Andre Hoelzle de Moraes_Y5 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

-

ANDRE HOELZLE DE MORAES YEAR 5

UNIT

Y5 AH

NEW COMPLEXES OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA

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ANDRE HOELZLE DE MORAES YEAR 5 Y5 AH

andrehoelzle@gmail.com @andrehoelzle

NEW COMPLEXES OF THE BRAZILIAN A M A ZO N I A SUSTAINABLE TIMBER FOREST COMPLEX: AN ALTERNATIVE VISION São Félix do Xingu, Brazil

W

ith the continuous increase of industrial agriculture and a government striving for economic growth at all costs, the Amazon Rainforest is suffering the consequences of illegal deforestation now more than ever, having a tremendous impact on our environment.

This project examines the current challenges across the Amazon, investigates sustainable alternatives of land management and proposes a new model for communities to be built on sustainable timber farming and agroforestry systems.

Acting on the most deforested regions of the rainforest, agricultural lands currently used for monoculture cattle farming will be replaced by a model which enables sufficient financial income whilst restoring biodiversity through agroforestry systems.

Initial backing by national and international governments increasingly concerned with the future of our environment will activate a cycle for the sustainable harvesting of tropical hardwoods on a yearly basis.

The aim is for these new communities established on sustainable timber farming will also become more resilient as they are easily misplaced and are under constant threat by illegal miners and loggers. Such new model will aim to alter Brazil’s socio-economic history.

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4

SECTION 1 INITIAL EXPLORATION

5

STRUCT

0

5

TONGKONAN HOUSE 6

THE HOUSE OF ORIGIN Sulawesi - Indonesia

STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION

0

5

TONGKONAN HOUSE THE HOUSE OF ORIGIN Sulawesi - Indonesia

7

South wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

South wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

Sou Mix

North West wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

North West wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

So Mi

South wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

North West wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) An investigation on the traditional Tongkonan house

8

Sou Mix

South wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

South wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

South wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

South wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

East wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

East wind analysis at 5m/s Mixing length scale

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) An investigation on the traditional Tongkonan house

9

10

Indonesian Museum

Balinese Pavilion

Bugis House

Rumah Gadang

Nagari Seribu

Toba-Batak House

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE Indonesia

BAAN DAM MUSEUM Thailand A collection of wooden buildings by artist and architect Thawan Duchanee mixing various elements of northern Thai buildings.

11

THE SANCTUARY OF TRUTH Thailand Intricately constructed entirely out of wood,the museum rises 105 metres has been under construction since 1981 and plans to be finished in 2025, it is a monument of Thai craftsmanship

12

THE SANCTUARY OF TRUTH Thailand Intricately constructed entirely out of wood,the museum rises 105 metres has been under construction since 1981 and plans to be finished in 2025, it is a monument of Thai craftsmanship

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18 17

15 16

14

12

13

11

9

10

8

7 6

1

2

5

4

3

1 Khuu-Ruam-Nork

10 Khuu-peek-Nok-Tub (2nd order)

2 Plea-Hua-Sao

11 Cherng-Klon-Tub (2nd order)

3 Cherng-Klon-Tub (3rd order)

12 Saphan-Noo-Tub (2nd order)

4 Saphan-Nod-Tub (3rd order)

13 Sao-Took-Ta-Tub (2nd order)

5 Sao-Took-Ta-Tub (3rd order)

14 Sao-Took-Ta-Tub (2nd order)

6 Khuu-Peek-Nok-Tub (3rd order)

15 Khuu-Peek-Nok-Tub (2nd order)

7 Plea-Lan-Tub (3rd order)

16 Plea-Lan-Tub (2nd order lower)

8 Cherng-Plea-Tub (3rd order)

17 Plea-Lan-Tub (2nd order upper)

9 Khuu-peek-Nok-Tub (2nd order)

18 Chern-Plae-Tub (2nd order)

WAT YAI SUWANNARAM 14

SERMON HALL Roof structure Analysis

WAT YAI SUWANNARAM SERMON HALL Roof structure Analysis

15

NORTHEN TEMPLES Thailand Temple Halls in the north of Thailand have distinctive larger multi-layered roofs which sweep low towards the ground.

16

NORTHEN TEMPLES Thailand Roofs are the quintessential elements in Thai public architecture, shaping the character of buildings with their elaborate structure and decoration. The multiple layer roofs are used to protect the buildings from harsh sun and rain, some structures use the gaps between the tiers for ventilation but also symbolise the importance of the building. Slopes are increased from 45 to 60 as tiers rise.

17

Roof layering development

Natural Ventilation

ROOF ANALYSIS 18

ROOF FRAGMENT STUDIES The multi-layering principles learned through the artefacts are explored.

