-
ALASDAIR SHELDON YEAR 4
UNIT
Y4 AS
HIGHLAND STOCK EXCHANGE
@unit14_ucl
All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.
@unit14_ucl
ALASDAIR SHELDON YEAR 4 Y4 AS
alasdairabsheldon@gmail.com @alasdairsheldon
H I G H L A N D S TO C K E XC H A N G E A MARKET FOR A RENEWABLE FUTURE Loch Linnhe, UK
T
he Highland Stock Exchange is an alternative approach to the current state and direction of the world’s economy and handling of sustainable energy. The new HSE Index provides a supranational market in which green business, particularly within energy and utilities, can be traded within a hyper effi-cient streamlined economic model for the future. The proposition arose from the current circumstances we find ourselves in – the pandemic has dramatically shifted the notion of working and the most corporate area the city, the financial district, is no exception. The business model and operation of the stock exchange hopes to be the antithesis of the current perception of an ego-centric ‘city trader’ and the small 50 employee exchange promotes an ethical approach to trading. A stark alternative to the current model and an interesting juxtaposition between a highly corporate environment and the surrounding beauty of the Scottish Highlands. The approach to design and selection of construction system is heavily influenced by the established Scottish vernacular of the western highlands, most noteably the use of stone and timber.
3
4
1
RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
5
PROJECT NARRATIVE
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
STREAM 1
STREAM 2
STREAM 3
S C OT L A N D ’ S R E N E WA B L E E N E R GY
C O V I D -1 9 PA N D E M I C
F I N A N C I A L S E C TO R
29.07.2019 02.07.2018
24.11.2019 18.07.2020
31.01.2020
21.01.2020
02.10.2020 18.11.2020
17.02.2020
27.02.2021
18.11.2020
03.12.2020
21.03.2020
04.03.2021
01.02.2021
17.10.2020
16.03.2021
24.02.2021
H I G H L A N D S TO C K EXCHANGE
6
14.03.2020
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1.1
DISTANT LANDSCAPE
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
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1.2
7
SCOTLAND‘S PROFILE
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
I
ECONOMIC PROFILE
5,463,300
£166.8bn
£30,530
Population
GDP
GDP per person
Scotland is a small but open economy which makes up around 5% of the United Kingdom’s export revenue and its Gross Domestic Product per capita is high than all other areas of the United Kingdom. During the 1970s and 80s, Scotland’s economy was hit hard by decommisioning of heavy industries.
74.8% Employment
4.2% Unemployment
£595 Median weekly wage
TO P E X P O R T I N D U S T R I E S
The country capitalises from major export streams including Scotch Whisky which accounts for over £4bn. Scotland also has an abundance of resources which are exported such as oil, gas, stone, steel.
£6.3bn
£4.7bn
£4.0bn
Food and drink
Whisky
Refined Petroleum
£2.2bn Finance and insurance
£3.4bn Professional, science and tech
£1.9bn Mining and quarrying
S C OT T I S H I N D E P E N D E N C E CURRENT POLLS
41
%
34
32
25
38
% 45
23
Highlands and Islands
45 % 39
Mid & Fife
Lothians
22 46
31
% 32
16 Central
% 42 20
% 36 33
West
South
YES S C OT L A N D P O P U L AT I O N DENSITY
A R E A S O F P O P U L AT I O N I N C R E A S E ( 2 0 1 9)
The population density is around 65 persons per square kilometre compared to England’s 295 persons per square kilometre.
The population increase shows that southern, mid and north areas of Scotland are devloping faster where as the Highlands and Outer Hebrides have no population increase. Population density is 8 persons in the Highlands and 3298 in Glasgow.
MAJOR ROAD CONNECTIONS
£12,000
The transport system and infrastructure is generally well developed. The motorway network is concentrated through the central belt with A roads that branch off and connect the rest of the country. Islands to the north and the outer hebrides are generally connected by CalMac ferries.
Denmark Finland
Norway
Sweden
Scotland
UK (excluding Scotland)
£18,000
£6,000
Scotland would be much more economically efficient if indpendent, giving more control over international markets and relations to the EU . This would accelerate the nations exports to be on par with Scandinavian countries.
8
38
%
39
23
E X P O R T S P E R C A P I TA
£24,000
NO
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National The polls regarding Scotland’s independence show a narrow split between YES and No. The Scottish National Party (SNP) and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon are pushing for the break away of Scotland from the United Kingdom. This would grant more natioanl control over exports, imports and relationships with the EU.
1.3
SCOTLAND’S ENERGY POSITION
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
COAL MINING Coal mining in Scotland began during the 13th century and accelerated rapidly during the industrial revolution.
OIL
N AT U R A L GAS
NUCLEAR
Oil remains a major part of the economy with 184 rigs in the North Sea and representing 5% of the national GDP.
Natural Gas is also extracted in the North Sea and pumped from sea platforms to refineries.
A large number of Nuclear Power stations have been decomissioned with only two remaining
WIND Wind power is Scotland’s fastest growing renewable energy technology with it contributing to 50% of the country’s generated electricity
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1.4
HYDRO Scotland now has 95% of the UK’s hydroelectric energy resource.
S C OT L A N D ’ S P R O D U C T I O N A N D I M P O R T S
Coal Mining has historically been Scotland’s largest industry. The demandfor cheap and plentiful energy sources for steam engine use meant that coal mining was a profitable business for Scotland. Scotland had an array of coal mines, most of which are now decomissioned.
(3%) Petroleum (1%) Bioenergy
(6%) Primary Electricity (3%) Coal
(55%) Primary Oils (14%) 157 TWh Final Consumption (86%) 965 TWh Exports/ Losses Oils (32%) Natural Gas
% O F S C OT T I S H E L E C T R I C I T Y G E N E R AT E D B Y RENABLES
60% Other Wind
40%
20%
2018
2016
2014
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
Hydro
S C OT L A N D Y E A R LY PAT T E R N O F E N E R GY C O N S U M P T I O N G W h / D AY 400
300 Transport demand 200 Gas demand 100
2019
2018
2017
Electricity demand
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HIGHLANDS ANALYSIS
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
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1.5
Cattle Grid
CG Cattle Grid
Cattle Grid
CG
SETTLEMENTS
Cat
tle
Grid
ETL
L ET
DIVISION OF LAND
LO C H L I N N H E
Cille Mhaodain
MAIN ROADS
Groyne CG
Groyne
Cattle Grid
Corran Ferry Terminal
North Corran
Nether Lochaber
AREAS OF CONS E R VAT I O N
Cists
ETL Path (um)
ETL ETL
CG
CG
Path ETL
Path (um)
CG
Cattle Grid
CG
ETL
Cattle Grid
Caravan Park
Dun
TERRAIN
Clach-a-Charra
Oldtown
LO C H L I N N H E
HIGHLANDS
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INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC PROFILE
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
GLOBAL GDP
9 9 7
$87,552,440,000,000 GDP: $4.872tn Population: 127m % of Global GDP: 6.02
GDP: $2.651tn Population: 1.338bn % of Global GDP: 3.28 GDP: $19.485tn Population: 325m % of Global GDP: 24.08
GDP: $2.638tn Population: 66.7m % of Global GDP: 3.26
GDP: $6.93tn Population: 82m % of Global GDP: 4.56
GDP: $12.238tn Population: 1.421bn % of Global GDP: 15.12
GDP: $2.054tn Population: 207m % of Global GDP: 2.54
GDP: $2.583tn Population: 64.84m % of Global GDP: 3.19
1 6 8 3 1 9 2 9
1 9 3 0 1 9 9 1
WALL STREET LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE
MARUNOUCHI
NIKKEI 225
The Paradeplatz is home to HQ of UBS and Credit Suisse
L AV. INDUSTRIA
RKE S MA SWIS
EX T IND
PARADEPLATZ The Marunouchi houses Japan’s three largest Banks’ Headquarters.
The Lujiazui district is the ‘Wall Street’ of China with over 400 banks and a sum of transactions which puts it in 2nd behind NYC
SSE INDEX
ES DOW JON
0 E 10 F TS
S&P 500 NASDAQ
The London Stock Exchnage was founded in 1801 making it one of the oldest and largest exchanges in the world.
K PI TO
Wall Street is home to the two largest stock exchnages by market capitalisation - the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ .
LUJIAZUI
2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 5
2 0 1 6 2 0 1 8 2 0 2 0
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1.6
F I R S T P R I N T E D PA P E R C U R R E N C Y The first known paper currency was printed in China during the Song Dynasty. Notes know as Jiaozi were printed by a group of mercchants in Sichuan during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong.
F I R S T F I AT M O N E Y I N E U R O P E The Bank of Amsterdam issues the first fiat money in europe. The currency is not backed directly by gold or other valuables.
WA L L S T R E E T C R A S H The wall street crash of 1929 is the most devestating stock market crash in US History. Black Friday saw the day after the largest sell-off of shares in history.
T H E G R E AT D E P R E S S I O N The Great depression began after the crash in the US. It was an international example of how intensely the global economy can decline.
D OT.C O M B O O M The creation of the internet lead to a ‘dot. com boom’ with business emerging on the internet. This inevitably created a bubble which crashed at the turn of the century.
U N I T E D S TAT E S H O U S I N G B U B B L E The US housing bubble was a real estate bubble which affected half the population On December 30, 2008, the Case-Shiller home price index reported its largest price drop in its history.
B I TC O I N Bitcoin is a crypto currency created by an unknown group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The current market price is £36,822.28.
C H I N A’ S E C O N O M Y In 2015, China became the world’s largest emerging economy and is also the 2nd largest holder of US debt giving the country more economic leverage.
BREXIT Britain decides to leave to EU which has wide scale implications for industries. Economic tensions grow between Britain and remaining members of the EU.
T R A D E WA R The US and China engage in a trade war with tariffs imposed on hundreds of billions of dollars worth of one another goods.
C O V I D -1 9 The coronavirus pandemic has seen major industries collapse with national lockdowns across the globe. Governments have ventured into major debt to reslove issues.
11
FINANCIAL SECTOR ARCHITECTURE
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
BACK OFFICE
BACK OFFICE Cyber security and data protection of sensitive financial information Data Storage of company information, contracts, services. Human Resources department supports middle and front office Handling of financial assets and control of money which is released and received Hiring of new employees
Employee monitoring and power to suspend/ fire MIDDLE OFFICE
MIDDLE OFFICE
Financial protection and managment of
Risk management of trades and investments. Approval needed from middle office
Direct support of traders and members of the front office FRONT OFFICE
Direct interaction with the stock market on trading floors/ trading pits
FRONT OFFICE
Direct contact with clients and potential investors Research into potential investment
Analysation of the market and current trends/ patterns to predict worthy investments
TRADITIONAL TRADING F LO O R S
‘FOOTBALL FIELD’
Football fields descirbe a continuous trading area with service cores such as elevator, stairs and technical infrastructure as well as support spaces such as meeting rooms and service rooms located along the perimeter.
12
TRADITIONAL TRADING F LO O R S
‘FLOWING BEND’
‘SQUARE DOUGHNUT’
Square Doughnuts are double height spaces with two trading areas stacked on top of eachother and connected with a central void.
The Flowing Bend refers to the trading area in which service cores and support spaces are place inside the overall space. This arrangement creates an H, L or U-shaped trading area that is partially fragmented.
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‘THEATRE’
Theatres are trading areas which step up towards the edges of the space. In this typology, service cores and support spaces are located along the perimeter of the trading area.
I
1.7
TRADING OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
H2@SCALE
HYBRIT
WORLD’S LARGEST HYRDOGEN R E F U E L L I N G S TAT I O N
Replacing coking coal use in ore-based steelmaking, with fossil-free electricity and hydrogen.
2,000 kilogram per day refuelling station opened in 2019 as the largest in the world.
Exploring the potential for wide-scale hydrogen production and utilisation in the United States across the full supply chain
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1.8
J A PA N H 2 MOBILITY ( JHyM)
H Y D R O G E N E N E R GY CALIFORNIA (HECA)
WUHAN HYDROGEN CITY
HECA will turn coal and petroleum coke into clean hyrdogen with CCUS technology.
Deployment of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure in Japan.
BEIJING HYRDOGEN WINTER O LY M P I C S
Aims to become a global hydrogen hub by 2025 with up to 100 refuelling stations.
Built the Yanging Hydrogen Industry Park to drive public transport development for the winter Olympics.
P O S H Y D O N P I LOT PROJECT Offshore green hydrogen production pilot (production due to commence in 2021)
FUKUSHIMA HYDROGEN E N E R GY Research Field (FH2R) Green hydrogen prouction plant (operational).
GREEN H2 PRODUCTION FOR AMMONIA M U R C H I S O N R E N E WA B L E HYDROGEN Feasibility study of large scale combined solar and wind farm to produce lowcost renewable hydrogen.
U TA H E N E R GY S TO R A G E P L A N T
Feasbility study of use of solar and wind power to produce hydrogen for ammonia.
1000MW Energy Storage comprising air storage in salt caverns with hydrogen storage, large flow batteries and solid-oxide fuel cells.
PROJECT H2GO
M A S D A R H Y D R O G E N E N E R GY P L A N T
Trial of green hydrogen production via wind and solar storage for storage and use within the local gas network. Due to be operational in mid 2020s.
420MW of power generation from hydrogen.
AUCKLAND HARBOUR HYRDOGEN PLANT Hydrogen production and refuelling facility at its Waitemate port, due to be operational in 2020.
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2 14
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
TERRAIN AND LOCH OPPORTUNITIES
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
I
2.1
FULL CONNECTION Full connection of the Stock Exchange and the surrouding terrain. The building is set into the land and elevated at a high altitude to maximise the views of Loch Linnhe and surrounding mountains.
T E R R A I N
PA R T I A L C O N N E C T I O N Partial connection of the Stock Exchange and the surrounding terrain. The main work areas/ trading floors are set into the landscape and present beautiful views of the loch,. Part of the building is within the Loch for access and export.
MINIMAL CONNECTION
Minimal connection of the Stock exchnage and the surrounding terrain. The entire building is situated on the lake to give full integration between the trading floors and the hydrogen export. / production.
FULL VIEW The stock exchange has full view of the Loch with it sitauted specifically to gain maximum vistas of Loch Linnhe.
V I S T A S
PA R T I A L V I E W Partial view with the stock exchnage orientated to have partial views of the Loch and the surrounding land.
MINIMAL VIEW
The stock exchnage has minimal views of the surrounding landscape/ fully subterranean. This would be a wrong approach to approach the design.
TERRAIN INFRASTRUCTURE The Stock exchange may need to rely on heavy infrastructure implementation from new roads connecting remote parts of Scotland, to train connection which go from major Scottish cities to the area.
A C C E S S
MARINE PUBLIC ACCESS The Stock exchange could rely entirely on water transport with a pier for marine access. Ferries or autonomous water taxis would bring employees and clients to the site.
MARINE INDUSTRIAL ACCESS Industrial access must be considered. Hydrogen export will rely on this industrial infrasture to allow internation ships to enter the Loch and load hydrogen containers on board.
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SPATIAL EXPLORATION
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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2.2
MASSING ITERATIONS
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
A1
A2
The work areas of the stock exchnage and supporting amenitites are expaned over the landscape away from the central spine.
B2
The central spine now acts as two different entrance halls with one from the marine access and one from road access.
B3
The programme is based around a central spine or street with work and rest areas split either side of the spine
C1
2.3
A3
The programme is based around a central spine or street with work and rest areas split either side of the spine
B1
I
The work areas of the stock exchnage and supporting amenitites are expaned over the landscape away from the central spine.
C2
The central spine now acts as two different entrance halls with one from the marine access and one from road access.
C3
The programme is based around a central spine or street with work and rest areas split either side of the spine
The work areas of the stock exchnage and supporting amenitites are expaned over the landscape away from the central spine.
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The central spine now acts as two different entrance halls with one from the marine access and one from road access.
17
PLANE EXPLORATIONS
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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2.4
SERVED AND SERVANT
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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2.5
LO U I S K A H N ’ S S E R V E D A N D S E R VA N T S PA C E S
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SCOTTISH TOWER HOUSES
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT S C OT T I S H V E R N A C U L A R O F I N T E R E S T
Tower House
Scottish Kirk
Castles
A M I S F I E L D TO W E R
20
Timber rafters and beams in tension
Timber rafters and beams in tension
Thick stone walls in compression
Thick stone walls in compression
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2.6
SCOTTISH HAMMER BEAM TRUSS
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
I
2.7
Hammer beam truss in tension
Thick stone walls in compression
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STONE
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
PERIOD
ORIGIN
Palaeogene
Eroded volcanoes Igneous
Palaeogene
Lava flows, minor lakes and rivers Igneous
Jurassic
Shallow seabed Sedimentary
Permian
Desert dune and river sands Sedimentary
Carboniferous
Volcanoes and lava flows Igneous
Carboniferous
Tropical forest floors and seabed Sedimentary
Devonian
Volcanoes and lava flows Igneous
Devonian
Desert, lakes, river beds and flood plains Sedimentary
Ordovician
Ocean floor Sedimentary
Cambrian
Shallow seabed Igneous
Cambrian
Intrusions deep beneath volcanoes Igneous
Precambrian
Shallow ocean floor to earth crust Metamorphic
Precambrian
Seabed, rivers and floodplains Sedimentary
Precambrian
Ancient crust of various regions Metamorphic
1
2
3
4
5
1 6
7
8
Ground
2
Compressed air comb-chiselled
3 4
Machine comb-chiselled Comb-chiselled by hand
5
Trimmed
6
Short blasted
7
7mm grooved split
8
Machine split
Stone Extension and Shear Fractures
22
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2.8
ENGINEERED TIMBER
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Downy Birch
Scots Pine
Silver Birch
4,839 Species 285 Hectares 28% Cover
1,726 Species 281 Hectares 27% Cover
1,558 Species 86 Hectares 8% Cover
Pedunculate Oak 1,379 Species 59 Hectares 6% Cover
Intermediate Oak 590 Species 48 Hectares 5% Cover
CUT TYPES
I
2.9
Ash 1,030 Species 44 Hectares 4% Cover
CUT TYPES
TRUE RADIAL CUT
PLAIN SAW
Q U A R T E R S AW
THROUGH AND THROUGH / CROWN CUT
BILLET SAWN
CUT FOR BOARD AND STRUCTURAL TIMBER
Logs PROCESS
PROCESS
Stranding
Peeling
Sawing
Drying
Drying and cutting
Grading
Strands
Veneers
Timber
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Fibreboard
Structural Insulating Panels
Laminated Strand Panels
Plywood
Parallel-stranded panels
Laminated Veneer Panels
Glue-laminated timber
Cross-laminated timber
Brettstapel
Stress-laminated panels
Oriented Strand Board
Nail-laminated panels
Treated Timber
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23
STONE AND TIMBER FRAGMENT TESTS
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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2.10
STONE AND TIMBER FRAGMENT TESTS
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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2.11
25
STONE AND TIMBER FRAGMENT TESTS
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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2.12
STONE AND TIMBER FRAGMENT TESTS
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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2.12
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3 28
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
29
0
30
10 1:500 at A2
20
50
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0
10
20
50
1:500 at A2
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4
APPENDIX
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SECTION 4: APPENDIX
AIRCRAFT
1903 1938
1947
1969
1989
SOPWITH F1 CAMEL
WING DESIGN
The Sopwith F1 Camel is of a biplane wing which permits a stronger and lighter wing structure than monoplane wings. Biplane wings also increase aerodynamic interference with bracings.
STRUCTURE
These Biplane wings are designed in 5 separate pieces: two upper, two lower and a centre piece by the cockpit. There are two spars per wing (10) and a number of scalloped ribs to decrease the weight.
MATERIAL
The spars were constructed from concentric steel square sections to add strength yet decrease weight.
SUPERMARINE SPITFIRE
The Supermarine Spitfire catalysed the use of an elliptical wing design which dramatically reduced drag compared to more rectangular designs. The design allowed the guns to be hidden in the wing structure.
Two semi-ellipses cause the centre of pressure on the wing to all fall on a single straight line. This allows a single mainspar element to run close to this line of pressure, ensuring a strong, but light structure.
The wing was constructed from a light alloy structure with stressed skin covering
BOEING B-47 STRATOJET
The Boeing B-47 Stratojet utilises the swept wing design with six jet engines carried under the wings. The innovative wing design was stolen from German researchers. The wings were of optimal angle at 35 degrees.
Two spar construction with two slotted trialing edge flaps on each wing to provide maximum lift and reduce drag during take-off and high lift/ high drag for slow speed-approach.
The main fuselage is constructed from an all metal aluminium structure where as the wings are constructed from aluminium alloy.
CONCORDE
The Concorde was the first supersonic commercial aircraft with an Ogival delta wing design which reduced drag and benefited from decreased landing speeds compared to standard delta wings.
The Ogival wing is constructed using a process called sculpture milling which starts off with a solid piece of metal and a machine is coordinated to scallop out necessary holes. This ensures the wing retains its strength.
The wing is constructed from a mulitspar torion box with copper based aluminium alloy (RR58) and chemically machined alloy skin panels.
Stealth bomber used to penetrate anti=aircraft defences. It incorporates a flying wing design - no definite fuselage. The wing design offers high structural efficiency for the given wing depth leading to its light weight and fuel efficiency.
The wing is constructed from titanium and aluminium for the main structural members and around 80% composite carbon-fibre for the rest of the plane.
Carbon fibre is anisotropic and can be engineered to be stiff in one direction and flex in another. The entire skin is coated in radar absorbent materials. Its radar cross section is 0.1m2
NORTHROP GRUMMAN B-2 SPIRIT
WING DESIGN EVOLUTION Throughout the 21st century, conflicts and commercial races have shaped the evolution of aircraft design and wing innovation.
36
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1 SECTION 4: APPENDIX
1
3
4
5
7
6
8
9 2
10
11
13
12
14
15
(1.01) Structural analysis of Sopwith F1 Camel
1.
Welded steel tube elevator structure
6.
Wing panel spindled spars
11.
2.
Steerable tail skid
7.
Upper wing panel rib structure
12. Inter-spar com-
3.
Tailplane bracing cables
8.
Central upward vision aperture
13. Aileron operating
4.
Fuselage dorsal fairing, fabric supported by stringers
9.
Port inter-plane timber struts
14. Upper wing panel spar root
5.
Fuselage diagonal wire bracing
10. Wing diagonal wire bracing
Wing tip edge member and support struts pression strut cable
joints
15. Centre-section cabane struts
SOPWITH F1 CAMEL The Sopwith F1 Camel is of a biplane wing which permits a stronger and lighter wing structure than monoplane wings. Biplane wings also increase aerodynamic interference with bracings.
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SECTION 4: APPENDIX
4
2
5
3
1
(1.02) Structural analysis of Hawker Hurricane wing
H AW K E R H U R R I C A N E
The Hawker Hurricane consisted of two cantilever wings constructed from two roll formed steel spars which had considerable strength and stiffness. The simple design meant that the spars could be attached using simple vertical jigs. The chief designer of the aircraft did not believe in welded structures and so most of the round tubes that made up the fuselage and part of the wing were squared off.
38
1.
Front main spar
2.
Rear spar
3.
Wing centre-section girder frame
4.
Aluminium alloy wing skin
5.
Aluminium alloy wing ribs
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SECTION 4: APPENDIX
KO N R A D WA C H S M A N N S PA C E F R A M E German architect, Konrad Wachsmann was particularly well know for his prefabricated ‘Packaged Houses’ in the 1960s and also his aircraft hanger designs for the USAF. The large spaceframes consisted of pyramid forms arranged in a cellular structure which enabled enormous cantilevers to be constructed.
( 1.03) Konrad Wachsmann USAF hanger elevation
(1.04) Konrad Wachsmann USAF hanger study
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(1.05) Konrad Wachsmann USAF hanger interior view
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(1.06) Konrad Wachsmann USAF hanger interior view
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MOBILAR SYSTEM 1 0 0 % R E C YC L A B L E
Konrad Wachsmann’s ‘Mobilar’ system is a revolutionary solution to the problems surrounding structural joints. The system is highly customisable with up to 20 tubular elements connected through this joint allowing an even distribution of load. The system can be easily transported to site and fabricated quickly and 100% of the system can be deconstructed, moved and reused elsewhere
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(1.07) Mobilar system node with 18 steel connections
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(1.08) Exploded axonometric of the mobular system and its six levels of construction
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Main steel tube element approximately 250mm in diameter to which to clamps and steel web is applied
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Six small clips
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Three large clips screwed into position with a steel wedge
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Three clamps/ lugs with an interlocking design to create a 360 degree connection
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Steel connector which clip under the lugs on the large clips and allow three steel web connections 18 possible steel tube web placements
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TURNING POINT OF BUILDINGS 1 0 0 % R E C YC L A B L E
The mobilar system was designed for use as a large mobile structure which could be fabricated on site and dismantled easily if needed. The system could be altered in multiple ways to give a variety of different compositions. The concept revolves around three large clamps/lugs which interlock to create a bracing around the main steel tube element. These lugs also clamp over six connectors which are held into place with steel wedges - these six connectors each have three sub-connections for the steel web elements. When in transit, the connectors fold together into pairs to allow ease for shipment.
(1.09) Mobular system node in complete assembly prior to steel web connections
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S PA C E F R A M E / S K I N R E L AT I O N S H I P T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
This tectonic fragment explores a truss/ node system and the spatial qualities that can be created with this modular system. Konrad Wachsmann’s concept for the USAF hanger exhibits exceptional structural capabilities with large cantilevers and transfer of loads down to a small number of columns which have contact with the ground. These fragments explore the vast uninterrupted spaces that can be created with these systems. Additionally, the relationship between the node/ truss and the skin is experimented. The seam, crease or turning point of the structure is tested in alternative ways.
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SEAM JOINTS T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
Building on the theories of ‘turning points in buildings’, subsequent research looked at the turning point of the structure as a seam joint or crease which was inspired by precedents such as Tom Wiscombe. Wiscombe’s architecture explores large prefabricated modular super-components made from either steel or composites, which are transported on to site and lifted into place. A skin tightly clads a box like aluminium structure which is synonymous with aircraft structure design. This tectonic fragment contrasts the previous iteration, with the focus on seams rather than repeated nodes. The notion of structure being incorporated into the skin is experimented with here.
(1.11) Tectonic fragment testing seam joints
TO M W I S C O M B E
Sundsvall Performing Arts Centre
The envelope of the building is a hybrid of structural surface and vector-based structure. Surfaces transform from super thin to deep filigree, depending on span and local morphology. Composite materials are used to make these transitions from surface to armature and back again, and is claimed to be similar to/ influenced by how classical architecture moves from flat surface, to pilaster, to freestanding column.
SEAM JOINT
The Main Museum of Los Angeles Art
Sci-Arc Pavilion
Unlike many contemporary museums, which aim to create a neutral backdrop for art by evenly distributing architecture in the background, the Main Museum oscillates between being experienced as intense encounters with individual objects and not being experienced at all. objects include a cafe stuffed with five jacks, an amphitheatre mega-jack, a hovering rooftop promenade, a glance-cut stair object, a mini-theatre “minotaur,” and a black crystal void connecting multiple underground levels. .
1,200 seat cultural pavilion is intended to house film festivals, symposia, lectures, and graduation ceremonies. The design is based on the illusion of figures pushing outwards into a loose outer skin resulting in mysterious distortions and formal fall-off effects. The construction is based on supercomponents, or the idea that chunk-logic is as relevant to the 21st century as frame-and-infill logic was to the 20th century. Commonly used for encapsulating helicopters and tanks, industrial shrink wrap tightly encapsulates box-like frames made of rolled aluminium pipe and nylon straps.
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(1.12) Tectonic fragment testing monocoque structure
MONOCOQUE STRUCTURE T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
Research has led me to explores monocoque structures, which is prevalent in aircraft and automobile design. Monocoque (single shell) is a structure in which the outer skin or shell bears the entire/ most of the structural load. This is beneficial to vehicle design as high structural tolerences can be achieved with light structures and this can be used in architectural examples to explore uninterrupted spaces and free-flowing surfaces. This tectonic fragment uses a monocoque structure comprised of steel panels similar to the Neuron Pod - with minimal connections points to the ground, the undulating surfaces creates different overlapping circulation spaces in which the ramp entrance becomes the arch of an overhead structure.
Neuron Pod Elevation
Neuron Pod Section MONOCOQUE STRUCTURES
NEURON POD
The Neuron Pod, an education centre shaped like a oversized neuron cell, designed by the late Will Alsop for his practice All Design, is situated in the Centre of the Cell in Whitechapel, London. The free-standing science education space was designed by Alsop as a direct representation of a neuron cell – a specialised cell that transmits information in the brain.
The two-storey pod is a monocoque steel structure on an elevated tripod, preserving the public route through the mews and allowing it to sit upon existing structural points in the basement. Its cladding comprises 6 mm weathering steel sheets, whilst the legs and underbelly have a Glass Flake Epoxy finish.
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The panels were designed and modelled in 3D software and fabricated using HD plasma cutting and 3D forming machines, creating 12 m-long curved strips of steel, similar to that of a zeppelin. Having been prefabricated in pieces, the pod was craned onto site and assembled with mechanical fixings, all within a relatively short space of time.
Porsche Pavilion Seamless Transitions
Porsche Pavilion Plan
Similar to the monocoque construction technology used for lightweight structures in the automotive and aerospace industries, the building envelope forms a spatial enclosure whilst at the same time acting as load-bearing structure. A total of 620 sheets of stainless steel cladding with welded ribs were prefabricated in a shipyard in Stralsund and assembled on site.
Tension
Compression
Direction of load
Analysis of forces
P O R S C H E PAV I L I O N SEAMLESS CONNECTIONS
Construction of the Monocoque
German architects HENN designed the streamlined pavilion with a curled-over steel roof for car brand Porsche at the Autostadt theme park in Wolfsburg. In keeping with the long tradition of lightweight construction at Porsche, the monocoque construction adheres to the principle of a surface-active structure: the stainless steel roof structure is a self-supporting shell shaping the space within and the statics of the pavilion are relegated to the background. Curving lines give the building a sculpted like quality and the structure ‘captures the dynamic flow of driving’ with its seamless skin. A total of 620 sheets of stainless steel cladding with welded ribs were prefabricated in a ship-yard in Stralsund and assembled on site.
A matte-finished stainless steel cladding forms the flush envelope of the structure, creating the impression of a homogeneous unity. The twisting and folding shell creates a continuously changing appearance depending on light and weather conditions. At the entrance the pavilion cantilevers 25m over the water feature.
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(1.13) Monocoque skin/ seamless joints tectonic fragment
(1.14) Monocoque skin/ seamless joints tectonic fragment elevation
(1.15) Monocoque skin/ seamless joints tectonic fragment elevation
SEAMLESS TRANSITIONS T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
The seamless joints and automobile like quality of the Porsche Museum informed my choice of direction with analysing smooth, uninterrupted surfaces. With the next tectonic fragments in the development, they aimed to convey overlapping spaces of circulation create by the undulating shell. The shell has minimal contact points with the ground, allowing a vast space underneath.-
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(1.16) Monocoque skin/ seamless joints tectonic fragment
(1.17) Monocoque skin/ seamless joints tectonic fragment
SEAMLESS TRANSITIONS T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
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(1.18) Endless house study in assumed context
(1.19) Endless house elevations
ENDLESS HOUSE FRIEDRICK KIESLER
Friedrick Kiesler was a strong believer in an elastic spatial concept, one that must be capable of providing an optimum response to the varying social concerns and uses of its occupants. The initial shape of the Endless House shows a flattened spheroid, which became a basis for his Manifesto of Correalism. One of his main arguments for the derivation of the shape is that it is based on a lighting system; a shape that would allow ample light to reach every corner of the room without being broken up by corners and interior walls of a conventional building.
“All ends meet in the “Endless” as they meet in life. Life’s rhythms are cyclical. All ends of living meet during twenty-four hours, during a week, a lifetime. They touch one another with the kiss of time. They shake hands, stay, say goodbye, return through the same or other doors, come and go through multi-links, secretive or obvious, or through the whims of memory.”.
When conducting this study, I imagined Friedrick Kiesler’s ‘Endless House’ as almost a retreat perched on a steep, rocky terrain. Kiesler elevates the house on heavy monolithic concrete pedestals which in some ways gives the appearance of an Acropolis-like structure perched on the summit of a hill.
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(1.20) Endless form and continuous circulation tectonic fragment
(1.21) Continuous surface linear staircase concept
(1.22) Continuous surface spiral stiarcase concept
C O N T I N U O U S C I R C U L AT I O N T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
Building on the research about Friedrick Kiesler’s Endless House, I wanted to explore this idea of continuous surfaces and a free flowing form from wall to floor to ceiling and the tectonic fragements here began to study this. Continuous circulation spaces were experimented with in which two planes were connected by one floor slab moving into the wall above/below. This created some interesting pockets of perforations and cantilevered floor planes. Stair studies were also used to test these structures at a more focused scale with a linear and spiral example. The tread of the stair in each of these examples moves continuosly into a ‘riser’ on one side of the stair, leaving a gap where the riser would usually be.
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C O N T I N U O U S C I R C U L AT I O N T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
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C O N T I N U O U S C I R C U L AT I O N T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
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MINIMAL CONNECTION T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
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C O N T I N U AT I O N O F GROUND PLANE T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
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EMBEDED WITHIN T E C TO N I C F R A G M E N T
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All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.
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UNIT @unit14_ucl
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G14 is a test bed for architectural exploration and innovation. Our students examine the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. As a unit, we are in search of new leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital and physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation and design research, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new, unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals. IAt the centre of this year’s academic exploration was Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’: a master-builder who follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal as somebody who is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of his or her discoveries without disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, PG14 students are opportunists in search of new ideas and architectural synthesis. They explored the concept of ‘Inner Form’, referring to the underlying and invisible but existing logic of formalisation, which is only accessible to those who understand the whole system and its constituents and the relationships between. This year’s projects explored the places where culture and technology interrelate to generate constructional systems. Societal, technological, cultural, economic and political developments propelled our investigations and enabled us to project near-future scenarios, for which we designed comprehensive visions. Our methodology employed both bottom-up and top-down strategies in order to build sophisticated architectural systems. Pivotal to this process was practical experimentation and intense exploration using both digital and physical models to assess system performance and application in architectural space. Thanks to: DaeWha Kang Design, DKFS Architects, Expedition Engineering, Hassel, Knippers Helbig, RSHP, Seth Stein Architects, University of Stuttgart/ ITKE and Zaha Hadid Architects.
All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.
UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl