali and Aparajito

North America

Quentin Tarantino is an American filmmaker and a two-time Oscar winner. His films are known for their sharp dialogue and complex stories.

Major Films: Pulp Fiction and Django Unchained

Africa

Haile Gerima is an Ethiopian filmmaker known for showing social realities of Black communities in his films. He has been a film professor at Howard University since 1975.

Major Films: Sankofa and Bush Mama SEL

Europe

Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne are brothers from Belgium known for depicting strong emotions in their films. They made a lot of films on working-class themes and characters. Major Films: The Child and Two Days, One Night

South America

Fernando Meirelles is a Brazilian filmmaker known for his captivating films. His films touch upon different social issues and have received international acclaim.

Major Films: City of God and Blindness

Oceania

Jane Campion is a filmmaker from New Zealand, known for having great visual effects and strong emotions in her films. She won the Oscar for Best Director in 2022 for the film, The Power of the Dog.

Major Films: The Piano and Bright Star

SDG BHARAT VALUE

Films have a unique power to reach audiences on an emotional level. Through relatable characters and storytelling, they can highlight the importance of virtues like honesty and courage. HOTS

TEAM WORK

INTEGRATED

THINK RATIONAL

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

278

CRITICAL THINKING

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Name any two films made by each of the following filmmakers. Filmmakers

Films

a Quentin Tarantino b Haile Gerima c Jane Campion d Satyajit Ray 2 Sort the given filmmakers based on the parts of the world they come from. Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne Jane Campion Haile Gerima Fernando Meirelles Satyajit Ray Quentin Tarantino

HOTS

a Asia

d North America

b Europe

e South America

c Africa

Oceania

3 Which filmmaker am I? a I am Ethiopian and I am known for films that depict realities of Black communities.

b I am from New Zealand and I am known for films which have great visual effects.

c I am American and I am known for films that have sharp dialogue and complex stories.

d We are brothers from Belgium known for depicting strong emotions in films.

e I am the only Indian director to receive an Honorary Oscar in 1992.

Topic 6 • Renowned Filmmakers

279

Explore More!

Kitchen Gardening

Kitchen gardening means growing food—fruit and vegetables in a small space —mostly for the everyday use of a family. One can grow a kitchen garden in any available space at home, like on the balcony, in a backyard or on a roof.

Grow Your Kitchen Garden 1. Choose a spot and decide the layout.

2. Prepare the soil.

3. Seeds or seedlings.

Choose a spot in the backyard or balcony with enough sunlight for plant growth and decide the size of the kitchen garden.

Use nutrientrich soil for better plant growth. You can also add manure to it. Remove the stones and hard soil from the pot or patch.

Gently, sow the seeds in the soil. We can buy seedlings from a nursery. We should plant seeds which grow best during the season when we are sowing.

4. Water the plants.

5. Maintain plant health.

6. Wait and harvest.

Water the plants regularly according to their need. Avoid overwatering the plants.

Check the plants regularly to see if they are growing well or have pests. Check for weeds and remove them.

The seeds take time to grow into fruit, leaves or vegetables. Gently harvest the fruit, leaves and vegetables. Avoid any damage to the plants.

Importance of a Kitchen Garden

Things We Can Grow

y The food grown in a kitchen garden is much healthier than the food we buy from the market. y A kitchen garden provides us with naturally grown food, free from any chemicals. y It helps us to save money and utilise the free space in and around our house.

y We can grow many vegetables like lady finger, chilies, spinach and spring onions. y We can grow fruit like tomatoes, strawberries, lemons and blueberries. y We can also grow herbs like mint, coriander, basil and rosemary.

HEALTH

Growing food at home fosters healthy eating habits. Fresh, home-grown fruit and vegetables are nutritious and free from harmful chemicals, thus promoting good health and well-being. 280

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Name any four vegetables, herbs or fruit that we can grow in a kitchen garden.

HOTS

2 Number the steps of kitchen gardening (1-4) in the correct order. a Sow the seeds or seedlings.

c Harvest the final produce.

b Water the plants and check them regularly.

d Choose a spot for the kitchen garden.

3 Write whether the step is a Do or Don’t when growing a kitchen garden. a We should select a place where there is enough sunlight. b We should remove stones and hard soil before sowing seeds. c We should not consider the seasons when selecting seeds. d We should not add manure to the soil. e We can buy seeds from a nursery. f

We should avoid overwatering the plants.

g We should not remove the weeds from the soil. h We should damage the plants while harvesting.

Topic 7 • Kitchen Gardening

281

Banks and Their Uses

Explore More!

A bank is a place that keeps and manages people’s money, with permission from the government.

What is a bank?

A bank is an institution where money is kept and managed. We need to open an account with the bank. When we open a bank account, we get an account number.

Depositing and Withdrawing Money

When we put money into our bank account, it is called depositing money. It could be through cash, cheque or electronic transfer. We can take money out of our bank account as well to pay bills, shop or to pay other expenses. When we take our money out of the bank, it is called withdrawing money.

Lending Money

We need money for different things in our lives. When people buy a car, a house or set up their own business, they need a lot of money. In such cases, people can take a loan from the bank. Taking a loan, means borrowing money from the bank with an agreement to return it later.

Keeping Valuables Safe

Banks have lockers. These lockers are in a secure room. Only the person who owns the locker can open it with their key. People keep valuable items, like jewellery and important documents, in their locker to keep them safe.

Importance of Banks for the Nation

Having a good banking system is very important for a country. Banks help businesses function and create jobs. They help regulate the flow of money.

21st SKILLS

With the help of your parents, find out about the different steps to open a bank account.

282

Practice Time 1

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blanks. a A bank is a place where people can keep their b We can put our money in a

. (clothes/money)

account. (bank/shop)

c Putting money in a bank is called

money. (spending/depositing)

d Taking out our money from the bank is called

money.

(withdrawing/saving)

e When banks lend money to people, it is called a f

. (gift/loan)

in a bank is where people can keep their gold. (locker/drawer)

2 Write True or False. a A bank is not a safe place to keep our money. b We can put our money in a bank through cash or a cheque. c Banks can gift people money on special occasions like their birthdays.

d People can also safely keep their important papers in a bank. HOTS

3 Write the correct reasons. a People may need to borrow money from a bank for: ,

b Banks are important because they: create

, and help the

4 Help Rajiv, a businessman, reach the bank quickly as he has to take a loan for his new project.

Topic 8 • Banks and Their Uses

283

A n swe rs 4. a. Sloth

1. World Leaders, 2024 1. a. Narendra Modi

b. Keir Starmer

c. Vladimir Putin

2. a. fifth

b. 2014, 2019, 2019

d. Leader of the Opposition

3. a. India, June

b. Russia, May

c. South Africa, June

e. United Kingdom, July

2. a. Bhagat Singh

b. 23 March

b. Mahatma Gandhi

e. Lala Lajpat Rai

e. three

2. a. Wizard 3.

f. 8

Tournament

Women's Team 2

b Asia Cup

c Asian Champions

c. 20,000

d. Four

2. a. The Island of Sumatra and Borneo

c. Central and South America

d. Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa

3. a. give birth to babies

b. hold branches and hang from trees c. clean their eyelids, ears and neck

284

g. Machu Picchu

b. Petra

c. Christ the

6. Renowned Filmmakers

1. a. Pulp Fiction, Django Unchained b. Sankofa, Bush Mama

c. The Piano, Bright Star

d. Pather Panchali, Aparajito

2. a. Satyajit Ray

b. Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne

b. Jane Campion

c. Quentin Tarantino d. Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne e. Satyajit Ray

7. Kitchen Gardening

1. Spinach, Tomatoes, Coriander, Lemons 2. a. 2

3. a. Do

4. Animals of the Tropical Rainforest

b. America

4. a. Machu Picchu Redeemer

3. a. Haile Gerima

b. 9

f. Taj Mahal

f. Jane Campion

1. a. four

d. The Great Wall of China

c. 1975, 1973

Trophy

e. Petra

b. Chichen Itza

e. Fernando Meirelles

c. Jordan

c. Haile Gerima

Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze

Asian Games

c. The Colosseum

d. Quentin Tarantino

Men's Team

e. Toucan

c. Rio de Janeiro

b. Peru

d. 1928 to 1956

c. J

b. six

d. 1980

d. Bhagat Singh

f. Bipin Chandra Pal

3. Hockey in India b. 4

c. Netaji

c. 23 January

c. Subhash Chandra Bose

b. Rome

3. a. Christ the Redeemer

b. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

4. a. Jawaharlal Nehru

1. a. 11

2. a. Mexico

d. Sri Lanka, September

c. Subhash Chandra Bose

3. a. 2 October

1. a. Agra

e. 9th

b. Punjab Kesari

d. Orangutan

5. 7 New Wonders of the World

c. 2018

2. Heroes of Indian Freedom 1. a. Lokmanya

c. Okapi

d. Cyril Ramaphosa

e. Anura Kumara Dissanayake

b. Golden poison frog

b. 3

e. Do

b. Do

f. Do

c. 4

d. 1

c. Don’t

g. Don’t

d. Don’t

h. Don’t

8. Banks and Their Uses 1. a. money

b. bank

d. withdrawing

2. a. False

b. True

e. loan

3. a. Car, Home, Business b. jobs, businesses

c. depositing

c. False

f. locker

d. True

encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

• Digital Aids: Animated talking books, interactive quizzes for additional practice and curated learning videos

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ISBN 978-81-981206-1-8

INS_G05_EMSSG_Term1-2-3_Cover_SS.indd 2-4

Unlock Learning Across Subjects

Term 1

• Experiential and Applicative Learning: Projects and activities designed for real-life settings, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills

Social Science

• Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking: Intellectually stimulating questions designed to

General Knowledge

Key Features

Science

• Semester Books • Uolo App • Teacher Guide

Mathematics

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English

Insights • Term 1

About the Book

NEP 2020 based

NCF 2023 compliant

19/12/24 5:12 PM