-
LONDON VICTORIA AIRPORT
JACK LETTICE YEAR 4
UNIT
Y4 JL
A NEW AIRPORT FOR LONDON
@unit14_ucl
All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.
@unit14_ucl
JACK LETTICE YEAR 4 Y4 JL
jack.lettice.19@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @unit14_ucl
A N E W A I R P O RT F O R LO N D O N LONDON VICTORIA AIRPORT London, United Kingdom
F
or as long as it has existed, the plane has been excluded from the city. It is smelly, noisy, dangerous, and demands a vast amount of space to operate. As a result, airports are poorly integrated into population centres, their size and noise leaving them stranded well outside the urban core, poorly connected to wider networks. Years of uncontrolled expansion and changing demand leaves behind a palimpsest of terminals and runways, shaped by the dimensions and movements of aircraft.
effort. Work can be shared between us both formally and informally, but studio culture cannot be perfectly recreated in the current context.
But if the aircraft of tomorrow are silent and clean, landing and taking off vertically, the airport typology could become something very different. Technological advances in aeronautics and beyond will allow a compact intermodal hub, integrated into the fabric of the city. London Victoria offers a perfect opportunity to test such a model, as part of a broader distributed network of urban air terminals. Throughout this portfolio, I will analyse the technologies which make this possible, and explore the composition and nature of the building itself. The current situation has had obvious impacts. We have lost access to dedicated workspace, to workshops and print rooms, and to IT facilities. Our means of means of design development and expression have been tangibly constrained. Perhaps most importantly, remote working has reduced the connection to my peers, hampering the exchange of ideas and the incidental discussion of our work. Where those connections had already been established, such as within the studio unit, they can be maintained with some
3
A
RESEARCH AND BRIEF
4
Airport name Annual Passengers (Of which domestic) Port name Annual Passengers Rail line (225-300 km/h) Rail line (201 km/h) Rail line (177 km/h) HS2 (362 km/h) Major urban area
Aberdeen 3,056,000 (1,750,000)
Edinburgh 14,292,000 (5,372,000)
Glasgow 9,653,000 (4,236,000)
Newcastle 5,332,000 (1,174,000)
Belfast Int. 6,269,000 (3,919,000)
Belfast City 2,510,000 (2,375,000)
Leeds Bradford 4,038,000 (351,000)
Holyhead 1,914,000
Liverpool 5,042,000 (981,000)
Manchester 28,255,000 (2,551,000)
Doncaster 1,222,000 (59,000)
E. Midlands Int. 4,874,000 (401,000)
Birmingham 12,455,000 (1,355,000)
Luton 16,767,000 (1,197,000) London City
Cardiff 1,579,000 (259,000)
Bristol 8,697,000 (1,352,000)
Southhampton 1,648,000
A-1
Heathrow 80,100,000 (4,793,000)
4,820,000 (1,092,000)
Southhampton 1,991,000 (1,196,000) Portsmouth 1,848,000
Stansted 27,995,000 (1,945,000) Southend 1,480,000 (125,000)
Gatwick 46,081,000 (3,729,000)
Dover 11,783,000
UK Transport Infrastructure
A-2
Research and Brief
5
Boeing 787
80
u
rb
Ai
3 sA
Bo
ein
g7 07
2009
19 57
05
g ein Bo
Bo ein g
77
7
20
7 72
Empty Weight 119,950 kg Max Weight 227,930 kg
19 94
63 19
Unit Cost 135,500,000 GBP Materials 50% Composite 20% Aluminium 15% Titanium 10% Steel 5% Other
Range 13620 km
1990
MD-11
1967
Boeing 737
Cruise Speed 903 km/h
Fuel Capacity 126,206 L
19 87
Passengers (typical) 242
us
rb
Ai
CO2 Emissions (per passenger-km) 69.8 g
20
A3
Flight Crew 2 Cabin Crew 8-9
197 2
Boeing 787-8
69
19
1970
Ai
rb
us
A3
00
47 g7
ein
Passengers
Bo DC-10
2,000,000,000 1,900,000,000 1,800,000,000 1,700,000,000 1,600,000,000 1,500,000,000 1,400,000,000 1,300,000,000 1,200,000,000 1,100,000,000 1,000,000,000 900,000,000
Sea Travel Rail Travel Air Travel
800,000,000 700,000,000
0
600,000,000 500,000,000 400,000,000 300,000,000 200,000,000 100,000,000 0 1950
A-2
Current Aviation Research and Brief
6
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Main Terminal
Satellite C
Satellite B
Departures spaces Mixed spaces
Scale 1:5000
A-3
Vertical circulation
Arrivals spaces
Rail transport
Secure processes
Heathrow Express
Sanitary spaces
Piccadily Line
Retail spaces
Road links
Catering spaces
Exclusive spaces
Other service spaces
Building footprint
Non-public spaces
Heathrow Case Study B
A-4
Research and Brief
7
Scale 1:7500
A-4
Heathrow Case Study A Research and Brief
8
Departure passenger flow Arrival passenger flow Departure functions Arrival functions Key transport buildings Heathrow Express Piccadily Line Passenger service Airport service
9
Landside
Airside
Check-in
Security
Satellites
Gates Retail
EDI Edinburgh
Reclaim
Arrivals
Reclaim
Passports
Gates
Check-in
Security
Retail
Gates
Gates
LHR London Heathrow (T5)
Other terminals
Reclaim
Security + passports
Arrivals Reclaim
Passports
Gates
Check-in
Gates
Security
Gates
CDG Retail
Paris Charles de Gaulle (T1)
Arrivals
Reclaim
Passports
Check-in
Passports
Retail
Gates
Security
SIN Other terminals
Singapore Changi (T1)
Gates Arrivals
Reclaim
Passports
Check-in
Security
Retail
Gates
Gates
Gates
STN Reclaim
Stansted
Arrivals
Reclaim
Passports
Gates
Check-in
Security
Retail
Gates
Arrivals
Reclaim
BHD Belfast George Best
A-5
Airport System Flows Research and Brief
10
Gates
Check-in method Percent (%)
60
Desk
50
Kiosk
40
Online
‘Portal’ Scanning 2019 -
30
Other 20 10
Numerous competing products Fits into current terminals Threats can be identified by AI Reduced or no queueing Increased capacity and throughput
0 2015
Current
2016
2017
Landside
Airside
Check-in
Security
2018
Retail LHR
London Heathrow
London Heathrow
(T5)
(T5) Reclaim
Passports
Airside
Gates
Gates
LHR
Arrivals
Landside
Future
Retail
Gates
Gates
Airportr Baggage Service 2012 -
Uses current terminal infrastructure Bags taken directly from home Requires airline participation Launched and expanding in UK
ObjectTech Gateless Border 2012 -
A-6
Terminal Technologies
Built around facial recognition allows ‘no-contact’ border crossing Requires security staffing Planned deployment in Dubai
A-7
Research and Brief
11
Gate spacing (A380/A320)
95m
Examples: LHR, STN
Stacked circulation
Advantages: - Passenger flows fully seperated - Allows free floor plan 51m
- Smaller footprint requirement Disadvantages: - Significant vertical circulation - Arr./Dep. balance less flexible
51m
51m
Examples: CDG, SIN
Enclosed circulation
Advantages: - Passenger flows fully seperated - Easy to combine flows elsewhere - Allows distributed security
51m
Disadvantages: - Constrains floor plan - At-gate waiting area limited
51m
95m
Examples: AMS, MAD Advantages: - No duplication of services - Allows free floor plan - Good for domestic flights Disadvantages: - Later flow seperation harder - Circulation can become blocked
A-7
Airport Gates Research and Brief
12
Free circulation
Kamov KA-26/126/226 1965 - present - Interchangeble mission pod - Passenger modules available - Pods form part of fuselage - Pod exchange is time consuming - Developed to production stage
Airbus detachable fuselage patent 2016 - Requires new airframe design - Requires new terminal infrastructure - Pods form part of fuselage - Pods can be exchanged quickly - Passengers loaded into pod - Developed to concept stage
Airbus Transpose concept 2017
Premium pod
-
Utilises existing freighter airframe Allows flexible internal layout Pods sit within fuselage Windows replaced by screens Various functional options Pods can be exchanged quickly Passengers loaded seperately Developed to full scale prototype
Bunk pod
Bar pod
A330-200F
A-9
Modular Aviation Research and Brief
13
Cruising speed VTOL engines on
Stall speed
Stall speed Main engine on
Descent start VTOL engines off
Control S Deformab
Main engine off Multimodal engines at half tilt
Multimodal engines at half tilt VTOL engines run for 1 minute
VTOL engines run for 2 minutes
Landing
Takeoff
Multimodal Engines Rolls Royce E-Trent 300 Primary Engine Rolls Royce Olympus 2-1000
CO2 Emissions (per passenger-km) 55.8 g
Empty Weight 189,200 kg Max Weight 403,500 kg
Battery Capacity 2,760 MWh
Cruise configuration
Aircraft Fuel Efficiency Metric Scale (1968=100) Single aisle aircraft Small twin-aisle aircraft
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1960
A-8
Future Aviation Trends Research and Brief
14
1965
1970
1975
198
Aircraft Noise Annoyance EPNdb Certified aircraft arrival noise
Surfaces ble FlexFoil
80
Certified aircraft departure noise
25 20
Regulatory limit
15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25
Range 24,450 km
-30 1960
Battery Specific Energy W-h/kg
Unit Cost 275,750,000 GBP (Inflation adjusted)
Exsisting battery types
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
700
600
Potential future battery types 500
400
300
200
100
0 1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
Materials 90% Composite 5% Titanium 5% Other
Canards Deformable FlexFoil
Fuel Capacity 230,000 L
Cruise Speed 1,800 km/h
VTOL Engines Rolls Royce E-Trent 200-A
Boeing 1787 Passengers (typical) 410 Flight Crew 0 Cabin Crew 14-16 Control Autonomous
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
15
8
Linear
Parallel
Perpendicular
3
8
3
10
5
6
2 4
4
A-10
Passenger Module Design Research and Brief
16
2
7
5
4
1 - Titanium alloy longerons 2 - Composite fuselage panels 3 - Twist-lock attachment points 4 - Composite interior panels 5 - Composite overhead storage bins 6 - ‘Window’ screen 7 - Overheade aisle screen 8 - Demountable seats 9 - Floor panels over aluminium structure 10 - Aluminium secondary structure 11 - ‘Pocket’ sliding doors 12 - Baggage compartment door 13 - Service connections 14 - Pressure seal
1
3
6
10
9
13 2 9
1
11
14
12
2
17
Regional
3200m 3200m
Airbus A220 116 standard seats
3100m 3100m
3000m 3000m
Avro RJ100 100 standard seats
2900m 2900m
Bombardier CRJ700 78 standard seats
2800m 2800m
2700m 2700m
Embraer E170 78 standard seats
2600m 2600m
2500m 2500m
VTOL-2 2 standard modules - 120 seats 2 WC modules
2400m 2400m
2300m 2300m
Short-Haul
2200m 2200m
Boeing 737-700 78 standard seats
2100m 2100m
2000m
Airbus A320 164 standard seats
2000m
1900m 1900m
1800m 1800m
VTOL-3 3 standard modules - 180 seats 2 WC modules 1 service module
1700m 1700m
1600m 1600m
1500m
Mid/Long-Haul
1500m
Airbus A300 201 standard seats 46 premium seats
1400m 1400m
1300m 1300m
1200m 1200m
Boeing 787-8 218 standard seats 24 premium seats
1100m 1100m
1000m 1000m
900m 900m
800m 800m
VTOL-7 6 standard modules - 360 seats 1 premium module - 30 seats 4 WC modules 3 service modules
700m 700m
600m 600m
500m 500m
Long-Haul/‘Jumbo’ Airbus A380-800 437 standard seats 96 premium seats 22 luxury seats
400m 400m
300m 300m
200m 200m
100m
H H
H H
H H
H H
100m
Runway length Boeing 747-8 356 standard seats 87 premium seats 24 luxury seats
Typical seating 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400
VTOL-11 6 standard modules - 360 seats 3 premium modules - 90 seats 2 luxury modules - 40 seats 5 WC modules 6 service modules
A-11
Modular Aircraft Capabilities Research and Brief
18
500 500 600 600
A220
RJ100
CRJ700
E170
B737
A320
A300
B787
A380
B747
VTOL-2
VTOL-3
VTOL-7
VTOL-11
A220
RJ100
CRJ700
E170
B737
A320
A300
B787
A380
B747
VTOL-2
VTOL-3
VTOL-7
VTOL-11
1 - Mid-deck jetbridge 2 - Upper-deck jetbridge 3 - Ground tug 4 - Catering truck 5 - Upper-deck catering truck 6 - Cleaning truck 7 - Fuel Truck 8 - Lower-deck cargo lift 9 - ULD cargo tractor/trailer 10 - Bulk cargo tractor/trailer 11 - AC service unit 12 - Potable water vehicle 13 - Lavatory vehicle 14 - Ground power unit 15 - Conveyor belt 16 - Air start unit 17 - De-icing truck 18 - Ladder fire truck 19 - Standard fire truck 20 - Foam cannon fire truck 21 - Fire command/crew vehicle
Safety Zone
10 15
4 13
9 8
4
12
7
7
17
11
5 4
2 9
8 6
20 1
16
19
18
21
14
3
1 - Service connection points 2 - Fuel Lines 3 - Power lines 4 - Module loading vehicle 5 - Passenger module 6 - Service modules 7 - Alternative aircraft positions 8 - De-ice/foam cannon drone 9 - Fire crew response VTOL
Safety Zone 1
2
7
3
4 6
4
5 8
5 1
1 4 1 2
2
9
1
A-12
Comparison of Aircraft Servicing Research and Brief
19
Airbus A320 Turnaround time: 44 minutes
Activity Prepositioning Loading event
Aircraft ready
In-Block
Critical path
Aircraft parked Deplaning/Boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water
0:00
5:00
10:00
15:00
20:00
25:00
30:00
35:00
40:00
45:00
50:00
55:00
60:00
65:00
70:00
75:00
80:00
85:00
90:00
95:00
35:00
40:00
45:00
50:00
55:00
60:00
65:00
70:00
75:00
80:00
85:00
90:00
95:00
VTOL-3 Turnaround time: 16.5 minutes Aircraft ready
In-Block Aircraft parked Module loading Deplaning/boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water
0:00
5:00
10:00
15:00
20:00
25:00
30:00
Airbus A380 Turnaround time: 90 minutes Aircraft ready
In-Block Aircraft parked Deplaning/Boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water
0:00
5:00
10:00
15:00
20:00
25:00
30:00
35:00
40:00
45:00
50:00
55:00
60:00
65:00
70:00
75:00
80:00
85:00
90:00
95:00
50:00
55:00
60:00
65:00
70:00
75:00
80:00
85:00
90:00
95:00
VTOL-11 Turnaround time: 31.5 minutes Aircraft ready
In-Block Aircraft parked Module loading Deplaning/boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water
0:00
A-13
5:00
15:00
20:00
Comparison of Aircraft Turnaround Research and Brief
20
10:00
25:00
30:00
35:00
40:00
45:00
B
SITING AND DEVELOPMENT
21
Wo rk
ntain
Mai ply
Cu
ltu
Distant
up
s Re
re
AT C
s ht Sig
Reachable
e Hom
Car go
Close
On-site
Re t
il Ra
ail
e Tub
Foo d
Roof space
Bu
ls te
s
Heathrow Advantages: Established airport Height risk: LOW Air: 80.10M Rail: 6.20M Tube: 14.63M
Ho
Taxi
Fun
Key
London City Advantages: Established airport Height risk: MEDIUM Air: 4.82M DLR: 4.53M
* *
Victoria Advantages: Rail terminus, shopping centre Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 75.00M/6.13M Tube: 79.36M
Clapham Junction Advantages: Rail interchange, *near heliport Height risk: LOW Rail: 29.44M/29.60M
Euston Advantages: Rail terminus, future HS2 site Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 44.75M/4.07M Tube: 43.07M
* *
B-1
Waterloo Advantages: Rail terminus, major attractions Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 94.35M/5.86M Tube: 91.27M
Canary Wharf Advantages: Finance hub, *near current airport Height risk: VERY HIGH DLR: 19.36M Tube: 50.91M
Stratford Advantages: International rail, shopping centre Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 40.07M/4.56M DLR: 19.70M Tube: 61.99M
Blackfriars Advantages: Major attractions, river access Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 10.80M/0.92M Tube: 14.83M
London Bridge Advantages: Rail interchange, major attractions Height risk: HIGH Rail: 48.45M/7.39M Tube: 69.05M
Liverpool Street Advantages: Rail terminus, finance hub Height risk: HIGH Rail: 66.97M/3.79M Tube: 67.74M
Comparative Site Analysis Siting and Development
22
10
London’s airports
11
3
2
4
5
1
Euston Marylebone 12 Paddington 6
Charing X.
Victoria
7
LHR Heathrow
Clapham Jct.
8
9 120,000,000 110,000,000 100,000,000
London Heathrow London City London Central
90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0
B-2
1:2000
N
1 - Landing pad 2 - Grosvenor Hotel 3 - Terminal Place entrance 4 - Eastern Archway entrance 5 - Eastern Station concourse 6 - Victoria Place shopping centre 7 - Planned OSD 8 - Victoria Coach Station 9 - Former Empire Air Terminal 10 - Victoria Tube Station 11 - Victoria Bus Station 12 - Flightpaths 2015 2016 2017
3
2018
2
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
9
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
TheB-3 Urban Airport Site and Network Context Siting and Development Siting and Development
23
203
London’s airports
Marylebone
Paddington
LHR Heathrow
Claph
120,000,000 110,000,000 100,000,000
London Heathrow London City London Central
90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 2015
B-2
2016
The Urban Airport Network Siting and Development
24
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2
Stratford Kings X. St Pancras Euston
LON
Liverpool St.
Blackfriars
Cannon St.
Charing X.
Fenchurch St.
LCY City
London Bridge Waterloo
Victoria
ham Jct.
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
25
4 - Global massing
1 - Concourse flows Current
Retail
Rationalised
Circulation
Retail
Relax
Circulation
5 - Establishing grid
2 - Program stacking Key floor alignement
Defining zones
A
B Landing Boarding Airport functions
Boarding near ground - concourse compromised
Boarding near pad - concourse preserved
6 - Circulation elements
3 - Global massing
Spatial value: High Low
A
B
C
D
E
B-4
Building Form Genesis Siting and Development
26
F
7 - Refining flows Fit to grid
Redefine islands
8 - Environmental exposure Exposure: High Low
B A
Exposure
9 - Plan refinement
Super-grid
Grid
A
Sub-grid
B
10.5m
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
1.75m
1.75m
C
10 - Stack Refinement Enclosed program
Refined massing
A B B C A - Dis/embarkation B - Lounge and retail C - Operational
27
=20
Precedent
Precedent
Pan Am Building
Thames Airport
(Emery Roth, Pietro Belluschi, Walter Gropius)
Structural demand
Precedent Charing Cross Heliport
Required height: 60m
(Aslan and Freeman)
Context Key metrics: Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability
B-5
Structural Brief Siting and Development
28
A
Iteration ‘Archway’
Pad Truss
Boarding deck
Main column Arch
Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability
Ticket hall
A.1
A.2
A.3 Arch iteration
B-6
Precedent
Precedent
National Museum of Scotland
Paddington Station
Strategy Iteration A
Precedent St Pancras Station
B-7
Siting and Development
29
B
Pad
Iteration ‘Diagrid’ Spaceframe
Boarding deck
Concourse
Anchor
Expression Efficiency Contextuality
Iteration 1
Useability Buildability
Iteration 2
B.1
Iteration 3 B.2
Iteration 4
Iteration 5
Level 1
Level 2 Precedent
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
B-7
Strategy Iteration B Siting and Development
30
Slovak National Radio Building
D Iteration
‘Bundles’
Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability
D.1 D.2
Branching column
B-9
Cruciform arrangement
45 degree adjustment
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
J
L
M
N
O
P
Strategy Iteration D Siting and Development
31
C
Pad
Iteration ‘Megastructure’
Boarding deck
Concourse
Anchor
3
2 4
5
1 - Primary column 2 - Primary beam 3 - Secondary beam 4 - Tertiary beam 5 - Tensile member 6 - Water cooling 7 - Service channels 8 - Air supply 9 - HV cabling 10 - LED lighting Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability 6 8 Precedent Plug In City (Archigram)
7 9 2
10
1
B-8
Strategy Iteration C Siting and Development
32
E
Pad
Final proposal Boarding deck
Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability
Anchor
Concourse
Column and beam iterations
A
B
C
D
E
Compression Tension
Tolerance
Tolerance
Deflection
Initial grid
B-10
Deflection
Lower utilsation Low spatial usability
Optimised grid
High utilsation Higher spatial usability
Final Structural Strategy Siting and Development
33
4
See page B-12 9
1 7
3
3
8
10
1 - West Wing 2 - North Wing 3 - Passenger modules 4 - Landing positions 5 - Landing pad 6 - Station concourse 7 - Boarding deck 8 - Central atrium 9 - Observation gallery 10 - Entrance lobby
B-11
Building Section B Siting and Development
34
6
4
5
7 9
2
35
Lightwell Counterweight
Airside Scanner
Landside
Sensor Emitter New Glazing
Lift Car
B-12
Circulation Systems Siting and Development
36
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
6 MEDIUM LOW Yes
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
6 LOW LOW Yes
Loadi
1 - Pas 2 - Ra 3 - ‘Co 4 - Ro 5 - Ex 6 - At 7 - Ele 8 - Hy
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
6 HIGH MEDIUM Yes
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
1 HIGH HIGH No
System iterations
B-13
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
6 HIGH MEDIUM Yes
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
6 MEDIUM MEDIUM Yes
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
1 MEDIUM HIGH No
Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:
1 LOW MEDIUM No
Embarkation Systems Siting and Development
37
1
6
5
4
7 8
Loading system 1 - Passenger module 2 - Rail system 3 - ‘Collar’ mount 4 - Rotating frame 5 - Extensible arms 6 - Attachment point 7 - Electric motor 8 - Hydraulic system
7
3
2
In aircraft
System operation
In building
38
C
DETAILED EXPLORATION
39
C-8
B-12
11
C-8
C-12
9
C-11
1a Primary steel frame (main column) 1b Primary steel frame (beam) 1c Primary steel frame (bridge truss) 1d Primary steel frame (stair stringer) 2 Triple glazing unit 3 20mm Reinforced glass balu 4a Precast reinforced concrete (solid)
10
C-1
Sectional Exploration Detailed Exploration
40
ustrade e cell
7
6 C-9 100kN/m
-100kN/m
8
C-2
4a 4b
5
2
C-7
3
1c
1c
1a
C-4 4b Precast reinforced concrete cell (ventilated hollowcore) 5 In-situ concrete floor 6 Passenger pod 7 pod handling system 8 Pod rails 9 Passenger scanner 10 Lift car 11 Lift counterweight 12 Hotel west wing 13 Anchor points 14 Lateral beams
C-3
Column bending moment diagram
41
8
7
15
12
13 9
8
11
10 7 5 6
2
14
1 Primary steel frame 2 Steel joint plate 3 M50 bolt 4 M25 bolt 5 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 6 Steel balustrade mount 7 Precast reinforced concrete cell 8 In-situ reinforced concrete floor 9 Anodised alumnium extrusion 10 Anodised alumnium handrail 11 Steel handrail bracket 12 Anodised aluminium panel 13 Extruded service channel 14 Extruded lighting channel 15 Service and drainage ducts
C-2
Construction System Detail Detailed Exploration
42
4
1
3
Precedent Piling at Nova East
Adjacent to site 79m piles required (deepest in London)
Sand/gravel (low stability)
London Clay (high stability) 24 piles 79m depth
5 1 3 1 Primary steel column 2 Cast steel node 3 M50 bolt 4 Steel step edge 5 Extruded aluminium inlay 6 In-situ concrete floor 7 Compacted substrate 8 1800mm concrete pile 9 Earth (sand/gravel)
2 5
8
5
4
6 7 9
C-3
Foundation Exploration Detailed Exploration
43
1.9
2.8
1.4
3.3
2.6
2.7 2.5 2.4
3.4 2.2
2.4 3.3
2.1 2.3
2.4
2.3
2.2 2.3
1.8
2.3
1.7
2.2 3.4
1.4 1.6
2.1
1.4
3.2
1.3 3.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.3
C-4
Column Fragment Detailed Exploration
44
2
5
3
1 - Column 2 - Landing pad sprinkler feed (foaming) 3 - Interior sprinkler feed (non-foaming) 4 - Potable water feed 5 - Roof drainage downpipe 6 - Roof drainage trunk 7 - Sewage pipe (generated in-building) 8 - Sewage pipe (extracted from pods) 9 - Digitally controlled booster pump 10 - Aviation critical power and data feed A 11 - In-building power and data feed A 12 - Aviation critical power and data feed B 13 - In-building power and data feed B (duplicate power and data lines provide redundancy for critical systems)
11
10
12
1 1 11 2
13
12
5 13 3 10
10 4
3
2
7
Water supply and drainage route
C-5
8
6
11
13
12
9
HV and data supply route
Column Service Integration Detailed Exploration
45
13:00 21/03
13:00 21/06
13:00 21/12
07:00 21/06
15:00 21/06
Concourse shading
1
2
1 - Column 2 - LED lighting strip 3 - No lighting below 3m (prevents eye level glare)
2
2
12am
Winter Summer 2
Operation in darkness
3
12pm
C-6
Natural and Artificial Lighting Detailed Exploration
46
Operating hours
1 7a
8 4
1
7b
C-7
2
3
1 Primary steel frame 2 In-situ tread to precast concrete stair 3 Steel risers to precast concrete stair 4 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 5 Precast reinforced concrete cell 6 In-situ concrete floor 7a Anodised alumnium extrusion 7b Flush anodised aluminium inlay 8 Steel handrail bracket
Circulation/Interface Exploration Detailed Exploration
47
A
See page C-9
1 Primary steel frame 2 Steel joint plate 3 M50 bolt 4 Triple glazing unit 5 Extruded aluminium plate 6 Rigid insulation panel 7 Flashing to gutter 8 Precast concrete cell 9 High strength insulation 10 In-situ concrete floor 11 Secondary steel structure
B
1
4
4
10
1
1
3
A
B
4 1
11 4
5 6 7 9
10
10
11 11
8
2
1
6 1
6
1
1
5 1
1
2 3 4 4
C-8
Envelope Details Detailed Exploration
48
Al
Aluminium
+ Ti
Titanium
1 Primary steel frame 2 HV and data cabling 3 Precast reinforced concrete cells 4 High-strength insulation board 5 In-situ reinforced concrete slab 6 Elastometric isolator 7 Isolator mount 8 Secondary steel structure 9 Sprinkler system pipework 10 Inset guttering 11 Replaceable panels 12 Non-slip surface
HMS Queen Elizabeth landing surface
12
11
‘AM2’ modular landing surface 9 10
3 ‘Pop-up’ sprinkler system
6
8
7
5
Landing gear positioning
4
3
2
1
Loading analysis
C-9
Landing Pad Detail Detailed Exploration
49
1 Aircraft position 2 Landing pad surface 3 Inner boarding level 4 Outer boarding level 5 Pod handling mechanism 6 Pods recieving HV charging (during embarkation/disembarkation) 7 Charged pods awaiting loading (during embarkation/disembarkation) 8 Charged pods loaded into aircraft (departing passengers onboard) 9 Uncharged pods unloaded from aircraft (arriving passengers onboard) 10a HV charging circuit 10b HV charge supplied to pods
11a Waste water circuit 11b Waste water extracted from pods 12a Fresh water circuit 12b Fresh water supplied to pods 13 Primary landing pad gutter 14 Secondary landing pad gutter 15 Drainage downpipe in column 16 Air handling unit position 17 Pod rail system
1
1 16
8 14
13
15
10a
10b
16
7
17
12a 11
C-10
Landing Pad Performance Detailed Exploration
50
9
16
1
5
7
6
6
12b
11b
1a
Acoustic deflection on landing pad
51
17
5
12
16
1b
14 6
4
15
2b
9 8c 14
6
10 14
1c
1c 7
3
C-12
Existing Structure Junction B Detailed Exploration
52
3
8a
9
14
8b
11
1b 7
13
8c
13
2a
1a Primary steel frame (main column) 1b Primary steel frame (beam) 1c Primary steel frame (bridge truss) 2a Steel joint plate (bridge truss) 2a Steel joint plate (beam connection) 3 M50 bolt 4 M25 bolt 5 Triple glazing unit 6 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 7 Steel balustrade mount 8a Precast reinforced concrete cell (solid)
8b Precast reinforced concrete cell (ventilated hollowcore) 8c Precast reinforced concrete cell (with services channel) 9 In-situ concrete floor 10 Service connection 11 Rigid insulation panel 12 High strength insulation 13 Anodised alumnium extrusion 14 Anodised aluminium panel 15 Steel handrail bracket 16 Existing brickwork 17 Existing stone detailing
1a
53
Grosvenor Hotel west wing
12
11
Hotel at opening
9
8
4
11
Hotel lobby 9 1 Primary steel frame (bridge truss) 2a Steel joint plate (bridge truss) 2b Steel joint plate (beam connection) 3 M50 bolt 4 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 5 Precast reinforced concrete cell (with services channel) 6 In-situ concrete floor 7 Service connection 8 Anodised alumnium extrusion 9 Anodised aluminium panel 10 Steel handrail bracket 11 Existing brickwork 12 Existing stone detailing 13 Anchor points 14 Lateral beams 15 Floor slab 16 Foundation
14
3
2a
14
2b
15 13 16 12
9
C-11
Existing Structure Junction A Detailed Exploration
54
6
5
7
D
17
5
12
FINAL IMAGES
16
8a
9
14
1b
14 6
4
15
2b
9 8c 14
6
10 14
1c
1c 7
3
C-12
3
Existing Structure Junction B Detailed Exploration
55
D-1
Bridge Perspective Final Images
56
London Victoria. You won’t have to wait for your flight, but you’ll want to.
D-2
Atrium Perspective Final Images
57
D-3
Concourse Perspective Final Images
58
59
D-4
Sectional Perspective Final Images
60
61
E
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
62
63
1
1:200
N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs
10
9
9
9
9
E-1
GA Plan - 5 General Arrangement
64
A
1
2
8
9
9
9
9
2
A
65
1
1:200
N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs
10
11
E-2
GA Plan - 4 General Arrangement
66
A
1
2
11
2
A
67
1
1:200
N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs
10
10
7
E-3
GA Plan - 3 General Arrangement
68
A
1
2
5
5
2
A
69
1
1:200
N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs
6
10
E-4
GA Plan - 2 General Arrangement
70
A
1
2
2
A
71
1
1:200
N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs
4
10
E-5
GA Plan - 1 General Arrangement
72
A
1
3
2
2
A
73
1:200
1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs
1
8
6
3
2
E-6
GA Section AA General Arrangement
74
9
9
7
75
F
APPENDICES
76
HMT
HMT issues gilts to raise capital
H.M. Treasury
Local Authority borrows via Central Government, accessing highly competitive rates
HMG
H.M. Government
Network Rail
GLA
PWLB
Public Works Loan Board
Greater London Authority
Airport revenue services public debt
owner of Victoria Station
HMG 30%
GLA 30%
ue
n ve Re
nd
La
ital
LDN CENTRAL LTD
Ownership stake relative to capital/assets invested Ensures public sector has overall controlling share, while balancing national and local considerations
Cap
Private 40%
Airlines
GLH
Fees paid for aviation services
owner of Grosvenor Hotel
See page 4-1
Retailers
Consortium
Rent paid on retail units and concessions
Entity representing private investment
See page 4-3
Operators rent space on a short-medium term basis Ownership of/investment in airport assets is unattractive to airlines and retailers, as it reduces their flexibility and viability
F-1
Asset/capital focussed businesses which take a long-term view best placed as investment partners
Private Equity
Funding and Revenue Structure Appendices
77
Super-oversized steel Volume: MEDIUM
5 1
Site boundary
1
Site yard (positioned in existing carpark above platform level)
2
Road access to site
3
Rail access to site (closure of platform 8, materials lifted to yard level through opening in car park deck)
4
Subterranean hazard (tube station entrance)
5
Personnel Volume: MEDIUM Site cranes Volume: MEDIUM
Demolition waste Volume: VERY HIGH
Site plant 2
Excavated earth
Volume: MEDIUM
Volume: HIGH
Aluminium sheet Volume: MEDIUM
Precast concrete Volume: HIGH
Aluminium extrusions Volume: LOW
Cement/aggregate Volume: VERY HIGH
Glazing Volume: MEDIUM
Steel Volume: HIGH 3
Fixings
4
Volume: LOW Oversize steel Volume: MEDIUM
1
2
Establish site access Begin roof removal
4
Construction Process Appendices
78
Build cranes 1 +2 Divert passenger flows
5
Close hotel west wing
F-2
3
Build cranes 3 + 4
6
Fully close concourse Close hotel north wing
Remove site cranes Insert super-oversize steel Reopen station
RIBA Stage 0 Inception
LDN Central Ltd formed
Public consultation
Feasibility design work RIBA Stage 1 Precedent Design
Precedent
Heathrow Third Runway
HS2 Ltd
Initial policy document produced by HM Treasury
Policy
Statuatory corporation formed to promote and develop the scheme
Construction RIBA Stage 2 Planning design
Design competition
Commons vote on NPS Precedent
Boost for Johnson as commons approves
Heathrow Third Runway Airports National Policy Statement presented to parliament
NLA proposals
First phase of london airport scheme passes
parliament
MPs back controversial airport plans
Passes with a majority of 296 Planning submission
Planning inquiry begins
Developed design RIBA Stage 3 Precedent
Activists lose London airport fight
Heathrow Terminal 5
Airport approved: planning inquiry returns
BA stock soars as LDN Central given planning
final verdict
consent
Contractors selected
UK’s longest planning inquiry returns verdict after 525 days of sittings Permission granted two years later
Contract bidding process
Precedent
Traditional Contract
Heathrow Terminal 5 Bespoke ‘T5 Agreement‘ contract, where client assumes risk, chosen after year-long analysis of UK construction contract case studies
Planning permission granted
Design + Build Contract
Cost-Plus Contract
Enabling works begin (including offsite works)
NLA Agreement signed
Construction begins
Detailed design RIBA Stage 4
Construction design RIBA Stage 5 Precedent Heathrow Terminal 5 Unique construction process developed to respond to site-specific constraints
Design team supervision
Design production ends
Precedent Crossrail After contruction, extensive in-place testing of all signalling and train systems prior to line opening
RIBA Stage 6 Snagging and handover
Construction ends
F-3
Testing and regulatory approval
Analysis RIBA Stage 7
Soft opening
Evaluation
Opening!
Planning and Procurement Timeline Appendices
79
Wind and flightpaths Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Existing sound pollution 55.0 dB - 59.9 dB 60.0 dB - 64.9 dB 65.0 dB - 69.9 dB 70.0 dB - 74.9 dB 75.0 dB +
Aircraft noise Affected zones Modest additional noise pollution, with limited areas impacted
Traditional aircraft
F-4
Acoustic Environment Appendices
80
large acoustic footprint
VTOL aircraft
small acoustic footprint
4
6
5
1
Precedent Aircraft evacuation slides
2
Evacuation route
Lower passenger numbers Tighter weight/size limits Lower evacuation height
1 - Packed slide 2 - Slide being deployed 3 - Deployed slide 4 - High pressure air line 5 - Balustrade folds down 6 - Supervising marshalls
Primer Intumescent paint Coating (grey)
3
Precedent
Protective coating 120 minute fire rating
Maritime evacuation slides Comparable passenger numbers Comparable weight/size limits Comparable evacuation height
Evacuation slide 1200 passengers per hour 12 deployable slides All passengers (~6000) evacuated in 25 minutes
6
Internal fire
Sprinklers Mains water supply
Resevoir below concourse
Small aircraft fire
(burst) Foaming agent mixing process
Large aircraft fire
F-5
River Thames
Landing pad sprinklers
Offsite pump
Fire and Evacuation Strategy Appendices
81
Titanium/aluminium landing surface Carbon cost: Maintainance burden: Incedental replacement: Designed lifespan:
MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM 10yrs
Glazing and balustrades Carbon cost:
MEDIUM
Maintainance burden:
MEDIUM
Incedental replacement:
LOW
Designed lifespan:
25yrs
Reinforced precast concrete Carbon cost:
HIGH (MEDIUM) (Reduced using GGBS)
Maintainance burden:
VERY LOW
Incedental replacement:
NONE
Designed lifespan:
100yrs
Aluminium panels and inlays Carbon cost:
HIGH (MEDIUM) (Reduced by recycling aluminium)
Maintainance burden:
LOW
Incedental replacement:
LOW
Designed lifespan:
50yrs
Steel structure and fixings Carbon cost:
VERY HIGH (HIGH) (Reduced by recycling steel)
Maintainance burden:
VERY LOW
Incedental replacement:
NONE
Designed lifespan:
100yrs
Reinforced in-situ concrete Carbon cost:
VERY HIGH (HIGH) (Reduced using GGBS)
Maintainance burden:
LOW
Incedental replacement:
NONE
Designed lifespan:
100yrs
Mechanical systems Carbon cost: Maintainance burden: Building lifespan (Infrastructure standard = 100yrs)
Incedental replacement: Designed lifespan:
MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM Varied
Landing surface replacement Glazing and balustrade replacement Lifespan extended?
Station in use since 1860
Demolition
Construction
Aluminium panel and inlay replacement
2025
F-6
2035
2040
Building Lifecycle Analysis Appendices
82
2030
2045
2050
2055
2060
2065
2070
2075
2080
2085
2090
2095
2100
2105
2110
2115
2120
2125
Key passenger groups for London Central
International long-haul tourists
Business travellers and commuters
Advantages:
Advantages:
Close to attractions Nearby hotels Attractive for layovers
Close to workplaces Easy onward connections Fast airport experience
Key legacy airlines
British Airways
Lufthansa
KLM
LoganAir
HOPAir (formed 2026)
BA CityFlyer
Key regional airlines
F-7
Aviation Consumers and Operators Appendices
83
1
2
3
LET’S FLY AWAY
5
4
Airport Bar signature cocktail: 6
Victoria Gin Fizz
1 - C 61 M 11 Y 19 K 0 2 - C 74 M 27 Y 13 K 0 3 - C 83 M 55 Y 15 K 0 4 - Gin, lemon juice, champagne 5 - Shatterproof polymer martini glass 6 - Lemon twist
Precedent Snohetta Integrated Design Practice
Aerospace Engineers
Structural and Services Engineers
Architects and Interior Architects
Graphic and Product Designers Mixologists
External consultants
F-8
Integrated Design Team Appendices
84
Practice team
IPassport Digital passport system Working alongside biometric data and facial recognition systems, this mandatory app replaces the paper passport and removes the need for a physical border. Of course, it’s blue. Impact on building: No border infrastructure needed
ETICKET Digital boarding passes Already commonly used, mobile ticketing will become obligatory for all passengers. Rather than presenting the screen, the phone will be detected when passengers are in the building. Impact on building: No ticket checks or barriers needed
TFL Airlink Mass transit ticketing and information Through ticketing when transferring from one London Central terminal to another. Impact on building: Enables distributed terminal model
National Rail Rail ticketing and information Combined air and rail ticketing, discounts for intermodal passengers and coordinated and dynamic timetabling. Impact on building: Promotes interchange and onward travel BagRadar Luggage tracking FlightTrackr Global flight information Users can view live location and other data from aircraft in the air. Allows passengers to recieve alerts and updates, and non-travellers to engage with the airport and aviation generally.
As passengers bags will travel seperately to the destination, this constantly updated tracking app allows travellers to maintain a connection to their luggage, and adjust drop-off or collection. Impact on building: No baggage handling needed
Impact on building: Passenger and community engagement Autocase Remote luggage control Global Shopping
With the advent of self-mobile baggage, users can directly control their cases, switch between various autonomous modes, and view live video and sensor feeds for security and tracking.
Pre-flight and mid-flight retail Passengers can browse and pre-purchase for collection on arrival, with numerous participating retailers across a wide range of sectors.
Impact on building: No baggage handling needed
Impact on building: Enables dense and efficient retail offering
Seat Jackal Last minute deals for locals This app offers spare seats at drop down prices to users based on how close they live to the airport, and how fast they can get to it. Being in the flightpath isn’t such a bad thing anymore. Impact on building:
Cloud Concierge
Rewards local residents
Layover itinerary planner With London occupying a position as a prime layover hub, this app uses machine learning to produce plans of activities and refreshment stops that fit perfectly to your layover time. Impact on building: Stimulates spending in the local economy
Final Call Airport information service This app removes the need for courtesy announcements, sending users personal alerts instead. Impact on building: Improves passenger acoustic experience
F-9
Diner Dash Mass transit ticketing and information Ever had to leave a restauruant in a hurry to catch a flight, and spent an age waiting for the bill to arrive? Well, now you can pay when you get sat down on the plane. Impact on building: Stimulates spending in local restaurants
Digital Building Interface Appendices
85
All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.
86
UNIT @unit14_ucl
87
S Y S T E M I C I M PACT
2020
T
he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituents where the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole. Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink. This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation. Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum. Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects
All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.
UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl