-
HOLLY HEARNE YEAR 4
UNIT
Y4 HH
UNCHARTED WATERS
@unit14_ucl
All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.
@unit14_ucl
HOLLY HEARNE YEAR 4 Y4 HH
hollyannehearne@gmail.com @hollyahearne
U N C H A RT E D WAT E R S BATHYMETRIC MAPPING CENTRE, WELSH COAST The Pembrokeshire Coastline
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ess than 20% of the world’s ocean floor has been mapped. Knowing the depth and shape of the sea-floor (bathymetry) is fundamental for understanding processes such as; tides, tsunami forecasting, oil/gas exploration and much more.
The project aspires to create an architecture that is embedded into its coastal context. Uncharted waters looks at the sinuous curving form as a method to provide structural rigidity and as a defence mechanism to protect the centre from the harsh coastal context.
A co-ordinated international effort is required to collaborate all existing and future data. The SEABED 2030 project was launched at the 2017 UN Ocean Conference and aims to conserve and sustainably use marine resources. Uncharted Waters explores how bathymetric mapping centers could be built around the globe to map every region by 2030, specifically looking at a prototype centre in Wales. The first in a network of centres funded by SEABED 2030, the building will address the complexities of the programme, the sensitivity of building on the shore and strive to minimise the impact it has on the environment. The main ambition of this project is to explore ways to develop a building durable enough to sit on the harsh coastline of South Wales, but also keep the impact on the landscape and the environment to a minimum. As concrete has a huge negative impact on the environment, the aim is to research and develop a structural system using high performance concretes, that is both durable and sustainable. In order to minimise the impact of the construction process on the landscape, the project also explores prefabricated systems, and the possibilities of creating a fully integrated precast panel system.
3
4
01
SECTION 1:
RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
5
PROJECT NARRATIVE BATHYMETRIC MAPPING Despite many years of effort, less than 20% of the world oceans sea floor has been mapped, in comparison to 100% of both the Moon and Mars. A co-ordinated international effort is required to collaborate all existing and future data gathered. The gathering of data can be achieved on multiple scales; from international, to regional. Knowing the depth and shape of the sea floor (bathymetry) is fundamental for understanding ocean circulation, tides, tsunami forecasting, fishing resources, cable and pipeline routing, oil and gas exploration and much more.
GENERAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE OCEANS (GEBCO) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
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GENERAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE OCEANS (GEBCO) WORLD OCEAN BATHYMETRY
MAUD RISE
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Future editions of the GDA are dependent upon continuing contributions of data from the seagoing community. It is hoped that wide dissemination of this map will highlight the importance of international collaboration in projects such as the GDA, and will result in contributions of new bathymetric data to GEBCO. Further information on GEBCO can be found at www.gebco.net.
REFERENCES
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Dr Martin Jakobsson, Stockholm University, Sweden Dr Hans-Werner Schenke, Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Germany Ms Pauline Weatherall, British Oceanographic Data Centre, UK Dr Nataliya Turko, Geol. Inst. of Russian Academy of Science, Russian Federation LCDR Hugo Montoro, Peruvian Navy Hydrographic Office, Peru LCDR Abubakar Mustapha, Nigerian Navy Hydrographic Office, Nigeria
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Polar Stereographic Projection Scale 1:25,000,000 at 75°North Latitude
200
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ALVIN manned submersible
80°
SEABEAM hull-mounted swath-mapping sonar S
U EA AT PL
0°
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G RIN VÖ
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ARCTIC OCEAN
General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) www.gebco.net Blue Marble satellite mosaic, NASA’s Earth Observatory, www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/features/blue_marble.html World Vector Shoreline, National Geophysical Data Center, http://rimmer.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coast/wvs.html
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PLATEAU
ROV remotely operated vehicle
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BASIN
ICELANDIC
New Zealand USA France Sweden Italy Germany USA Republic of Korea USA Russian Federation Japan USA
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JOINT IOC - IHO GUIDING COMMITTEE FOR GEBCO 2012 Dr Robin K. H. Falconer (Chairman) Dr Christopher G. Fox (Vice-Chairman) Ing Etienne Cailliau Dr Martin Jakobsson (Chairman iSRCUM) Cdr. Paolo Lusiani Dr Hans-Werner Schenke (Chairman SCUFN) Dr Walter H F Smith (Chairman TSCOM) Dr Hyo Hyun Sung Ms Lisa A Taylor Dr Nataliya Turko Dr Kunio Yashima Mr Dave Clark (Secretary)
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BOREAS ABYSSAL PLAIN
AUV autonomous underwater vehicle
This map is produced and printed with support from the Nippon Foundation of Japan and Stockholm University, Sweden. Two of the cartographers, LCDRs Hugo Montoro and Abubakar Mustapha, are former students of the GEBCO/Nippon Foundation training program in Ocean Mapping at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/NOAA-UNH Joint Hydrographic Center of the University of New Hampshire, USA.
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Bathymetric source data and compilation are described at www.gebco.net. Land imagery is from the satellite mosaic Blue Marble (NASA). Shorelines are from World Vector Shoreline (National Geophysical Data Center). Rendition of the seafloor was done with the IVS Fledermaus software. Data merging and cartographic projections were done with Geomedia Professional (Intergraph) and Global Mapper (Global Mapper Software). Final layout was drafted with Adobe Illustrator.
As part of the transition to digital cartography, the depth contours of the GEBCO Fifth Edition were digitized and put onto a CD-ROM (the GEBCO Digital Atlas, or GDA) in 1994. This digital data base was then improved as new bathymetric data became available, and new versions of the GDA were published in 1997 and 2003. A 30 arc-second grid was produced in 2008 by combining quality-controlled ship depth soundings with interpolation between soundings guided by satellite-derived gravity data following the method developed by Walter H.F. Smith and David T. Sandwell. The Arctic Ocean and areas above 64°N is in this grid portrayed by the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO). This combined grid of the World Ocean bathymetry is the base for this printed map and and the undersea feature names are from the GEBCO Gazetteer, publication B-8 (2010).
G ENER AL BEL G R ANO
The printed map, initiated as a laboratory workshop project of the GEBCO/Nippon Foundation Ocean Mapping Program at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping of the University of New Hampshire, USA, is a cartographic representation of the bathymetry of the world ocean floor, based upon the GEBCO_08 bathymetric grid (30 arc second resolution) available through www.gebco.net. Bathymetry is portrayed as shaded relief, hypsometrically colored with tint boundaries at 200m, 500m, and every 1000m.
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MAPPING METHODS L
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With the advent of the GEBCO Digital Atlas (GDA), it was intended that the GDA would form the basis of any future printed versions of GEBCO. It is recognized that for certain audiences, such as geologists and modelers of climate or tsunamis, the GDA is the ideal means of dissemination of bathymetric information. However, for other purposes a printed version of the bathymetric map is still the preferred representation. This map, at a scale of 1:35 million is the second GEBCO printed publication based on the digital bathymetry.
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Mercator Projection – Scale 1:35 000 000 at the Equator Depths in corrected meters
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First proposed at the VII International Congress on Geography held in 1899 in Berlin, the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans was established in 1903 under the direction of Prince Albert I of Monaco. It was intended that bathymetric data from all cruises and expeditions, regardless of their national origin, would be brought together in one series of maps covering the entire world ocean. That intent was realized as oceanographic and hydrographic organizations and institutions, governments, commercial entities and academia have supplied the data on which five printed editions of GEBCO were produced between 1903 and 1982.
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The GEBCO community consists of an international group of experts in seafloor mapping who work on the development of a range of bathymetric data sets and data products with the aim of providing the most authoritative publicly-available bathymetry for the world's oceans. It operates under the joint auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).
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AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES An AUV is an unmanned underwater robot, powered by batteries, that operates independently of a surface vessel for up to several days. AUVs collect data from the sea floor. The data is downloaded from the AUV when it has surfaced via a WiFi link or data cable.
1.01 PROJECT NARRATIVE 6
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SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
90°E
SEABED 2030 THE NIPPON FOUNDATION-GEBCO SEABED 2030 PROJECT Seabed 2030 is an international collaborative project that aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce a definitive map of the worlds ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. It launched at the UN Ocean Conference in June 2017 and is aligned with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal #14 to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources.
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CENTERS Arctic and North Pacific / SU (Stockholm University) + CCOM (Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping) Atlantic and Indian Oceans / LDEO (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory)
SU AWI
BODC
CCOM LDEO
IHO DCDB
South and West Pacific / NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric)
Southern Ocean / AWI (Alfred Wegener Institute) BODC (British Oceanographic Data Centre) is the Global center; responsible for producing global bathymetric grids. NIWA
IHO DCDB (International Hydrographic Organization Data Center for Digital Bathymetry) is the central repository and archive for all raw data compiled by Seabed 2030.
CONTRIBUTING
DATA SOURCES - COLLECTION METHODS
GEBCO BASE-MAP Global extent of curated multibeam sonar data. Data has been reviewed, processed and gridded at 100 m.
1.02 BRIEF / GLOBAL SEABED 2030 7
PROJECT TIMELINE
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1.03 PROJECT DELIVERY TIMELINE 8
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
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9
PEMBROKESHIRE COASTLINE
The site lies in an area of hard rock substrate, Pembrokeshire Limestone, with a sand covered seabed.
The site is situated on a small hard rock peninsular, which removes the risks and obstructions associated with launching AUV ’s within an estuary/bay, such as navigation channels. The site offers an easy route out into deeper waters.
SITE GEOLOGY Sand Gravelly Sand Mudstone, Volcaniclastic Igneous Carboniferous Limestone 200 KM
50 KM
OFFSHORE PIPELINES
5 KM
SITE LOCATION
200 KM
Pembroke Limestone Raised Beach Deposits
Siliciclastic Argillaceous Sandstone Rock and Hard Substrate
OFFSHORE CABLES 200 KM
DEPTH
PUBLIC FOOTPATH ACCESS ROAD
SITE LAUNCH ZONE
TOPOLOGICAL PLANES
SHORELINE
1.04 SITE: PEMBROKESHIRE COASTLINE 10
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
CLIFF TOP
CONTEXTUAL CONSTRAINTS
1860s
1900s
1970s
2020s
COASTAL CHANGES The coastline has undergone little change in over 60 years. The limestone that makes up the site gives a solid base for building, without the threat of cliff erosion. The flat marine platform that lies at the base of the cliff offers a ready made foundation, minimising the need for alterations to the landscape.
KEY DRIVERS
N
W
E
S
TOPOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
TIDAL EXTREMES
WIND CONSIDERATIONS
The complex topography informs the form, spatial arrangement and planes; it is the primary design driver. There are three main planes of opportunity; the top of the cliff, the shore, and the sea.
Exploring the constraints and opportunities of the high and low tide levels.
Identifying the prevailing wind direction as predominantly South Westerly. The West half of the site is the most exposed to wind and harsh marine conditions.
SHELTERED AREAS
ENTRANCE SEQUENCE
ACCESSIBILIT Y BY SEA
Identifying the Eastern side of the site as the most protected area. It is sheltered by the rock platform, dividing the cove in to areas that require more protection, and those that may be more open and enjoy the views.
Identifying the entrance to the site as coming from the top of the cliff. This huge change in topography offers both challenges and opportunities of how to navigate the entrance sequence.
Exploring the need for a harbour with clear access out to sea. Whilst the entrance is from the land, access via the water is necessary for the launch of AUVs.
1.05 CONTEXTUAL CONSTRAINTS 11
CONCRETE TIMELINE MATERIAL RESEARCH A history of concrete as a building material, from it ’s orgin in 6500 BC to present day, and the future. Analysing where and how the material originated, how it was used and how it has evolved through the ages allows us to understand how it has become the most widely used man-made material in existence. It also reveals the reality that concrete, whilst not sustainable, is unlikely to be replaced as a core material in construction and infrastructure. With this in mind, we need to look at solutions to reduce the environmental cost if we are to continue to build with concrete guilt-free.
6500 BC First concrete-like material used in Syria/Jordan
3000 BC Lime based mortars used to construct the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
6500 BC First concrete-like material used in Syria/Jordan
500 BC First usage of ‘Sticky Rice’ composite mortar in China
3000 BC Lime based mortars used to construct the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
4000 BC
Joseph Aspdin patents ‘Portland Cement’, the world’s most widely used
1775 AD
Smeaton uses hydrauortar in Eddystone house, 14km offshore AD
1800 AD
1825 AD Natural hydraulic
1824 AD Joseph Aspdin patents ‘Portland Cement’, the world’s most widely used
1825 AD
c ted to
The first Roman aqueduct, Aqua Appia, was built for the city of Rome 312 BC
500 AD
1750
The Pantheon, largest unreinforced concrete 0 BC dome, completed, Rome 125 AD
Colosseum constructed, using a mix of concrete and masonry, Rome 70 AD
500 AD
The Pantheon, largest unreinforced concrete dome, completed, Rome 125 AD
1903 AD
1891 AD
1875 AD
François Coignet builds 1875 AD
François Coignet builds first reinforced concrete building, a house in Paris 1853 AD
23 BC Major concrete harbour sea walls constructed in Sebastos, Israel
1891 ADGeorge Bartholomew had 1903 AD The Ingalls Building constructlaid the world’s first reinforced The Ingalls Building ed, constructdown the first concrete street in George Bartholomew had laid concrete skyscraper, Ohio the US. ed, the world’s first reinforced down the first concrete street in concrete skyscraper, Ohio the US.
1850 AD
1850 AD
cement is patented to James Parker 1796 AD
1453 AD Acqua Vergine, a delivered pure dr constructed, feed
0 BC
Colosseum constructed, The first Roman aqueduct, using a mix of concrete Aqua Appia, was built for 500 BC and masonry, Rome the city of Rome 70 AD 312 BC
Great Wall of China constructed, using a mix of lime mortar, China 800 BC
1779 AD Patent for hydraulic cement used for 1824 AD exterior use is granted to Bry Higgins
500 BC First usage of ‘Sticky Rice’ composite mortar in China
500 BC
Great Wall of China constructed, using a mix of lime 4000China BC mortar, 800 BC
23 BC Major concrete harbour sea walls constructed in Sebastos, Israel
first reinforced concrete building, a house in Paris 1853 AD
1900 AD
1900 AD
1925 AD
1925 AD
HOOVER DAM
1928 AD Bill signed to authorise the Dam
1931 AD Contract awarded to ‘Six Companies’
1932 AD Colorado River is dive around the dam site.
HOOVER DAM
1.06 CONCRETE TIMELINE SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
12
1928 AD Bill signed to authorise the Dam
1931 AD Contract awarded to ‘Six Companies’
1932 AD Colorado River is diverted around the dam site.
1 F
1779 AD Patent for hydraulic cement used for exterior use is granted to Bry Higgins
Roman aqueduct that rinking water to Rome ding the Trevi Fountain
erted
189
1779 AD Patent for hydraulic cement used for exterior use is granted to Bry Higgins
1453 AD Acqua Vergine, a Roman aqueduct that delivered pure drinking water to Rome constructed, feeding the Trevi Fountain AD
1824 AD Joseph Aspdin patents ‘Portland Cement’, the world’s most widely used
1775 AD
1800 AD
John Smeaton uses hydraulic mortar in Eddystone 1750 AD14km offshore Lighthouse, 1759 AD
1824 AD Joseph Aspdin patents ‘Portland Cement’, the world’s most widely used
1825 AD
Natural hydraulic 1775 ADcement is patented to James Parker 1796 AD
John Smeaton uses hydraulic mortar in Eddystone Lighthouse, 14km offshore 1759 AD
George Bartholomew ha down the first concrete str th
1850 AD
1800 AD
1825 AD
1875 AD
François Coignet builds first reinforced concrete building, a house in Paris1850 AD 1853 AD
François Coignet build first reinforced concre building, a house in P 1853 AD
Natural hydraulic cement is patented to James Parker 1796 AD
HOOVER DAM
1950 AD
1973 AD
1995 AD
2024 AD On-site experiments in ‘Lunarcrete’ conducted during Artemis landings
ADoffshore AD 1950Cement AD production equal to that First1973 concrete First concrete1995 tension-leg structure deployed in the of steel. First concrete offshore platform deployed First concrete tension-leg Cement production equal to that oil/gas in the Ekofisk field Hiedrun field oil/gas structure deployed platform deployed in the of steel. in the Ekofisk field Hiedrun field
1950 AD
1975 AD
World’s first concrete sports 1950 AD dome, The Assembly Hall at the University of Illinois 1963 AD
1975 AD
2000 AD
World’s largest concrete dam, Three Gorges Dam, completed in China 2003 AD
World’s first concrete sports dome, The Assembly Hall at the University of Illinois 1963 AD
2024 AD On-site experiments in ‘Lunarcrete’ conducted during Artemis landings
1928 AD Bill signed to a the Dam
2025 AD
2000 AD
World’s largest concrete dam, Three Gorges Dam, completed in China 2003 AD
‘Self-healing’ concrete developed 2015 AD
2025 AD
Cement and steel projects ‘Self-healing’ accounted for a concrete third of China’s economy expansion. developed 2017 AD
2015 AD Cement and steel projects accounted for a third of China’s economy expansion. 2017 AD
1933 AD First concrete poured
1933 AD First concrete poured
1935 AD 1935 AD The Hoover Dam starts imConcrete pouring ceased. pounding water in Lake Mead.
1935 AD 1935 AD The Hoover Dam starts imConcrete pouring ceased. pounding water in Lake Mead.
13
CONCRETE CANOE
CONCRETE PLEASURE BOAT
ABOVE CONCRETE HULL SHIP
CONCRETE PONTOON
CONCRETE TETRAPOD
CONCRETE BRIDGE PIER
BELOW
CONCRETE AND THE WATER MATERIAL RESEARCH Analysis of architecture associated with the water and its materiality, particularly concrete. Exploring why concrete is traditionally used when building in and around the water, and the varying scales in which it’s used.
1.07 CONCRETE AND THE WATER SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
14
CONCRETE OIL RIG
MATERIAL RESEARCH CONCRETE AS AN ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL SOLUTION
PIER LUIGI
OSCAR NIEMEYER
COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE The durability and versatility of concrete make it a structural material of
AGGREGATES
choice, it is particularly useful due to it ’s low maintenance and repair costs. Due to it ’s durability and compressive strength, it has double the lifespan of
CEMENT
other construction materials, like wood. WATER AIR
BENEFITS OF CONCRETE
fire resistance
thermal mass
structural performance
acoustic isolation
robustness
water resilience
CO 2 IN CEMENT PRODUCTION Reducing CO 2 emissions during the production of concrete is vital. It is the most widely used man-made material in existence. It ’s second only to water as the most-consumed resource on the planet. The invention of concrete helped create and shape civilisations, however it’s increased use and high demand has put a strain on the environment in which it was created to transform. The largest polluting factor is that it consists of cement. 8% of the world’s CO2 emissions are due to cement production. Each year we produce enough concrete to build New York City 8 times entirely out of concrete.
8% of the world’s CO 2 emissions are due to cement production
1.08 MATERIAL RESEARCH 15
HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE INNOVATIVE CONCRETE TECHNOLOGIES Concrete is the most suitable material for a building on the coastline due to its strength, durability and water resistance. Due to the negative environmental impact of concrete I have looked for material variations to reduce the carbon footprint and increase its performance in innovative ways.
INFRA-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
GRAPHENE-REINFORCED CONCRETE
ILC is insulating with an exceptional combination of low thermal conductivity and comparatively high strength.
Atomically thin shards of graphene is suspended in the water used when mixing concrete. It requires less material than a traditional manufacturing process, reducing the carbon footprint, resulting in a concrete that is strong and more sustainable.
Its an alternative solution to standard thermal insulation composite systems. The single-layer composition allows technically simple and ecologically sustainable constructions with low maintenance demands but a high architectural design potential.
It has an enhanced electrical and thermal performance with an 88 % increase in heat capacity, the graphene in the concrete allows for the conduction of heat without the need for traditional plumbed underfloor heating.
typical curtain
infra-light concrete
wall facade
1.09 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE COMPARISON 16
SECTION 1: RESEARCH AND BRIEF DEVELOPMENT
wall
thermally conductive concrete
electrically conductive concrete
PREFABRICATED SYSTEM FLEXIBLE MOULD TECHNOLOGY
FULLY ELECTRICALLY ADJUSTABLE CURVED MOULD The 8m x 5m mould has an 8mm thick top plate in 1 single piece without joints. The plate can be bent in a concave or convex way by electrical motors. It allows for the efficient production of multiple variations of precast structural panel, whilst the reducing cost and material waste often associated with casting methods for complex geometry buildings, such as CNC-milling.
EASE OF CONSTRUCTION
SHORT CONSTRUCTION
integrated service zone cast into structural panel
MINIMAL DISRUPTION
steel rebar reinforcement
EXTERNAL
integrated ventilation system recessed into panel
infra-lightweight concrete as the structural solution, insulation system, weatherproof facade and internal finishing
removable flooring slab for internal panels , allowing access to service voids and varying floor finishes INTERNAL
infra-lightweight concrete integrated LED strip lighting recessed into panel
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS VENTILATION The use of fully integrated prefabricated concrete panels to serve as
Ventilation air ducts integrated into the structural concrete panels,
the structure, envelope and through which to run services such as
subtly recessed into the join.
such, heating and ventilation, allows the building environment to be intelligently and efficiently controlled.
HEAT Underfloor heating provided by graphene concrete floor panels.
LIGHT
The graphene in the concrete allows for the conduction of heat
LED light strips recessed into
without the need for traditional plumbed underfloor heating.
the join between concrete panels.
1.10 PREFABRICATED SYSTEM 17
18
02
SECTION 2:
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
19
BUILDINGS ON THE SHORE
BUILDING AS A BARRIER TO PROTECT ITSELF
SEAWALL T YPOLOGY
PROTECTION - SIT TING ON THE SHORE
BUILDING ON THE SHORE DESIGN RESEARCH Analysing what buildings are commonly found on the shore, their shape, materiality and use. Particularly looking to the seawall as a method of protection form the harsh coastal environment and how this may feed into architecture. This fragment explores the possibility of the building becoming it ’s own defence mechanism, its own sea wall.
2.01 BUILDING ON THE SHORE 20
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CLOSED - A BARRIER TO PROTECT ITSELF
PROTECTION - DEFENDING AGAINST THE WATERS
OPEN - CREATING A CONNECTION TO THE SHORE
CONNECTION - OPENING THE ARCHITECTURE UP TO THE SHORE
THE SINUOUS CURVE DESIGN RESEARCH Looking to the sinuous curve as an alternative way to approach the traditional seawall typology. Considering the possibilities of using the sinuous curve to provide structural rigidity in the form of a protective barrier that responds to its context. Also considering the opposite; what happens if the curve is flipped? Creating a fragment that instead opens itself up to the shore and connects the building with its context.
2.02 THE SINUOUS CURVE 21
CONNECTION - OPENING UP THE ARCHITECTURE
PROTECTION - DEFENDING AGAINST THE WATERS
SPATIAL SEQUENCING CONNECTION VS PROTECTION Using sinuous curves to create continuous interwoven concrete planes. Focusing on creating levels within the volume, and how the continuous folding concrete structure could become an inhabitable space. These fragments explore the ideas of protection from and connection to the environment using curving concrete planes.
2.03 SPATIAL SEQUENCING 22
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CONNECTION - OPENING UP THE ARCHITECTURE
PROTECTION - DEFENDING AGAINST THE WATERS
23
CONTEXTUAL STUDIES ARCHITECTURAL FORM Exploring how the sinuous curve can create inhabitable architectural forms. These fragments explore the contrast of the continuous curving form with the roughness of the rock in the coastal context. It also tests the possibility of alternating the direction of the curve, and cutting back each level to create a fluid curving structure.
2.04 CONTEXTUAL STUDIES 24
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
25
SAINT-NAZAIRE SUBMARINE BASE
HIDDEN HARBOUR FORM EXPLORATION Using the idea of the sinuous curve to create a harbour that connects the sea and shore. Looking at a continuous curving form to produce varying levels, whilst responding sensitively to the coastal context. Hiding the harbour takes inspiration from Saint-Nazaire submarine base in Northern France. Whilst the reason for hiding the harbour is far from secrecy required during war, it instead minimises the interruption to the environment and allows for a sensitive response that embeds itself into the geography.
2.05 HIDDEN HARBOUR 26
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CONTEXTUAL INTEGRATION CONNECTING FRAGMENTS Exploring how two curving forms in opposing directions could be integrated to create one rigid structure. This involved matching up levels and planes to seamlessly combine the fragments and produce a more interesting and varied response. This image also starts to explore the possibility of a covered harbour structure.
2.06 CONTEXTUAL INTEGRATION 27
PROGRAMME
The programme centers around a central communal space, the bathymetry gallery. This space acts as a showcase for bathymetric mapping and the Global Seabed 2030 project, exhibiting what it is, the mission and the importance of
bathymetry.
MAPPING ZONE
The upper levels serve as a more public interface for visitors, students, professionals and investors, whilst the lower levels are private and for staff and professional use only. The spatial adjacencies of the programme are vital when certain spaces require a particular location on the site, like the harbour.
2.07 PROGRAMME SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
28
MASSING
ORGANISATION | REVISION 1
ORGANISATION | REVISION 2
ORGANISATION | REVISION 3
ORGANISATION | REVISION 4
ORGANISATION | REVISION 5
ORGANISATION | REVISION 6
ORGANISATION | REVISION 7
ORGANISATION | REVISION 8
entrance
bathymetry
data
sequence
gallery
repository
harbour
education
circulation
conference
entrance
terrace
lobby
2.08 MASSING 29
ORGANISATIONAL PRINCIPALS DESIGN EVOLUTION | SINUOUS CURVE TESTING Prototypes for using the sinuous curve as an organisational principal, focusing on the sectional geometry. These models experiment with adding layers, levels and complexity to the sinuous form to create inhabitable spaces that can address both the context and programme.
FINAL FORM
2.09 ORGANISATIONAL PRINCIPALS 30
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
BUILDING GENESIS
ENTRY & CIRCULATION
PUBLIC | BATHYMETRY GALLERY
SEMI-PUBLIC | EDUCATION
Identifying the cliff top entry point and creating vertical circulation
Situating the public interface adjacent from the entrance, and opening up the sinuous curve to maximise light & views to the East
Using a reverse sinuous curve to provide a separate education center directly off the public gallery
SEMI-PUBLIC | CONFERENCE
PRIVATE | DATA REPOSITORY
PRIVATE | HARBOUR
Adjacent to the bathymetry gallery, the sloping roof opens the space out to the view on the upper level
Situated beneath the gallery to separate public and private, it is set back on the West side to provide protection whilst enjoying the view
Connected to the repository above, and giving direct access to deep waters, it is far removed from the public interface - the curved wall provides protection from waves to the West
FORM ON SITE
VIEWS | TERRACES
EXPOSURE | PROTECTION
Each individual aspect addresses its unique requirements and constraints, whilst creating a continuous curving form embedded into the rock - the curves are used to either protect from or enjoy the coastal context
Three main terraces, focusing on connecting the building to its context - located on the East to maximise views and minimise exposure
The use of the closed curve to form the facade to the West offers protection from the South Westerly winds and waves
2.10 BUILDING GENESIS 31
COASTAL CONSIDERATIONS WIND ANALYSIS The prevailing wind direction is South-West, with higher winds consistently from the West. This affects the tidal flows and wave frequency coming from the North Atlantic Ocean and results in the South West side of the site being exposed to harsher marine conditions.
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
calm for 1.28%
calm for 1.02%
calm for 1.02%
calm for 1.02%
calm for 1.02%
calm for 1.17%
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
calm for 1.31%
calm for 1.36%
calm for 1.37%
calm for 1.45%
calm for 2.05%
calm for 1.48%
WIND SPEED | HOURLY
WIND DIRECTION | HOURLY
The building responds to the South Westerly winds in it’s curving form. The Western facade features the closed curving walls, designed to protect the exposed side of the building, which enable the flow of wind up over the building.
TIDAL ANALYSIS
TIDAL CONSIDERATIONS - PONTOON SYSTEM
PEMBROKE | LAT LONG: 51.68° N 4.91° W
The site has a relatively small intertidal zone so the water remains deep enough for the launch of AUVs even at low tide.
HIGH TIDE (min 3.5 m, max 5.1 m) LOW TIDE (min 1.6 m, max 3 m) 1
5.1 m 3m
HIGH TIDE
1
A floating pontoon system runs parallel to the harbour edge. The pontoon moves vertically with the rise and fall of the tide, along with ramp for the boarding of passengers.
2
The site offers an easy route out into deeper waters, as the depth quickly jumps from 5m, to 10m, to 20m. It is also clear of cables, pipelines, wrecks and restricted/protected areas. LOW TIDE
2
2.11 COASTAL CONSIDERATIONS 32
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
The AUVs are operated via an adjustable launch system which lowers to the water level and releases/ docks the AUVs.
BUILDING SYSTEMS | ENVIRONMENTAL Design considerations to optimise the environmental conditions, both internally and externally.
SOLAR Open/exposed site, receives direct and uninterrupted sunlight Building requires protection from coastal environment in the form of large, concrete walls with fewer openings to the West
Glass lift shaft acts as light well, with the feature continuing as roof light to maximise light into the darker spaces interfacing the rock Building orientated North to South to maximise natural light Shading provided via overhangs to control direct sunlight
DIRECT NORMAL ILLUMINANCE | HOURLY
Glazed walls where appropriate to maximise views/light
TOTAL CLOUD CLOVER | HOURLY
VENTILATION
Exposed site with winds predominantly from the SW Minimal noise requirements for parts of the programme High heat output from data repository equipment
Curved envelope encourages the wind flow up and over the building, reducing noise disruption Ventilation system built into precast ceiling panels to bring cool air in Open harbour creates a pocket of cooler air beneath the building to ventilate Exposed harbour cools data repository above
WIND SPEED | HOURLY
THERMAL
Site exposed to constant winds and coastal conditions The coastal context means temperatures are lower compared with inland Harbour open and exposed to elements, but adjacent to areas that need to be insulated
Curved envelope encourages the wind flow up and over the building Infra-lightweight concrete used as insulating strategy for the main building Harbour is not insulated due to being exposed to the elements Infra-lightweight concrete used to interface harbour and data repository, providing insulating and weatherproofing
DRY TEMPERATURE | HOURLY
2.12 BUILDING SYSTEMS | ENVIRONMENTAL 33
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
1. SITE CHOSEN
2. SITE SECURED
5. PILE FOUNDATIONS
6. PRIMARY STRUCTURE | HARBOUR
location acquired, site surveys carried out
pile casing driven into seabed by driving hammer, hole is drilled through the topsoil down to rock strata
2.13 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
34
site offices installed, perimeter outlined and site cleared
precast, reinforced structural support columns are lowered into the casing and concreted out using underwater concrete mix - on shore site cleared and prepared
3. VERTICAL CIRCULATION
4. INSHORE BARGE SETUP
cliff face secured, diaphragm walls constructed using hydromill mounted on mobile crane, excess rock collected to be used as coastal defences - onshore site facilities delivered by barge
diaphragm walls in place, vertical shaft excavated using hydromill - inshore barge carrying mobile crane delivered to site
7. FOUNDATIONS LAID & PRIMARY STRUCTURE
8. PRECAST PANELS ARRIVE BY SEA
ground works carried out, areas where rock interfaces with building prepared to take structure, foundations levelled and secured directly to flat rock-bed structural columns for main building installed
boat carrying prefabricated segments moors on temporary docks, concrete structure transferred to site via crane on barge - lift shaft and main entrance works continue
35
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
9. PRECAST STRUCTURAL SYSTEM INSTALLED
first phase of installation for fully integrated precast structure, panels delivered and fixed into place using crane
10. PRECAST STRUCTURAL SYSTEM INSTALLED
phase 2 of installation for fully integrated precast structure, second crane arrives via barge to assist, roof panels fitted - junctions where rock interfaces concrete treated individually
13. SITE CLEARED AND HAND OVER
site cleared, temporary dock removed and hand over procedure undertaken
2.14 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE 2 36
SECTION 2: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
11. GLAZING DELIVERED
main structure is finished, glazing delivered to site via boat and installed using crane system
12. SERVICES INSTALLED
main structure built and now weather tight, services installed
14. USE
building starts its use life as a home for bathymetric mapping
37
38
03
SECTION 3:
DETAILED DESIGN
39
BUILDING SYSTEMS
The building is made up of precast ILC panels which act as the structure, facade/weatherproofing, the insulation and the internal finishing. A network of precast co
structural columns provide additional support, along with the rock that surrounds and interfaces with the building. As the building requires no additional facade, ins or internal finishing systems, the structure is highly optimised and fully integrated, producing minimal material wastage. 1. Sectional Study - Entrance 2. Sectional Study - Bathymetry Gallery 3. Sectional Study - Harbour 4. External stair from ground level to entrance 5. Fire escape stair from entrance to level 1 (8 flights) 6. Main entrance lift shaft 7. Sculptural concrete stair from 1 to 0 8. Secondary private lift shaft from 0 to -2 9. Secondary fire escape stair from 0 to -2 10. Precast concrete column anchored to bedrock x3 (education center) (GRC) 11. Precast concrete column anchored to bedrock x4 (bathymetry gallery) (GRC)
1
12. Precast concrete column anchored to marine pile foundations, top portion x3 (data repository) (GRC) 13. Precast concrete column anchored to marine pile foundations, middle portion x4 (harbour) (GRC) 14. Precast concrete column anchored to marine pile foundations, bottom portion x4 (GRC) 15. Precast concrete column anchored to marine pile foundations x4 (below the water) (GRC)
3
16. Tall glazed window down cliff face serving glass lift 17. Skylight system 18. Curved glazing panel made to precast dimensions 19. Sloping glazing system mirroring roof incline 20. Commissioned curved glazing tunnel 21. Standard 5m W glazing system designed to integrate with precast system 22. Precast roofing panel (ILC) 23. Precast curved wall panel (ILC) 24. Precast internal floor/ceiling panel (ILC) 25. Precast external floor/internal ceiling panels (ILC) 26. Specially commissioned precast external wall panels (GRC) 27. Graphene-reinforced concrete (GRC) precast panels for external harbour walls
3.01 BUILDING SYSTEMS 40
SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
2
CIRCULATION 4
oncrete
5
sulating
6 7 8 9
PRIMARY STRUCTURE 10 11 12 13
14 15
GLAZED FACADE SYSTEM 16 17 18 19 20
21
SECONDARY STRUCTURE/FACADE 22 23 24 25 26
27
41
PREFABRICATED SYSTEM 2 UPPER CURVED WALL PANEL
1
ROOF PANEL
4
INTERNAL FLOOR TO CEILING PANEL
3 LOWERED CURVED WALL PANEL
2
The structure consists of prefabricated concrete panels, fully integrated with services, combined with concrete columns to create the structural system. A prefabricated system allows for a shortened construction period and reduced material waste. The use of ILC removes the need to multi-layer insulating systems and a facade/weatherproofing system, as the concrete is load bearing, insulating and weatherproof. Flexible mould technology also removes the time and waste associated with traditional precast techniques. This in-turn reduces costs and reduces the impact on the landscape during construction.
3.02 PREFABRICATED SYSTEM SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
42
1
1
2
3
4
43
PREFABRICATED SYSTEM | PANELS 1
Steel rebar reinforcement
2
Integrated service zone
3
Ventilation system
4
LED lighting strip
5
Infra-lightweight concrete precast panel
6
Concrete floor finish slab
1
2
3
4
5
1
ROOF PANEL
2
1
3
5
4
2
UPPER CURVED WALL PANEL 2
1
1
5
4
3
2
3 4 5
Structure
Services
Facade
Insulation
Finish
1
2
5
5
5
5
3 4
3.03 PREFABRICATED SYSTEM | PANELS 44
SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
1
Steel rebar reinforcement
2
Integrated service zone
3
Ventilation system
4
LED lighting strip
5
Infra-lightweight concrete precast panel
6
Concrete floor finish slab
3
LOWER CURVED WALL PANEL
1 2
3 1
2
5
4
3 4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
INTERNAL FLOOR/CEILING PANEL
1
2
3
4
5
6
Structure
Services
Facade
Insulation
Finish
1
2
5
5
5
5
3
6
4
45
PREFABRICATED SYSTEM | CONNECTION DETAIL
INSITU CONCRETE/GROUT
PRECAST CONCRETE INTERNAL FLOOR PANEL 8M X 5M
1
2
NOTCH CAST INTO SLAB
STRUCTURAL COLUMN (REINFORCED CONCRETE)
The precast concrete panels connect to the structural support columns to form the main structural
A series of steel loops protrude horizontally from
system. These panels are cast with a notch at the corner to accommodate the column from below.
the column. As the system joins , a small gap is crea
then filled with grout to se
3.04 PREFABRICATED SYSTEM | CONNECTION DETAILS 46
SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
PROTRUDING STEEL LOOPS (HORIZONTAL)
3
PROTRUDING STEEL LOOPS (VERTICAL)
the prefabricated panels and vertically from
For internal connections , the additional floor finish extends over the gap to provide a seamless finish.
ated for the steel loops to interlock , this gap it
ecure the connection.
47
DIAPHRAGM WALLS | CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
verticle entrance constructed with diaphragm walls
VERTICAL LIFT SHAFT CUT INTO CLIFF FACE
3.05 DIAPHRAGM WALLS | CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
48
hydraulic grab
hydromill
1. PRE-TRENCH
2. FIRST BITE
Excavation of hard rock using a hydromill to penetrate by ‘cutting’ rather than ‘digging’.
3. SECOND BITE
4. INTERMEDIATE BITE
Excavation of top-soil using hydraulically-operated grabs
5. GUIDE WALLS
6. PRECAST PANEL INSTALLED
7. PRECAST WALL ASSEMBLED
8. DIAPHRAGM WALL INSTALLED
Construction of two parallel guide walls to keep the precast panels in place
9. EXCAVATION
Hydromill used to excavate rock from within diaphragm wall boundary, excavated rock is then reused as coastal defences
Precast panels lowered into trench
10. SHAFT CLEARED
The hydromill continuously removes material and replaces it with bentonite. Bentonite forms a local cut-off barrier on the sides of the excavation
Units are installed in a trench filled with bentonite
Excavation complete, shaft drained and excess material removed
The bentonite barrier keeps the excavation open by applying a hydrostatic pressure that counteracts with earth pressure
Ground anchors are used to tie the panels to the retained earth to provide stability
11. HORIZONTAL BRACING
Precast horizontal floor slabs installed via notches in the diaphragm walls, which also work as props to support structure laterally
49
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM | BATHYMETRY GALLERY
INTERFACE WITH ROCK
1 4 5
5 4
5
2
3
7
6
1 Steel rebar reinforcement
3 Ventilation system
5 Infra-lightweight concrete (ILC) precast panel
2 Integrated service zone
4 LED lighting strip
6 Insitu reinforced concrete foundation
7 Concrete (graphene-reinforced, GRC) precast structural column reinforced with steel, cast directly into insitu concrete foundation
3.06 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM | BATHYMETRY GALLERY 50
SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
1
2 3
8 7
5
4
6
1 ILC precast ceiling panel
4 Insitu reinforced concrete foundation floor
7 Double glazing window system
2 ILC precast curved wall panel
5 GRC precast structural column reinforced with steel
8 Made to order glazing to fit around insitu rock (rock
3 ILC precast internal floor to ceiling slab
6 Ground anchor
stabilised and treated to receive glazing)
51
MARINE PILE FOUNDATION | CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
1 6 4 2
3 3
5
1 ILC precast ceiling panel
3 GRC precast floor panel
5 Marine pile foundation
2 GRC precast curved wall panel
4 GRC precast structural column reinforced with steel
6 Precast panel and structural column connection detail (2.08)
3.07 MARINE FOUNDATION SYSTEM | CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE 52
SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
1. CASING INSTALLED
2. FLY DRILL CONNECTED
3. SEDIMENT REMOVAL
The casing is lowered into position via crane
A fly drill is connected to the crane. The hole
The process repeats until it hits hard rock
on a barge, and driven into place using a
is drilled until the bucket is filled with soil,
strata
driving hammer
and then emptied
4. CASING CAPPED
5. DRILL HEAD INSTALLED
The fly drill is removed and the casing is
A flush kelly, swivel and swivel holder are attached
capped
to the fly drill. The drill head and flange pipes
6 .DRILLING Finally drilling starts and the waste rock is removed
are connected to the drill string. The drill head is installed into casing and the fly drill is connected.
7. PRECAST COLUMN POSITIONED
8. COLUMN INSTALLED
9. CONCRETING
Once the pile is drilled, the precast concrete
The column is lowered into place within the
Once the column is in position, it is con-
column is craned into position
casing via crane on a barge
creted out using tremie pipes to secure the structure.
53
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM | HARBOUR
PREFABRICATED SYSTEM IN MARINE CONTEXT
1
2
3
5 4
7
4
6
1 6
1 Steel rebar reinforcement
3 Ventilation system
5 Infra-lightweight concrete (ILC) precast panel
2 Integrated service zone
4 LED lighting strip
6 Graphene-reinforced concrete precast panel
3.08 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM | HARBOUR SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
54
7 Concrete (graphene-reinforced, GRC) precast structural column reinforced with steel
1
6 4
2 3
3
5
1 ILC precast ceiling panel
3 GRC precast floor panel
5 Marine pile foundation
2 GRC precast curved wall panel
4 GRC precast structural column reinforced with steel
6 Precast panel and structural column connection detail (2.08)
55
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM | INTERFACE WITH WATER
INTERFACE WITH WATER
5 3 2
4 1
7
6
6
1 Steel rebar reinforcement
3 Ventilation system
5 Infra-lightweight concrete (ILC) precast panel
2 Integrated service zone
4 LED lighting strip
6 Graphene-reinforced concrete precast panel
3.09 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM | INTERFACE WITH WATER SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
56
7 Concrete (graphene-reinforced, GRC) precast structural column reinforced with steel
RESPONDING TO CONTEXT: FLOODING
The harbour is built to sit between 0.8-1 m above the average high tide level to 5.1 m 3m
avoid flooding. In the case of an unusually high tide or stormy weather the water may breach the harbour level. The harbour has a water drainage system and water tight doors with added flood barrier if required to prevent water entering the interior. The tiered form of the building also means that even if the lower harbour level does flood, the rest of the building is safe sitting at a higher elevation.
HIGH TIDE (min 3.5 m, max 5.1 m) LOW TIDE (min 1.6 m, max 3 m)
AVERAGE HIGH TIDE
SUPER HIGH TIDE
3.10 RESPONDING TO CONTEXT: FLOODING 57
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
1 PUBLIC INTERFACE
DATA REPOSITORY
3
4
HARBOUR
EDUCATION CENTER
5
6
CONFERENCE
CIRCULATION
60 DB
40 DB
80 DB
40 DB
50 DB
20 DB
300 LUX
500 LUX
200 LUX
500 LUX
500 LUX
500 LUX
20 OC
20-23 OC
12 OC
20-23 OC
19-21 OC
19 OC
40 - 50 %
30 - 60 %
70 - 85 %
30 - 60 %
40 - 60 %
40 - 50 %
3.11 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 58
2
SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
LIGHTING
The site is South facing and receives uninterrupted sunlight due to its position on a small peninsula.. South
Wales has a high level of cloud cover for the majority of the year which restricts direct sunlight to the site, but ambient daylight for the site is high, with little shadowing. Careful measures have been taken to achieve
the correct lighting conditions consistently within the building. The use and requirements of each area of the
programme, and its location with the building have been taken into consideration
SOUTH FACING SITE
TOTAL CLOUD CLOVER | HOURLY
DIRECT NORMAL ILLUMINANCE | HOURLY
SKYLIGHT
EXTENDED ROOF LINE
Utilising the site’s abundance of natural light by cre-
Extending the roof-line out to
ating openings in the facade to allow natural light in.
create an overhang over the
The closed curve of the wall offers protection, but an
glazing provides shading from
opening in the roof maximises light whilst minimising exposure.
direct solar radiation. On a VERTICAL GLAZED LIFT SHAFT
South facing site this allows daylight in whilst protecting against direct sunlight.
LIGHT PASSES THROUGH SKYLIGHT
OVERHANG ADDRESSES DIRECT SUNLIGHT
ROOF OVERHANG PROVIDING CONTROLLED LIGHTING FOR THE EDUCATION CENTER
LED STRIP LIGHTING Lighting integrated into the precast concrete panels. LEDs are a very durable and reliable, with a significantly longer life span than a standard bulb. LED lighting can emit an extremely high level of brightness, and are capable of turning about 70% of their energy into light. This makes them much more energy
CURVED GLAZING ALLOWS DAYLIGHT FROM THE EAST
LED STRIP LIGHTING RECESSED INTO THE PRECAST PANELS
INTERNAL FLOOR SLAB FITTED TO PRECAST PANEL SERVICE ZONE REBAR INTEGRATED VENTILATION SYSTEM
efficient. LED
3.12 LIGHTING 59
VENTILATION The wind tends to be stronger along the coast and over the open water due to pressure differences over the land and sea. The site’s location on the coast of South Wales means its exposed to higher winds year round in comparison to inland areas. For Pembroke the prevailing wind direction annually is South South West, exposing the building to frequent strong winds.
NATURAL VENTILATION
How many hours per year the wind blows from the indicated direction and wind speed (mph)
1
3 1 3
2
1
The building sits low and is embedded into the landscape to encourage wind to flow over the top of the structure. The curved walls on the West elevation help to minimise the
2
The harbour at the bottom of the building is open and exposed however, which can bring cooler temperatures to the base of the structure, and help with passive ventilation from
downdraught effect, and avoids over exposing the building to high winds.
below. The data repository above is subject to higher temperatures due to the computer equipment required and the higher number of daily users in comparison to other areas of the building. The cool air from the harbour helps to cool the internal temperature of the programme above.
3.13 VENTILATION 60
SECTION 3: DETAILED DESIGN
THERMAL STRATEGY: INFRA-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE MECHANICAL VENTILATION A mechanical ventilation system is integrated into the precast panels. It brings cool air in from the outside via vents in the floor panels, circulates through vents in the curved wall panels and removes hot air as it rises through vents in the ceiling panels. The vents are recessed into shadow gaps between the precast panels.
INTEGRATED VENTILATION SYSTEM
HEATING SYSTEM The building is heated by underfloor heating in the form of Graphene reinforced concrete floor panels. Electrically conductive graphene concrete can be replace traditional underfloor heating. It is a long-term and low-maintenance alternative to plumbed hot water systems. This saves time and money installing a plumbed system, and minimises the materials required to avoid wastage. The use of underfloor heating provides a gradual release of heat over a larger surface area, and therefore is energy efficient.
GRAPHENE REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB thermally conductive concrete
REBAR
electrically conductive concrete
LED SERVICE ZONE
ILC replaces the need for a standard thermal insulation composite system. ILC is insulating with an exceptional combination of low thermal conductivity and comparatively high strength. The precast ILC panels act as the structure, facade and thermal insulation all in one. By removing the need for multi-layer insulation system, the project saves on installation time, costs and resources. The single-layer composition allows technically simple and ecologically sustainable constructions with low maintenance demands but a high architectural design potential.
ILC BUILD-UP
3.14
THERMAL STRATEGY: INFRA-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE 61
62
04
SECTION 4:
FINAL DRAWINGS
63
4.01 SOUTH PERSPECTIVE 64
SECTION 4: FINAL DRAWINGS
65
4.02 SOUTH EAST PERSPECTIVE 66
SECTION 4: FINAL DRAWINGS
67
4.03 RECEPTION VIEW SECTION 4: FINAL DRAWINGS
68
69
4.04 SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE SECTION 4: FINAL DRAWINGS 70
71
4.05 BUILDING OVERVIEW 72
SECTION 4: FINAL DRAWINGS
73
74
05
SECTION 5:
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
75
5.01 SITE PLAN 76
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
77
78
LEVEL -2 FLOOR PLAN
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
5.02
79
80
LEVEL -1 FLOOR PLAN
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
5.03
81
82
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
5.04
83
84
LEVEL 1 FLOOR PLAN
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
5.05
85
86
ENTRANCE LEVEL FLOOR PLAN
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
5.06
87
5.07
SECTION AA
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
88
89
5.08 90
SECTION BB
SECTION 5: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
91
92
06
SECTION 6: APPENDIX
93
MASSING AND PROGRAMME STRATEGY TOPOGRAPHICAL PLANES
PLANE 1 | CLIFF TOP
entrance
circulation
lobby
PLANE 2 | SHORE
entrance
bathymetry gallery
sequence
CONFERENCE
education
conference
PLANE 3 | WATER
terrace
data
harbour
repository
ENTRANCE LOBBY
EDUCATION CIRCULATION
ENTRANCE SEQUENCE
DATA REPOSITORY
TERRACE BATHYMETRY GALLERY
HARBOUR
ALLOCATION OF PROGRAMME
PROGRAMME ON SITE
MASSING ON SITE
6.01 MASSING AND PROGRAMME STRATEGY 94
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PROGRAMMATIC CONDITIONS 2 MAIN LOBBY
1 ENTRANCE
3 BATHYMETRIC GALLERY
4 EDUCATION CENTER
1
3 2
5 4 6
7
8
5m
20 m
6 DATA REPOSITORY
5 CONFERENCE FACILITIES
7 HARBOUR
8 UNDERWATER
APPROPRIATE MATERIALS INFRA-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE 1
2
3
4
5
Infra-lightweight concrete (ILC) has combination of low thermal conductivity and comparatively high strength. This results in a material that is load-baring, weatherproof and can act as the insulating system all in one. It also offers an improved acoustic performance in comparison to standard concretes. Whilst ILC is load-baring, in this environment it requires steel reinforcement. It is not suitable for construction in or underwater.
GRAPHENE-REINFORCED CONCRETE 7
8
Graphene-reinforced concrete (GRC) is stronger, more durable, and 4x more resistant to water, making it uniquely suitable for construction in areas that require maintenance work and are difficult to be accessed. Requires additional multi-layer insulating systems, along with external and internal finishing. GRC does not allow for the fully integrated precast model.
HYBRID SYSTEM 6 In areas that require thermal insulation and optimum interior conditions, but that are also are situated close to the water and therefore more exposed to the weather and tidal conditions, a hybrid of materials may be necessary to provide both comfort and increased protection.
6.02 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS 95
BUILDING SYSTEMS | PERFORMANCE ACOUSTICS
Noise associated with harbour Noise from wind and waves Parts of the programme require better acoustic qualities than others Noise travelling between different parts of the programme needs to be minimised
Conference, education and data repository facilities require improved acoustics Noise associated with wind reduced as wind flows over curved form Noise pollution from harbour reduced due to open nature, distance from main building and location on a separate level Infra-lightweight concrete offers improved acoustic performance due to porous nature
SECURIT Y Main cliff-top entrance operating on a card swipe system, with guests being met on arrival
Different parts of the programme are for different users, separation and security is required Main entrance on cliff top unmanned and requires security system to control who enters
Manned reception at bottom of cliff circulation to greet and direct guests All semi-public areas located off main public zone/lobby Security card needed to use secondary circulation, for access to private areas for staff only Building uses levels to separate out users and programme, with private facilities being located on lower floors
FIRE HAZARDS Main fire escape meeting zone at top of cliff
Tiered response to the landscape requires multiple fire escape stairs Sprinkler system required Harsh surrounding context means an external meeting point is not currently provided on the shore
Infra-lightweight concrete panels with integrated sprinkler system in the ceiling Second fire escape stair provided for harbour and data repository, with access to main fire escape stair, or external meeting zones on the terrace In the event of main fire escape to the cliff top being inaccessible, external meeting zones on the terraces and stairs down to the rocky shore provided
6.03 BUILDING SYSTEMS | PERFORMANCE 96
SECTION 6: APPENDIX
SECTIONAL STUDY 1: ENTRANCE
The entrance sequence involves a vertical shaft being cut into the landscape to provide escape stairs and a lift. The hard nature of the limestone cliff and bracing in the from of the props (stair landings) stabilises the rock.
PRECAST PANEL
Precast roof panels combined with precast diaphragm walls to create sunken entrance sequence.
1
CONCRETE FOUNDATION
CONCRETE FIRE ESCAPE STAIR
Insitu concrete foundation laid post
Constructed using diaphragm walls and
diaphragm walls to level out bedrock
a hydromill drilling rig, precast concrete
surface
panels are fitted into the newly cut shaft.
6.04 SECTIONAL STUDY 1: ENTRANCE 97
98
2
internal/external junction
Precast floor panel meets insitu concrete foundation at
PRECAST FLOORING PANEL
cast into insitu floor for installation of wall
Precast curved panels connect to form internal wall, notch
PRECAST CURVED WALL CONNECTION
foundation laid onto the bedrock, which also provides a level floor.
ceilings. Concrete columns provide structural support, these are anchored into an insitu concrete
The building is mainly constructed using prefabricated concrete panels to form the floors, walls and
SECTIONAL STUDY 2: BATHYMETRY GALLERY
6.05 SECTIONAL STUDY 2: BATHYMETRY GALLERY
SECTION 6: APPENDIX
wall finish
(2.08)
with ground anchors, and connects with precast roof panel
Concrete structural column cast into insitu floor foundation
CONCRETE SUPPORT COLUMN
cliff face rock is secured and left exposed to be used as internal
hydromill drilling to create vertical entrance sequence - natural
Natural inlet in cliff side is utilised, and extended further using
EXPOSED ROCK SURFACE
SECTIONAL STUDY 3: HARBOUR
The harbour is supported by precast concrete columns that reach down into underwater pile foundations. These columns are lowered into casings that have been drilled into the seabed. The structure is laterally supported by the surrounding rock.
PRECAST PANEL CONNECTION Concrete precast panels connect via interconnecting steel loops and infill grout (2.08)
3
CONCRETE COLUMN CONNECTION DETAIL
UNDERWATER PILE FOUNDATION
Concrete structural column connection detail with precast
foundations (2.12)
Concrete structural column secured into underwater pile
floor panel (2.08)
6.06 SECTIONAL STUDY 3: HARBOUR 99
WATER MANAGEMENT RAIN WATER HARVESTING Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting, storing and then using rainwater as an alternative source to mains water. The coastal and remote location of the site means that mains water is not easily accessible. The harvested rainwater can be used as grey water for flushing toilets and cleaning, and purified for drinking.
HARVESTING CYCLE
COLLECTION TANK
WATER HOLDING TANK
6.07 WATER MANAGEMENT 100
SECTION 6: APPENDIX
TIDAL STRATEGY The building must respond to the rising and falling tide. The harbour has been designed to cater for the changes in water level with a pontoon ramp system for mooring, and an adjustable AUV launch ramp. Whilst the harbour sits above the water level for the average high tide, other considerations for bad weather and rough seas must also be addressed. Sea defences in the form of gabion cages help to absorb wave energy and protect the harbour structure.
GABION CAGES EXCAVATED ROCK MATERIAL REUSED FOR SEA DEFENCES
2 DIAPHRAGM WALLS INSTALLED
3 HYDROMILL DRILLS AND EXCAVATES ROCK FROM SHAFT
0
1.0 0.60
1.00
1.00
SHAFT
1.00
VERTICAL COLUMN EXCAVATED FROM CLIFF FOR ENTRANCE LIFT
0
1.0
0
1.0
0.60
0.60
4 GRABS REMOVE EXCAVATED
5 EXCESS ROCK IS COLLECTED
6 EXCESS ROCK IS USED TO PRODUCE GABION CAGES
ROCK
SEA DEFENCE STRATEGIES Gabion cages absorb wave energy as it hits the shore, protecting the buildings structural columns. The gabion cages are strategically placed to maximise protection without disrupting AUV launch. As the rock material is originally from the excavated cliff, it is native to the landscape and can act as an artificial habitat for marine vegetation and animals.
6.08 TIDAL STRATEGY 101
ENERGY STRATEGY ENERGY CONSUMPTION AUV ’s require charging between missions. Approximately 200–500 watts of power is needed for charging, a process which typically takes 4-8 hours (Gish and Hughes 2017). The server required for collecting, computing and distributing the bathymetric data also require significant energy.
ENERGY CONSERVATION Steps taken to reduce energy consumption in design and use: 1.
Maximising natural light through large glazed opening
2.
Designed to utilise natural ventilation
1
of the site
3
4 3.
High efficiency LED lighting
4.
Install monitor power management software and turn off PCs at night
2
POWER HARVESTING STRATEGY To help reduce the increased energy required to run the bathymetric mapping center, the center uses wave harvested energy to offset the amount of energy consumed. Wave energy can generate economical renewable energy. Point absorbers tap the oscillating force of the waves to generate electricity, they are usually placed near the ocean surface, just off the shoreline. SEABED 2030 has pledged to invest in point absorbers for each bathymetric center globally to offset energy required.
POINT ABSORBER TECHNOLOGY
6.09 ENERGY STRATEGY 102
SECTION 6: APPENDIX
CONTRACT AND PROCUREMENT GLOBAL CLIENT
FUNDING SEABED 2030 ESTIMATED COST: $3 BILLION The Nippon Foundation has pledged $2 million US dollars per year to get the Seabed 2030 project off the ground. In February 2018, the Chairman Mr Sasakawa, called on the international community to rally together to support the project’s goal, adding no single organisation could finance the programme alone.
The Nippon Foundation and GEBCO join to create Seabed 2030, with the aim of mapping the worlds
sea floor by 2030. Global scale project - individual national hydrographic organisations take responsibility for their regions, feeding data back to the glob-
Financial support from international hydrographic
organisations
al project.
Global bathymetric map - a fundamental resource for marine sustainability, managing fishing stocks, tsunami forecasting, cable&pipeline routing, oil&gas exploration and understanding geo-hazards etc., a valuable resource for all investors and the world
UK REPRESENTATIVES (KEY STAKEHOLDERS)
Major tech, oil & gas, and shipping companies invited to contribute existing data and invest, for use of bathymetric map in future
UKHO and the BODC oversee the UKs contributions.
Nippon-GEBCO, private and public investors all help to fund bathymetric mapping facilities around the globe in order to produce a global bathymetric map by 2030
BODC along with a Seabed 2030 representative for the UK region will oversee the commission, con struction and running of the Pembroke Bathymetric
Mapping Center, relying on funding from The Nip-
pon Foundation and GEBCO as well as contributions Local scale investment: UK marine charities, research organisations and the fishing trade invest in UK bathymetric operations
from UKHO, and private investors.
CONTRACT PROFILE
2
3
4
5
C2 Certainty over contract price, no fluctuation money overall C3 Best value for
T1 Earliest possible start on site
TRADITIONAL CONTRACT
T2 Certainty over contract duration
Q1 Top quality, minimum maintenance
Q2 Sensitive design, control by employer
Q3 Detailed design not critical, leave to contractor
DESIGN TEAM AND CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS: POTENTIAL STAKEHOLDERS
T3 Shortest possible contract period
1
TIME
Priority Level (1 Lowest - 5 Highest)
C1 Lowest possible capital expenditure
COST
Criteria
QUALIT Y
SEABED 2030 PROJECT
Cost and quality are of high importance in building a bathymetric mapping center. Funded mostly through charitable organisations, keeping costs down is key, and quality is vital due to the sensitive coastal environment, as well as minimising maintenance due to access. However, time is also key due to the 2030 deadline of the project, so the contract may require some bespoke aspects to ensure all criteria is met. The client will also take on primary risk.
CLIENT (BODC)
CONTRACTOR
MANAGEMENT/COORDINATION
PROJECT DESIGN TEAM
CONSULTANTS
MAIN CONTRACTOR
PROJECT MANAGER
ARCHITECTS
PLANNING CONSULTANT
BIM COORDINATOR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT
SUB-CONTRACTOR
QUALIT Y SURVEYOR
M+E ENGINEER
BUILDING CONTROL
PLANNING ADVISOR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER (OFFSHORE STRUCTURES)
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
HEALTH AND SAFET Y
6.10 CONTRACT AND PROCUREMENT 103
RISK , HEALTH AND SAFET Y MANAGEMENT
6.11 RISK, HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT 104
SECTION 6: APPENDIX
LOCAL IMPACT DISRUPTION TO LANDSCAPE The construction of the mapping center on the coast will undoubtedly bring disruption to landscape. Whilst steps have been taken to minimise the environmental impact of this development, its requirement to be located on the coast, away from busy harbours, means that this disruption is necessary.
BEFORE
DURING
AFTER
MAIN DISRUPTION
SOLUTION
Excavation of cliff for lift shaft
Using diaphragm walls and a hydromill drill minimises the disruption, only excavating the immediate area required
Concrete
Concrete is necessary for strength and endurance, but its impact is minimised by using ILC and a precast system
Marine foundations
Installing the pile foundations by fly drill on a barge avoids the added disruption of a cofferdam.
PLANNING The site is located in a ‘Special Area of Conservation’ (SAC). Development on a SAC is permitted, but it must undergo a Test of Likely Significant Effect ( TLSE) by the Local Planning Authority to understand the implications of the development. As the project is a direct result of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and aims to provide a resource to help protect the marine environment globally, the project is considered vital. Whilst the building and construction must still meet specified environmental considerations, the planning is permitted on the site.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
The center will bring employment opportunities to the immediate area. Due to its fairly rural location, job creation for young adults is highly desired. Due to the specific nature of the center, professionals trained in and familiar with bathymetric mapping will be bought in for data collection roles.
SPECIALIST JOBS: CENTER MANAGER (SEABED 2030 REP) X 1 RECEPTIONIST
ADMINISTRATION
CLEANING TEAM
MAINTENANCE
HARBOUR CREW
X1
X2
X3
X2
X2
LOCAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
BATHYMETRIC RESEARCH STAFF X 12 PART-TIME TEACHING STAFF X 3
TOTAL STAFF: 26
EDUCATION AND PRESERVATION As well as educating those in the field of bathymetry on advances and progress, the education center will also be available to the wider community. School groups and other interested parties are invited by SEABED 2030 to visit the education center to learn and understand the importance of bathymetry, the SEABED 2030 mission and why we must act sustainably to preserve our oceans. Once the SEABED 2030 map is complete, the center will be offered to local marine charities such as the Marine Preservation Society, who carry out work to understand, protect and preserve the local marine environment around the Pembrokeshire Coastline and beyond.
6.12 LOCAL IMPACT 105
GLOBAL IMPACT GLOBAL PROTOT YPE
The creation of SEABED 2030 in 2017 has inspired a global movement of localised bathymetric mapping to feed into one global map. The Pembroke Bathymetry Center will act as a prototype for additional bathymetric mapping centers around the world. Funded by The Nippon Foundation and GEBCO and overseen by the British Ocean-
ographic Data Center, the center will be the first of its kind to be
completed. The construction of a network of centers in all regions will allow the 2030 target to be achieved.
KIT OF PARTS
The development of the ILC prefabricated system found in the building will be used as a ‘kit of parts’ for easy construction on shore-lines around the globe. Whilst each site and climate will vary
and require personalisation, the design principals will remain.
MATERIAL IMPACT | CONCRETE
WHY CONCRETE?
Concrete is the best suited material for building on the shore due to its strength, durability and water resistance. Building typologies found along the shoreline are commonly made of concrete, such as sea walls, piers, light-houses and slipways. In order to withstand the harsh coastal context, the building will be concrete construction. Timber, for example, would see severe degradation and weakening under marine conditions. However concrete has a significant impact on the environment. 8% of the world’s CO 2 emissions are due to cement production in the concrete industry. By using ILC and a prefabricated system, the project can significantly reduce the impact on the environment compared with using standard concrete. ILC: -
Produced and cast locally in Port Talbot (80KM away)
-
Delivered to site by boat in one journey, which reduces carbon foot print involved with transportation via road (multiple vehicles and journeys)
-
Precast system allows quicker and easier construc -tion process than standard insitu concrete structure
-
ILC removes the need for multi-layer thermal system, reducing materials required
-
Graphene-reinforced concrete (used for the harbour
structure) not only drastically reduces the carbon footprint by reducing the materials required in production, but also produces concrete that ’s 4x more water resistant and twice as strong,minimising the need for maintenance work
6.13 GLOBAL IMPACT SECTION 6: APPENDIX 106
DELIVERY TO SITE
107
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G14 is a test bed for architectural exploration and innovation. Our students examine the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. As a unit, we are in search of new leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital and physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation and design research, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new, unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals. IAt the centre of this year’s academic exploration was Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’: a master-builder who follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal as somebody who is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of his or her discoveries without disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, PG14 students are opportunists in search of new ideas and architectural synthesis. They explored the concept of ‘Inner Form’, referring to the underlying and invisible but existing logic of formalisation, which is only accessible to those who understand the whole system and its constituents and the relationships between. This year’s projects explored the places where culture and technology interrelate to generate constructional systems. Societal, technological, cultural, economic and political developments propelled our investigations and enabled us to project near-future scenarios, for which we designed comprehensive visions. Our methodology employed both bottom-up and top-down strategies in order to build sophisticated architectural systems. Pivotal to this process was practical experimentation and intense exploration using both digital and physical models to assess system performance and application in architectural space. Thanks to: DaeWha Kang Design, DKFS Architects, Expedition Engineering, Hassel, Knippers Helbig, RSHP, Seth Stein Architects, University of Stuttgart/ ITKE and Zaha Hadid Architects.
All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.
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