19

LANDSCAPE ROOF FRAGMENT STUDIES 20

Exploring the multi-layering roof principle reacting directly to the landscape environment

LANDSCAPE ROOF FRAGMENT STUDIES Exploring the multi-layering roof principle reacting directly to the landscape environment

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FRAGMENT EXPLORATION Introduction of structural system, engineered timber elements allow for un-obstructed interior spaces

22

FRAGMENT EXPLORATION Exploded fragment structural

23

LANDSCAPE ROOF FR

AGGLOME 24

Exploring multi-layering ro tropical climate

RAGMENT STUDIES

ERATION

oof principle reacting to e and terrain

25

LANDSCAPE ROOF F 26

AGGLOM

Exploring multi-layering r tropical clima

FRAGMENT STUDIES

MERATION

roof principle reacting to ate and terrain

27

LANDSCAPE ROOF F

AGGLOM 28

Exploring multi-layering r tropical clima

FRAGMENT STUDIES

MERATION

roof principle reacting to ate and terrain

29

30

LANDSCAPE ROOF F

FRAGMENT STUDIES

31

LANDSCAPE ROOF FRAGM 32

CONNECTIVITY

Further expansino of agglomeration a transportation

MENT STUDIES

Y

and introduction on

33

LANDSCAPE ROOF F 34

CONNEC

Further expansino of agglom transpo

FRAGMENT STUDIES

CTIVITY

meration and introduction on ortation

35

LANDSCAPE ROOF F

CONNEC 36

Further expansino of agglom transpo

FRAGMENT STUDIES

CTIVITY

meration and introduction on ortation

37

55 °

35 °

25 °

55 °

35 °

25 °

55 °

35 °

25 °

55 °

35 °

25 °

ROOF PRIN

Further explorting and a gives certain roofs a

38

0°

0°

0°

0°

0°

0°

0°

0°

-10 °

NCIPLES STUDY

attempting to understand what phenomenological feeling.

39

RESIDENTIAL FRAGMENT Layernig residential units testing

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RESIDENTIAL FRAGMENT Layernig residential units testing

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RESIDENTIAL FRAGMENT Layernig residential units testing

42

RESIDENTIAL FRAGMENT Layernig residential units testing

43

TESTING Applying newly discovered principles into dwelling

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STRUCTURAL TESTING Applying structural strategy to dwelling massing

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46

SECTION 2 BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

47

Brazil Po (2019)

202,7

6th m

Brazilia São Paulo

Rio de Jan Brasília Salvador Fortaleza

Belo Horiz Manaus Curitiba Temperature / Manaus

Humidity / Manaus

Recife Goiânia Belém

Porto Aleg São Luís Maceió Natal

TROPICAL CLIMATE Like the earlier explored south east asian countries Brazil also has a tropical climate

48

Population per km2

Brazil Population

Brazil Population

202,768,562

212,559,417

(2019)

0 - 1, 0

1,1 - 10,0

10,1 - 25,0

25,1 - 100,0

100,0 +

(2020)

6th most populated country in the world Brazilian Cities Population São Paulo

12.2 m

Rio de Janeiro

6.7 m

Brasília

3.0 m

Salvador

2.9 m

Fortaleza

2.6 m

Belo Horizonte

2.5 m

Manaus

2.1 m

Curitiba

1.9 m

Recife

1.6 m

Goiânia

1.5 m

Belém

1.5 m

Porto Alegre

1.5 m

São Luís

1.1 m

Maceió

1.0 m

Natal

0.9 m

POPULATION DENSITY The population density of Brazil shows the majority of the population living on the coast of the country

49

Proposed Bi-Oceanic railway Existing railway Under construction

BI-OCEANIC RAILWAY Proposed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the planned 3,000km route would run from the port of Puerto Santos in Brazil to Puerto de Ilo in Peru, crossing 1,700km of Bolivian territory in between.

RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE

50

railway

the ceans, route ort of il to crossing erritory in

Juscelino Kibitschek 21st President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. His term was marked by economic prosperity and political stability, being most known for the construction of a new capital, Brasília.

Sao Paulo - Manaus 3hr 45m Sao Paulo - Belem 3hr 25m

Under his presidency with the incentive to grow the importing of cars were prohibeheted and incentives given for manufactured to move to Brazil.

Companies were built making roads and cars the number one means for transportation.

Porto Alegre - Manaus 6hr + Stop Sao Paulo - Belem - 2,880km 39hr Sao Paulo - Manaus - 3,873km 53hr Sao Paulo - Boa Vista - 4,621km 65hr

Using private cars as the main mode of transport has many disatvantages particularly on our environment as seen by the trans-amazonian highway

ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

51

BRAZIL WOOD

1530

Brazilwood was the first of the natural resources to be exploited, Portuguese navigators arriving in Brazil quickly began to ship the wood which became extremely valuable in Europe particularly for it's red dye.

1530 1700

SUGAR AGE Starting in the sixteenth century, sugarcane grown on plantations called engenhos along the northeast coast (Brazil's Nordeste) became the base of Brazilian economy and society, with the use of slaves on large plantations to produce sugar for Europe.

GOLD AND DIAMOND RUSH

1690's 1890's

The discovery of gold in the area caused a huge influx of European immigrants and the government decided to bring in bureaucrats from Portugal to control operations. Minas Gerais was the gold mining centre of Brazil, during the 18th century.

Slave labour was generally used for the workforce.

COFFEE PLANTATIONS

1720

The coffee crop was introduced In 1720, and by 1850 Brazil was producing half of the world's coffee.

The state set up a marketing board to protect and encourage the industry.

RUBBER BOOM

1880's 1910's

The rubber boom in the Amazon radically reshaped the Amazonian economy. It turned the remote poor jungle village of Manaus into a rich progressive urban centre but thousands of Indians were enslaved and killed during the rubber boom

MILITARY REGIME

1970's

Brazil's military regime sees profit deep in the Amazon and constructs the trans-amazonian high way. Plots were offered and the government paid people to start occupying plots by the high way

CATTLE INDUSTRY / SOY FARMS

1970's

NATURAL RESOURCES TRADING HISTORY

52

Since the colonization of Brazil it's rich resources have been explored and exploited dramatically by the Europeans. The exploration of the indigenous, slaves and poorest communities has followed this trajectory throughout history. In more recent years a booming agriculture industry has seen the economy of Brazil rise however a lack of control for the environment, mixed political views has seen the world's largest rainforest suffer for the majority of the time.

Most lands were turned into pasture where they raised cows to sell as beef. With need for Soybean to feed livestock, Brazil boosted the economy with soy farms.

1978

ARC OF DEFORESTATION Between 1978-1988 an average of 20 000 km2 of forest were cut down every year.

DEFORESTATION INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE

2000

As Brazil's deforestation story continues to unfold international countries increasingy concerned with the climate of our planet are piling on the pressure on Brazil to find a solution to this problem.

BOOMING AGRICULTURE Unprecedented rates of deforestation driven by a booming agriculture economy

TACKLING DEFORESTATION

2003

Under Lulas government Brazil started tackling deforestation by adding land under protected status where business activities were strictly banned.

Land was given to sustainable forestry industry and to the indigenous.

2004 2012

SUCCESSFUL HALT

Between 2004 - 2012 deforestation declined by 80%. The drop was fuelled by a number of factors, including increased law enforcement, satellite monitoring, pressure from environmentalists, private and public sector initiatives, new protected areas, and macroeconomic trends.

PROTECTED LAND

2012

Almost half of the Amazon was put under some sort of protection.

Beef and Soya moratorium together with financial support from countries like Norway, Germany deforestation number went to an all time low and the economy continued rising as land owners became more responsible

NEW PRESIDENCY

2018 June 2019

Right wing Jair Bolsonaro was elected president of Brazil. Forest code service transferred from the environmental ministry to the Agriculture Ministry.

European Union-Mercosur trade agreement Finalization of the European Union-Mercosur trade agreement was announced at the G20 meeting in Japan in June 2019,

2019 2020

ALARMING RATES Deforestation number soar to an all time high mainly caused by illegal forest fires.

Annual deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (sq km)

4,688

"Corporations pile pressure on Brazil over Amazon Fires" 2020

Asset managers, pension funds and companies halt deals and stop buying bonds

Aug 1-Jul 31 1988-2020

13Aug 2019

"Germany cuts US$39.5 million in environmental funding to Brazil" Germany has announced plans to withdraw some €35 million (US $39.5 million) to Brazil due to the country’s lack of commitment to curbing deforestation in the Amazon rainforest shown by the administration of far-right President Jair Bolsonaro.

US $39.5 Million

16Aug 2019

"Norway halts Amazon fund donation in dispute with Brazil" International concerns grow over deforestation surge since Jair Bolsonaro took power, Norway has followed Germany in suspending donations to the Brazilian government’s Amazon Fund after a surge in deforestation in the South American rainforest.

US $28 Million

6 July 2020

"World's biggest trade deal in trouble over EU anger at Brazil deforestation" (US$ 19 Trillion) The trade agreement between the European Union and Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay), is the biggest trade treaty ever negotiated. Signed a year ago, the US$19 trillion deal’s ratification could fail due to Brazil’s refusal to respond.

US $19 Trillion

53

1

1985

2017 Cattle fields Agriculture Natural not forest

Drivers of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

2%

Other

9%

7%

Crops

Fire

6%

Selective logging

12%

65% Cattle ranching

Small scale Agriculture

World Resources Institute using Hansen (2019) “Other” includes infrastructure, mining, natural disturbances etc.

Annual deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (sq km)

Monthly deforestation 15-19 (sq km)

80%

Up to 80% of all logging in Brazil is estimated to be illegal

Since 2004 annual forest loss in the country that contains nearly two-thirds of the Amazon’s forest cover has declined by roughly eighty percent. The drop has been fueled by a number of factors, including increased law enforcement, satellite monitoring, pressure from environmentalists, private and public sector initiatives, new protected areas, and macroeconomic trends.

However Brazil’s success in curbing deforestation has stalled since 2012. And in July 2019, deforestation soared to levels not seen since the mid-2000s

Aug 1-Jul 31 1988-2018

Aug 1-Jul 31 1988-2018

DEFORESTATION

destroyed across

54

Since 1978 over 750,000 square kilometers (289,000 square miles) of Amazon rainforest have been destroyed across Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, and French Guiana.

Cat t l e

PA C hi c k e n

1

M ato G ro sso

MT

29,7mil

GO MG

Goiás

22,8mil

S oya

MS

M i n a s G era i s

21,9 M ato G ro sso do S ul

Co r n

21,5mil Pa rá

20,6mil

Po r k Pro d u c t io n

Cattle count in the five major states per state

Exports

Brazil’s global production and export rank

Cattle growth Brazil 1985-2016 Per unit (Million)

The Biggest Exports of Beef in the World Volume of beef and veal in 2017/2019 (million metric tons)

World’s Top Soy Producers (million metric tons)

Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP by sector2016)

18.5%

Industry

5.5%

Agriculture

76%

Services

all logging mated to be

Top Global Meat Processing Corporations (Million metric tons)

Brazil’s Top Meat Processing Corporations

ess in curbstalled since 9, deforesnot seen

US$ 10.8 billion

US$ 51.5 billion

US$ 12.7 billion

Revenue 2017

BRAZIL’S INDUSTRIAL FOOD MARKET Brazil is one of the leading countries of the world for production and export of a variety of agricultural products. The Brazilian JBS S.A. is the largest (by sales) meat processing company in the world, producing factory processed beef, chicken and pork, and also selling by-products from the processing of these meats.

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NAME

CONSERVATION STATUS

WEIGHT/ HEIGHT/ DENSITY / USE

VULNERABLE Average Dried Weight (910 kg/m3)

Hymenaea courbaril Jatoba Brazil Cherry

Tree height 30-40 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6-1.2m Janka Hardness 11,950 N Flooring, furniture, cabinetry, tool handles, shipbuild-

LEAST CONCERN

Average Dried Weight (835 kg/m3)

Tree height 30-40 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.2m

Libidibia ferrea Pau Ferro Brazilian ironwood

Janka Hardness 8,710 N Veneer, musical instruments, cabinetry, flooring, interior trim, turning, and other small specialty wood objects.

LEAST CONCERN

Average Dried Weight (905 kg/m3)

Tree height 30-50 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.5m

Peltogyne Roxinho Purpleheart

Janka Hardness 11,190 N Inlays/accent pieces, flooring, furniture, boat building, heavy construction, and a variety of specialty wood items.

VULNERABLE

Average Dried Weight (865 kg/m3)

Tree height 30-40 meters Dalbergia Nigra Jacarandá-da-baía Brazilian Rosewood

Trunk Diameter 1-1.5 Janka Hardness 12,410 N Banned from international shipments of any form since 1992 and only with a permit

VULNERABLE

Fine furniture, cabinetry, flooring, musical instruments (acoustic guitars, piano cases, etc.), and other wooden specialty items.

Average Dried Weight (590 kg/m3)

Tree height 40-60 meters Trunk Diameter 1-2m

Swietenia macrophylla Mogno Brasileiro Brazilian Mahogany

Janka Hardness 4,020 N Furniture, cabinetry, turned objects, veneers, musical instruments, boat building, and carving.

ENDANGERED

Average Dried Weight (980 kg/m3)

Tree height 9-15 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6-1m

Paubrasilia echinata Pau Brasil Brazilwood

Janka Hardness 12,540 N Stringed instrument bows (violin, viola, cello, etc.), veneers, inlay, carvings, and turned objects.

ENDANGERED

Average Dried Weight (430 kg/m3)

Tree height 20-30 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.5m

Cedrela fissilis Cedro-Rosa Brazilian Cedar

Janka Hardness - 2 670N Veneer, plywood, cabinetry, musical instruments, humidors, and boat building.

NOT LISTED

Average Dried Weight (1,100 kg/m3) Tree height 30-40 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6-1.2m

Handroanthus Ipê

Janka Hardness 15,620 N

Brazilian Walnut

Ipê is a hard and resilient wood, often used in coastal environments. Its wood is also known for its resistance to attack by both fungi and insects, and holds a Class A fire rating—the same rating given to concrete and steel.

NOT LISTED

Average Dried Weight (1,080 kg/m3) Tree height 30-50 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.2m

Manilkara bidentata Massaranduba

Janka Hardness 13,920 N

Brazilian Bulletwood

Heavy construction (within its natural range), decking, flooring, boat building, bent parts, and turned objects.

NOT LISTED

Average Dried Weight (1,200 kg/m3) Tree height 10-20 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6m

Dalbergia cearensis Pau-Violeta

Janka Hardness 17,240 N

Brazilian Kingwood

Inlays, veneers, tool handles, and other small turned and/or specialty items.

NOT LISTED

Tropical hardwoods: BRAZILIAN NATIVE SPECIES Identified native species with commercial value - from 'least concern' to threatened.

56

Average Dried Weight (800 kg/m3) Tree height 20-35 meters

Balfourodendron riedelianum

Trunk Diameter 1m

Pau Marfim Ivorywood

Janka Hardness 7,750 N For flooring, Pau Marfim is considered superior to either Maple or Birch , Its toughness has seen it used in many outdoor applications, including canoes and oars

TY / USE

g/m3)

ers

m

N

es, shipbuild-

g/m3)

ers

N

y, flooring, ecialty wood

kg/m3)

ers

N

boat building, ecialty wood

kg/m3)

ers

N

al instruments other wooden

kg/m3)

ers

N

eers, musical arving.

77.3%

kg/m3)

20.6%

ers

4.2%

m

N cello, etc.), objects.

EUCALYPTUS

OTHERS

PINE

g/m3)

ers

N

uments, humi-

kg/m3)

rs

IBA (Brazilian Tree Industry 2019) Percentages of forestry area occupied by Eucalyptus, Pine and other tree species in Brazil

m

N

ed in coastal its resistance holds a Class A rete and steel.

kg/m3)

14%

s

N

nge), decking, urned objects.

60,065 Tree Species In the World

16.000 in the Amazon

8.715 in Brazil

Of all species found in the world

kg/m3)

s

N

small turned

kg/m3)

s

N

superior to seen it used in noes and oars

2.113

200

109

In Danger of Extinction

Dominant Species

Native Species with financial value

Analysis of total tree species in Brazil in a global context

BRAZILIAN FORESTRY INDUSTRY Altough home to 14% of all tree species in the world the Brazilian forestry sector is dominated by monoculture plantations of eucalyptus and pine

57

GREEN GOLD Extremely sought after species such as the Braziian Mahogany have been overexploited for a long time, causing them to become endangered

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A NEW APPROACH Sustainable forest management of tropical hardwood have started being promoted as a way to prevent illegal deforestation whilst providing a means of income for local communities, making them more resilient

"THE TREE OF THE FLAG" Old cultural tradition in the northen region of Brazil of carrying the sacred Brazil Wood tree into the city centre, a touching celebration and cerimony

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TOWARDS A NEW SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY

AGROFORESTRY SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY A land management system used to mix trees and shrubs amongst crops.

FUNDING With increasing pressure from the world to stop deforestation funds become available for to support the environment and local communities.

RESTORING DEGRADED AGRICULTURAL LANDS

RE-STORING BIODIVERSITY

TIMBER AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

SURVEILLANCE & PROTECTION

SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES

PROPOSED MODEL 60

INITIAL PROCESSING UNIT

CENTRAL ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTION

TROPICAL HARDWOOD PLANTING

PROCESSING OF GOOD TO BE SOLD

CRAFT PRODUCTION

PROCESSING OF GOODS TO BE CONSUMED

FOOD CROPS

STORAGE UNITS

BOAT/TRAIN DELIVERY STATION

STORAGE UNITS

AGROFORESTRY

AGROFORESTRY COMPLEX TOWARDS A NEW SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY

VISITOR HOUSING

VISITING

VISITOR FACILITIES

CULTURAL FACILITIES

ARRIVAL TERMINAL

LIVING

LEARNING FACILITIES

HOUSING UNITS

PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS 61

DEFORESTATION Illegal logging and forest fires are used to clear large land areas

CATTLE INDUSTRY 80% of deforestation occurs to make way for the cattle industry

SOIL DEGRADATION With bad soil care after a few years sites are abandoned due to soil infertility and more forest is cut down - creating a very destructive cycle

Re sho

MONOCULTURE Huge loss of biodiversity due to deforestation, additionally forestry of single species known as monoculture plantations are biodiversity deserts

LAND GRABBING Protected lands are illegally deforested resulting in violent clashes and causing displacement of indigenous communities

CURRENT DEFORESTATION MODEL

62

The Amazon continues to be cleared predominantly for pasture lands.

Poor soil management means more and more land is constantly needed - this process is having a tremendous impact on our environment, biodiversity and indigenous communities of Brazil

Lo Ku

3 1 3 Lake Lamakuka (Lagoa Dourada)

1

4 5 6 2 2

1

1 1

7

Road to X35/36

2 3

8

2

Recreation of Kihukugu complex, (Marini, L., 2009. Kuhikugu (X11) Artist’s conception) showing forest garden cultivation in the jungle

1 Gardens

3

Managed Forest

5 Plaza

2 Orchard

4

Dwelling

6 Earthen Curb 8 Road

7 Log Palisade

Location of Xingu archeological sites (Including Kuhikugu and Ipatse Clusters)

KUHIKUGU Contrary to popular belief large communities existed in the Amazon rainforest long before European contact, large areas of the jungle were actually planted by these indigenous communities that have co-esxisted in harmony with the forest for centuries

63

1 2

3

8

4

6 5

1

3

Family orchards, Mexico Home gardens poutry, fish and livestock cultivation, Caribbean

7

Cacao agroforestry systems,Bolivia

8

Densily intercropped forest islands of the Kissidougou,West Africa

9

13

Sustainable tropical forestry bringing wealth to the community ,Mozambique

14

Kandyan forest gardens are a traditional cropping system, considered the oldest agro-forestry system in Asia, Sri Lanka

15

A diverse array of trees and undergrowth plants are grown by households, Bangladesh

16

Traditional planting of fruit trees in home gardens promote biodiversity in the rainforest, Malaysia

17

The Minangkabau area intensively integrates forest species and commercial crops into home gardens, Indonesia

Urban home gardens,Ghana

10

Home gardens supplying supplementary food, fuel, fodder,Sudan

11

Home gardens cultivating tobacco, coffee and medicine,Ethiopia

9

7

2

4

Milpa Forest Gardens of the Maya Mexico

Terraces of Moray of the Inca Peru

This ancient Mayan agreocological system is more than fostering sustainable food production, it is a sophisticated resource management system that has been practiced for millennia. Milpa describes an open-field polyculture centered on miaze production that rotates with woodland vegetation in a ten-to-twenty-five-year cycle. The ingenuity lies in its adaptive potential for various cultures and ecosystems.

On a three-thousand five hundread meter high plateau, the depth,orientation and design with respect to the wind and sun of the Incan terraces of Moray creates a microclimatic temperatue difference of fifteen degrees between the top and the bottom of the terraces circular oppresions.

Which allowed for the cultuvation of different crops for human consumption.

SUSTAINABLE CULT 64

Global mapping of forest ag innova

15

10

18 14

11

16 17

12

13

5

6

Waru Waru Agricultural Terraces of the Inca Lake Titicaca, Peru Over the past eight thousand years, the landscape of the Lake Titicaca Basin has been terraformed into a topographic tapestry of raised fields and canals that work symbiotically with the extremes of the climate fluctuations. This ancient aricultural systems has postive localized environmental edffects and represents a scalable and sustainable model for contemporary agriculture.

12

Amazon Basin, Brazil The Kayapo establish and mantain complex ecosystems deep in the jungle. Fire is used to create circular agricultural villages know as apete which are interconnected occupying vast regions of the forest. By planting thousands of useful plant and tree species their territory has abundand diversity and biodiversity. Small fires known as coivera continue to replenish soil fertility.

18

Kihamba Forest Gardens of the Chagga Mount Killimanjaro, Tanzania A forest garden involves the management of multiporpose trees and shrubs in a symbiosis with annual and perennial agricultural crops and livestock. In contrast to industrialised treatments of forests, where cleat cut logging gives way to monoculture farming, this ancient agricultural system simultaneously supports forest biodiversity and human population growth.

Palayan Rice Terrraces of the Iguago Luzon, Philippines The steep mountain landscape limits most agricultural practices however the Ifuago transform the hillsides into productive land.

The terraces form unique microwatersheds that serve as rainwater filtration systems providing community-driven ecological rice farming.

TIVATION SYSTEMS

gricultural and agroforestry ations

65

Four Stage Cycle of Forest Cultivation 1. Forest patch is located for companion planting of the Three Sisters

2. Forests are cleared and burned to prepare for the planting. As possibly the oldest farming form in America fire is part of a process to increase soil fertility

3. Fruit trees mature and begin to produce as the Three Sisters transition out

4. Forest gardens transition into managed hardwood forests

Microtopography and companion Planting The Three Sisters Maize for structure and support Beans for nitrogen Squash for shade and weed control

0 YR

5 YR STAGE 1 Forests are planted with mixed crops

10 YR STAGE 2 The Three Sisters are planted with quickly yielding fruit trees to create forest gardens

15 YR STAGE 3 Forest gardens are planted with slow yielding fruit trees to create food forests

MILPA FOREST GARDENS OF THE MAYA An investigation into the Milpa cycle of the Maya, Mexico

66

STAGE 4 Crop forests grow into hardwood forests, marking an end to the Milpa cycle which will begin again with burning

Stage 1: Years 0-3 Intercropping of vegetables and annual crops able to grow under direct sunlight such as maize, beans, squash and cassava begin to replenish soils

Stage 3: Hardwoods such as Mahogany can now be planted amongst them, along with shade resistant crops such as coffee

Stage : Annual yielding fruit tree species, such as bananas and papaya trees, are planted along with slower producing species such as mango and avocado.

Stage 4: Years 15-25 Forest Gardens transition into managed hardwood forests

PROPOSED LAND MANAGEMENT CYCLE Agroforestry land cycle used to revive degraded agricultural lands

67

XINGUANA HOUSE 68

Traditional housing of the indigenous peoples of the Xingu National Park, Amazon Basin, Brazil

ITARARÉ SUBTERRANEAN HOUSE In order to protect themselves from severe weather and maintain a constant interior temperature the Itararé's dwellings were subterranean structures at high altitudes preventing inundation

69

1

2

3

4 1

Tiriyó Tribe

3 Yanoáma Tribe

2 Tukâno Tribe 4 Marúbo Tribe

AMAZONIAN DWELLING VERNACULAR 70

Plan section and elevations of a selection of the various Indigenous dwelling typologies throughout the Amazon rainforest

2

1

3

Aldeia Yawalapiti - July1978 01-Men’s House 02-Grave (Sepultura) 03-Hawk cage (Gaiola de gaviao) 04- ‘Jiraus’ for drying cassava ‘Mandioca’ 05-Family houses around the perimeter

0 5

10

30

3

2

4

Ipatse Village (1982-present) 01-Men’s House (Kuakutu) 02-Grave (Sepultura) 03-Log bench 04- Village Center (Hugogo)

0

50

VILLAGE LAYOUTS Circular village layours typically found in the Alto-Xingu region

71

Diagram showing terracing princple, creating of space for functions including housing

MONTE ALBAN, MEXICO A look into the monte alban complex organisation and 'plinth' creation in difficult terrains

72

MACHU PIC

A look into the Inca complex or in difficul

CCHU, PERU

rganisation and 'plinth' creation lt terrains

SIGIRIYA, SRI LANKA A look into the Sigiriya complex organisation and 'plinth' creation in difficult terrains

73

Total nu

Site

São Félix do Xingu

Cattle t

74

SITE INTRODUCTION

São Félix do Xingu

Up to 50k 200k 1 Million +1 Million

Total number of cattle per municipality within the Amazon in 2018

Cattle transportation, São Félix do Xingu

Municipality of São Félix do Xingu

SITE INTRODUCTION

75

N

N

Serra da Saudade, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

0m

100m

Sodrelândia, Trajano de Moraes - State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

N

Agrón, Spain

100m

Final d

N

0m

100m

Alamedilla, Spain

N

Huélago, Spain

0m

0m

100m

0m

100m

Cras M

N

0m

100m

Villarrodrigo, Spain

Horizo

N

1 LO

Reine, Norway

0m

VILLAGES 76

100m

Hull Oa

100m

00m

00m

100m

Final da Linha Marituba, State of Pará - Brazil

Cras Madeiras, State of Pará - Brazil

0m

50m

0m

50m

FortMadeira, State of Pará - Brazil

0m

Esquadrias Barsa, State of Pará - Brazil

0m

50m

50m

6 2

5

5 1

4

3

3

4 1

6

2

Horizon Sawmill, United States

0m

50m

1

Log Arrival

4

Drying Process

2

Log Yard

5

Grading Line

3

Sawmill

6

Special Inventory

1

1 LOG POND

Hull Oakes Lumber, United States

0m

50m

SAWMILLS 77

78

SECTION 3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

79

PROGRAM MASSING Massing development exploring programs relatinoship to eachother, stepping terrain and waterfront

80

MASSING Applying roof tectonics to massing

81

PLINTH DEVELOPMENT 82

Plinth development, testing conditions and connections between programs, terrain and water.

PLINTH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Massing design development

83

PLINTH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 84

Massing design development

PLINTH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Massing design development

85

PLINTH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 86

Massing design development

MASTERPLAN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Massing design development

87

CHURCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Massing design development

88

CHURCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Massing design development

89

CHURCH DESIGN D

Massing design d

90

DEVELOPMENT

development

91

92

SECTION 4 NEW COMPLEXES OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZÔNIA

93

RESIDENTIAL DOCK

FOOD CROPS

CIVIC BUILDING

M

XINGU RIVER

COMPLEX CANAL

AERIAL OVERALL VIEW Aerial view of overall scheme showing complex layout arrangement and program locations.

94

WATERFALL VIEWING PLATFORM

DWELLING

COMMERCIAL PLAZA

RELIGIOUS BUILDING CERIMONY CLIFF OVERHA

MAIN PLAZA MARINA

ANG

PROCESSING UNIT

DELIVERY PORT

MAIN PLAZA/AMPITHEATRE

LOG POND

MAIN PLAZA CLIFF OVERHANG

DOCK

EDUCATIONAL AREA

TREE NURSERY

AGROFORESTRY/HARDWOOD PLANTATIONS

SPORTS FIELD

95

DRONE Overall drone view of the complex.

96

97

DWELLING View of living units from the waterfall rapids with civic buildings in the background.

98

99

MAIN PLAZA OVERHANG Perspective view of the main central plaza cliff overhang.

In the background civic buildings can be seen on the left, educational building and processing unit on the right and marina connecting to the river in the middle.

100

101

REGENERATION Interior view of tree nursery, the introduction of technology means the watering and temperature regulation becomes a predominantly automated process.

102

103

EXPORTING Perspective view of waterside loading bay in the early hours.

Canopies are used to help with air drying process and to ensure they remain dry before being loaded for delivery.

104

105

CHURCH OVERHANG Perspective view of the church buildings cliff overhang during the sunset.

106

107

108

SECTION 5 APPENDIX

109

TYPOLOGY FRAGM

Fragment explorationg w above fo 110

MENT EXPLORATION

with multiple levels, reaching orest canopy 111

112

TYPOLOGY FRAGMENT EXPLORATION Fragment explorationg with multiple levels, reaching above forest canopy

113

HOUSING E 114

Natural form resi

EXPLORATION

idential units testing

115

HOUSING E 116

Natural form resi

EXPLORATION

idential units testing

117

Residential Units

Initial Agroforestry

Transport Canal

Primary School

In

INITIAL MASTER

Section cut t 118

ndoor sports facilities

Mixed used facilities mid rise

Transport Canal

Initial Agroforestry

Residential Units

R PLAN FRAGMENT

through complex 119

120

121

122

123

124

SAWMILL LAYOUT DEVELOPMENT Sawmill layout development next to the waterfront

125

COLONIAL PERIOD

BAROQUE LATE BAROQUE

Pre-1500

1500

1674

1500

1530

1534 -1536

Indigenous arquitecture in Brazil, characterized by the use of natural and local resources

Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral reaches the coast of Brazil with a large fleet of ships

Pre-colonial period Extraction of "Pau Brasil"

Hereditary captancies for sugar cane explorations Colonial Style Architecture

Portuguese colonizers were sent over and started building cities

Ocas

The indigenous agreed to work in exchange of goods Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil

Malocas

The architecture followed the rules from documents made in Portugal, most notably the arrangement of the roads and size of properties

126

Gold era, "Ouro Preto"

NEOCLASSICAL

1820 After the invasion of Portugal by the French the Portuguese royal family went to Brazil in 1808.

The standard of architecture was raised and to facilitate gold extraction the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro.

ECLECTIC

1900

MODERNIST

BRUTALIST

1930

1960

Industrialisation and the birth of the Brazilian modernist style.

With economic struggles the population required simpler, more functional designs and buildings

Urbanisation of the country, those living in rural areas of the country moved to the cities.

CONTEMPORARY

1980 With globalisation, imporvements in technology came the contemporary architecture style in Brazil

127

2

1

3

Aldeia Yawalapiti - July1978 01-Men’s House 02-Grave (Sepultura) 03-Hawk cage (Gaiola de gaviao) 04- ‘Jiraus’ for drying cassava ‘Mandioca’ 05-Family houses around the perimeter

0 5

10

30

3

2

4

Ipatse Village (1982-present) 01-Men’s House (Kuakutu) 02-Grave (Sepultura) 03-Log bench 04- Village Center (Hugogo)

0

50

VILLAGE LAYOUTS Circular village layours typically found in the Alto-Xingu region

128

Inkstone House Community Center, Chengdu, China Archi-Union Architects 2200 m2

Cultural Center ADUnB, Brasilia, Brasil Nonato Veloso 1440 m2

Community Center, Senegal Toshiko Mori 2000 m2

Cultural Center Gafanha da Encarnacao, Portugal ARX Portugal 1420 m2

M. A. C. Community Center, India Made in Earth 1080 m2

Chamanga Cultural Center, Ecuador 600 m2

Community Center - Cajaru, Brasil Hardt Planejamento 2140 m2

Sen Village Community Center, Vietnam VTN Architects 1395 m2

COMMUNITY / CULURAL CENTERS Sapernam estempo reictur, sam

129

Waldorf Ecoara School, Brazil SAA 800 m2

Secondary School, Burkina Faso, West Africa Albert Faus 1747 m2

Children Village, Brazil Aleph Zero 11, 672.085m2

Veenem School Complex, Burkina Faso, West Africa Albert Faus XXXX m2

Montessori School, Colombia Estudio Transversal 2000 m2

Ekiraya School - Colombia Alejandro Uribe Cala 1740 m2

SCHOOLS Sapernam estempo reictur, sam

130

THE TRANS-AMAZONIAN HIGHWAY 4,000km long highway intended to integrate the remote areas in the north east region of Brazil with the rest of the country as well as neighbouring countries of Colombia, Peru and Ecuador. It has had a direct impact on deforestation, the unpaved areas of the road create extremely difficult and dangerous conditions. Currrent president Bolsonaro has resumed paving of the road.

131

REGENERATIVE CITIES Herbert Girardet

132

AMAZON ECOLOGIST MURDERED CABLOCOS Indigenous/Europeans that live of sustainable harvesting

The rubber boom in the Amazon radically reshaped the Amazonian economy. It turned the remote poor jungle village of Manaus into a rich progressive urban center but tThousands of Indians were enslaved and killed during the rubber boom

RANCHERS

THE WAR FOR THE AMAZON’S MOST VALUABLE TREES

Lands that were given to farmers in the 80s, change in presidency and rules means these lands were claimed back sparking tensions and fires.

6Feb 2020

£15.5 Billion 1Oct 2020

"Jair Bolsonaro attacks 'international greed' over Amazon - as it happened"

Mr Biden said during a debate with President Donald Trump, an ally of Mr Bolsonaro, that foreign countries should give Brazil 20 billion US dollars (£15.5 billion) to stop Amazon deforestation, and that the country should face consequences if it fails.

CULTURAL TENSIONS 133

Design for the new Indonesian capital on the island of Borneo

Forest City Malaysia

Smart Forest City, Cancun, Stefano Boeri Architetti

Liuzhou Forest City, Stefano Boeri Architetti

BioDiversity Masterplan - Penang Island

Penang 2030 Vision

SMART/FOREST CITIES 134

Proposal for sustainable and green smart/forest cities

Zoning

From inaccessible production farmalnd To integrated residential natural habitat

Grid

From on grid to off grid

Plot Division

From subdivided and isolated plots to social clusters

Agriculture

From mono-cultural-industrualized farm land to permaculture, forest gardens and increased biodiversity

Relationship to nature From detached houses in the suburbs to dwellings directly in nature

CONCEPT Sapernam estempo reictur, sam

135

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

136

UNIT @unit14_ucl

137

I N N E R F O R M 2 0 2 1

P

G14 is a test bed for architectural exploration and innovation. Our students examine the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. As a unit, we are in search of new leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital and physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation and design research, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents.

This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new, unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals.

I t the centre of this year’s academic exploration was Buckminster Fuller’s A ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’: a master-builder who follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal as somebody who is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of his or her discoveries without disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, PG14 students are opportunists in search of new ideas and architectural synthesis. They explored the concept of ‘Inner Form’, referring to the underlying and invisible but existing logic of formalisation, which is only accessible to those who understand the whole system and its constituents and the relationships between.

This year’s projects explored the places where culture and technology interrelate to generate constructional systems. Societal, technological, cultural, economic and political developments propelled our investigations and enabled us to project near-future scenarios, for which we designed comprehensive visions. Our methodology employed both bottom-up and top-down strategies in order to build sophisticated architectural systems. Pivotal to this process was practical experimentation and intense exploration using both digital and physical models to assess system performance and application in architectural space.

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris -

Thanks to: DaeWha Kang Design, DKFS Architects, Expedition Engineering, Hassel, Knippers Helbig, RSHP, Seth Stein Architects, University of Stuttgart/ ITKE and Zaha Hadid Architects.

www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl