Austen Goodman_Y5 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

-

AUSTEN GOODMAN YEAR 5

UNIT

Y5 AG

ST’Á7MES MICROHUB

@unit14_ucl

All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

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@unit14_ucl

AUSTEN GOODMAN YEAR 5 Y5 AG

austen.goodman@gmail.com @austen_rockwell

S T’Á 7 M E S M I C R O H U B SQUAMISH CANADA, TRANSPORT BASE Sqamish, Canada

D

ue to current technological advances in manufacturing and the digital realm, the built environment is undergoing a dramatic revolution. The shift from mechanical mass production to a robotic fabrication economy and digital web-based services means that design is now able to accelerate into more sophisticated levels of innovation.

Architecture is in state of rejection towards amorphous forms of so-called “Blob” architecture in favor of a more pragmatic take on design that is rooted in a constructive philosophy of space making. Rather than designing forms that look avant-garde and nuanced, new architectural style favors parameters grounded in material logic and strict constructivist principals.

This design project focuses on the performative properties of structurally folded CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) for the use of column free structural assemblies. It considers the current state of the engineered timber industry and speculates on what future buildups can achieve with the proposed technological advancements.

In Canada, a fascination with timber has been defining the design language of the country for hundreds of years. The first timber buildings in Canada existed well before European colonisation, the longhouse, which was used as a traditional dwelling by the indigenous sheltered families well into the mid-18th century.

was primarily centered around lightwood timber construction. This was partly because Canada has over 346 million hectares of Forest (over 9% of the world’s total forest), which has led to Canada’s propensity for timber construction.

Recognising the potential to exhibit the positive benefits of Mass Timber on a global scale, the brief for this project speculates on the future of transportation and living in Canada all the while proposing the use of mass timber and development of design using Canada’s vast forest resources.

Based in Squamish, the proposal for a Mass Timber micro hub grap-ples with the principals of future essentialism - A return to what is essential and in harmo-ny with nature and the environment.

Society is currently rebelling against the ubiquitous digital/industrial by countering it with the ultra-rural escape. By centering the program in Squamish, the brief speculates that local industry in the way of forestry and a partnership with the first nations community will bolster development and incentives building and expansion all the while following the ideals of future essentialism.

Arguably the first mass timber buildings, the longhouses used solid log construction to create an incredibly durable and sturdy structure.

Following the colonization of Canada, construction

3

4

DESIGN RESEARCH SECTION 1

ST’Á7MES MICROHUB

5

STABBUR ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Web (beam) 2. Rafters 3. Board 4. Top Chord 5. Bottom Chord 6. Post 7. Curved Beam 8. Outer Lock 9. Footing 10. Inner Lock

1.

2.

4.

3.

A 01 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

STABBUR

Tessungsdalen, Telemark, Norway DESIGN RESEARCH

The stabbur was designed as a refrigeration and storage facility for meats and other spoilable goods in Norway. It typically consisted of one or two floods which were elevated from the ground and shaped in a way that would protect from mice and other rodents from finding their way in. For the same reason, there would be a gap between the outside stairs and the building itself.

6

10.

STABBUR ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. X 2.X 3. Board 4. Top Chord 5. Bottom Chord 6. Post 7. Curved Beam 8. Outer Lock 9. Footing 10. Inner Lock

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

A 02

STABBUR

Vinje, Telemark, Norway DESIGN RESEARCH

The Stabbur was placed on poles, 1 - 1.5 meters above the ground.

The design was manufactured to achieve ventilation under the floor which would prevent moisture from penetrating the structure. The posts were also designed with a special profile which prevented animals from climbing in. For the same reason, the top step had a 30cm gap from the Stabbur entry to discourage animal entry.

7

FOLDED TIMBER ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Folding System 1. Roof Plate 2. Curved fold, roof plate 3. Floor Slab 4. Curved fold bottom chord.

5. Bottom Chord 6. Footing

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

A 03

1.

2.

STABBUR 2.0

ACTIVE BENDING WITH TIMBER DESIGN RESEARCH

The above fragment speculates on the use of bent and folded plate structures to achieve a column free Stabbur design. Due to current advances in timber technology, folded plate structures attract both architects and engineers for their structural, spatial and plastic qualities. Thin surfaces can achieve stiffness through a series of folds which can cover space and act as load bearing elements.

8

Modular Design 1. Stabbur Corner 2. Stabbur Piece 3. Stabbur Piece

3.

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

1.

Structural System 1. Spire 2. Central Tower 3. Main Roof 4. Cross Brace 5. Top Arcs 6.Mid Columns 7. Lower Arcs 8. Base Columns

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

8.

B 01

STAVE CHURCH GOL STAVKYRKJE, OSLO DESIGN RESEARCH

The Stave Church is a medieval wooden church once common to Norway, with it’s name coming from post and lintel construction.

This type of Stave construction comes from the viking age where logs were split in half and rammed into the earth. The Stave church has very expressive roofs which I believe can be further expressed in more experimental fragments.

9

AIRFORCE CHAPEL ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE FOLDING

Structural System 1. Tubular Steel Frame 2. Aluminum Panels 3. Concrete Footing 4. Concrete Foundation

1.

2.

3.

B 02

4.

FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO DESIGN RESEARCH

Although this project does not employ true structural folding, the overall appearance of the 17 towers makes the project look as is it is one complete exercise in structural folding. The structure is a tubular steel frame consisting of 100 identical tetrahedrons, all of them, 23m long and weighing 5tn, the are braced with aluminum panels and holes in the frame are filled with stained glass.

10

FIG.2

FIG.1

1

2

3

4

FIG.1

By folding timber, and other materials surfaces acquire a high level of rigidity, even though the material strength remains reduced in relation to the span.

Fig. 2 Threefold Load-bearing action of a folded plate folded plate structures combine slab action, plate action and frame action.

Fig. 1 Folding principle: rigidity is achieved by folding.

Fig. 2 Simplified flow of stresses in a singly folded plate.

Right 1. Slab Action, 2. Plate Action, 3. Truss (frame) action.

FIG.2

FIG.2

T1

P

P

r

T2

P1

T1

T2

P1

r T

T

Fig. 1 Continuous tangent (minimum radius of curvature)

a) Simple corrugated Surfaces

Fig. 1 Discontinuous tangent (assembly material)

b) Spot or facet folding

c) Rhombus based folded form

c) Anti-prism based folded form and its quadrilateral variation

FIG.2

PLANAR FOLDING

Laboratory for Timber Constructions - IBOIS DESIGN RESEARCH

The development of new components such as Cross Laminated Timber and Mass Plywood panels, allow for a new vocabulary in the language of column free design, particularity through the use of folding and pleating. The pleating and folding of timber surfaces optimizes the structure according to span requirements.

11

FIG.1

A e’

S’

lr

e’

S c

r er

SPECIMEN 1

SPECIMEN 2

I

lr

I

Fig. 1 Specimen number 3 presents a double-layer curved origami element with an inner structure. Its inner and outer membranes have been realized in 8 mm thick Okume plywood.

S’

e

FIG.2

er

FIG.3 A

Se

e’

S’

lr

Si

e’

S c

β T

α

r

A

er I

lr

I

S’

e

Ce

C

Si

T

be

α

b Ce

C

Ci

S

FIG.6 T/2

ri

A

r

bi

re

Se

T

ri

β’

Ce

S

are

Si

arC i ari

C

ar ari

Parallel offset distance = T/2 Final cutting pattern Developed Circular Surface S’

d

Cr/r

cr/r

T/2

S’ed

c

T

T/2 T/2

cr/e c

ae

ae

di

ai

Ac de

S’bc

Ac

Ab

b bc

be b br/r

ab

Fig. 5 Schematic cross section through an origami element; side view.

CURVED FOLDING

Laboratory for Timber Constructions - IBOIS DESIGN RESEARCH

The above illustrates the use of curved folding to create a structural beam system and analyzes developable surfaces and cutting patters to create these origami based elements. The pleating and folding of these timber surfaces is optimized according to span requirements.

12

cd

β’ are

r re

Fig. 3 Development of coaxial cylinders.

Se β

T T/2

T/2

er

Fig. 2 Circular surface S of an origami element and its developed image S’.

FIG.5

Ci

S

S’ab

a

Fig. 6 Unrolled surface and cutting patterns

PXi+5 PXi+4

(A)

PXi+3

CV 1+ CV 1 CV 1-

PXi+1 L1

e1 e2

PXi+2

u2i+1

L2

e3

u2i+2

u1 i+1

u1 i+2

u3i+1

X i+1

L4 X i

u

2 i+3

u3i+2

u2i+4

u1 i+3

u3i+3

u2i+5

u1 i+4

u3i+4

u1 i+5 u3i+5

X i+5

X i+4

X i+3

X i+2

L3

W1- W1 W1+

(B)

(A)

(B)

13.

5

M

(B)

(A)

Pi+2 Pi+1

X i+2 X i+1

(C)

Pi

Ci+1 Xi

CV 2

W2

Ci+2 e3i+2

R

i+2

CX

e

2 i+1

W1 CV 1 CX-CV 2

(D)

W1 -CV1

CV-CX 1

CV 2-W2

e1 i+2

e2i+1

Ci e3i+1

e2i+2

i+1

e

3 i+1

e2i+1

e1 i+1

CURVED FOLDED PLATES Laboratory for Timber Constructions - IBOIS DESIGN RESEARCH

Folded timber plate research is currently taking place in Lausanne Switzerland. The idea behind the above fragment was to use double curved timber surfaces to maximize the spanning capacity of the above shell. Fold angles ui are determined by the interior angles between the polyline segments. All parts can be produced from a single, 17 m long curved CLT panel.

13

FIG.2

FIG.2

FIG.2

Fig. 1 Specimen number 3 presents a double-layer curved origami element with an inner structure. Its inner and outer membranes have been realized in 8 mm thick Okume plywood.

W1

W2

Mold 1 / Convex CX

CV 1

z

Mold 2 / Concave

CV 2

y x

Planar Joint (f=3) Sawblade-slicing

Prismatic Joint (f=1) Side-cutting

CX-CV 1 CX-CV 2

W1 -CV1 W2CV 2

z y x

CURVED FOLDED PLATES Laboratory for Timber Constructions - IBOIS DESIGN RESEARCH

Folded timber plate research is currently taking place in Lausanne Switzerland. The idea behind the above fragment was to use double curved timber surfaces to maximize the spanning capacity of the above shell. Fold angles ui are determined by the interior angles between the polyline segments. All parts can be produced from a single, 17 m long curved CLT panel.

14

100

71

107

70 65

89

66

107

7044

89

66

66

69

7

88

FIG.1 107

44

6866

FREE

Fig. 2 Left-to-right assembly of the interlocking folded plate shell prototype. Built from Kerto-Q structuralgrade LVL panels (7-layer I-III-I).

86

66 7

106

66 104

66

87

Fig. 1 Partial connectivity, assembly, and blocking graph of the folded-plate shell prototype (left-to-right assembly). Large numbers represent mesh faces; small numbers represent mesh edges.

BLOCKED

86 66

66

105

66 66

66 28

66 66

87

107

66 106

65

68

66

88

100

7128

66

69

66

66 66

105

104 61

36

61 65

61

36 34

36

61 19

18

42

28

38

33

65

27 30

32

52

39

34 51

24

25

65

39

38

61 64

19

34

18 28

27 30

19

16

17 31

18

43 40

28

33

30

39

41

24 27

25

42 66

38

39 26

38

32

52

64

39

40

51 54 26 17 31

61

40

32

52

51

27

42 38

33

24

25

43 40

16

27 29

26

39

38

64

41

66

40 43

16

17 31

41 27

66

26

54

15

26

40

30

49 14

29

54 30

26 15

46

29 49

50

14

30 29

15

49 46

14

28

50

29

28

e3

46 50

FIG.2

29

e2

e3

28

e1

FIG.2

e2

e1 FIG.2

FIG.2

RIGID FOLDING/PLEATING Laboratory for Timber Constructions - IBOIS DESIGN RESEARCH

Rigid folding is when the deformation of the structure is focused in the hinges and the faces between the folds remain flat. Considering the folded surface as a truss, the truss logic explains the central role played by the pleats in structural design.

15

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Spire 2. Central Tower 3. Main Roof 4. Integrated Base Structure 5. Curved interior folds 6. Foundation Connection

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

C 01

STAVE CHURCH 2.0 STRUCTURAL FOLDING DESIGN RESEARCH

The above fragment speculates on the use of bent and folded plate structures to achieve a column free structurally folded Stave church. The development of new components such as Cross Laminated Timber and Mass Plywood panels, allow for a new vocabulary in the language of column free design, particularly through the use of folding and pleating.

16

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Spire 2. Central Tower 3. Integrated Base Structure 4. Foundation Connection 5. Actively Bent lighting fold 6. Foundation Concrete 7. Timber Insulation 8. Exterior Shingle

1.

2.

8.

3.

6.

4.

6.

7.

5.

4.

C 02

STAVE CHURCH 2.0

STRUCTURAL FOLDING DESIGN RESEARCH

The above fragment axo shows the conditions of the speculative Stave Church which uses bent and folded plate structures to achieve a column free structure. The development of new components such as Cross Laminated Timber and Mass Plywood panels, allow for a new vocabulary in the language of column free design, particularly through the use of folding and pleating.

17

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Beam System 1. Integrated Base Structure 2. Exterior Shingle 3. Actively Bent lighting fold 4. Foundation Connection 5. Foundation Concrete

1.

2.

3.

2.

4.

C 03

CURVED FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURAL FOLDING DESIGN RESEARCH

The above fragment axo exhibits a single discrete folded panel assembly that is joined together to create a part in the overall reimagined stave church.

18

5.

R.F01

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

1.

Beam System 1. Spire 2. Central Tower 3. Integrated Base Structure 4. Foundation Connection 5. Actively Bent lighting fold 6. Foundation Concrete 7. Timber Insulation 8. Exterior Shingle

2.

1.

2.

3.

3.

5.

4.

6.

C 04

CURVED FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURAL FOLDING DESIGN RESEARCH

Shown above is the continuation of deiscrete elements and how they are linked together to form an overall kit of parts comprising of the entire stave church buildup.

19

DISCRETE STAIR FRAGMENT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Folded Stair System 1. Modular Joint 2. Exterior Shingle 3. Stair Riser

1.

2.

2.

2.

3.

1.

2.

D 01

CURVED FOLDING STAIR STRUCTURAL FOLDING DESIGN RESEARCH

The fragment above shows the design of a stair system which uses folded structure to achieve rigidity as well as a modular joint system to increase the ease of assembly.

20

DISCRETE STAIR FRAGMENT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Primary Roof 2. Secondary Roof 3. Buttress 4. Floor Slab 5. Foundation 6. Services 7. Plinth

2.

2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

3.

5.

3.

D 02

6.

3.

7.

3.

STAVE 3.0

STRUCTURAL FOLDING DESIGN RESEARCH

The above fragment speculates on the use of bent and folded plate structures to achieve a column free structurally folded design.

Using a discrete sequencing of panels this fragment builds on the Stave church to form an overall more ambitious design.

Discrete Panels 1. Main Panel 2. Primary Floor Panel 3. Secondary Floor Panel

1.

2.

3.

21

MILLED MPP FRAGMENT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Folded Roof System 1. Bottom Brace 2. Gravity Locked Joints 3. Milled Roof Fragments

3.

3.

3.

2.

3.

1.

2.

FOLDED ROOF STRUCTURE RECIPROCATING ROOF STRUCTURE DESIGN RESEARCH

Using the principals of reciprocating structure this fragment shows the potential for a multipiece large span timber roof without the need for complex joints and braces - due to the fact that the shell is completely self supporting.

22

MILLED MPP FRAGMENT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Folded Roof System 1. Bottom Brace 2. Gravity Locked Joints 3. Milled Roof Fragments 4. Stress + Strain Lines

2.

3.

2.

3.

3.

4.

3.

2.

1.

2.

FOLDED ROOF STRUCTURE RECIPROCATING ROOF STRUCTURE DESIGN RESEARCH

By cutting along the strain lines and avoiding the stress lines the fragment can achieve incredibly large spans. As panel size is not longer an issue, material capabilities are the only limitations left to spanning constraints.

23

PHYSICAL FOLDING STUDY RECIPROCATING ROOF STRUCTURE DESIGN RESEARCH

Above shows a physical test, which looks at the successful implementation of joinery to create a reciprocating roof structure out of folded MPP panels. The above fragment further speculates on the use of bent and folded plate structures to achieve a column free structurally folded roof

24

VALLEY/MOUNTAIN FOLD Complexity

2.

1.

PLEAT FOLD

RABBIT EAR / SWIVEL-FOLD

Complexity

Complexity

1.

2.

OUTSIDE REVERSE FOLD

INSIDE REVERSE FOLD

Complexity

Complexity

1.

2.

2.

1.

CRIMP FOLD

SQUASH FOLD

Complexity

Complexity

1.

2.

1.

SINK FOLD

PETAL FOLD

Complexity

Complexity

1.

2.

1.

3.

2.

1.

3.

2.

2.

4.

3.

3.

ESSENTIAL ORIGAMI FOLDS ORIGAMI CREASING LANGUAGE DESIGN RESEARCH

The past tectonic design led to a research direction of origami folds which could be recreated in timber and modified to create specific spatial conditions that could further inform tectonic design.

25

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Beam System 1. Timber Shingle 2. Roof Panel 3. Reverse Fold 4. Timber Steps 5. Concrete Base 6. Cantilever Support

1.

2.

2.

3.

4.

3.

F 01 6.

3.

5.

3.

REVERSE FOLD TECTONIC STRUCTURAL FOLDING WITH TIMBER

OUTSIDE REVERSE FOLD Complexity

DESIGN RESEARCH

The above fragment uses the language of origami to create a reverse fold which acts as a type of roof support for the structure.

This fragment, if complete could have a similar form to that of the existing roof structures. Furthermore, the ground condition shows a level of porosity in which the ground plane becomes far more activated.

26

2.

1.

CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH SECTION 2

ST’Á7MES MICROHUB

27

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

138°0’W

CANADIAN SUB-URBANISM

48°0’W

48°0’W

VANCOUVERISM CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

Vancouverism means tall slim towers for density, widely separated by low-rise buildings, for light, air, and views. - City of Vancouverism, Urban Planning, Zoning and Development. However due to extreme mountain topography and surrounding ocean, Vancouver can no longer grow in a way that supports the principals of Vancouverism. It must respond by either growing vertically or completely relocating out of the lower mainland and to other more open areas along the coast.

28

138°0’W

138°0’W

400

300

400

138°0’W

138°0’W

0

600

1100 1200

10

700

50 0

900

1000

700

1300

80 0

110 0

800

0 40

10

300

600

900 700

1500

0

00

900

600

14 00

60 0

20 0

138°0’W

600 0 50

50 0 700

138°0’W

700

0

138°0’W

50

138°0’W

1200

1400

13

1100

1200

48°0’W

800

00

48°0’W

300

900 10 0 0

90 0

800

110 0

900

1000

0 100

800

600

00

200

5

5 00

9 00 1100

0 80

500

48°0’W

48°0’W

3 00

10

00

4 00

700 8

00

400

700

0 20

48°0’W

48°0’W

2 00

600

100 400

400

300

200

48°0’W

48°0’W

100

1 00

100

48°0’W

48°0’W

Sentinel Hill

1 00

10

10

0

48°0’W

48°0’W

Third Beach

Second Beach

1

00

English Bay Beach

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

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NO ROOM TO GROW

COUNTERING THE UBIQUITOUS DIGITAL CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

Vancouver has outlived it capacity for trade as well as growth, being locked in by both the ocean, the mountains and unceeded land, residents are now looking outwards and leaving the valley.

Squamish, inland of Vancouver is seeing remarkable growth and presents itself as a culturally rich location for design implementation.

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31

CURRENT URBANISM

DOWNTOWN

CURRENT URBANISM

DOWNTOWN

5X WEEK SKYTRAIN

5X WEEK

FUTURE ESSENTIALISM

DOWNTOWN

FUTURE ESSENTIALISM

DOWNTOWN

UBER

SUBURBS

WEEKEND ESCAPISM

UBER

SUBURBS

WEEKEND ESCAPISM

LAST MILE LASTCONNECTIONS MILE CONNECTIONS

SKYTRAIN

3X WEEK

3X WEEK

SKYTRAIN

MICROHUB

SKYTRAIN

MICROHUB

Ephemeral Architecture Rural Estate Ephemeral Architecture Rural Estate

10 MIN CITY 10 MIN CITY

SPATIAL QUALITIES Cultural Annotation SPATIAL QUALITIES

Calm Pockets Cultural Annotation Unprogrammed Space Calm Pockets Agile + Flexible Space Unprogrammed Space

TRANSPORT CONSIDERATIONS

Responsive Transport Agile + Flexible Space Deploy New Technology

TRANSPORT CONSIDERATIONS

Responsive Transport Deploy New Technology

WEEKEND ESCAPE

WEEKEND ESCAPE

UBER

SEA LEVEL

SEA LEVEL

DOWNTOWN

CURRENT URBANISM DOWNTOWN

SKYTRAIN

UBER

SKYTRAIN

SKYTRAIN

UBER

SUBURBS

WEEKEND ESCAPISM

SKYTRAIN

UBER

SUBURBS

WEEKEND ESCAPISM

CURRENT URBANISM MICROHUBS

MICROHUBS

SEA LEVEL

SEA LEVEL

SKYTRAIN

SKYTRAIN

DOWNTOWN

SKYTRAIN

MICROHUBS

DOWNTOWN

SKYTRAIN

MICROHUBS

FUTURE ESSENTIALISM FUTURE ESSENTIALISM

FUTURE ESSENTIALISM MICROHUB

CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH - BRIEF

A return to what is essential and in harmony with nature and the environment. Society is currently rebelling against the ubiquitous digital/industrial by countering it with the ultra rural escape - such as a microhub. This hub will be supported through the development of milling and Mass Timber manufacturing. Partnering with the Squamish First Nations to develop a mill and micro living and transport hub.

32

33

SQUAMISH TERMINALS

SQUAMISH, B.C.

FOREST CITY SQUAMISH, B.C.

CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

The town of Squamish had its beginning during the construction of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway in the 1910s. It was the first southern terminus of that railway (now a part of CN). The town remains important in the operations of the line and also the port.

Forestry has traditionally been the main industry in the area, and the town’s largest employer was the pulp mill operated by Western Forest Products. In recent years, Squamish has become popular with Vancouver and Whistler residents escaping the increased cost of living in those places.

34

35

1982 1986

JUNE 26, 1986 Softwood Lumber Dispute The International Trade Commission determined that Canadian policies had injured US producers in the softwood lumber dispute

2015

The U.S. accounted for 69% of Canada’s softwood lumber exports in 2015.

2016

2015

April 25, 2017, 2015

Trump administration announced plans to impose duties of up to 24% on most Canadian lumber

2017

2016

2015

2016 2016

2015 2016

Joe Biden names Katherine Tai as his pick for U.S. trade representative. She’ll set the tone for the next chapter in Canada’s longstanding trade disputes with the U.S.

PRESENT DAY

TRADE WAR 1882-CURRENT

CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

The softwood dispute is currently one of the largest and most enduring disputes between the Canada and the US. The challenge arises from the claim that the Canadian lumber industry is often unfairly subsided by the government, as most Canadian timber grows on crown or government land. Therefore, the government sets the prices rather than through the free market, which is the typical situation in the united states

36

US$ per Mfbm

‘We believe the lumber producers were acting not much differently than the oil cartels did back in the 1970s’ (NAHB 2020)

850 800 750 100 150 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150

DEC 2X4 LUMBER PRICES

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

SOFTWOOD CARTEL 2000-CURRENT

CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

In a 2002 analytical economic paper of the Canada-United States Softwood Lumber Dispute by Cornelis van Kooten, the author remarks on the development of cartels that have shown up in the US and Canada result of trade war pricing. By playing the quota game and forming a cartel to sell Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. lumber producers in Canada could gain some $190 million annually compared to what they would earn under free trade.

37

NIMPKISH LUMBER CO. OF ENGLEWOOD 1900

SCHOONER LOADED WITH LUMBER AT DOCK 1880

1800s

ROSS MCLAREN LUMBER COMPANY 1900

1900

SCHOONER MILIPPINE LOADED WITH LUMBER AT DOCK 1900

THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 1912 VICTORIA

LOADING LUMBER FOR THE ORIENT - 1905, VANCOUVER

1900

1905

1910

LOOKING EAST OF LOG RAFTS OF THE BC MILLS 1917

DRAFT HORSE HAULING LUMBER TO GARIBALDI HOSTEL 1945

LUMBER SHEDS, VICTORIA 1912

1900

1920

FREIGHTER LOADING LUMBER 1946 VANCOUVER

FREIGHTER LOADING LUMBER 1946 VANCOUVER

LOADING LUMBER AT TERMINAL DOCK 1960, VANCOUVER

1945

38

1960

1980

2010

2015

2016

2016

2017

2018

2018

2020

2019

2020

2021

Current

39

0M

20M

VAAGEN BROTHERS LUMBER INC (SAWMILL) Colville, Washington

0M

20M

HAMPTON LUMBER MILLS - (SAWMILL) Darrington, Washington

N

0M

20M

FRERES LUMBER CO. (SAWMILL) St, Lyons, Oregon

0M

20M

STRUCTURLAM (CLT)

Penticton, British Columbia, Canada

SAWMILL PROGRAM NORTH AMERICA

CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

North America’s abundance of land and forest has meant that sawmills all over the Pacific Northwest have been able to pop up and expand without and limitations. The above breakdown analyzes the different spatial arrangements of such sawmills.

40

0M

20M

FRERES LUMBER CO. (MPP) St, Lyons, Oregon

0M

20M

KALESNIKOFF (MASS TIMBER + SAWMILL) Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada

0M

20M

STRUCTURECRAFT (CLT) Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada

0M

20M

BINDERHOLZ GMBH (SAWMILL) Fügen, Austria

0M

20M

KLH MASSIVHOLZ GMBH (CLT) Carinthia, Austria

0M

20M

SMARTLAM (CLT/MDF) Columbia Falls, Montana

0M

20M

BINDERHOLZ GMBH (CLT) Fügen, Austria

0M

20M

MAYR-MELNHOF HOLZ GMBH (CLT) Gaishorn am See, Austria

MASS TIMBER PROGRAM EUROPE

CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

Far more restricted by land, Europe’s Mass Timber Processing Plants are are far more consolidated and lean in their overall design approach. Using this model with the North American model these arrangements feed into early massing proposals for the milling component of the microhub.

41

SQUAMISH OCEANFRONT SITE

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Located on the Western Shores of the Mamquam Blind channel, directly South of downtown, Squamish Terminals and Waterfront landing occupy the historic interfor sawmill lands which have since grown derelict. With renewed government incentives in forestry, the project development proposes redeveloping these lands for the microhub as well as a location for the sawmill with an integrated port.

42

43

A 01

A 02

A 03

B 01

B 02

B 03

C 01

C 02

C 03

PLANNING PARTI SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

Using shortest walk, and other algorithmic design aids, site options were produced which exhibited different ways people and logs could move through the site for production and efficient manufacturing.

44

0M

20M

A-B HYBRID

Squamish, B.C. Canada

0M

20M

A-B HYBRID

Squamish, B.C. Canada

0M

20M

B-C HYBRID

Squamish, B.C. Canada

0M

20M

B-C HYBRID

Squamish, B.C. Canada

PLANNING PARTI II SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

This second options takes a more comprehensive look at planning options which emphasize timber movement through waterways, factory adjacencies and microhub location. Shortest walk, and other algorithmic design aids, were further used to increase the overall efficiency of the design.

45

SQUAMISH LANDING

0M

10M

ST’Á7MES MICROHUB Overall planning parti

PLANNING PARTI III SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH

The final design option used a synthesis of ideas to propose an arrangement that emphasized the flow of logs through the site, and allowed ships docking in the deep see port to efficiently locate and package said logs. Furthermore a hierarchy of space for different social structures becomes evident in the parti with the main space being where the microhub is centred and then small social and commercial offerings are dispersed outwards from the core.

46

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

+3.5M +1.0M

48°0’W

48°0’W

+0.5M

SI T

AA

48°0’W

E

48°0’W

+0.0M

48°0’W

48°0’W

+3.0M

S LA

BR

+0.0M

AV O

TO

+0.0M

48°0’W

48°0’W

+2.0M

+3.0M

+30.0M

AL PH A

TO

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

N TO

SQUAMISH TERMINALS SITE CONTEXT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Being a former industrial site, the property is leveled, primarily vacant, and substantially remediated to standards supporting the proposed development. The site will also need to accommodate float plane, boat, and helicopter traffic amongst the regular automobile pedestrian and train traffic already in the picture.

N LA

47

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 3

ST’Á7MES MICROHUB

48

BOARD FORMED CEDAR PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Roof Planks 2. Smoke Vent 3. Totem Pole 4. Totem Entry 5. Recessed Base Plane 6. Hearth

3.

2.

1.

4.

5.

6.

A 03

HAIDA LONGHOUSE TIMBER RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH

Haida houses were called Longhouses. The longhouses were made from large cedar trees. Because food was always available, the Haida tribe did not move around adding to the permanence of the structure. The houses were grouped together to make a village and oriented towards the ocean in a loose urban plan. The front of the house was called Kwakwa’akw, a totem pole which acted as a column for the roof beams.

49

CLT TOWER DESIGN CONCEPT DESIGN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Responding to demands from the brief, the residential component of the site is comprised of single floor per unit towers. The towers are comprised of twisting CLT shear walls, which are abutted against a curved CLT circulatory core. Meaning that the overall structure is devoid of columns, completely comprised of structural CLT and all walls and floors work in unity to field load and shear.

50

CLT TOWER SECTION CONCEPT DESIGN DESIGN RESEARCH

Over the past ten years, there has been an emergence of CLT buildings; however, very few realize heights of more than four storeys. Buildings that claim to be tall wood CLT usually end up being hybrid towers with a 2/3 storey concrete podium. Therefore, the ambition of this tower was to reject these hybrid versions and fully embrace the sheer capabilities of CLT.

51

CLT CONSTRUCTION CONCEPT DESIGN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

While each floor plate is unique, the CLT wall panels and prefabricated façade panels can be slotted into place with very little effort, and there is no need to wait for wet trades on each floor, meaning a very aggressive assembly time can be achieved.

By switching to a curved CLT core, the need for concrete is further reduced and means that the core can be built in sync with the tower and much quicker than a concrete core of similar proportion.

52

53

KARAMBA ANALYSIS CONCEPT DESIGN DESIGN RESEARCH

As the blades have a variance in overall twisting radius, the Karamba analysis was able to visualize the different levels of deformation between the blades, which meant that thicknesses could be customized to the different members to increase structural stability and reduce material waste.

54

CLT TOWER ENCAPSULATION CONCEPT DESIGN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

This fragment uses the strategy of char layering by employing enlarged members (CLT) walls and core and avoiding encapsulation. Other proposed members included a high fog sprinkler system in the core and floor levels. Hi-fog systems are quickly becoming the new industry standard in timber buildings.

55

CURVED SHELL VISUALIZATION FOLDED AND PLEATED STRUCTURE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Digital mockup of single sheet folded shell structure as well as early physical prototype created using a steamer and then pressed into in a 3D mould to test overall feasibility.

56

57

≈

≈

≈

≈

DIGITAL PROTOTYPE FOLDED AND PLEATED STRUCTURE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Small scale axo exhibiting how a single rectangular piece of timber can be modified to create the structurally curved shell studied within the thesis.

58

59

+0.5M

+1.0M

+0.0M

+0.0M

TIMBER PROCESSING +3.5M

+2.0M

SITEPLAN

SQUAMISH B.C. CANADA DESIGN RESEARCH

Building on past parti diagrams plan shows the integration of the microhub, residential towers and processing and shipping program. The central node aka the microhub hosts the largest variation of programs with a central public and ceremonial space.

From there, the program radiates outwards in a way that allows pedestrians and other traffic to move freely through a multileveled plinth.

60

+1.0M

+3.5M

+1.0M

MICROHUB

+0.0M

+1.0M

RESI

+30.0M

+3.0M

+0.0M

S LA

BR

AV O

TO

+0.0M

AL PH A

TO

N TO

+30.0M N LA

61

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Timber Feature Entry Stair 2. Pedway 3. Secondary Stoa Level 4. Structural Blades 5. Cedar Cladding

3.

1.

2.

2.

CLT TOWER FRAGMENT RESIDENTIAL BUILD DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Shown above is the multistory CLT tower with integrated landscaping and porous podium condition which is treated as a single condition with the landscape. This allows occupants to move from beach front into tower and throughout green roof and other levels without any thought to interior or exterior.

62

5.

3.

4.

3.

F 01

63

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Timber Shingle 2. Folded Roof Structure 3. Ground Plane 4. Tower core 5. CNC Milled Transfer Member

2.

1.

2.

5.

3.

CREASED TOWER PODIUM FOLDED AND PLEATED STRUCTURE DESIGN RESEARCH

Building on the ideas of shell structures, this iteration uses a bent CLT to create an organically formed podium condition. The tower is intentionality built first with the podium introduced secondarily creeating a protective entry vestibule.

64

3.

4.

3.

5.

3.

G 01

65

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Timber Shingle 2. Folded Roof Structure 3. Ground Plane 4. Train Entry 5. CNC Milled Buttress 6. Pedestrian/Bike Path 7. Tunnel System

1.

2.

2.

5.

3.

4.

3.

6.

3.

MICROHUB STATION

FOLDED AND PLEATED STRUCTURE DESIGN RESEARCH

The folded shell structure was conceived to increase the spanning capabilities of the timber without using columns.

The secondary goal was set to reduce the overall number of connections and limit the need for additional stiffeners. The folds in this fragment allow for an overall increase in span and an opportunity for material reduction due to the overall stiffness of the roof due to folding.

66

.

3.

G 01 7.

3.

67

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Design System 1. Shipping Port 2. Log Transfer tunnel 3. Log Drop off 4. Train Exit and Log Dropoff 5. CNC Milled Buttress 6. Log Boom

1.

2.

2.

4.

3.

3.

TIMBER PROCESSING

FOLDED AND PLEATED STRUCTURE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The series of shell structures makes up the roof scape for the timber processing center where logs are cut milled and transfered to the other side of the site where they are loaded either onto trains or boats for shipping domestically and internationally.

68

2.

5.

3.

A 01

69

MICRO HUB

FOLDED AND PLEATED STRUCTURE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The series of shell podiums with CLT towers comprises the central axis of the micro hub. At the very most center of the hub is a large ceremonial gathering space and then program disperses outwards from the center of the hub.

70

71

MORNING APPROACH Microhub Tower

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Two residents are seen meeting on the boardwalk in front of one of the main microhub timber towers.

72

APPENDIX SECTION 4

ST’Á7MES MICROHUB

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

TIMBER FRAME ARTEFECT PERFORMATIVE TIMBER

Structural System 1. Timber Shingle 2. Folded Wall Structure 3. Ground Plane 4. Structural Chimney/Core

4.

3.

1.

2.

2.

3.

VERTICAL HUTS

FOLDED AND PLEATED STRUCTURE DESIGN RESEARCH

Early take at vertical style living for single uni dwellings made out of twisted CLT structural panels.

80

G 01

81

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

82

UNIT @unit14_ucl

83

I N N E R F O R M 2 0 2 1

P

G14 is a test bed for architectural exploration and innovation. Our students examine the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. As a unit, we are in search of new leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital and physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation and design research, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents.

This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new, unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals.

I t the centre of this year’s academic exploration was Buckminster Fuller’s A ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’: a master-builder who follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal as somebody who is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of his or her discoveries without disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, PG14 students are opportunists in search of new ideas and architectural synthesis. They explored the concept of ‘Inner Form’, referring to the underlying and invisible but existing logic of formalisation, which is only accessible to those who understand the whole system and its constituents and the relationships between.

This year’s projects explored the places where culture and technology interrelate to generate constructional systems. Societal, technological, cultural, economic and political developments propelled our investigations and enabled us to project near-future scenarios, for which we designed comprehensive visions. Our methodology employed both bottom-up and top-down strategies in order to build sophisticated architectural systems. Pivotal to this process was practical experimentation and intense exploration using both digital and physical models to assess system performance and application in architectural space.

Thanks to: DaeWha Kang Design, DKFS Architects, Expedition Engineering, Hassel, Knippers Helbig, RSHP, Seth Stein Architects, University of Stuttgart/ ITKE and Zaha Hadid Architects.

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2021 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl