Baghdad 21st - Revival of a Historical City by Turath

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Baghdad 21st Revival of a Historic Center Is

INITIATIVE Publications

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

A review of the steps to transform Baghdad Historic City Centre (BHCC) into a great place to live, work and celebrate

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

2017 Taghalub Abdul Hadi No part of the book may be reprinted, reproduced or stored by any means unless authorized by the author

Iheaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a Initiative Supported & sponsored By TURATH Heritage NFP Montreal, Canada College of Engineering Nahrain University Baghdad, Iraq Architectural Engineering Department University of Technology Baghdad, Iraq Al Kindi Association for Engineers London, UK

Abbasid palace A wall brick work details for the palace which is located near the North Gate overlooking the Tigris. It is believed to have been built by Caliph Al-Naser Ledinillah (1179 - 1225) AD

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Foreword This book is about an Iraqi dream and a Baghdadi ambition to get the city back on its feet after decades of neglect that led to the destruction of some of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most precious monuments and heritage icons. Today, Baghdad is in need of a development project that will not only preserve the urban heritage of the area but should include the social and economic development of the entire area. The feasibility of such a project shall exceed the boundaries of BHCC and the surrounding city and will lead to the revival of private sector activities in various fields such as tourism, handicrafts, trade, and services.

Such development shall also create many investment opportunities and provide thousands of promising jobs. In particular, it will provide great potentials for the youth through the creation of small enterprises that will enrich the region and contribute to creating a sustainable economy.

Introduction Dr. Stefano Bianca, Director Emeritus, Aga Khan Historic Cities Program

Stefano Bianca Stefano Bianca was born in 1941 in Lisbon. He received most of his education in Switzerland, earning his masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in architecture and his Ph.D. in architectural history at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. As researcher and writer, he has extensively studied the architecture of the Muslim World since 1966, focusing on the interrelation between cultural patterns and corresponding built environments. As practising architect and urban designer, he has directed between 1975 and 1991 a number of conservation and urban rehabilitation projects in historic cities of the Muslim World, including Fez, Cairo, Aleppo, Damascus, Sanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a, Baghdad, Medina, and Riyadh, some on behalf of UNESCO, some on behalf of local authorities. Since his retirement in 2006, Stefano Bianca has worked as a free-lance consultant and held courses at the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London,

Heritage based plan A visual from for the river front report submitted to Amanat Baghdad back in 1984.

as well as advising on urban planning in Baghdad, Nejaf and Karbala.

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

The name of Baghdad evokes a period of political and cultural glory under the early Abbasid dynasty, when the city was the focal point of the young Islamic empire. The spirit of that period is incorporated by legendary figures, such as Haroon arRasheed and others, who have been immortalized in the tales of 1001 Nights. However, besides literary reminiscences, no physical traces have remained of the early capital on the Tigris. To make things worse, the Mongol invasion of 1258 A.D. wiped out most of the remains of historic Baghdad from the later Abassid period. Urban resurrection under new auspices was achieved in the 13th century through the Seljuk dynasty, when a new walled district of the name of Rusafa was established that today is still identified with the historic core of Baghdad. Besides regaining some of its former commercial importance, Rusafa also resumed some of Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s former intellectual radiance, thanks to the Nizamiya Madrasa, whose greatest teacher has been Muhamed al-Ghazali (1056-1111), one of the leading thinkers of the Islamic world. While it could no longer compete with other emerging capitals of the Middle East, such as Cairo, Isfahan and Istanbul, Rusafa remained an important provincial centre and cultural hub of the Mesopotamian region until the late days of the Ottoman Empire, which for a short period were followed by British colonial rule. It was at that time, in the early 20th century, that the first urban redevelopment schemes were introduced with the construction of Rasheed Street (1914), a few decades later followed by Khifa Street and the much more aggressive incision of Khulafa Street. The sum of these interventions eventually meant that the modern expansion of Baghdad did not occur adjacent to or outside of the historic core (as was the case in many other old cities of the Islamic World), but in fact was carved out of the pre-existing urban fabric. This superimposition between two very differently conditioned urban systems became increasingly destructive, particularly at the time of Saddam Hussein, when massive urban redevelopment became a tool for establishing an excessively ambitious modern metropolis intended to enhance the prestige of a totalitarian regime.

The old Rusafa Conservation Project commissioned by Rifat Chadirji in 1983/1984 to a team of foreign consultants represented an attempt to control and mitigate the negative impact of a number of modern redevelopment schemes on the historic core of Baghdad. Its aim was to find a balance between old and new, recognizing that the historic quarters of Rusafa, in spite of the appeal of modernist insertions, still remained the principal dispenser of cultural identity for Iraqâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rapidly growing capital. However, due to the well-known political, institutional and economic problems of the subsequent period, the conservation plan could not be implemented, and the situation in Rusafa has deteriorated dramatically: On the one hand, many of the ambitious redevelopment plans have never been completed, and, on the other hand, neglect, abusive occupation and irregular building activities have further eroded the substance of the historic districts. As stated by the surveys of the present study, more than 60% of historic structures identified in the 1984 report have vanished since then. New commercial production and distribution environment, and former residential quarters are under heavy threat. Thus, it is no exaggeration to state that today the very survival of the cultural memory of Baghdad is at stake. Indeed, extrapolating the current trends into the future, it can only be expected that soon â&#x20AC;&#x201C; like in the case of Abbasid Baghdad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the last physical traces of old Rusafa will have disappeared, or will have to be cleared because they are no longer sustainable. In this situation it is recomforting to see that a new concept for salvaging and revitalizing the historic city centre of Baghdad, led by a group of committed local architects and planners, has emerged at the eleventh hour. The ideas and proposals presented in this book combine the conservation and re-use of surviving historic landmarks with adapted urban renewal of dilapidated urban structures. Rather than isolating and fossilizing single monuments, they integrate them into a vibrant contemporary context that provides a link with significant age-old urban traditions. Re-establishing the continuity of the old suqs, rehabilitating ruined plots, protecting the architectural homogeneity of Rasheed Street, reclaiming the environmental and convivial qualities of the old riverfront and restoring and re-using important historic houses - such are the key elements of this new plan that provides a solid pilot project for the strategically most important sections of Rusafa, and may later be extended into neighboring areas.

Baghdad 21st

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While some details of the plan will have to be studied and resolved during the following stages of work, its outstanding merit consists, first of all, in projecting a coherent vision of desirable future conditions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a vision that should act as a springboard for coming implementation, by mobilizing public support and by convincing the Authorities of the anticipated benefits and the urgency of corresponding action on the ground. Materializing this plan may then become a subject of national pride and high priority uniting the various stakeholders. As a professional who has been involved in the earlier (1984) plan for Rusafa, it is my sincere hope that the City of Baghdad will seize this opportunity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; most likely the last one left â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in order to save what remains of its historic centre, and to revive its cultural, architectural and social potential for the sake of future generations of citizens and visitors alike. Stefano Bianca Luzern, Switzerland May, 2018

Photos

Baghdad Historical City: Urban Revival Plan is written based on a detailed planning study as described by the book Baghdad 21st Century: The Historical City. For any enquires, comments and request for this publication and the main book, contact us at: taghlib@yahoo.com

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Contents Executive Summary & Introduction

Introduction

Historical Background

BHCC Today

Development approach

Transformation Strategy

Implementation Strategy

Socio Economic Benefits

88 Heritage in Danger

Conclusion

A heritage house at Jadid Hassan Pasha shows the critical situation facing architectural heritage in the centre of the historical city Baghdad

Executive Summary Baghdad in history The historical city, located in the centre of the great city of Baghdad, that emerged during the early Abbasid Caliphate in the eighth century AD and was a source of civilization, today holds more than 1200 years of history. The historical city, surrounded by walls during the 11th century, the same were demolished near the end of the 19th century, today is stretched on the banks of the Tigris River at the very heart of greater Baghdad and is located between the east and west gates of the city called Bab Al Sharji & Bab Al Muadham on the Rusafa bank. The city suffered many changes during the 20th century where major heritage sites were demolished due to modernization waves that swept away many areas. However, these waves left the historical urban pattern almost intact. Unfortunately, no real efforts have been made during the past century to develop and maintain this area. This have led to the accumulation of urban problems of all kinds; urban, social, economic, and environmental, which led to a state of serious urban decay that threatens the city centre identity and its inherited heritage.

Baghdad

The Historical City 1880 AD

Baghdad

The Historical City 1980 AD

Damage to the Historical City during 100 years Two maps showing the damage done to the urban structure of the Historical City that started in 1886 AD when the City walls were demolished and continued through the construction of new roads through the city.

Baghdad 21st

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Baghdad Historical City Today The historical centre of Baghdad city was hit hard by the rapid urbanization that started affecting the old city early last century. Today this area which represent the heart of the capital of Iraq is a failing centre and needs major revival plan. Unfortunately, no real efforts have been made during the past century to develop and maintain this area. This have led to the accumulation of urban problems of all kinds; urban, social, economic, and environmental, which led to a state of serious urban decay that threatens the city centre identity and its inherited heritage. After decades of rapid development and urbanisation that led to serious urban problems due to lack of planning followed by decades of suffering through wars, embargo and terrorism, Baghdad city centre was left in chaos and its heritage is in serious danger.

The old neighbourhood of Jadid Hassan Pasha area which was inhabited by the pillars of Baghdad until the middle of the last century located between Mutanabi Street and the Ministry of Defense, this area is an example of situation in this heritage area, while Rasheed Street; the major spine and heritage trail that is known as a cultural and refined shopping street and social hub is in chaos and became a service route for the wholesale markets. All these images confirm the above mentioned that the region needs a comprehensive development project because what is happening in the street is an inevitable result of the interdependence between the street and its urban surroundings.

The current situation and its causes One of the main problems that brought the region to the current situation is the common belief that the problem lies only in Rasheed street (the main traffic route within the BHCC), in the deterioration of its buildings and its weak services and by addressing these problems the street will Street to the former state as the main heritage, commercial, and cultural core to the city and its citizens. However, this hypothesis is unrealistic and exaggerated in optimism, whether in diagnosis or treatment. The solution lies not in the treatment of the results, but in diagnosis of the causes that led to the unfortunate situation of the present city centre and the treatment of its roots.

Baghdad Historical City Center (BHCC) today Due to the rapid urbanization during the 20th century and lack of proper planning, the City center have turned into a huge wholesale market causing decay of urban neighbourhoods, deterioration of infrastructure and environmental pollution.

Baghdad 21st

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Need for a Comprehensive Plan Baghdad is in need of a development project that will not only preserve the urban heritage of the area but also includes the social and economic development of the entire area. The feasibility of such a project shall exceed the boundaries of Baghdad Historical Centre and the surrounding city and will lead to the revival of private sector activities in various fields such as tourism, handicrafts, trade, and services. Such development shall also create many investment opportunities and provide thousands of promising jobs. In particular, it will provide opportunities for the youth through the creation of small enterprises that will enrich the region and contribute to creating a sustainable economy.

A 3-Dimensional Vision The vision and planning approach for the future of Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic city centre is based on a threedimensional plan that deals with Space, Function and History.

The first-dimension deals with the morphological reformation to retrieve and integrate the decayed historical urban pattern. The second dimension concentrates on the revitalization of the old city through careful re-balancing of its disorganized activities. The recollection of city memory is the third dimension, integrating the social, historical and cultural elements of the city into a sustainable environment. The concept is based on basic principles that call for: Man vs. Car, Green vs. Pollution, Sustainability vs. Decay, Conservation vs. Modernization, and Memory vs. Neglect.

Transformation Strategies In Order to reach the development approach, set to revive Baghdad Historical City Centre; several strategies are created and designed to provide a framework that guides the planning process and actions. Those strategies are a group of comprehensive and integrated policies and activities that are designed to achieve, if implemented, the revival goals and objectives leading the transformation of the area into a vibrant and live city centre. Although each of these strategies is related to specific urban element, they are integrated and interconnected and represent parts of one comprehensive plan. These strategies make good use of the urban components potentials creating an interesting live integrated urban environment with state of the art services and infrastructure that will attract investments, increase real-estate values and job opportunities.

A Three-Dimensional Vision The Revival plan vision is based on a ThreeDimensional concept that deals with Space, Function and Time.

The plan also provides socioeconomic sustainability, in addition to providing better environment through adapting green policies and by increasing the green area by more than double.

Baghdad 21st

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The only solution to revitalize the region is to develop it under a comprehensive plan that will ensure the development of the region as a whole through comprehensive development by stimulating its economy and rebalancing its various activities, thus contributing to finding sustainable solutions to the problems that the region suffers from, especially the existence of wholesale markets and the resulting traffic jams and excesses On the sidewalks and others through the process of creating modern centres for these markets outside the region and legalize their presence within the region, which will lead to the provision of additional investment and commercial space. The revitalization of the river bank and its transformation into a vibrant and active environment and linking it to other urban areas will lead to the restoration of corridors between them. The neglected alleys will make populated areas, which will facilitate the preservation of heritage buildings, thus improving the urban and environmental landscape of the entire area and renovating its infrastructure.

Rusafa Urban Development Proposals The urban proposal for Rusafa made by JCP was based on the prevailing urban, social and economic situation in the eighties of the last century.

Rusafa Urban Development Proposals 16

The urban proposal for Rusafa made by JCP was based on the prevailing urban, social and economic situation in the eighties of the last century.

Heritage First The revival transformation strategies are designed taking into consideration not only the conservation of the heritage within the area in the first place as the main goal, having it as the main tool in the revival process. The strategy calls to re-instate major heritage sites that were demolished last century but still in the minds and hearts of the Iraqi citizens, like bab Al Sharji, Bab al Muadham, the fort, Baghdad light house. Re-establishing city memories that are linked Cinemas, theatres, cafes, restaurants and other memories linked with the city cultural heritage shall take place within the Revival plan. The feasibility of such a project shall exceed the boundaries of Baghdad Historical Centre and the surrounding city and will lead to the revival of private sector activities in various fields such as tourism, handicrafts, trade, and services. Such development shall also create many investment opportunities and provide thousands of promising jobs. In particular, it will provide opportunities for the youth through the creation of small enterprises that will enrich the region and contribute to creating a sustainable economy.

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Implementation Strategy The only solution to revitalize the region is to develop it under a comprehensive plan that will ensure the development of the region as a whole through comprehensive development by stimulating its economy and rebalancing its various activities, thus contributing to finding sustainable solutions to the problems that the region suffers from, especially the existence of wholesale markets and the resulting traffic jams and excesses On the sidewalks and others through the process of creating modern centres for these markets outside the region and legalize their presence within the region, which will lead to the provision of additional investment and commercial space.

The vision for the implementation of this ambitious plan is based on the concept of the partnership between the public and private sector. This model will provide tools that will create funds through a self-financing system. Such model will resolve also many issues related to real-estate ownership that may hinder the development in this area. This public-private sectors partnership model requires some legislations to be amended and decrees to be issued.

Heritage in Danger Heritage buildings within the area are crumbling or already collapsed. The area lost already 64% of listed buildings in the last three decades.

Baghdad 21st century

An Ambitious Plan

The vision and strategies set for the revival of the historic city and its development through the comprehensive plan can restore the glory of the city and raise it to the ranks of developed cities in a short time by reviving its position to be attractive to investment and pave the way for the sustainable return of retail and cultural and recreational events to him and to his street " "To be a source of pride for the Iraqis and a means to provide social security and economic prosperity in view of the centre of the city of Baghdad, the weight of regional and global.

Baghdad was the cultural and scientific hub of the world for many centuries and have given the world lot of knowledge that made our world today. Therefore, the aim of Baghdad Revived is an important objective and a critical key not only to Iraqiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and Arabic world, but to worldwide urban and cultural heritage. This submission is about an Urban regeneration plan that shall revive and recreate the city centre to make it again a great place to live, work and celebrate.

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Benefits of implementing the Revival project The benefits of implementing the project will not only preserve the urban heritage of AlRasheed Street and develop the urban landscape of the street. It will also include the development of the entire area. It will also extend its radiology to the surrounding areas. Its economic and social feasibility will exceed the boundaries of the centre and the city and will lead to the revival of private sector activities in various fields such as tourism and handicrafts. Trade and services, which will create a lot of investment opportunities and provide thousands of promising job

opportunities, in particular providing such opportunities for the development of creative youth capacities in the creation of small enterprises that will enrich and lead the region into a promising future with economic sustainability.

A Plan that Re-creates History and Re-vitalize the Future Baghdad 21 is a plan that revitalize the future through its history. The recreation of the Shariaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a is one of the main revival strategies.

Rasheed Street; The infrastructure and services are completely outdated deteriorated and in need to a complete overhaul.

Baghdad 21st

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Preface This book presents to the reader a brief review of a planning study, analysis and future vision of the historical city of Baghdad that lies today within the very heart of Greater Baghdad. This area contains most of its archaeological sites and is currently suffering from deterioration and decay. However, this area has the potential to serve the life of the city and its people to a great extent. The book also provides a visionary plan for the development possibilities for this historical city to become a thriving regional centre, boosting its economy through the revival of its rich history. These visions are developed in the form of an urban plan designed to revive, conserve and revitalize this area and to turn it into a vibrant historic centre that holds and protects the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best kept treasures. It imagines a place that embraces and unites its people through celebrating and sharing the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history with pride. The Centre BHCC today suffers from failing infrastructure and urban decay

All this can be achieved through the implementation of a comprehensive plan, that can be executed by a powerful tool of partnership between Public and Private sectors without depending on government funds and financing. The vision and strategies set for the revival of BHCC and its development can restore the glory of the city and raise it to the ranks of developed cities in a short time. It may also increase the potential of investments and pave the way for a sustainable presence of retail trade, as well as cultural and recreational events, and will create a source of pride for Iraqis and a means to provide social security and economic prosperity to be celebrated at BHCC, which represent the very heart of Iraq, that shines regionally and globally.

Door detail

A door details at Jadid Hassan Pasha houses in BHCC

About This book is a result of a three-years intensive research by the author and his team at Al Mimari Bureau for Architecture & Planning in Baghdad. The research covered the history of the city and its development in addition to the overall performance of the historic Centre today. At the same time data were collected from different authorities in the city while another study was conducted for similar projects around the world. The book sets out a future vision for the revival of the historical city set on a comprehensive urban plan on the bases of reshaping its memory in order to achieve a prosperous and sustainable future. The book was established on information, data, conclusions reached by the author in his book "Baghdad 21 Century" the historic city " published in Arabic language in 588 pages enhanced with, photos, data and charts.

Baghdad 21st

BHCC Revival of a Historical City An Urban Revival Plan - 2017

Dar Assalam The round city of Baghdad was built in the year 762 AD by the Abbasid Khalif Abu Jaafar Al Mnsour as the capital of Abbasid Empire

Baghdad 21st

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Historical Background Baghdad, the Round City, the city of 1001 nights, Dar Al Salam, Al Zawra’a, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate; those are some of the names that the city holds since it was built by Abu Ja’afar Al Mansour in 762AD on the western banks of the River Tigris. Since then, Baghdad has faced a large number of challenges that has led to the loss of some of its valuable architectural treasures. The Round City could not stand the forces of nature and was destroyed in a major flood in the 10th century. The new Baghdad at Rusafa, on the East bank of the river, has since flourished. However, it has also been under the constant attack of floods, epidemics and foreign invasions that have constantly affected the city’s historical monuments. . By the 20th century, the historical part of Baghdad city was half broken. The distraction of the old city started early in 1917 when Al

By the 20th century, the historical part of Baghdad city was half broken. The destruction of the old city started early in 1917 when Al Rasheed Street was built, cutting and wounding major spines and sites of the dense historical urban pattern. At the time, it was a political decision made for military purposes by the Ottoman ruler of the city. Al Rasheed Street was also a testament to the modernization movement after the car was introduced. Serving as both an archive of Baghdad’s history and a reminder of paradise lost, it reflects the cultural and architectural marvels of one of the Middle East’s most reverent and cursed cities. Al Rasheed Street today is a ghost of its past. .

Baghdadi Khan A Suq Concept used to serve the Suq system and is an integral part of BHCC. Painting by Donald Maxwell

Al Khassaki Mosque Mihrab A carved marble Mihrab relates to the seventh Century AD, believed to be the great mosque of the Gold Palace (Qasr al Thahab) of Al Mansour.

Baghdad 21st

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BHCC still holds some of the most exciting heritage sites that lay within its urban structure. These jewels are hiding under the ruins of war, neglect and poverty. The major historic sector of BHCC today lies between the Tigris River and Khulafa’a Street, within which most of Baghdad’s monuments and heritage sites lay. This sector consists of three major urban components: Al Rasheed Street, the Tigris River and the old souk’s alleyways.

Tigris Riverfront Tigris river early 20th century; The most efficient transportation route Painting “The Navy in Baghdad” By Donald Maxwell

Historical City alleyways Are of high value character

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

City Urban Pattern The dense urban fabric in Baghdad early 20th century is still mainly intact

The Historical City

The Urban Fabric of the Old City The urban fabric of this historic sector consists of the markets, residential areas, religious and cultural landmarks of the city, as well as administrative buildings. It forms the bulk of the Old City. The urban structure is composed of monolithic buildings and is spontaneously formed. This is evident when the city is viewed from above. The city's streets and alleys are almost devoid of straight lines and geometrical angles, and expand in a natural spontaneous flow that has been planned by the city and its inhabitants for centuries.

The 19th century Baghdad, showing its city wall which was demolished by the end of the 19th Century

Baghdad 21st

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BHCC Today The vibrant BHCC that have long served the city, population and the nation has lost its glory and became dysfunctional as an urban city centre for the capital of Iraq.

Although the area holds major heritage location and almost intact urban pattern, BHCC today in a state that reflects ciaos, congestion, decay and is in danger of losing its urban character and being a totally failing centre.

Al Mustansiriya Madrasa One of the oldest Islamic institutions of higher learning in the world, established in 1227, neglected in between commercial suqs

Rasheed Street The main transportation and trade hub within BHCC, and the major heritage street suffering from urban decay

Left: Greater Baghdad today Showing the historical city in its heart Middle right: Historical Baghdad boundaries today Showing the case study area in red Far right: BHCC Showing case study area (between two gates) today

Baghdad 21st

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Evolution of the city The city of Baghdad today is about 204 square kilometres, while its population, in 2011, exceeded seven and a quarter million people. In comparison with the old city of Baghdad, within the boundaries of the old wall (which did not exceed three kilometers), the city's growth exceeded 30 times its size at the beginning of the twentieth century. Depending on the size of the new city and its urban requirements, many local centres have developed in other areas of Baghdad and its suburbs, rivalling the old centre.

Urban Structure Baghdad Historical City Today (Between the Bab al-Mu'adham bridge and Bab al Sharji bridge)

Tigris river: Length of riverfront (between Gates) is 3,152 km Width of the river ranges from 143 to 347 m Rasheed Street: Length: 3.178 km Width: Between 9.80 and 14.20 meters Number of Buildings: 313 buildings in addition to 17 non-built plots (as of 2015) Number of Columns: 1,204 columns Other streets: Al Mutanabbi Street, Al Mustansir Street (Al Nahr), Al Bolengea Street, Al Saray Street, Al Amin Street, Al Wathba Street, Sayed Sultan Ali Street Public Spaces: Main squares: 5 squares Al Tahrir Square, Al Sanak Square, Hafez Al Qadi Square, Al Rusafi Square, Al Midan Square Secondary squares: 3 squares Markets: The most important markets: Shorja, Saffarin Suq, Saray market, Agd al nasara, Agd Al Jam, Mutanabi Street Internal alleys: Width of the alleys is between 2.40 and 6.400 m

Baghdad 21st

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The area adjacent to the Tigris River from the centre of the old city, given its historical importance to Baghdad and its connection to the Tigris River, is considered the most important and scalable.

A comprehensive perspective of the region A view of the area from a building overlooking Hafez al-Qadi Square The Al-Ahrar Bridge shows Al-Rasheed Street to the north (right) and Al-Rashid Street to the south (to the left) and south

This area is regarded as the starting point for reviving BHCC of Baghdad as a whole. This development will expand to include the neighboring areas to the east towards Al-Khulafaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a Street and beyond. Development starts from the centre.

The BHCC

Existing Social pattern

The BHCC Society The existing social pattern within the area is mainly consisting of people related to the wholesale markets and its services.

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T I G R I S Bab Al Mudham Bridge

Tigris Riverfront The Tigris River is the only element of nature that runs through the city of Baghdad. It was one of the most significant transportation modes used in old Baghdad and is connected to the main historical urban spines of the area. The Tigris River was not only a source of life to the city but is also related to its people through their connection with it for both sustenance and wellbeing.

Today, the river is separated from the city, neglected and abandoned. This was due to the construction of a large sloping embarkment during the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

Baghdad 21st

Adjacent urban areas

Revival of a Historical City

Riverfront open areas Clay deposits Tigris River

Riverfront More than 3 Kmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of potential recreational areas is stretched along the west side 0f BHCC

R I V E R

Riverfront The precious area starting from Bab Al Sharji to Bab Al Muadham is un-accessible, neglected and suffers from absence of infrastructure and services

Rasheed Street A rare architectural heritage combination stretched along 3.2 Kmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.1

Rasheed Street A panoramic elevation for part of the street.

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Al Rasheed Street Taken from gate to gate (Bab Al Muadham to Bab Al Shargi), Al Rasheed Street is about 3,120m long and 9 to 14m in width. The arcaded buildings along both of its sides provide a colonnaded walkway and gives a sense of unity and continuity, creating its distinctive character. The street has 379 buildings that vary considerably in age, style, and number of floors. The buildings are mostly in a poor physical condition, while some are in fair condition. The street is suffering from decay and other problems related to the presence of the inflated wholesale marketâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s around it.

Rusafi Square, Currently used as a whole sale markets loading deck

Open Spaces Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s BHCC in Rusafa contains many main squares as traffic intersections along Rasheed Street, as well in other adjacent areas. However, none of these squares are being used and exploited properly. Such use is inconsistent with the actual value of the land and is not in line with the required activities for such important spaces. The use of vehicles has dominated these areas, leaving no room for pedestrians to use them, or leaving the sidewalk sellers to use them indiscriminately in crowded commercial areas, while leaving the other parts further abandoned and neglected.

Bab Al Sharji Square Second largest squares of the area is a sole path of vehicles in spite of it potentials

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Sarrajin Suq One of best reserved suqs of the historical city

Baghdad 21st

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The Old Souks

Mixed/Commercial Mixed Residential Residential Mixed Industrial Industrial Public utility/Gov. Religious Entertainment

The souks occupy more than 70% of the historic urban area today. These segmented areas were â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;createdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; through the building of several bridges over the Tigris River, throughout the 20th century, penetrating AlRasheed Street. The role of the souks is closely related to the daily life of the people but is also a multi-faceted manifestation of social dynamics.

Car park Open space

Vacant Building Vacant land Slums Not included

Waqf Suq

Mixed Wholesale & retail

Surveys shows domination of wholesale markets in the area

Wholesale outlets

Latest survey (2011) shows that the wholesale markets cover 64% of the suq activities

Retail outlets

Wholesale markets Domination

Another reserved historical suqs is in danger

Baghdadi Shanashil The unique character of Baghdadi architecture (Shanashil) is in danger

Heritage in DANGER A recent survey regarding the structural condition of the buildings within the historical urban area indicated that 37% of those buildings are in either bad or very poor condition, or have collapsed. The surveys also have listed the existence of 242 heritage buildings within the Old Baghdad Centre, which means that 57% of those building have vanished since 1984. .

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Neighborhoods & Alleyways The souks of the historical city have peculiar urban alleyways, which had once run across the street network in old Baghdad. These have been historically recognized. These alleyways can be regarded as one of the most effective measures for conservation and revitalization of the historical environment within the historic centre of Baghdad.

Alleys of Baghdad (Darabin) Shadowed narrow alleys represent the unique urban character of the historical city

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Development Approach The Old BHCC today is in great need for a strategy to develop it and save its heritage simultaneously. The area holds tremendous potential that can be used to revitalize and revive the area as the real heart of the city of Baghdad. What does the future hold for Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historical city, and how can we stop the loss and revive this iconic urban fabric? Today, there is a dire need to resurrect one of world historyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important cities.

Architectural marvels Brick work details in a house in the historical city

THE AIM A NEW, BUT CULTURED, HISTORIC, AND SUSTAINABLE BHCC To revive and restore the state of BHCC to reflect, dynamic urban centre for the capital of Iraq. A centre that is Attractive, Viable Diversified and sustainable. A centre that expresses the depth, originality and distinction of the historic city and its values.

GOALS

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Setting Goals, & Policies Setting development goals is the first step in the future plan process. Goal: A desired state of affairs to which planned effort is directed

POLICIES

Policies: Rules for action focused on a specific issue, and derived from more general goals.

Revitalizing BHCC & creating vibrant and attractive places Realizing the optimal use of urban environment Developing appropriate and sustainable infrastructure Intensification of high-value development in tourist attractions Establishing projects that promote sustainable development Strengthening of the Centre's historical identity Enforcement of best use to preserve and revitalize urban heritage Coordinating of various urban activities Creating new areas for commercial use Encouraging diversification of land use including housing activities

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISION The vision and planning approach for the future of Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic BHCC is based on a three-dimensional plan that deals with Space, Function and History. The first dimension deals with the morphological reformation to retrieve and integrate the decayed historical urban pattern. The second dimension concentrates on the revitalization of the old city through careful re-balancing of its disorganized activities. The recollection of city memory is the third dimension, integrating the social, historical and cultural elements of the city into a sustainable environment.

combined shall ensure the entire revival of the area. The revitalization concept is based on the reinforcement of urban activities at weak urban nodes and reducing the pressure on other urban nodes that contain heavy activities such as wholesale markets. Extreme attention must be given to create and enhance nodes that are used by the public for social and commercial like. Such spaces are currently used by vehicles within the area.

ThreeDimensional vision

Actions

Components

Revival of a Historical City

This approach is based on seven unique strategies that each deal with a complex sectorial urban phenomenon that, when combined, shall ensure the entire revival of the area. The revitalization concept is based on the reinforcement of urban activities at weak urban nodes, reducing the pressure on other urban nodes that contain heavy activities such as wholesale markets. Extreme attention must be given to create and enhance nodes that are used by the public for social and commercial like. Such spaces are currently used by vehicles within the area.

Vision Principles The concept is based on basic principles that call for: Man vs. Car, Green vs. Pollution, Sustainability vs. Decay, Conservation vs. Modernization, and Memory vs. Neglect.

PRINCIPLES

VISION BASE

Baghdad 21st

Morphological Re-Composing The plan to ensure the interconnectivity between urban elements

For map detail & legend refer to page 62 &63

MORPHOLOGICAL RECOMPOSING This dimension deals with recomposing the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major elements in order to re-join broken urban nodes, providing accessibility and connecting public spaces with each other after merging them within the urban pattern. This will allow the city to connect through the alleys, which will link Al Rasheed Street to a refurbished river bank, and provide choices for the pedestrian whom will be dominantly using the public spaces.

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

URBAN ACTIVITIES REBALANCING While recomposing provides a better environment, city spaces and circulation, the areas need to be balanced and sustainable. Economic sustainability can be achieved only by real balance between the activities within the area. The busy and congested areas need to be eased while special consideration should be given to revitalize other shallow, weak and fragile areas and urban nodes.

Activity Re Balancing The plan to provide economic sustainability through a better organization for the suq system

Suq Area Weak nodes Congested node

THE RECOLLECTION OF CITY MEMORIES The use of city memory and historical architectural or culturally related symbols, whether physical or emotional, can be emphasized within the new morphological and functional pattern. Such powerful symbols have huge impact on the national identity, pride and morale of the Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population in particular and on the whole Iraqi society in general.

City Memories This element provides a great tool to revitalize the socio economic development of the city

An endless band of city historical culture and events through 1250 years of history

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Revival of a Historical City 1

The historical city & Greater 58 Baghdad; left: greater Baghdad and the historical city today. Middle: the Historical City location within BHCC. Far right: the revival area

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City Abbasid Palace Muqarnas arch and details of carved brick work at the Abbasid Palce

Transformation Strategies In Order to reach the development approach set to revive BHCC in the previous chapter, several strategies should be created and designed. These strategies re to provide a framework that guides the planning process and actions. They represent a group of comprehensive and integrated plans and activities that are designed to achieve, if implemented, the revival goals and objectives.

Cultural use Public & heritage spaces Historical/commercial use Commercial use Residential use Cultural/commercial

Development pattern and land use A map showing the proposed land use for the area after development

SEVEN STRATEGIES On the light of the Development Approach set to revive BHCC, which is based on the threedimensional vision, the goals and objectives, and policies; seven related strategies have been created to lead the transformation of BHCC into a vibrant and live city centre. Although each of these strategies is related to specific urban element, they are integrated and interconnected and represent parts of one comprehensive plan.

The Seven Strategies

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1st Strategy 2nd Strategy 3rdt Strategy 4th Strategy 5th Strategy 6th Strategy 7th Strategy

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Tigris Riverfront

Reuniting the River with the city

Open Spaces

Unique enjoyable gathering urban spaces

Rasheed Street

Travelling through an Urban symphony

Suq Areas

Exceptional shopping experience

Neighbourhoods

A green Village at the heart of the city

Infrastructure

Utilities to serve man and environment

City Memories

History back to tell the future

Reshaping the riverfront

Today: Neglected Riverfront

Existing Situation Plan

Reuniting city with the river

Upper walkways (Terrace) Plan

Reuniting people with the river

Changes to riverfront shall result in the creation of a multilevel pedestrian routes in two level; Upper â&#x20AC;&#x153;The terraceâ&#x20AC;? and lower; The River Walk, reuniting the river with the city and its people.

Lower Walkways (River walk) Plan

Multilevel Walkways A typical cestion through the riverfront showing the new concept Tigris River

Existing earth filling

River Walk levels

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Revival of a Historical City

Revival of Riverfront area Providing access and services to the riverfront area shall turn it into a vibrant sustainable place

FIRST STRATEGY Tigris Riverfront

Reuniting the River with the city

Sustainable development for the riverfront can be achieved through the creation of new pedestrian routes in the form of multilevel pathways along the river. This will maintain strong links to other urban elements within the area and can be strengthened by new river transportation hubs (Shariaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a) that connect the riverfront to the other parts of the city and to the public spaces within, creating new focal areas with interesting uses. Terrace Walk levels

Existing Buildings

Service tunnel Areas for investment Services & Entertainment

All this shall contribute to the creation of new areas with high potential along more than 3 kilometers of riverfront. These will be developed as recreational green areas and cultural hubs, strengthening the relationship between the city, the people and river.

64 Sinak Gardens

Marjan Mosque

Sinak Falls

Msanayat Al Mustansriya Religious Tomb Mustansriya Square Transportatio n tunnel

Sinak Square

Mustansrya Steps

Steps toward River walks

British Muqimia

Mustansrya School

. Shorja Suq Entry

Samawaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;al Street .

Terrace walks

Link to Agd Al Nasara Suq

Steps toward the Mosque level

Pedestrian area

Shorja plaza

Terrace level Heritage site

Green area Religious Building Water effect Surrounding buildings

Mustansirya Square & Msanaya

Public Open Spaces System A Diagram shows the concept of the new Public open spaces system based on the integrating and connecting various spaces with the major urban elements through pedestrian routes

2 0

2 6

3 2

2 8

2 1

3 1

3 0

2 3

2 2

1 1 1 4

1 8 2 4

2 9

1 7

1 9

2 5

2 7

Marjan Square & Shorja Plaza

Sinak Square & Gardens

1 2

1 6 1 5

1 3

1 0

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Revival of a Historical City

Corridor link to Cinema square .

SECOND STRATEGY

Street café’s

Open Public Spaces

Gate to Riverfront walkways

Unique enjoyable gathering urban spaces

Bab Al Sharji Memorial

The city’s open spaces embrace its community through providing a suitable cultural and friendly environment to gather and celebrate various events. The reformation of the city’s open spaces through the interconnectivity and integration with city culture and heritage shall make such spaces major destinations and landmarks. These areas, instead of being used by vehicles, shall provide economic, social and cultural activities that strengthen the relationship between its people, city culture, and heritage providing joy and excitement hosting various events that will revitalize its economy.

To abu Nawas Street

Bab Al Sharji Square

Main Plaza/Square 1 5 4

Sharia’a

6 8

Secondary Square

2 7

Pedestrian Routes Access Car Parking Access Pedestrian nodes

Bab Al Sharji An important hub in central Baghdad, today is a traffic way for vehicles, can be turned into an attractive live urban spot.

Before

After

Above Complementing Rasheed Street wall Few spots in Rasheed street needs careful attention. Through unifying and respecting its character, the street buildings needs to be complemented. The above is an example Below Right: Emphasizing Street character Map showing Rasheed Street main revitalization spots Middle: Baghdadi Character Pavement patterns and services are part of the hardscape tools in the street development Left: Upgrading street wall Uplifting and unifying the street wall includes the arcade wall and columns KNOWLED GE SQUARE Creating Urban Space

QALA’A SQUARE Recreatio n of Historical Icons

AL THULATHA’A SUQ Enhancing Commercial activities

EMPHASIZING COMMERCIAL & HISTORIC ACTIVITIES Shorja plaza and Marjan square

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Revival of a Historical City

THIRD STRATEGY Rasheed Street

Travelling through an Urban symphony

Pedestrian experience Being mainly a pedestrian route shall complete the joy of being there

AL TAJ SQUARE Integrating Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Public Transportation

RAS AL QARYA MARKET Revitalizing Urban Activity

SINAK SQUARE Upgrading Urban Scene

BAB AL SHARJI Enhancing Urban Function

Being a famous heritage street due to its unique architectural characteristics, bringing Al Rasheed Street to life as a major city spine by confirming its role as the main retail shopping street will enhance its vitality and maintain its sustainability. Al Rasheed Street is a journey of an unforgettable character, through more than 3 kilometers which hold a bit of everything: heritage, architecture, attractions, history, culture, entertainment and shopping. Enhancing the street in some of its weak nodes and conserving its character shall also maintain its economic sustainability.

For legend refer to page 62 &63

Shorja plaza and marjan square Releasing the congestion of the wholesale market particularly at Shorja suq shall turn the area into an enjoyable tourist and shopping attraction.

Linear pedestrian suqs Revitalization areas Regenerated suq areas Existing suq areas Other landuses .

Pedestrian experience .

Being mainly a pedestrian route shall complete the joy of being there

Reconnecting Historical Suqs HARAJ SUQ

MUTANABI STREET

SHORJA SUQ

SAFFARIN THULATHAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;A SUQ SUQ

Re connecting Historical Suqs AL TAJ CENTRE Pedestrian Bridge MUSTANSIR MEGA MALL

RAS AL QARYA MARKET HERITAGE VILLAGE

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Revival of a Historical City

Left Revival of famous historic suqs Reinstating “Thulatha’a suq” shall provide additional market place area with historical character Below right Reconnecting historical suqs Through Rusafi multistory parking; an example of how to reconnect broken spines of the suqs Below left Revitalizing map Showing major revitalization area in the suq system

SINAK RECREATION CENTRE

Rusafi Square BAB AL SHARJI ART GALLERIES

Rusafi mutistory parking

FOURTH STRATEGY Suq Area

Exceptional shopping experience

Re-organizing the souks within the area shall strengthen the role of the historic BHCC as the main economic engine of the city. Their historical and touristic characteristics shall also be affirmed. Through the revival and regeneration of the historical souks, as well as the enhancement of the existing ones, two goals can be achieved: the souks distinguishing themselves as one of the urban elements of the old city, and the preventing the disappearance of the traditional crafts, stimulating them to be part of sustainable commercial and tourist destinations.

Proposed Thulatha’a Suq location

The development of existing souks and creating new markets shall contribute in the creation of new commercial areas through exploiting upper floors and back alleys. Those areas shall become attractive and stimulating, enhancing the economies of these areas and providing most needed commercial spaces.

STRENGHTHINING CONNECTION WITH KHULAFA’A’A STREET RE GENERATING JADID HASSAN PASHA NEIGHBOURHOOD

REESTABL ISHING; Historical Spines

FIFTH STRATEGY Neighbourhoods

A green Village at the heart of the city

The revival of the alleys and residential neighborhoods in the area shall strengthen the links between its urban components, in addition to potentially increasing functional areas and enhancing its land use.

The revival of the historical spines of the city shall revitalize and stimulate the area, while the creation of new routes linking other important elements creates new paths for pedestrians, attracting more opportunities.

Rasheed Amphi Street theatre

HERITAGE VILLAGE A Creative Crafts Centre Sayd Sultan Ali Mosque

Reviving residential neighborhoods and specialized areas of traditional crafts is Other Buildings an important tool to ensure the vitality Heritage Buildings outside and sustainability of the area. These Heritage Buildings within areas shall be provided with services Crafts workshops and new environmentally friendly Heritage Buildings as Crafts Centres infrastructure. Sayd Sultan Ali Mosque

Heritage Village Main Route Al Zawra’a Cinema

Cultural Foundation

Beit Al Naqeeb

Ibn Al Jawzi Tomb

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Revival of a Historical City

RECREATING; Historical Suq Spines LINKING Rasheed & Mustansir Streets with River Walks

LINKING Sinak & Mustansir Street

CREATING; Heritage & Crafts Village

CREATING & LINKING; Sinak Gardens connects Rasheed Street with River Walks

LINKING; Bab al Sharji & Cinema Square LINKING; Bab al Sharji & Umma Park

Various pedestrian spines Green Village Public transportation stops BHCC area .

Pedestrian choices . Reviving the historical spines and adding new routes increase pedestrian choices and vitalize tourism and enjoyment

Rasheed Street .

Saray Mosque

Gahwat Al Zahawi .

Services & Car Parking Building

Hayderkhana Mosque Qishla Plaza

Mutannabi Street Market

GREEN VILLAGE Jadid Hassan Pasha

Vibrant routes The vacant neglected spines within the area can be turned into interesting vibrant routes

COMPACT UNITS RECYCLING UNITS SYSTEM

Sewer network Sewer treatment unit

Gas source Gas network

Gas Tank

Garbag Garbagee treatment unit

Incinerator

Recycling

National Power Grid Power Grid

Public Area Power Grid

Compact units

Storm Water Network

Power Distribution Solar Power Source Tigris River

A comprehensive solution for clean power and healthy environment

Services duct Through Rasheed street, services duct shall provide the area with sustainable easily maintained infrastructure

Vehicles tunnel entry Tunnel River transportation station Vehicles overpass Pedestrian overpass Public transportation line Car parking Underground parking Metro station Secondary public transportation Pedestrian route Restricted vehicles access Public transportation stop Main transportation route Authorised Vehicles only River transport station at Karkh River transport station River transportation route

City Water Network Water Treatment Unit

Water Supply Network Irrigation Network Fire Fighting Network

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Revival of a Historical City

NEW INDEPENDENT SERVICES & SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

SIXTH STRATEGY Infrastructure

Utilities to serve man and environment

SAFE, FRIENDLY & TRADITIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTAT ION SYSTEM

The role played by the existence of integrated and efficient infrastructure in any urban environment being developed has a direct impact on the quality of the environment and its attractiveness.

SMART, SUFFICIENT & ACCESSABLE PEDESTRIAN SERVICES & PARKING SPACES

The introduction of an integrated compact system that works efficiently will increase the effectiveness of services and make the region free of pollution. This can be achieved by adopting a recycling policy in addition to the gradual dependence on renewable energy and the adoption of green policies in urban and architectural systems and designs.

Safe, efficient transportation and adequate parking to reach various destinations will serve the area, which shall be an entirely pedestrian space. The river transport system shall also provide another means of transportation to reach the area easily and conveniently. Traffic Plan Based on “pedestrian first” policy, a major traffic plan shall emphasize the comprehensive plan efficiency

Rusafi Multistory Parking . Front Faรงade Area

History in the Future The Re-Creation of city known monuments shall enrich the city memory and protects its history and memorize it for future generations Mustansirya Madrasa A 13th century Icon of Baghdad, Blocked by Commercial Buildings & Multistory parking

Its Front Faรงade, Blocked by Commercial Buildings & Multistory parking

Its Riverfront Faรงade, Partially Covered by Inaccessible Earth Filling .

Al Mustansirya Madrasa .

Riverfront Faรงade Area

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Revival of a Historical City

Potential Location Existing location BHCC area

SEVENTH STRATEGY Wealth of city memory Map showing many locations of the main physical city memories within the area that can be utilized in vitalizing its economy and sustainability

City Memories

History re-emerge back to tell the future

The conservation of the historic BHCC’s heritage is no longer limited to the structural and planning aspects, but includes the revival of the social and cultural aspects that produced its heritage. The revival and use of the tremendous amount of urban heritage and memory that the city holds shall make great economic and social impact. Its revitalization represents the nation's memory and aims to connect the past with the present and future.

Baghdad Fort Al Qala’a Reinstating Baghdad Fort Al “Qala’a’ shall enrich the historical experience of the historical city

All this shall result in the strengthening of national identity and public pride, in addition to increasing touristic attractiveness. This shall lead to the historic BHCC’s continued vitality and economic sustainability to become a major destination for the Baghdad’s residents and visitors throughout the year through periodic events, festivals and various celebrations.

Riverfront Buildings Other Buildings Heritage Buildings Religious Buildings Urban Area Pedestrian Terrace Walks Green area Pedestrian River Walks .

Left Aerial photo for the area on 2011 Below The future revival plan for the area

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Revival of a Historical City

A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN The Revival of the Historical city

The outcome of the Seven Strategies will form the major structure plan that results from the development and revitalization of main urban components, consequently resulting in the revival of the entire historical city through the next stages in the future.

The Revival of BHCC

A New, but Cultured, Historic, and Sustainable BHCC

QUALITATIVE OUTCOME

The results that can be gained by the city of Baghdad and its society from the implementation of this comprehensive life plan will make a quantum leap in reviving the historic BHCC. Large areas will be revived and developed to form a living centre of the city, achieved by implementing the stated goals of the vision of planning.

QUANTITATIVE OUTCOME

THE EXPECTED OUTCOME

OUTCOME Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

➢

Bring life back to Baghdad's historic centre as a living symbol and a pulsing heart for the nation of Iraq.

➢

Preservation of historical and heritage sites and their use for appropriate events.

➢

Activating the centre with various activities such as shopping, relaxation, meeting, celebration and worship.

➢

Explore the historic city by reviving the memory of the city.

➢

Rebalancing the region by stimulating fragile and vulnerable areas.

➢

Development of the river bank area to become an outlet for the city’s inhabitants and visitors.

➢

To allocate the area to pedestrians and provide necessary modern services.

➢

Restore activity and taste of BHCC.

➢

Establish Sustainable services and infrastructure.

➢

Revive approximately 3 million square meters of area built within historical Baghdad.

➢

Comprehensive development and modernization of an area of 80 hectares from the old BHCC of Baghdad.

➢

Adding around 120,000 square meters of new leisure space on the river bank.

➢

Restructuring approximately 3 km of riverfront and transforming it into investment areas.

➢

Revival of 2,800 meters of alleys and tracks in the area.

➢

Maintenance and restoration of 389 buildings in Al-Rasheed Street and maintenance of 1389 other buildings in the area.

➢

Restoration of 242 buildings of architectural and heritage value and reuse to ensure their sustainability.

➢

Re-formulate, create and connect a total of 30 public squares and centres for meeting, celebration and transportation.

➢

The maintenance and revival of 17 historic markets and the restoration of the historical literal (right word?) character of the market.

➢

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH Within this framework, relief would be provided to the historic BHCC. A strict traffic management plan will be developed for buses, taxis and service access to maintain that the area is reserved strictly for pedestrians and public transportation.

Lively green Neighbourhoods Regenerating old neglected neighbourhoods shall enrich the social life within the centre

The city’s present generations can enjoy remembering and experiencing the good memories of the past. The future generations shall become aware of their history and heritage. Examples of such transformations are the regeneration plans for Jadid Hassan Pasha, Baghdad Gates, and Al Qala’a. The renewal of the great city squares and the creation of new public spaces must provide a social arena to reconnect and unify the city’s population. The River Banks should be totally retransformed and made accessible to pedestrians at many locations. Al Sharia’s (river transportation centres) must be reinstated as key points of access to the area. The functional rehabilitation of the old city will imply the introduction of new social facilities, improvement of accessibility, and the replacement of collapsed

The renewal of the great city squares and the creation of new public spaces must provide a social arena to reconnect and unify the city’s population. The River Banks should be totally re-transformed and made accessible to pedestrians at many locations. Al Sharia’s (river transportation centres) must be reinstated as key points of access to the area. The functional rehabilitation of the old city will imply the introduction of new social facilities, improvement of accessibility, and the replacement of collapsed residential clusters.

TOTAL OUTCOME The revival of the urban area will not only preserve its urban heritage, it will also contribute to the development of the economies of the entire society. The economic impetus will be providing thousands of promising job opportunities and investments for the young generations

The Revival of BHCC

A New, but Cultured, Historic, and Sustainable BHCC

TOTAL OUTCOME The revival of the urban area will not only preserve its urban heritage, it will also contribute to the development of the economy of the entire society. The economic impetus will be providing thousands of promising job opportunities and investments for the young generations. â&#x20AC;˘

DASHING

DASHING RIVERFRONT

DISTINCTIVE URBAN SPACES

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

PIVOTAL HERITAGE TRAIL

OUTCOME THRIFTY HISTORICAL SUQS

FLORISHING NEIGHBOURHOODS

Investment

conservation Private Domain

Property ownership Public sector properties represent 55% from the total properties area Public Domain Private Domain Awqaf Domain

Preservation

Public Areas

Private Domain

Pedestrian experience Being mainly a pedestrian route shall complete the joy of being there

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Implementation Strategy The preservation of old cities and their urban heritage is not only a cultural act, but also an economic and social one. While it is necessary to regulate the laws and regulations that include respect for the urban heritage, it is also important to consider the laws that resolve the material problems related to the financing and legal entanglement of real estate properties.

According to recent surveys, Equal the ownership area of the properties owned Latest by surveys for property the public sector (governmentownerships within the area shows an almost equal entities, departments and between private authorities including Awqaf) isownership and public sectors. estimated to be 55% of the total property area. The partnership between both sectors Private Domain through a Public Domain public holding company shall Awqaf Domain situation result in a self-funding where the government shall bear no financial burden throughout

PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTOR PARTNERSHIP The vision for the implementation of this ambitious plan is based on the concept of the partnership between the public and private sector. According to recent surveys the area of the properties owned by the public sector (government entities, departments and authorities including Awqaf) is estimated to be 55% of the total property area. The partnership between both sectors through a public holding company shall result in a self-funding situation where the government shall bare no financial burden throughout the project. Riverfront

[this is repeated]

This chapter presents ideas and possible solutions to move the project toward realizing its objectives. This project can revive and save the historic part of Baghdad for its population, the

One of the major strategies of the regeneration project is the riverfront development, a major public domain that can be highly invested.

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Road Map Partnership

The proposed implementation and fundraising concept to secure the budget required can be achieved through adopting a basic road map that involves the following steps: 1. To legislate the laws and regulations necessary to secure the financing of the project 2. Work to establish an independent body to implement and manage the project 3. Preface to declare the area a heritage site protected through special systems 4. Direct work to relieve pressure on wholesale markets 5. Preparing for the development of the area under the completed development plan 6. Prepare urgent plans for the rescue of buildings that are under threat of collapse 7. Secure the necessary funding to ensure implementation 8. Launch a media campaign to increase community awareness 9. Involvement of civil society in the process of rehabilitation These steps represent an initial roadmap to achieve the revival of BHCC, that the executive authorities have to take in order to save it from its suffering. The BHCC urban environment shall convert accordingly from a source of environmental, economic and social problems to an effective area enhancing the city's economy. Ultimately, it can provide a suitable place to live, work and entertain.

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Revival of a Historical City

Socio-Economic Benefits This chapter represent the feasibility and importance of the Revival of BHCC and discusses the benefits that can the city and its economy get in a relatively short time. This project can revive and save the historic part of Baghdad for its population, the region and the world.

A New, but Cultured, Historic, and Sustainable BHCC

Abbasid Palace (Al Sharabiya School)

Built in the eleventh Century AD, this unique architectural monument is considered one of the major tourist destinations that needs to be utilized to revitalize the area.

FEASIBIITY/IMROVEMENT RESULTS BY SECTORS As a result, the gross total average improvement for reviving BHCC is 79.4%.

Due to the limited data available for an adequate feasibility a method has been developed to measure the improvement vs. current situation through points evaluation. The feasibility statement is based on the difference between the current situation of various urban activities and indicators within each of the five urban components.

Rasheed Street scored the highest improvement at 86% while the Riverfront came the second at 85%. The Neighborhoods and Alleys had the lowest improvement score at 71% due to infrastructure improvement limitations.

85%

86%

82%

Total Average Improvement

Total Average Improvement Expected

Expected

Rasheed Street

Riverfront

Public Open Spaces Current

Current

Urban activities Environment Usage (land use) Physical environment Infrastructure Heritage Investments Real estate pricre Job opportunitie Sustainability Social

Current

High effect Good effect Medium effect Fair condition Bad condition Very bad condition

Historical Suqs Expected

nt Current

Investments

Real estate pricres Job opportunities Sustainability Social

73%

71%

Total Avarage Improvement

Total Average Improvement

Feasible Improvement

Heritage

TOTAL

Infrastructure

Neghbourhoods & Alleys

Physical environment

Historical Suqs

Usage (land use)

Public Open spaces

Environment

Rasheed Street

Urban activities

Riverfront

Sector

Urban activities Environment Usage (land use) Physical environment Infrastructure Heritage Investments Real estate pricre Job opportunitie Sustainability Social

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Revival of a Historical City 91

5 6 5 5 3 5 6 6 4 5 6 6 4 5 3 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 5 6 5 3 3 5 6 6 4 5 6 5 2 4 5 4 4 6 6 5 4 3 5 3 6 4 2 5 6 4 3 5 4 26 21 25 20 17 24 30 28 21 25 25 87% 70% 83% 67% 57% 80% 100% 93% 70% 83% 83%

Total 56

57 54 48 47 262 79%

Neighbourhoods & Alleys

Expected Current

OVERALL RESULTS BY URBAN ACTIVITIES AND INDICATORS As indicated below, the highest score for the Urban indicators improvement was gained by Investment opportunities due to the increased potential of the area after the regeneration which will provide the area with state of the art infrastructue and services.

This shall also increase the realestate value within the BHCC. The increased urban activities comes the third in the improvement scale.

Improvement by Sectors

Feasible Improvement 87% 87%

79.4% Average Overall Improvement

99% 100%

84% 83% 71% 70%

93% 93% 83% 83%

80% 80% 70% 70%

67% 67% 57% 57%

83% 83%

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Increased activities and high investment potentials and environmental and heritage conservation in addition to major social benefits, are some of the results of the Revival project.

Improvement by Urban component

71% 73%

85% 86%

82%

A New, but Cultured, Historic, and Sustainable BHCC

Overall Benefits Short Term Long Term 1

Some of many

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The Revival of BHCC

Baghdad 21st

Revival of a Historical City

Create thousands of direct jobs and produce other indirect opportunities. Increase the value of the area's properties, in addition to generating more revenue to the owners. Invite direct and rapid attention to major global investors. Promote the positive and immediate rise of media coverage to revive the region at the global level. Real Estate Corporation will provide support to the stock market and a step to develop the private sector. Create a major catalyst for the development and revitalization of the economic movement in the city and the state. Become an incentive to stimulate small enterprises and to create new generations.

Implementing the entire project and infrastructure without the use of the State of Iraqâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources. Revitalizing the centre will be a source of unity and pride, and a symbol of hope and renewal. Lead important economic sectors such as tourism and real estate development. Improve the quality of life and provide services to citizens. Creating a centre for coexistence and celebrating the history and heritage of Baghdadi and social culture. Become an important civilization legacy for any executive or institution to lead the project. Raising awareness for urban and architectural projects for the citizens and improving public taste.

Conclusion BHCC Scheme, An Approach for Revival

The Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Past Regenerates and Revitalizes its Future The approach is ambitious. At stake is the rebirth of the decaying centre of a capital city, a city that represent a nation. The pattern of development that it engenders must inform the future and cherish the past. Reforming BHCC to highlight its past and using it as a tool to create new urban spaces, and revitalizing its urban activities can generate a city alive with soul and character. In the renewal of the great city squares and the making of new public spaces, it must provide a social arena and a means to reconnect and unify the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population.

The development plan is a testimony to Baghdadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history, reproduced and rewritten for generations to cherish their past and confirm their identity. The people of Baghdad, after all they have endured, deserve a centre that is green, sustainable and full of memories and heritage, where one can enjoy an urban living room, a place to shop, be entertained, relax and do business. In the quality and example that it sets, and in the value placed on the city's heritage and its archaeological treasures, it shall also instill a renewed sense of national pride and identity.

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Revival of a Historical City