-
BRINGING WATER BACK TO LOS ANGELES
MAGGIE LAN YEAR 5
UNIT
Y5 ML
GOOD WATER CORPORATION
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All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.
@unit14_ucl
MAGGIE LAN YEAR 5 maggielan@sky.com maggielan.co.uk @magatronik
G O O D WAT E R C O R P O R AT I O N Y5 ML
Bringing Water Back to Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, USA
T
he emergence of the Good Water Corporation comes from the unification of the City of Los Angeles water infrastructure systems, with the endeavour of creating a new optimised urban water management system for the City of Los Angeles as water scarcity and drought has become a reality. The project speculates the City of Los Angeles in a state of emergency where water has run out due to a mega-drought. The North American Water and Power Alliance has resurfaced where water is siphoned from Alaska via Canada, and the Good Water Corp are key players in the deal to acquire water for the City of Los Angeles and its citizens. The Los Angeles River becomes a key acquisition in the masterplan. The once disused, abandoned, and derelict concrete riverbed is revived to recreate the riparian landscape. Filled with trees and luscious verdant greenery the river becomes a private national park, bringing water and nature back to Los Angeles. Reconnecting people with the natural environment. The river becomes the lifeline and heart of the city again, filled with lush verdant greenery. Good Water Corp situate itself in the centre of the 51-mile-long river.
the corporation. The Good Water Corporation headquarters is designed with the notion of reconnecting people with the natural environment. Situated over the riverbed, the central core is designed to draw people in with luscious verdant gardens and trees that create a natural shaded environment away for the LA heat. The central ring also acts as a circulation generator and provides the main link between the wings of the building. The overall approach to the building design is to create open spaces as a social generator for casual meetings, lunch breaks and social events. The circulation of the building has been pushed to the central passageways and large openings in the core provide key spaces for greenery and trees. The main public atrium has a water tower feature as its centre piece as a homage to the acquisition of water for the citizens of Los Angeles.
The architectural proposal is a water dealership in the centre of the masterplan schematic for the distribution and acquisition of water in the City of Los Angeles. The masterplan of the river has three key divisions. Firstly, the parks and recreation division that maintains the parkland within the 51 miles. Secondly the water management services that protect, maintain, and synchronise the water systems in the river maintaining a constant supply of water to the city. Finally, the command centre situated on the 23rd mile of the river controls all assets of the river and provides a public interface to
3
GOOD WATER CO R P O R AT I ON Lo s A n g e l e s , C a l i fo r n i a
Maggie Lan Unit Fourteen M A r c h A r c h i t e c t u r e Ye a r 5 Design Tutors: Dirk Krolikowski,& Jakub Klaska THE BARTLET T SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, UCL
4
2 2 0 0 1 1 8 7 -
1
TECTONIC ARTEFACT EXPLORATION WITH GEOMETRY
5
6
Intersecting Geometry A visual study on the substraction of volumes from one antother.
7
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=
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= =
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=
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= =
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=
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= Subtracting Volumes Interaction between different geometries
8
Terrain Process of intersecting geometries
9
Terrian Tectonic Artefact_Land Game
10
Terrian Tectonic Artefact_Land Game | Abstraction
11
Earth Process of intersecting geometries
12
Earth Process of intersecting geometries
13
Sea Process of intersecting geometries
14
Sea Tectontic Artefact_Sea Scape
15
Sea Tectontic Artefact_Sea Scape | Abstraction
16
17
18
2
INITIAL RESEARCH THE WATERLESS WEST
19
PIONEERING SENTIMENT
Begining Point
The American Landscape The Western plains of America is iconic for its grid lattice that can often be seen from above. The pioneering idea from Jeffereson was to divide the land into parcels for ease of distribution and cataloging. The interesting effect of the grid system has been documented as the perfect square mile viewed from above. Housing, infrastrucutre, towns and roads have been designed to conform to the grid, including nature itself. But in some instances the grid is broken. This provides an interesting dynamic in the landscape often broken by nature specifically water.
Locations in Ohio using Land Ordinance of 1785 Section Numbering The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862. The Land Ordinance established the basis for the Public Land Survey System.
Public Land Survey System [PLSS] The Land Ordinance of 1785 that would serve as the basis of the Public Land Survey System.
Range Line Township
2 1
3
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
7
8
9
10
11
12
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
17
16
15
14
13
18
17
16
15
14
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
19
20
21
22
23
24
30
29
28
27
26
25
30
29
28
27
26
25
31
32
33
34
35
36
31
32
33
34
35
36
1 Mile T3N R1W
3
T3N R1E
T3N R2E
T3N R3E
T2N R3W
T2N R2W
T2N R1W
2
T2N R1E
T2N R2E
T2N R3E
T1N R3W
T1N R2W
T1N R1W
1
T1N R1E
T1N R2E
T1N R3E
3
2
1
1
2
3
T1S R3W
T1S R2W
T1S R1W
T1S R1E
T1S R2E
T1S R3E
T2S R3W
T2S R2W
T2S R1W
T2S R1E
T2S R2E
T2S R3E
T3S R3W
T3S R2W
T3S R1W
T3S R1E
T3S R2E
T3S R3E
Section
3
20
160 Acres Quarter-Section
1/4 Mile
40 Acres
2
1/2 Mile
1
Sixteenth-Section
60 Feet
Block
Half-width
125 Feet
3.7 Acre Park
10 Acres
20 Residences
2.5 Acres
270 Feet
660 Feet
The “grid”—that latticework that divvies America’s fields, forests, and towns into perfect square-mile sections—was Thomas Jefferson’s brainchild for apportioning Western territories acquired after the Revolutionary War. The Land Ordinance Survey of 1785 divvied up the vast prairies of the midwest into a neatly ordered checkerboard. Each parcel of land, suddenly defined by unnatural borders, began taking on a life all its own. A survey system invented more than 200 years ago still affects the way things are organized and the way people live today.
d
Base Line
Township South
0 Miles
6 Miles
12 Miles
The American Grid System
d
Range East
The New York Grid The street grid is a defining element of Manhattan. Established in 1811 to blanket the island when New York was a compact town at the southern tip, the grid was the city’s first great civic enterprise and a vision of brazen ambition. It is also a milestone in the history of city planning and sets a standard to think just as boldly about New York’s future.
b
640 Acres
T3N R2W
224 Parking Spaces
78,000 sq.ft Commercial
a
1 Mile
T3N R3W
Range West
120,000 sq.ft Big Box
c
660 Feet
0 Miles
c
c
330 Feet
6 Miles
c b
Township North
Principal Meridian
ve r Ri io Oh
12 Miles
b
c
1 Mile
W. Virginia
Shades of Grey distinguish between the 37 different Principal Meridians and Base Lines.
4
Pennsylvania
The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is the surveying method developed and used in the United States to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling.
5
36 Square Miles
Township Line
Principal Meridians and Base Lines Governing the United States Public Land Surveys
5 Reserved Sections
6
8,11, 26, 29: Future Sale 16: School Funds
3
a: section b: half-section c: quarter-section d:half quarter-section
4
4 Legal Subdivisions
5
6 Miles
6
6 Miles
7
Lot Township and Range Survey Systems The grid would extend over the fertile plains in various scales (24 x 24 mi quadrangle, 6 x 6 mi township, 1 x 1 mi section), but it would always culminate in a 1/16 x 1/16 mi (40 acre) plot, ideal for a single-family homestead. These weren’t just lines on a map but Jefferson’s way of designing the entire future of the American way of life.
Infrastructure & The Grid
THE JEFFERSON GRID
Warren (near Mojave), California
Lancaster, California
Arizona State Prison, Somerton, Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Goldendale, Washington
Vero Beach, Florida
Fontana, California
Suburbia
Carlin, Nevada
San Angelo, Texas
Southern California Logistics Airport
South New Mexico, New Mexico
Three Forks, Montana
Rotunda-West, Florida
Kings Point, Florida
Huntington Beach, California
South New Mexico, New Mexico
Southwest Utah
Oregon
Man & The Grid
Colorado River, Arizona
Agriculture & The Grid
Bridgeport, Wisconsin
Seminole, Texas
Nature vs. The Grid
Canyon Lake, California
Lake Stanley Draper, Oklahoma
Missouri River, North Dakota
South Dakota
Breaking The Grid Reminance of the grid remains throughout the American West. It has formed the basis of organisation and distribution. However nature left to its natural courses breaks the grid. Nature has broken the grid. It cannot be controlled by a grid. Water has tremendous power to carve through mountainour terrain.
Heat Map showing the locations of the remenants of the American Grid System
21
3000
3000 2000
2500
1000
2500 1500
1000 2000
500
500
2000
500
Water Footprint [m3/cap/yr]
1000
Water Footprint [m3/cap/yr]
1500
Domestic Water Consumpt Industrial Goods Agricultural Goods
1500
Water Footprint [m3/cap/yr]
500 1000
1000
500
Water Footprint [m3/cap/yr] Domestic Water Consumption Industrial Goods Agricultural Goods
500
Water Footprint [m3/cap/yr]
1500
1000
500 Water Footprint [m3/cap/yr]
Thailand
Nigeria
Russia
Mexico
Italy
USA
Domestic Water Consumption Industrial Goods Agricultural Goods
Water Footprint of Different Goods
Blue Planet There is a finite amount of water on this world. Water knows no boundaries, it can flow from on country to another. 148 countries share 276 international river basins. Covering a total of 45.3% of earths land area. Source: JAMES P. M. SYVITSKI ET AL., PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A 369, (2011)
Brazil
Indonesia
Pakistan
Japan
India
China
How much water are you really using? Many of us have low flow shower heads and our toilets are using less water, but how does that compare to the water that goes into the things we use and consume every day?
China Pakistan
India Indonesia Brazil
Pakistan Indonesia
Japan Pakistan
Japan India
India
2000
China
China
Brazil
Indonesia
3000
2500
Thailand
Thailand Japan
India
China Brazil
Brazil
Pakistan
Indonesia
China
Nigeria
Nigeria
Mexico
Russia
Thailand Russia
Russia
Mexico
Mexico Japan Indonesia
Pakistan India
China
Japan
India
Thailand
Nigeria China Pakistan
Transboundary River Basins Rivers of the World
Japan
USA Pakistan
Mexico
Japan
India
Italy
Italy China Nigeria
Thailand
Russia
Nigeria
Mexico
Russia
Mexico
USA
USA
Italy
Key
22
China
Italy
Italy
USA
USA
Mexico
Russia
Water Footprint [m3/cap/yr] Domestic Water Consumption Domestic Water Consumption Industrial Goods Industrial Goods Agricultural Goods Agricultural Goods
Italy
Mexico
Domestic Water Consumption Industrial Goods Agricultural Goods
Nigeria
Domestic Water Consumption Industrial Goods Agricultural Goods
1000
Italy
1500
Brazil
1500
Italy
USA
USA
Italy
USA
Industrial Goods Agricultural Goods
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
2%
Thailand
Thailand
Indonesia
Water frozen in glaciers
0.99% Groundwater
Brazil
1%
97%
Brazil
Japan
Pakistan
Brazil
Indonesia
Nigeria
Nigeria India
Pakistan China
Total Volume of Water on Earth:
1,424,192,640 km3
Russia
USA
Japan Mexico Russia
India
Thailand
USA
Nigeria
Russia
Mexico
Thailand Italy Mexico
Indonesia
Thailand
Nigeria
Russia
Italy
USA
tion
“Water will be more important than oil this century.”
Freshwater
Distribution of Earths Water
Brazil
Indonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Indonesia
Thailand
Japan
India
Pakistan
Japan Nigeria
0.01%
Other Freshwater [eg. Lakes & Rivers]
Despite 70% of our planet’s surface being covered by water, Only 1% of this planet’s water supply is classified as freshwater.
Percentage of Global Population
26%
Brazil
Indonesia
36%
South America
13%
15%
8%
6% Asia
11%
North America
13% 5%
8%
Africa
1%
Europe
Oceania
Water for the People Population and water distribution don’t always correspond, often leaving highly populated regions with little access to water.
Brazil
Domestic Use
8% Industry
22%
Irrigation
70%
Freshwater use by Sector Large majority of water is used in the agriculture industry for irrigation of crops. United States Australia Italy Japan Mexico Spain Norway France Austria Denmark Germany United Kingdom 0
75
150
225
300
Litres
375
450
525
600
United States Average Water Use Per Person Per Day Australia US population leads the way with the most water use per person per Italy Japan day. Closely followed by Australia and Italy. Mexico Spain Norway 1000% France Austria 900% Denmark 800% Germany United Kingdom
per cent growth from 1900 baseline
0
700%
75
150
225
300
600%
375
Litres
450
525
600
500% 400% 300% 200% 100%
60 Asia
Water Withdrawls
68 Europe
[projected]
38 South America
2025
2010
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950 Year
64 Africa
46 North America
1940
1930
1920
1910
0%
276 Transboundary River Basin by Continent
1900
Indonesia
Percentage of Global Water Supply
60%
Pakistan
Japan
Thailand
Nigeria
China
India
Russia
Saline
Water Consumption [projected]
Population [projected]
Transboundary Waters
Global Water Use and Global Population
Are defined as any aquifers, lakes and river basins shared by two or more countries.
The rate of growth in freshwater withdrawal and consumption has been even more rapid than global population growth.
23
North American Water & Power Alliance NAWAPA was a grand plan, a pioneering water collection and distribution system. It proposed to tap some of the continent’s largest rivers — including the Yukon in Alaska, and the Peace and Fraser in British Columbia — and store most of it in an enormous valley that runs the length of British Columbia, turning the much of the valley into a reservoir 500 miles long. NAWAPA would turn the Southwest into an oasis and the Great Basin into productive farmland. Laying pipe and pouring concrete is simpler — and more politically attractive — than changing human behavior with rules and incentives.
1 2
3
4
5
6 18 20 19 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14
16 15
Pipe Dreams
17
Yukon
C A N A D A Rocky Mountain Trench
Great Lakes
Montana Pump Lift
U N I T E D
S T A T E S
NAWAPA do
lora
Co
er
Riv
Rio
Yaqui River
Ogallala Aquifer
e
nd Gra
M E X I C O PLHINO
Key
New non-navigable canals for expanded water delviery New canals for expanded water delivery and navigation Existing navigable waterways
Source: Parsons Company, North American Water and Power Alliance Conceptual Study, Dec. 7, 1964
24
PLHIGON
Regional Breakdown 1. Sustina Reservior 2. Yukon Reservior 3. Copper Reservoir 4. Taku Lift 5. Canadian/Great-Lakes Waterway 6. Rocky Mountain Trench 7. Sawtooth Lifts 8. Dakota Waterway 9. Sawthooth Tunnel 10. Great Basin Waterway
11. Lake Nevada 12. Colorado Reservoir 13. Baja Aqueduct 14. Colorado Aqueduct 15. Sonora Aqueduct 16. Chihuahua Aqueduct 17. Rio-Grande Aqueduct 18. Hudson Bay Seaway 19. James Bay Seaway 20. Knob Lake Barge Canal
The Waterless West
Water Supply Stress: United States The ratio of total water demand across all sectors to the total water supply from surface and groundwater sources.
Flying west across the continent, the traveler notices a dramatic change in the American landscape - from wet to dry, from green forests and cornfields to sagebrush plains and harsh deserts with only scattered stands of trees at the higher elevations. For more than a century now we have called that dry half of the continent the West. It starts on the Great Plains and stretches over a thousand dusty miles to sun-baked Los Angeles and an anomalous fringe of temperate rain forest in the Pacific Northwest.
The geography of the Western United States is split into three major physiographic divisions: the Rocky Mountain System (areas 16-19 on map), the Intermontane Plateaus (20-22), and the Pacific Mountain System (23-25).
Water Supply Stress Index 0.0
0.1 -0.2 LOW
0.3 -0.4
0.5 -0.6
0.7 -0.8
0.9 -1.0
1.1 -6.4 HIGH
Potential Water Supply Conflicts by 2025 The ratio of total water demand across all sectors to the total water supply from surface and groundwater sources. Seattle
Average Rainfall
Spokane Olyimpia
Yakima
Missoula
Grand Forks
Helena
N O R T H D A K O T A
M O N T A N A
Salem
The rainfall split across the centre of the US where the west recieved less than 20 inches of rainfall on average and the east generally receives more than 20 inches a year.
W A S H I N G T O N
Umatilla
Bend
Dry
Humid
Less than 20 inches of rainfall
Bismark
Billings
More than 20 inches of rainfall
O R E G O N
Boise Klamath Falls
I D A H O
Idaho Falls
Rapid City
S O U T H D A K O T A
Pierre
Pocatello
Plains
Casper
Salt Lake City
Reno
West
W Y O M I N G
Cheyenne
N E B R A S K A
N E V A D A
Sacremento
East
Omaha Lincoln
Carson City Denver
San Jose
U T A H
Kansas City C O L O R A D O
Grand Junction C A L I F O R N I A
Colorado Springs
Las Vegas
K A N S A S
Topeka
Wichita
Santa Barbara
Tulsa Santa Fe
Los Angeles A R I Z O N A
San Diego
Phoenix
Oklahoma City O K L A H O M A
Albequerque N E W
Amarillo
Norman
M E X I C O
Dallas
Tuscon San Angelo
El Paso
T E X A S
Austin
Key Houston
Indian Lands and Native Entities
San Antonio
Water Supply Issue Areas Conflict Potential Unmet Rural Water Needs Moderate Brownsville
Substantial
The Grand Canyon, Arizona
Highly Likely
1850
1900
1950
2000
The Growth of US Dams & Reservoirs As recorded in the National Inventory of Dams (NID). Four periods shown: 1850, 1900, 1950 and 2000. There were no dams in 1800.
25
Colorado River Basin
Water Distribution “Water war” has for decades been a term used to describe the political battles over water in the West. The year was 1934, and Arizona was convinced that the construction of Parker Dam on the lower Colorado River was merely a plot to enable California to steal its water rights.
Colorado River, America’s most legendary white-water river, rarely reaches the sea. Until 1998 the Colorado regularly flowed south along the Arizona-California border into a Mexican delta. But decades of population growth, climate change and damming in the American Southwest have now desiccated the river in its lowest reaches, turning a once-lush Mexican delta into a desert. The river’s demise began with the 1922 Colorado River Compact, a deal by seven western states to divide up its water. Eventually, Mexico was allotted just 10 percent of the flow.
M O N T A N A LOWER DIVISION STATES 9,118,092 ACRE-FEET
3%
NEVADA 248,613 ACRE-FEET
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California The largest regional wholesaler of treated water in the US, it was formed in the early 20th century, as Southern California cities were faced with a growing population and shrinking local groundwater supplies. It has 5,200 square mile service area providing water for more than 19 million people. It is a cooperative of 14 cities and 11 municipal water districts and one county water authority. It serves the coastal and most heavily populated portions of South California, covering parts of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino and Ventura counties.
CALIFORNIA ENTITIES USING COLORADO RIVER WATER
29%
ARIZONA TOTAL: 2,831,711 ACRE-FEET
51%
OTHER 1,171,903 ACRE-FEET CAP 1,659,808 ACRE-FEET
CALIFORNINA TOTAL: 4,358,000 ACRE-FEET
Fort Mojave Indian Reservation
METEROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT 967,495 ACRE-FEET PALO VERDE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 1,180,000 ACRE-FEET IMPERIAL IRRIGATION DISTRICT 2,670,356 ACRE-FEET COACHELLA VALLEY WATER DISTRICT 322,730 ACRE-FEET
Co lo r
O R E G O N
ad
I D A H O
W Y O M I N G
o
Ri
ve
r
California Aqueduct
Chemehuevi Indian Reservation
Lake Havasu Colorado River Aqueduct
Parker Dam
Desert Water Agency
Metropolitan Water District
S O U T H D A K O T A
17%
MEXICO TOTAL: 1,564,000 ACRE-FEET
Colorado River Indian Reservation Palo Verde Irrigation District
Coachella Canal
N E B R A S K A
S
PA
Coachella Valley Water District al to
CI
n S
FI
ea
C O
CE
A
Imperial Irrigation District
N
All American Canal
Imperial Dam Yuma Project Reservation Division
ATES UNITED ST MEXICO
GREAT SALT LAKE
SALT LAKE CITY
R
PROVO
G R E E N
R I V
E
N E V A D A
C
L
O
R I
D O
V
E
R
DENVER
GRAND JUNCTION
U P P E R
U T A H
O
R
A
COLORADO SPRINGS
B A S I N
A R K A N S A S
PUEBLO
R I V E R
C O L O R A D O LAKE POWELL
ST. GEORGE
S A N
J U A N
R I V
GLEN CANYON DAM LAS VEGAS O
R
NAVAJO DAM
R
E
L
O
V R
C O
D
I
LAKE MEAD
A
E R
FARMINGTON
HOOVER DAM
C A L I F O R N I A
L O W E R
LAKE MOHAVE
B A S I N
SANTA FE
L
DAVIS DAM
I
ALBUQUERQUE
T T
L E
C
LAKE HAVASU CITY
A Q
PARKER DAM
N
T
R A
L
SALTON SEA
SAN DIEGO
MEXICALI
A
D
THEODORE ROOSEVELT DAM
E
.
COCHELLA VALLEY
R
A A R O N I Z
O
N E W
E R R I V
A R I Z O N A
C
LOS ANGELES
R R I V E
O
O J E C P R T
PHOENIX
M E X I C O
R I O
O L O C
U E D U C T
L
G R A N D E
LAKE HAVASU
O
IMPERIAL DAM
YUMA TUSCON
EL PASO B A J A C A L I F O R N I A
Arizona vs California: The Almost Water War
P
T E X A S
A
Among the lower basin states, Nevada, which had the smallest population, would receive 4% of the water, Arizona would receive only 37%, and California would receive over 58%. Arizona wasn’t happy. In a show of protest over how little water they would receive compared to their western neighbor, Arizona became the only state that refused to sign the compact.
C I F I C O C E A N
Key River Recieves Colorado River Water Aqueducts Cities/Towns
26
N
M E X I C O Arizona’s troops set up machine guns, ready to defend their border. photo by the Los Angeles Times
California’s Water Systems
Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct carries water from the Tuolumne River to San Francisco and other Bay Area regions. The system starts in Hetch Hetchy Valley, inside Yosemite National Park. The system also generates up to 400MW of electrical power, depending on rainfall, most of which is sent to San Francisco via city-owned power lines. After water leaves Hetch Hetchy, it passes through tunnels towards powerhouses. Three pipes then bring the water across the Central Valley.
California has built a water delivery infrastructure that is likely the most extensive, most productive and most controversial anywhere on earth, capable of moving a drop of water that originates near the northern border all the way down south to the Mexican border. Man has rearranged California’s natural assets to meet societal needs, making the state unrecognizable from its pre-settlement history in the process.
Lake Eleanor Cherry Lake
San Francisco
Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
Yosemite National Park
Mountain Tunnel
Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct San Antonio Reservoir
Lake Don Pedro Tuolumne River
I D A H O
Calaveras Reservoir
Mokelumne Aqueduct The Mokelumne River in the central Sierra Nevada is the source for almost all of East Bay Municipal Utility District, EBMUD’s water. EBMUD built the Pardee Dam across the Mokelumne in the foothills northeast of Stockton. The EBMUD serves 35 communities in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, including Berkeley and Oakland.
San Joaquin River
O R E G O N Freeport Regional Water Facility Mokelumne River Watershed
Los Angeles Aqueduct Pardee Reservoir
Bishop
Sacremento-San Joaquin Delta
Yosemite National Park
Mokelumne Aqueduct
160
Service Area
395
San Francisco
Big Pine
Los Angeles Aqueduct Intake
Hoover Dam
Shasta Lake
Owens Valley
Lake Oroville
U T A H
Over seven miles of 50’ diametre tunnels were dug during the Hoover Dam construction. Hoover Dam is located on the border of Nevada and Arizona in the United States, in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River. It is an arch-gravity concrete dam. Hoover Dam was built during the Great Depression, beginning in 1931 and ending in1936. The power generated from the dam helps support Nevada, California and Arizona.
Independence
N E V A D A
S
Lone Pine
I
Inyo National Forest
Owens Lake [Dry]
E R R
395
190
A
Scaramento
As Los Angeles grew in the late 19th century, it started to outgrow its water supply. The Owens River was diverted to Los Angeles via an aqueduct. So much water was diverted that by 1926 Owens Lake was completely dry, causing the ruin of the valley’s economy.
Mokelumne Aqueduct
N
Central Valley Project
Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct
San Francisco
E V A
A federal water management project , one of the largest water systems in the world it stores over 7,000,000 acre feet (8.6 km3) of water, or 17 percent of the state’s developed water. It was devised in 1933 in order to provide irrigation and municipal water to much of California’s Central Valley
Mono Lake [Saline]
D A
Redding
S
C A L I F O R N I A A
N
Hoover Dam
Owens Lake
A
Lake Tahoe
N D
C
L
O
E
R
V
A
D
A
S
N
A
IF
E
A
R
Sacremento
N
IA
F
San Francisco
A U L T
Fresno
Local Groundwater
A R I Z
E
R
Los Angeles Salton Sea
Key
R A D O L O C O
R I V
Bakersfield
San Diego Los Angeles Aqueduct Colorado River Aqueduct California Aqueduct Reservoir Volume Hydroelectric Powerhouse Pumping Facility
Colorado Reservoir Aqueduct The CRA, is a 389 km water conveyance. The aqueduct impounds water from the Colorado River at Lake Havasu on the California-Arizona border west across the Mojave and Colorado deserts to the east side of the Santa Ana Mountains.
Pump/Storage Facility Flow Direction Aqueduct-Fault Intersections State Project
B A J A C A L I F O R N I A
State & Federal Project Federal Project Local Project N
27
Manila
United Utilities
Northumbrian Water
Metro Manila, Phillipines Water privatization in Metro Manila began when the then President of the Philippines, Fidel Ramos, instructed the government in 1994 to solve what he called the water crisis in Manila by engaging with the private sector. In 1997 two concession contracts for the Eastern and Western halves of Metro Manila were awarded after an open competition. The concessions represent the largest population served by private operators in the developing world.
Yorkshire Water
Dwr Cymru
Water Privatisation
Severn Trent Water
Water privatization is used here as a shorthand for private sector participation in the provision of water services and sanitation. Private sector participation in water supply and sanitation is controversial. Proponents of private sector participation argue that it has led to improvements in the efficiency and service quality of utilities. It is argued that it has increased investment and has contributed to expanded access.
Thames Water Number of Reported Water Conflict Events per Year, 1931 - 2012 The UN’s portfolio of cases of water wars has been dwindling due to the rampant mislabeling of conflict. As the world’s water supply becomes more and more scarce, it can be assumed that even age old conflicts having nothing to do with water will evolve into water based conflicts.
South West Water Wessex Water England and Wales
Anglian Water Southern Water
Until the 1980s, universal provision of drinking water and sewerage services in England and Wales was considered a public health service. The water industry was sold as part of the Conservative government’s privatisation program in 1989. The provision of water and wastewater services in England and Wales was transferred from the state to the private sector in 1989 by the sale of the 10 Regional Water Authorities.
Argentina The privatization of water and sanitation services in Argentina between 1991 and 1999 under the government of Carlos Menem was part of one of the world’s largest privatization programs. Water and sanitation concessions with the private sector were signed in 28% of the country’s municipalities covering 60% of the population.
28
France Water privatisation in France is described as public-private partnerships for drinking water supply going back to the mid-19th century when cities signed concessions with private water companies for the supply of drinking water. As of 2010, according to the Ministry of Environment 75% of water and 50% of sanitation services in France are provided by the private sector, primarily by two firms, Veolia Water and Suez Environnement.
California Annual Precipitation
California’s Constant Water Woes
200 million acre-feet of rainfall annually in California
70% of precipitation falls north of Sacremento
The most fundamental water fact about California is that, historically, water was extremely scarce in the southern two-thirds of the state. The system that makes this possible operates under a complex thicket of rules managed by federal, state, and local agencies. But for decades, it helped California bloom, but not without a fight.
110 million acre-feet
W Y O M I N G
90 million acre-feet
evaporate
CHEYENNE
GREEN RIVER
SALT LAKE CITY
N E V A D A
DENVER
34%
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
Agriculture
The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) is the largest municipal utility in the United States, serving over four million residents. It was founded in 1902 to supply water to residents and businesses in Los Angeles and surrounding communities. In 1917, it started to deliver electricity. It has been involved in a number of controversies and media portrayals over the years, including the 1928 St. Francis Dam failure and the books Water and Power and Cadillac Desert.
U T A H
11%
C O L O R A D O
LAKE MEAD
GLEN CANYON DAM
LAKE MOHAVE
A R I Z O N A
A
A
N
Foothill Feeder
SAN DIEGO
V
E
N
T
U
R
A
L
O
S
A
M E X I C O
CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT
M E X I C O
Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation LASAN operates and maintains the largest wastewater treatment and collection systems in the United States. It serves a population of more than four million within a 600 square mile service area, including Los Angeles and 29 contracting cities and agencies. Los Angeles’ more than 6,700 miles of public sewers convey about 400 million gallons per day of flow from residences and businesses to the LASAN’s four water reclamation plants.
S
D
R
E
A
N
G
E
L
E
A
N
B
E
R
N
A
R
D
S F
JENSEN
N E W
PHOENIX
N
Castaic Lake
Lake Piru
LITTLE COLORADO RIVER
PARKER DAM
COLORADO RIVER AQUEDUCT
S
SANTA FE
DAVIS DAM LAKE HAVASU
LOS ANGELES
Los Angeles remains the nation’s most populous county by far, with 10.1 million people living within its borders, according to the latest population data from the United States Census.
SAN JUAN RIVER
HOOVER DAM
I A R N
by humans goes to farms and population centres south of Sacremento
LAKE POWELL
F O L I C A
55%
Left in the environment or runs out to sea
75% of the water used
COLORADO RIVER
Urban Use
A
U
L
S
T
Greg Avenue
William Mulholland with a surveyor’s scope, ca.19081913 Sepulveda Canyon
WEYMOUTH Etiwanda San Dimas
Venice
Yorba Linda
Rio Hondo Coyote Creek
DIEMER Lake Perris
Corona Valley View
Lake Mathews
Temescal
Perris
California Water Wars
Lake Mathews
The California Water Wars were a series of political conflicts between the city of Los Angeles and farmers and ranchers in the Owens Valley of Eastern California over water rights.
O
R
A
N
G
E
R
As Los Angeles grew in the late 19th century, it started to outgrow its water supply. Fred Eaton, mayor of Los Angeles, realized that water could flow from Owens Valley to Los Angeles via an aqueduct. The aqueduct construction was overseen by William Mulholland and was finished in 1913. The water rights were acquired through political fighting and, as described by one author, “chicanery, subterfuge ... and a strategy of lies”.
I
V
E
R
S
I
D
E
Lake Elsinore
Legend [MIllions of Gallons per Day] <25.0 25.1.0 - 75 75.1 - 125.0 125.1 - 500.0 500.1 - 750.0 750.1 - 1000.0 1000.1 - 1250.0 1250.1 - 2000.0
Key
P
A
C
I
F
I
C
O
C
E
A
2000.1 - 2500.0
N
Los Angeles Aqueduct
2500.1 - 3100.0
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California California Department of Water Water Treament Plant Hydroelectric Power Plant
N
Los Angeles Water Withdrawal by County
29
Californian Drought
DEC 2011
The Drought Monitor, collects data from 50 different weather indicators. The prolonged statewide drought means it will be “harder to break the cycle. With more than 80% of the state in an extreme drought, dry conditions will probably continue. A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions that results in water-related problems. When rainfall is less than normal for several weeks, months, or years, the flow of streams and rivers declines, water levels in lakes and reservoirs fall, and the depth to water in wells increases. If dry weather persists and watersupply problems develop, the dry period can become a drought.
JAN 2012
APR 2012
JUL 2012
NOV 2012
JAN 2013
APR 2013
AUG 2013
OCT 2013
DEC 2013
JAN 2014
APR 2014
Average Temperature for January to November 2017 have been significantly above the longterm average Scientists say 2017 is set to be the third warmest year on record in the US as they look back on a year littered with stark signals of climate change. The year-to-date average temperature across the contiguous US has been 2.6F above the 20th-century average, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa), placing it only behind 2012 and 2016 in terms of record warmth.
DR MES FROM GR OUG CO OU
RNIA WATER COM ES LIFO FR CA OM DURING THE
FEB 2015
APR 2015
40%
AGRICULTURE
65%
FROM SURFACE WATER
50%
10%
RE HE W
ENVIRONMENTAL
URBAN
ALIFORNIA W ATE ERE C WH RG OE S
35%
DEC 2014
D
65%
FROM GROUNDWATER
Californian Water Crisis The climate and hydrology of California is unlike any other in the nation, nothing is certain and everything is variable. About half of the precipitation will evaporate, be used by vegetation, or sink into the subsurface, salt sinks, or flow to the ocean; the remaining half, known as ‘dedicated water’ is what is available for use in cities, on farms, for the environment, or to be put in storage. The problem is that no one has been able to solve an underlying issue that is simultaneously less scary and also much harder than a R DEMAN dry spell: California’s convoluted water system and intractable water politics. WATE
ER SUPPLY WAT
O PT , U TER HT DWA N
AUG 2014
JUL 2015
The average person living in Los Angeles uses
114
SEP 2015
gallons of water per day.
DEC 2015
FEB 2016
MAY 2016
JUL 2016
Average Annual Runoff and Precipitation for Historic Droughts
Average Temperature for January to November 2017 have been significantly above the longterm average
Runoff and precipitation conditions for California’s six historical droughts. The most severe drought both in terms of precipitation and runoff was the drought of 1976-77. However, because it was just a two-year drought, the water supply impacts were not as severe as those associated with the longer duration droughts because shorter droughts can be partially mitigated by surface and groundwater storage.
OCT 2016
Scientists say 2017 is set to be the third warmest year on record in the US as they look back on a year littered with stark signals of climate change. The year-to-date average temperature across the contiguous US has been 2.6F above the 20th-century average, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa), placing it only behind 2012 and 2016 in terms of record warmth.
DEC 2016
JAN 2017
FEB 2017
APR 2017
Key Abnormally Dry Moderate Drought Severe Drought Extreme Drought Exceptional Drought
A Drought State of Emergency As the most populous stat in the US and a major agricultral producer, drought in California can have a severe economic as well as environmental impact. Drought may be due solely to, or found in combination with, weather conditions; economic or political actions; or population and farming. Water in California is very closely managed, with an extensive pipeline network to serve the most populated and dry areas of the state. Precipitation is limited, with the vast majority of rain and snowfall occurring in the winter months, in the northern part of the state. This delicate balance means that a dry rainy season can have lasting consequences. Lack of new infrastructre and inefficient distribution systems are to blame, as the aging water network struggles to pump water to the major cities large volumes of water are often lost to the Pacific Ocean. Very few large-scale water projects have been built since 1979, despite a doubling of the population since that year. The state saw the most intense levels of drought in 2014 with over 81% of the state experiencing exceptional drought, the most severe category.
Increase in Wildfires
30
A fireman walks past a burning house in Ventura, California. Wildfires in the state have been made more violent by a cycle of drought and heavy rainfall.
34%
1%
834
700
Los Angeles River The upper portion of the watershed, approximately
3
600 500 2 400
Population in Millions
of its 51-mile length.
The reach within the Glendale Narrows has a natural bottom.
300
on
ions ers
360
square miles, is covered by forest or open space, while the remaining watershed, approximately
Groundwater Replenishment Supplies
4
800
square miles.
47.9 miles
] Reuse ect dir [In tion rva e Water Di v fac ur
r ate ter Wa Infiltrati ral
Stormw ate r Import ed Recyle W d Natu
900
Thousand Acre-Feet
3%
ed
11% 5% 3% 15%
Population Water Demand
Currently the Los Angeles River is lined with concrete for
Importe dW ate r Ground wate r Pu mp Recycl ed W ate Water r Con se Local S
5%
1
200 100
474
0
square miles, is highly developed with commercial, industrial, and residential use.
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
0
Year
San Fernando
Burbank Pasadena
A N G E L E S
ELES R IVER
L O S
El Monte Los Angeles
ANG
Where does LA’s water come from? Owens River
LOS
The Owens River, Mono Lake Basin, and reservoirs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains provide 430 million gallons of water to the city of Los Angeles daily via the Los Angeles Aqueduct. This represents only about one-third of Los Angeles’ water supply.
52% 36% North California and the Colorado River Accounting for one-third of California’s total water supply, the Sierras are the state’s largest water source. When rain falls in the winter at higher elevations, it becomes snow. When that snow melts in the springtime, the melted water becomes runoff and flows into aqueducts and groundwater.
Long Beach
The Colorado River Aqueduct can deliver 1 billion gallons of water per day to cities in Southern California. In order to conserve the Sierras snowpack, more water is being imported from the Colorado River. About half of Los Angeles’ water flows from the Colorado River via the Colorado River Aqueduct.
11% Groundwater Groundwater, the water that collects on the ground either from rain water or waste, accounts for 30% of California’s water supply. The use of groundwater is dependent on location: some areas have easy access to groundwater, while others rely on surface or imported water. In the city of Los Angeles, groundwater represents close to one-tenth of the water supply. Seventypercent of the city’s water supply once flowed through the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Now, over 50% flows through the Colorado River Aqueduct, which an delvier 1 billion gallons of water per day to Southern California. Of California’s water, just 10% goes towards residential use, while half goes to the environment [eg rivers and lakes]. The remaining 40% goes to agriculture.
P
A
C
I
F
I
C
O
C
E
A
N
Key Freeway Watershed Boundary N
Los Angeles River Watershed
31
The Los Angeles River flows from its headwaters in the Angeles National forest to the Pacific Ocean in Long
LA River | History
Water Loss
That amount of water is equivalent to:
310
1815
Severe flooding changes the course of the river, switching the outflow from Long Beach to Ballona Creek
1825
Flooding again changes the course of the river, this time reverting it back to the original outflow
1858
Los Angeles is incorporated as an American City
1861 - 62
50in of rain in five weeks washes away the river banks and exisitng water dirstribution system
1863 - 64
Severe drought kills most of the livestock in the region
1867
Floods cause the river channel to overflow
1904 1913 1914
51
Flood control bill signed by governor, and county develops plans to prevent future flooding.
1917
County approves $4.45 million bond issue to begin work on flood control network.
1920
Devils Gate Dam completed
1928
More than 400 die when San Francisquito Dam, part of Los Angeles Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aqueduct system, fails.
1934
Floods in La Crescenta kill 40 and sweep away 483 homes.
Taking
18
Olympic pools in 1 Day
of water flows down the Los Angeles River from rain and other sources directly into the ocean.
or
Drinking
Washing
Million cups of water in 1 Day or
Million cars in 1 Day
600
Million showers in 1 Day or
3
50 49
48
47
46
45 44 43 42
41
40
33 39
38 37
William Mulholland announces that Los Angeles will need new water sources. The $22 million Owens Valley Aqueduct opens, bringing water to the city from the easter Sierra Nevada Flooding causes $470 millions [in 1990 dollars] in damage. Discussion of channelising the Los Angeles river begins
1915
Filling
470
Million Gallons
36
35
32
34
31 30 29 28 27 26
The river can move 146,000 cubic feet of water per second. The powerful Colorado River moves only 30,000 cubic feet per second.
25 24 23 22 21 20 19
18 17 16 15
Los Angeles River Flow
1938
Heavy flooding causes $795 million [1990 dollars] in damges; 49 people die across the Los Angeles County
1938
The Army Corps of Engineers took a lead role in channelizing the River.
Los Angeles Concrete Riverbed 14 13 12 11 10 9
Heavy Rain 1% of time Avg. less than 3 days of the year
River Capacity 8 7
1960
Channelization was completed to form a 51 mile engineered waterway.
6
The river infrastructure has the estimated capacity to hold
26,018,622,443 Gallons of Water
5 4 3
Rain
2
4-9% of time Avg. 17-32 days of the year
1
1978
Flooding causes $350 million [1990 dollars] in damges; 11 people die county-wide
1980
Flooding causes $375 million [1990 dollars] in damges; 18 people die
1983
Flooding causes $48 million [1990 dollars] in damges; 6 people die
1991
LA County Board of Supervisors approves the development of a Master Plan for the Los Angeles River
1992
Floods cause $74 million in damages; 8 people die
2002
The Los Angeles City Council established the new Ad Hoc Committee to oversee works on the Los Angeles River
2013
32
Nonprofit group River LA, announces a goal of completing a continuous 51mile greenway and bike path along the river by the end of the decade
Los Angeles Channel Facts:
No Rain 90-95% of time Avg. 330-345 days of the year
450 miles of open channels in Los Angeles County 4,000 miles of drains 20 major dams Elevation at Origin (Canoga Park): 772 feet Elevation at Outlet (Pacific Ocean): 0 feet Average Slope: 0.29 percent Average Annual Precipitation: 15 inches Average Daily Discharge: 320 cubic feet per second or 207 million gallons per day
0
S
S
A
N
F V
E
A
L
R
N
A
L
E
Y
N
D
A
N
M
O
U
G
A
B
R
I
E
N
T
A
I
N
S
L
O
Sepulevda Basin
F O O T H I L L S
S
A
N M
T O
A U
M N
T
O A
N I
I N
C S
A
C A N Y O N S
More than
1 Million
people live within 1 mile of the LA River
More than
25%
of the population of California lives within 30 miles of the river
A L L U V I A L
P L A I N
M O U T H
Los Angeles Green Spaces Los Angeles has one of the lowest percentages of green spaces of any major American urban centre. Almost half of the city’s population doesn’t live within walking distance of a public park (“walking distance” is calculated as a ten-minute walk or less). This is compared with 3 per cent in Boston and 4 per cent in New York.
33
India
Emergence of the Water Mafia There is some concern that water may become so scarce -- and so valuable -- that its distribution and sale might be taken over by a Mafia-like criminal enterprise, just like what is currently taking place in India
Cape Town
Water Scarcity The day when the taps run dry has been coined ‘Day Zero’. City officials had recently said that day would come on April 22. Cape Town is South Africa’s second-largest city and a top international tourist draw. Now, residents play a new and delicate game of water math each day. Climate change is warming the planet, making the world’s hottest geographies even more scorching. At the same time, clouds are moving away from the equator toward the poles, due to a climate-change driven phenomenon called Hadley Cell expansion. This deprives equatorial regions like sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Central America of life-giving rainwater.
34
California?
35
36
3
DESIGN BRIEF T HE E M E RG E N C E O F T HE G O O D WAT E R C O RP O R AT I O N
37
38
Good Water Corporation Project Summary The emergence of the Good Water Corporation comes from the unification of the City of Los Angeles water infrastructure systems, with the endevour of creating a new optimised urban water managment system for the City of Los Angeles as water scarcity and drought has become a reality. The project speculates the City of Los Angeles in a state of emergency where water has run out due to a megadrought. The North American Water and Power Alliance has resurfaced and the Good Water Corp are key players in the deal to aquire water for the City of Los Angeles and its citizens. The Los Angeles River becomes a key aquisition in the masterplan. The once disused, adandoned and derlict concreted riverbed is revived to create the riparian landscape. The river becomes the lifeline and heart of the city again. Good Water Corp situates itself in the middle of the 51 mile long river. The building is the headquarters, a water dealership for the distribution and aquistion of water in the City of Los Angeles.
39
Los Angeles 2050 The water crisis reaches a climax as California runs dry all of its water supplies. The city of Los Angeles are the worst hit. The NAWAPA has resurfaced with funding from the Good Water Corp, the Los Angeles River is revived it is a river once again. Water is channelled into the river for storage, filtration and treatment.
CALIFORNIA: 20 YEAR MEGA DROUGHT CALIFORNIA HAS RAN OUT OF WATER FEB, 2037
N OV, 2 0 1 7 DEC, 2042
Californians are using too much water
JA N , 2 0 3 9 APR, 2048
JA N , 2 0 4 5
LA first to declare a State of Emergency
APR , 2050
The Emergence of the Water Dealership in Los Angeles, California
WATER FROM CATCHMENT
40
DESALINATED WATER
RECYCLED WATER
IMPORTED WATER
Donald C Tilman Water Reclamation Plant
Burbank
Los Angeles Sanitation Bureau Griffith Park Glendale
Topanga State Park Dodger Stadium
LADWP City Government Office Whittier Narrows Water Reclamation Plant
Santa Monica Water Treatment
Good Water Corporation Headquarters
LADWP Water Utility Company
Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant
El Segundo
West Basin Municipal Water
Northwest Territories Alaska Yukon Torrance
British Columbia
Carson
Sanitation Districts Of Los Angeles County - Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP)
Yukon River Watershed
Long Beach
Terminal Island Water Reclamation Plant
Los Angeles River | Under New Ownership The aquisition of the Los Angeles River by the Good Water Corporation enables the implementation of a urban water system for the better use and treatment of water in the City of Los Angeles. The current locations become part of the wider network of the corporation all working towards providing water for the city.
41
Los Angeles River | Context
Canoga Park
Resada
The river runs throught the heart of the city, but the lack of care and attention has resulted in a derlict and forgotten landscape. The adjacent land either side of the river is often industrialised for factories and warehouses.
Winnetka 51
50
Sepulveda Basin 49
47 48 46 45
44
43
Los Angeles Zoo Toluca Lake
42
32
41
33
31
40 34 39
38 36
30 35
37
Griffith Park
29
Atwater Village
28
Bel Air
Northeast Los Angeles
27
26
25
Silver Lake 24
Dodger Stadium 23
22
Brookly Heights 21
Downtown
20
Hobart
19 18
Mile 49 - Bell Creek - Residential
Mile 48 - Canoga Park - Residential/Industrial
17
Laguna 16
15
14
South Gate
13
12
11
Mile 46 - Winnetka - Residential/Commerical
Mile 45 - Sepulveda Basin - National Park 10
Compton
9
8
7
6
North Long Beach
5
Mile 40 - Northridge - Residential/Commerical
Mile 35 - Toluca Lake - Recreational/Residential 4
3
West Side 2
1
0
Mile 24 - Glendale - National Park/Industrial
42
Mile 18 - Hobart - Industrial
Long Beach
LA River | Masterplan The river is filled with water siphoned from the Yukon and stored in the Los Angeles Riverbed. The river is rejuvenated with water. The masterplan schematic splits the river into 10 mile sections to treat, filtrate and distribute water to the City of Los Angeles. The river is covered to contain the water and to reduce theft. The covering is planted with luscious verdent green trees and grass fed by the water below. The river becomes the heart of the city again with a new ecosystem.
51
+ Winnetka + Sepulveda Basin 43 31
+ GriďŹ&#x192;th Park
Masterplan Schematic Alaska Dodgers Stadium +
Catchment
Arroyo Calabasas Mile 51
Good Water Corporation Headquar ters
Water from Yukon
22 Outpost Distribution Centre
Pumping Station
1
+ Hobart 19
Settling Tank
Service Reservoir
Water Treatment
Sepulevada Basin
Water Treatment
+ Bell Gardens 13
Distribution Centre
Outpost
Distribution Centre
Control Centre Mile 22
Water Tanks
Water Tanks
Mission Junction
9
6
+ Hamilton
+ Sutter
Distribution Tank Stormwater Managment
+ Lower Westside
Outpost
3 Service Reservoir
Water Treatment
Settling Tank
Outpost
0
+ Long Beach
Water Treatment
Outpost Distribution Centre
Pumping Station
Long Beach Mile 0
Key Inspection Points Direction of Flow Central Highway Public Access Point Landscape Infrastructure
43
Water Dealership Programmatic exploration of spaces required in the scheme. The initial program diagram looks to split the departments and provide common facilities for the people inhabiting the building. Keeping people connected through circulation and canteen areas. Circulation is also key in ensuring ease of movement from one building to another.
Vans, Water Tanks, Trucks
Kitchen
Logisitcs Depar tment
Command Centre
Staff Canteen
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Office
Water Distribution
Connceting Pipe Gallery
Staff Lounge
Water Reclamation
Office
Primary Sedimentation Tank
Meeting Rooms
Secondary Sedimentation Tank
Reaction Tank
Storage
Meeting Rooms Water Treatment
Water R&D
Water Tanks
Office
Research Labs
Disinfection
Research Offices
Sedimentation
Staff Lounge
Booster Pump Staff Canteen Water Dealership HQ
VIP Access
VIP Areas
Staff Entrance
Executive Floor
Staff Access
Kitchen
Formal Office Staff Lobby Staff Canteen
Informal Office
Gym
Meeting Rooms
Staff Areas
Public Entrance Entrance Lobby
Water Cafe Consultation Rooms
Public Engagment
44
Staff Lounge
BRINGING WATER BACK TO L A
Good Water Corporation The Corporation aquires the river and rejuvenates the area back to it riparian landscape bringing nature back to the the City of Los Angeles.
45
46
4
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT REVIVING THE LOS ANGELES RIVER
47
48
Stepped Vertical
Stepped Left
Elevated Edges
Stepped Right
Vertical Alignment
Dog-leg Vertical
Zigzag Channel
Channled Sections
Sloped Vertical
Vertical Slope Split
Staggered Intersections
Staggered Sloped Intersections
Zigzag Elevated
Zigzag Interlocking
Slope Split Elevated
Vertical Slope Split Alternate
Tapered Centred to Mass
Hyridc Slope Zigzag
Zigzag Intersections
Zigzag Sloped Hybrid
Taper into Riverbed
Central Core
Two Channel Tapered
Quad Channel Tapered
Circular Core Tapered
V Valley Tapered
Slanted Tapered
Inclined Tapered Planes
Riverbed Volumes Initial studies looking at the interactions with the riverbed.
49
Form Development Taking a 500m radius from the site, assesing the interactions and oppurtunities.
Central Sloped Planes
Inward Inward Stepped Stepped InsetInset within within the river the river channel channel with with surrounding surrounding massing massing
Central Central Stepped Stepped Situated Situated within within the river the river channel channel with with largelarge massing massing at one at end one end
Sloped Sloped Bridging Bridging across across the river the river channel channel slopped slopped to ground to ground levellevel
Elevated Bowl
Ramped Ramped Massing on one with with rampramp Massing on side one side around the building around the building
Pod Pod Straddling Straddling the river the river channel channel with with intersecting intersecting voidsvoids
Warped Warped Two Two volumes volumes overover the river the river channel channel with with the one the above one above warped warped
Telescopic Planes
Slotted Atriums
Ribbed Ribbed Structural ribs along the river Structural ribs along the river creating space within creating space within
Form Finding Taking the form of the riverbed to develop conceptual massing forms.
Initial Riverbed Interactions Early iterations of placing the tectonic artefact onto the riverbed.
50
PeakPeak Volumes bridging across Volumes bridging across the the channel central riverriver channel with with central towertower
GridGrid Intersecting Intersecting grid grid structure structure with with diďŹ&#x20AC;erent diďŹ&#x20AC;erent volumes volumes
Layered Planes Conceptual iterations of layered planes above the covered riverbed.
Design Drivers The design came through a response to the site, defining the relationship between the riverbed and the building. The form of the building derived from the programmatic intention of creating four seperate wings. The final form results in a distinct four volumes arrayed from the central core.
10m 10m
nom. 80m -150m nom. 80m-150m
10m 10m
Underutilised Area
Riverbed Volume
Underutilised Area
Considering methods of containing the water volume within the riverbed.
Riverbed Section Nominal width of 80-150m with little elevation gain from Sepulveda Basin to mouth of river.
Initial Spatial Arrangements An initial concept for four seperate parts to the building connected to a central node.
The Last Oasis Designed to highlight the importance of nature and water, a central ring and podium idea has developed that encourage interactions and acknoledgments of the trees.
Layered Floorplates
The Central Core
Access Points into the Core
Tapered Ends
MISSION JUNCTION
PIGGYBACK YARD
51
Design Evolution Diagramatic sequence of developing form, with considerations for access, circulation and facade.
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Rectangular Form
North + South Access Points
East + West Access Points
Define Entrance Way
Entrance Alignment
Chamfering Ends
Manipulating End Facade
Creating Different Levels
Define Entrance Way
Seperating Forms
Defining Voids
Manipulating End Facade
Creating Level Changes
Define Entrance Way
Manipulating Form
Full Volume
Building Cuts
Central Core
Final Form
Facade
Floor Plates
Landscaping
Below Ground
Water Storage
Los Angeles Riverbed
Iteration 01 Massing design development of the building on the site. Looking at pedestrian flow and access to the building in addition to the volume of the building . Considerations of central core placement and areas of interest for public and private uses.
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Design Evolution Continued Diagramatic sequence to final form.
Varying Ends
Extending Alternate Forms
Moulding to Site
Adapting to Sightlines
Changing Ratio of Forms
Adapting Core
Unifying Form
Set out to Core
Two Distinct Forms
Defining Relationship
Connecting Volumes
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Final Form
Internal Exploration | Entrance Lobby Spatial iterations of entrance sequence and lobby design.
Caged Water Central atrium with water flowing through the core, reception desk to the left creating a more intimate space with water as the main attraction.
Conceptual Honeycomb A study on the hexagonal form as a defining shape, creating potential spaces for programme.
Water Bank Reception Concept for the reception desk entrance atmosphere. Sleek and clean interiors.
The Water Core Conceptual study of the water core as an exposed stream of water contiuously flowing as a central attraction to the entrance lobby.
Circular Core A telescopic circular core looking up the building. Large ground floor lobby with central reception desk.
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Internal Exploration | Continued... Spatial iterations of internal spaces in the building.
Revised Water Core A modified core creating terraced atrium looking at the water tower in the lobby. Creating dynamic movement spaces within the atrium.
Water Tower 02 An iteration of the atrium and lobby design to incorporate balconies and footbridges. Looking at creating a clean and sleek entrance space.
Viewing Balcony Conceptual study of a viewing balcony with water tanks as a central feature to the building with the infrastructural aspects on display for the public to see.
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Water Distribution Interiors Spatial iterations of the water distribution tanks.
Centralised Loading Bay Concpetual study of the underground water distribution centre where tanks will be filled with water.
Circular Distribution Bay An iteration exploring the circular distribution of water into the water tanks.
Left Aligned Loading Bay Conceptual iteration of the water tank distibution centre with a main water pipe and gantry access. With tunnels leading to the laboratories and water departments.
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West Facade Evolution
N
Iterations and design drivers informing the facade penetrations and form.
W
Initial Block Massing
Roof Slope Alignment
Tapered Elevated Ends
Facade Iteration 01
Facade Final Form
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East Facade Evolution
N
Iterations and design drivers informing the facade penetrations and form.
E
Initial Block Massing
Roof Slope Alignment
Tapered Elevated Ends
Facade Iteration 01
Facade Final Form
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5
DESIGN PROPOSAL THE GOOD WATER CORPORATION HQ
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Building Form The building sits on the covered river bed, consisting of four distinct wings surrounding a central core known as the Last Oasis.
Cover the river
Access Points
Define the Datum Access Points
Define the Landscape
Define the Landscape
Block Massing
Access Points
Access Points
Access Points
Access Points
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Building Logic The building is designed in short section as a shell enclosing the interior spaces inside, in long section the building elevates off the ground until the central core to reduce the volume and increase permiability.
Short Section The building in short section is designed to protect the interior but external spaces allowing natural light in yet providing a secure facade for the security of the building.
Ground Floor GA Circulation
Typical GA Circulation
Facade & Roof
The design of the central core is to connect the four wings of the bulding creating a social space in the centre focused on the greenery around the core.
As the buillding design tapers upwards the circulation around the spaces are pushed into the central voids of the building encouraging external throughfare and interactions with the natural envrionment.
The roof and facade has been designed with key penetrations to allow optimum natural light into the spaces within. Both have been designed in conjunction with each other as a continuous entity.
Long Section
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The building in long section tapers from the central core elevating from the ground to increase permiabilty gain height but remain a modest building with slender volumes.
Buidling Circulation Designed around a central ring the four wings array around the core with circulation pushed to the outer balconies to encourage interactions and for people to enjoy the luscious verdent greenery within the complex.
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Buidling Program Layout Program spaces located with the building, Showing the relationship with the core and the building circulation.
Public
Public Lobby
Public Education Areas
Public Water Cafe
Admin Offices
Research Labs and Offices
Library
VIP Areas
Private Offices
Water Infrastructure Office
Informal Offices
Conference and Meeting Rooms
Staff Amenity Spaces
Private
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DODGER STADIUM
GLENDALE JUNCTION
LINCOLN HEIGHTS
MISSION JUNCTION TAYLOR JUNCTION
CHINATOWN PIGGYBACK YARD
UNION STATION
LITTLE TOKYO
ALISO VILLAGE
BROOKLYN HEIGHTS
SI T E PL AN G OOD WATE R COMPANY HE ADQ UAR TER S
0 50 100
200
500
N
L o s A n g e les , C alifo rn ia 3 4°03’43.0”N 118°13’36.5” W
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N
G ROUND FLOOR GE NE R AL AR R AN GEM EN T P L AN G OOD WATE R COMPANY HE ADQ UAR TER S L o s A n g e les , C alifo rn ia 34°03’43.0”N 118°13’36.5” W
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0
5
10
20
50
N
T YPI C AL FLOOR GE NE R AL AR R AN GEM EN T P L AN
0
5 10
20
50
G OOD WATE R COMPANY HE ADQ UAR TER S L o s A n g e les , C alifo rn ia 34°03’43.0”N 118°13’36.5” W
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N
ROOF PL A N G O O D WAT ER C O MPANY HE ADQUARTER S L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i fo r n ia 34°03’4 3.0”N 118°13’36.5” W
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0
5 10
20
50
Perspective Section The wings of the building are designed to scale back creating circulation spaces and reduces the mass of the form. The facade acts as a shell protecting the interiors spaces.
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Concrete Facade
Water Treatment Offices
Balconies
Research Laboratory
Offices
Staff Lounge
Admin Offices
Green Entrance Path
Detail Slice 001 A slice through the building showing the different programmatic spaces working together.
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Detail Slice 002 A sectional slice through the public spaces showing the interactions between staff and the public.
Concrete Facade VIP Lounge
Exterior Balconies
VIP Lounge
Research Laboratory
Conference Room
Staff Lounge Public Information Centre
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Concrete Core
Notificiation Board
Interior Balconies
Central Circulation Ring
Last Oasis
Detail Slice 003 A slice through the central core showing the social interactions around the central core looking into the last oasis.
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Into the Core. The entrance of the building is through the last oasis. A lush and verdent garden in the core of the building with a central ring above for circulation. The garden is the centrepiece to the design of the building as a reminder of our need to reconnect with nature.
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From the Balcony The large central core and circulation ring acts as a social generator of the building allowing people to walk through the luscious green gardens to get from A to B. The generous balcony spaces act as informal meeting spaces and social spaces for lunch or events.
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The Last Oasis The central core is designed to bring people together with a large update panel for current events and most importantly weather and water levels. The screen provides continuous updates for everyone to see.
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From Floor Level The design pushed circulation to the external of the building to generate footfall and social interactions from floor levels into the core. Each level has a generous balcony filled with luscious and verdant greenery.
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The Atrium The public lobby atrium space has been designed around the water tower, a central feature to the building. The atrium is intented to encourage circulation around the building, creating an open and creative space.
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View from M is s ion Jun c t i o n GOO D WAT ER CO M PAN Y HE A D QUA RT ERS L o s A ngel es, Cal i fo rni a 3 4 ° 0 3 ’ 4 3 . 0 ”N 1 1 8 ° 1 3 ’3 6 . 5 ” W
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View from Piggyba ck Yard GOOD WATE R COMPAN Y HE ADQUARTE RS L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i fo r n i a 3 4 °0 3 ’4 3 .0 ”N 1 1 8 °1 3 ’3 6 .5 ” W
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View from t h e N or t h GOOD WATE R COMPAN Y HE ADQUARTE RS L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i fo r n i a 3 4 °0 3 ’4 3 .0 ”N 1 1 8 °1 3 ’3 6 .5 ” W
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View from t h e N or t h GOOD WATE R COMPAN Y HE ADQUARTE RS L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i fo r n i a 3 4 °0 3 ’4 3 .0 ”N 1 1 8 °1 3 ’3 6 .5 ” W
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All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.
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UNIT @unit14_ucl
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P I O N E E R I N G S E N T I M E N T
2018
At the centre of Unit 14’s academic exploration lies Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’, a master-builder that follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal of the designer as somebody who is capable of comprehending the ‘integrateable significance’ of specialised findings and is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of these discoveries while not disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, we are opportunists in search of new ideas and their benefits via architectural synthesis. As such Unit 14 is a test bed for exploration and innovation, examining the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. We are in search of the new, leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital as well as physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation with a research-driven core, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and through the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new and unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals. They are beautiful because of their intelligence - extraordinary findings and the artful integration of those into architecture. This year’s UNIT 14 focus shifts onto examining moments of pioneering sentiment. We find out about how human endeavor, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate and advance cultural as well as technological means while driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Supported by competent research we search for the depicted pioneering sentiment and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation. The underlying principle and observation of our investigations is that futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. A prominent thinker is the Californian Syd Mead who envisages and has scripted a holistic vision of the future with his designs and paintings. As universal as our commitment and thoughts is our testbed and territory for our investigations and proposals. Possible sites are as such global or specific to our visits, as much as the individual investigations suggest and opportunities arrive. Unit 14 is supported by a working relationship with innovators across design. We engage specialists, but remain generalists, synthesising knowledge towards novel ways of thinking, making and communicating architecture.
UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl
All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.