Michael Forward_Y5 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture by UNIT 14

TIMBER COMPOSITES

MICHAEL FORWARD YEAR 5

UNIT

Y5 MF

BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE

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MICHAEL FORWARD YEAR 5 Y5 MF

michael.forward.18@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @unit14_ucl

B L AC K F R I A R S R A I L B R I D G E TIMBER COMPOSITES London, United Kingdom

he application of long span timber structures within the cityscape presents an emerging typology; challenging the future environmental and socio-economic demands of the city. The prototypical Blackfriars Rail Bridge applies a multi-objective approach, considering both contextual configuration and the systemic development of a new timber construction system. Comprehensive research explored the historic applications of differential timber species within naval architecture and architecture; presenting an informative basis for future systems within the built environment. This research catalysed an iterative tectonic design process exploring the allocation and application of different timber species, utilising their individual properties in a composite system.

a unique load case at a specific point of the geometry. Liaison with industry leading advanced timber bridge engineers, Knippers Helbig, enabled the furthering of geometric precision and validity of the structural elements of the bridge. Construction methodologies and connections were further considered, ensuring feasibility of application within the urban realm.A digital tool was developed, automating the allocation of timber species within the long span block laminated system, considering key regulatory standards and allocating for structural, environmental and durability parameters, to achieve performative objectives. Presenting a sophisticated application of different species resonant to their performative qualities. This is experienced both in the structural composition of the bridge and in the tactility experienced by the user, enabling systemic

A prototypical design of the Blackfriars Rail Bridge and integrated North Terminal presented the opportunity for long spans and unique load conditions within the emerging typology of timber bridges. Challenging the conventional station typology, the rail bridge functions as both a major railway interchange for London and a public realm; connecting the north and south bank with a public ‘spine,’ with the north terminal presenting a seamless relationship between the terminal and waterfront. The project considers the bridge at the scales of both the differentiated lamella composition of individual components and the contextual configuration of a long span infrastructure proposal within the urban realm. The rail bridge geometry conveys an optimised, performative structure, derived through digital analysis and modelling tools, respondent to

RESEARCH TOPIC // Differential Timber Species Applications The Historic Application of Differential Timber Species in Composite // Achieving Mulit-Objectivity Performative Qualities

ROBIN KNOX-JOHNSTON // SUHAILI // FINISHED 312 DAYS TIMBER // GAFF CUTTER

BERNARD MOITESSIER // JOSHUA // RETIRED STEEL // KETCH

THE GOLDEN GLOBE RACE 1968-9 The Golden Globe Race was the first single handed race circumnavigating the world and was initiated by The Sunday Times. The race allowed the realisation and development of small performance yachts, capable of being sailed single handed around the world.

FORE TOPSAIL

MAIN GAFF

BALLOONER

BATTEN

LEECH

FORESTAY

MAINSAIL JIB CLEW BOOM JUMBO MAINSHEET TRANSOM BACKSTAY DECK

MAST

COCKPIT SHROUD CLEAT

JIB SHEET

GOOSE-NECK RUDDER BLOCK

JUMBO SHEET

PROPELLER FOREDECK BOWSPRIT SHROUD

HULL

BOWSPRIT SHROUD PLATE

KEEL BOWSPRIT BOBSTAY

MARISKA // WILLIAM FIFE JR. // 1908 Mariska, a 15m Rig was designed and built by William Fife Jr. In 1908. It displays the potential for timber based performance boats and the longevity of timber as a construction material, winning the Giragila Regatta in 2016. Her narrow beam, deep keel and sweeping overhangs were the characteristics of a true racing yacht in her time.

UPPER MAST

LOWER MAST

DECK LATHS

SPARS DECK HOUSE BEAMS

PLANKS

BULKHEAD

WATER LINE

SPLINES PITCH PINE

BILGES

MAHOGANY BILGES

OAK SPRUCE OREGON PINE

LEAD KEEL

TEAK IROKO

KEEL

PLYWOOD

SELECTIVE TIMBER VARIATIONS IN MARISKA SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AMERICAN BEECH SPECIFIC DENSITY

YELLOW BIRCH WHITE OAK RED OAK RED PINE SHORT-LEAF SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE WATER TUPELO

BLACK LOCUST SUGAR MAPLE ROCK ELM TEXT

REDWOOD

WHITE ASH

SUGAR PINE

TANGUILE MAHOGANY KHAYA DOUGLAS FIR

BLACK ASH EASTERN WHITE PINE YELLOW POPLAR WHITE PINE

PORT ORFORD WHITE CEDAR ALASKA YELLOW CEDAR

NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR

WESTERN RED CEDAR ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR

RED MAPLE WESTERN WHITE PINE PONDAROUSN PINE BLACK TUPELO WESTERN LARCH

IST UR

ON TE NT (%

)

SS RE ST RE

P AT

Q”

B/S

IT L

L AL ION RT

FIB

SOFTWOODS HARDWOOD

SPECIFIC GRAVITY VS. MOISTURE VS. FIBRE STRESS Fibrosity study published by the US Government entitled; Wood: A Manual for Its Use in Wooden Vessels // October 1948.

TIMBER VARIATIONS // FIBROSITY William Fife Jr. When designing and building Mariska, used a variety of species for different components in the construction of Mariska; establishing a compromising balance between strength, weight, moisture absorbency and bendability. A further study into fibre stress in different species has been undertaken.

RESEARCH TOPIC // Differential Timber Species Applications The Historic Application of Differential Timber Species in Composite // Achieving Mulit-Objectivity Performative Qualities

ROBIN KNOX-JOHNSTON // SUHAILI // FINISHED 312 DAYS TIMBER // GAFF CUTTER

BERNARD MOITESSIER // JOSHUA // RETIRED STEEL // KETCH

09 01

10 06

12 04

16 15

POOP

TILLER

UPPER DECK

MAIN MAGAZINE

HAMMOCK NETTINGS

SICK BAY

MAIN MAST

FILLING ROOM

MIZZEN MAST

POWDER ROOM

LOWER DECK

POWDER STORE

QUARTER DECK

CARRONDALES

ORLOP

MANGER

STEERING WHEELS

LANTERN ROOM

ENTRY PORT

MOORING BITTS

NELSON’S DINING CABIN

MIDSHIPMANS BERTH

MAIN HOLD

FORECASTLE

NELSON’S SLEEPING CABIN

SHOT LOCKER

CABIN STORE

FOREMAST

HMS VICTORY // 1765 Accommodation study of decks and internal arrangements. The decks where the workers were based were also their accommodation, little specific accommodation was provided except for Lord Nelson, the Captain.

FRAME TYPE 1

FRAME TYPE 2

WAIS T

FRAME TYPE 1

UPP

ER D

MID

ECK

DLE

FRAME TYPE 2

DEC

LOW ER D

ECK

ORL OO

ECK

PLA TFO R

KEEL

OAK

HMS VICTORY // MAIN FRAMES The ships main frames were made from compass oak and form the cross sectional body of the ship. The manufacturing process was complicated and would be translated at 1:1 from the ships body plan. The frames were secured using iron spikes / nails. The wood was sourced locally and delivered to Chatham by river.

TILLER

PINTLE IRON FLANGE

GUDGEON

KEEL PINTLE

GUDGEON INNER STERN POST STERN POST

Made from the bowl of a 100 year old Oak tree

GARBOARDS ROTHER TIMBERS

CONNECTED TO STEERING WHEEL 15o Ro tation

15o Rotation ASH IRON BRONZE COPPER PITCH PINE ELM OAK

HMS VICTORY STEERING The Rudder; the main steering component rotates about its axis on bronze hinges. The steering system was material based, comprising timber and rope resulting to it being prone to failure.

TOPGALLANT RAIL TOPGALLANT BULWARK MAIN RAIL BULWARK COVERING BOARD DECK WATERWAY TENON CONNECTION SHELF & CLAMP CHANNEL VENTILATING AIR COURSE FAMILY CABIN

HANGING KNEES

CABIN LIBRARY

CARGO SHELVES CEILING BUNK BEDS BILGE LIMBER AND STRAKES

STEERAGE WATER LINE

WATER LINE LIMBER BOARD KEELSON

KEEL

KEEL SCARF

FALSE KEEL

ELM TEAK ROCK ELM OAK

HISTORIC CLIPPER PASSENGER SHIP Early ship used to transport passengers, largely immigrants from the UK/ Northern Europe to the USA, most passengers were located in the steerage, located in the lower hull and the rooms on the deck and subsequent locations were determined by wealth.

UPPER DECK BEAMS

MID-DECK BEAMS MAIN FRAMES

BOW KEELSON KEEL FALSE KEEL

STERNPOST INNER STERNPOST

KEELSON LINE

STERNSON KNEE

KEELSON DEADWOODS KEEL LOCATION // DASHED KEEL // 9PCS FALSE KEEL

STRUCTURAL C

The Clipper Ship utilises an oak and b braced using the keelson. The keel is com scarf j

STERN

ELM TEAK OAK

BOBSTAY PIECE CHOCKS KEEL

LANCING PIECE HAWSE TIMBERS DECK HOOK STEMSON DEADWOODS APRON STEM GRIPE

COMPOSITION

beam frame, supported on the keel and mprised of nine pieces, connected using joints.

CROSSTREES

RIM

PLANKS TOP MAST

CAP

LUBBERS HOLE

HOLES FOR SHROUDS

BOLSTERS

CHOCKS CROSSTREES

TRESTLE TREES MAIN YARD HOLE BOLSTERS CHEEKS

PROFILE CHANGE

MAIN MAST

WEDGES

TENON JOINT MAST FOOT MAIN FRAMES ELM KEELSON TEAK

KEEL FALSE KEEL

ROCK ELM OAK HEMP FIBRE PINE

MAST ANATOMY The mast utilises pine, a softwood, to transfer the load bearing forces from the sails to the keel by means of a tenon joint. A ‘Cap’ allows the transfer of loads between main mast, top mast and topgallant mast.

SCARF

ANGLED SCARF

SHIPWRIGHT SPLICING TRADITIONAL SPLICE

HORIZONTAL FINGER

VERTICAL FINGER

TABLED SPLICE

BEVEL LAP

TRAIT DE JUPITER

LAPPED DOVETAIL

HALF LAP

TYPOLOGIES OF SPLICING SHOULDERED DOVETAIL

DOUBLE DOVETAIL

GINKO SCARF WITH STUB TENONS

CNC SPLICING

SPLICING TYPOLOGIES Scarf joints are commonly used by Shipwrights in boat building to connect the ends of two pieces of timber, exploration into splicing typologies from conventional to digitally fabricated.

TIMBER SPECIES

SPECIFIC GRAVITY // SPECIFIC DENSITY

SPECIFIC PROPERTIES MARINE APPLICATIONS

PARALLEL COMPRESSION // FIBER STRESS AT PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

FIBER STRESS AT PROPORTIONAL LIMIT // HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT

FIBER STRESS AT PROPORTIONAL LIMIT // 12% MOISTURE CONTENT

// LESS BENDABLE // MORE BENDABLE

// MINIMUM // MAXIMUM

// MORE BENDABLE

// LESS BENDABLE // MORE BENDABLE

// LESS BENDABLE // STIFF

// MINIMUM // MAXIMUM

COMPARABLE TO TENSILE LOADS

// BENDABLE // HEAVIEST

COMPARABLE TO COMPRESSION LOADS

// MINIMUM

//STRAIGHT GRAINED //INSECT ATTACKS

PERPENDICULAR COMPRESSION // FIBER STRESS AT PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

// LIGHTEST

BALSA

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

WHITE CEDAR //UNIFORMALITY //ROT RESISTANCE //SUPPLIED AS FLITCHES

WHITE PINE //WIDE CLEAR BOARDS

SITKA SPRUCE //CLEAR LENGTHS //LONG LENGTHS

PORT ORFORD CEDAR //STRAIGHT GRAINED //MODERATELY STRONG //DECAY RESISTANT

ALASKA CEDAR //STRAIGHT GRAINED //MODERATELY STRONG //DECAY RESISTANT

CYPRESS //ROT RESISTANT

DOUGLAS FIR //STRAIGHT GRAINED //STRONG

ELM //GRAIN INTERLOCKED //RESISTANT TO SPLITTING

LONGLEAF YELLOW PINE //STRAIGHT GRAINED //STRONG //DURABLE

ASH //STRAIGHT GRAINED //STRONG

IROKO //INTERLOCKED GRAIN //ROT RESISTANT //INSECT RESISTANT //OPEN PORES

TEAK //NATURAL OIL //MINIMUM SHRINKAGE

ROCK ELM //GRAIN INTERLOCKED //RESISTANT TO SPLITTING

WHITE OAK //EASILY STEAM BENT //STRAIGHT GRAINED

HARDWOOD

SOFTWOOD

WOOD SPECIES OF BOAT BUILDERS Analysis of compositional properties of common wood species used in the construction of boats, their application and specific attributes associated with them.

// MAXIMUM

//EVEN GRAINED //STRAIGHT GRAINED

// MINIMUM // MAXIMUM

MAHOGANY

FIBREGLASS

CARBON FIBRE // WOVEN

CARBON FIBER // LINEAR

ARAMID FABRIC // WOVEN

FOAM CORE

FIBREGLASS

FOAM CORE

CARBON FIBER // WOVEN

ARAMID FABRIC // WOVEN

FIBREGLASS

AT ER

NE 01 WOVEN CARBON FIBER USED FOR HIGH STRESS AREAS

LINEA CARBON FIBER USED FOR HIGH STRESS AREAS

FOAM CORE SANDWICH USED AS GENERIC HULL COMPOSITE 05

THERMOPLASTIC POLYTHENE HONEYCOMB CORE BELOW WATERLINE 03

END GRAIN BALSA WOOD ABOVE WATERLINE

WATERL INE

FIBREGLASS

BALSA WOOD // END GRAIN

POLYTHENE HONEYCOMB

FOAM CORE

FIBREGLASS

WOVEN ARAMID FABRIC COMPOSITE USED ON OUTER HULL TO IMPROVE DAMAGE RESISTANCE

FIBREGLASS

COMPOSITE HULL VARIANCES Modern composite hulls utilise multiple composite sandwiches and layering systems to achieve the desired strength and properties in specific locations.

PLAIN SAWN LUMBER

TENSION

COMPRESSION

HEARTWOOD SAPWOOD

VASCULAR CAMBIUM SECONDARY PHLOEM CORK CAMBIUM CORK

WOOD TO LUMBER The heartwood is used to carry the compressive forces of the tree while the sapwood facilitates the tensile forces. It is therefore determined that a variance of tensile and compressive properties can be found across a singular tree cross section.

CUT TO MAXIMISE RADIAL FACES

CUT FOR BOARD & STRUCTURAL TIMBER

BILLET SAWN

CROWN CUT

METHOD FOR LARGE DIAMETER LOGS OR WHERE THERE IS A LARGE CENTRAL SHAKE IN THE HEART OF THE TREE

THIS PRODUCES ONE OR TWO BOARDS OF QUARTER SAWN WOOD BUT THE MAJORITY OF THE BOARDS SHOW CONTOUR MARKINGS; THESE BOARDS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISTORTION.

QUARTER SAWN (MODERN)

QUARTER SAWN (TRADITIONAL) TRUE RADIAL CUT

TWO THROUGH AND THROUGH CUTS ARE FIRST MADE TO BOX OUT THE HEART OF THE TREE, THEN THE REMAINDER IS CUT INTO NARROW BOARDS WHICH YIELDS A REASONABLE PERCENTAGE OF TRUE QUARTERED BOARDS

ENABLES ALL THE BOARDS TO HAVE THE GROWTH RINGS PERPENDICULAR TO THE FACE GIVING THE MOST STABLE TIMBER; IT IS RARELY USED BY LARGE COMMERCIAL MILLS BECAUSE IT IS TIME-CONSUMING AND WASTEFUL.

SAW MILL TYPOLOGIES Typological study of saw mill cutting profiles and the lumber produced. Most notable is the grain direction of all pieces, determining the aesthetic, stability and deformation properties of the lumber.

MIN 100 500 1690 140 0.64 3900 0.29

S/H

M/C

SPECIES

S H H S S S S H S S S S S S H S S S H H S S S S S S S H H H S S S H H H S S S S S S H H S S S S S S S H H S S S H H H S S S S S S S H S S S H H S S S S S H S S S S H H H S S S H S S S S S H H H H H H H S S S S S H H S S S S H H H H S S S S S H H H H S H H H H H H S H S S S H H H S S H H H H S H S H H H H H S H H H H H H H H S H H H H H H H H H S S H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Green Green Green Green 12% Green Green Green 12% 12% 12% Green Green Green 12% Green Green Green Green 12% Green 12% Green 12% Green 12% 12% Green Green Green Green 12% 12% Green 12% Green 12% 12% Green Green Green Green 12% 12% 12% Green Green Green 12% Green Green 12% 12% Green 12% 12% Green 12% Green Green 12% Green 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Green Green Green 12% Green Green Green Green 12% 12% 12% Green 12% 12% Green Green Green Green 12% 12% Green Green Green 12% 12% Green Green Green 12% Green Green Green Green 12% Green 12% 12% Green Green 12% 12% Green Green Green Green Green 12% 12% 12% 12% Green 12% 12% 12% Green Green 12% Green Green 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Green 12% Green 12% Green Green 12% 12% 12% Green Green 12% 12% 12% 12% Green 12% Green 12% Green 12% Green 12% Green Green Green Green Green Green Green 12% Green 12% Green Green 12% Green Green Green 12% 12% 12% 12% Green Green 12% Green Green Green Green Green Green Green 12% Green 12% 12% Green 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Green Green 12% Green 12% 12% 12% Green Green 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Green 12% 12%

Cedar Northern White Cottonwood Balsam, Poplar Cottonwood Black Cedar Atlantic White Cedar Northern White Cedar Western Redcedar Fir Subalpine Basswood, American Cedar Atlantic White Cedar Western Redcedar Fir Subalpine Fir Balsam Spruce Engelmann Spruce White Cottonwood Balsam, Poplar Pine Eastern white Pine Sugar Redwood Young-growth Quaking Cottonwood Black Cedar Incense Fir Balsam Fir Grand Pine Eastern white Pine Western white Redwood Young-growth Spruce Engelmann Bigtooth Butternut Willow, Black Fir California Red Pine Sugar Spruce White Alder Red Basswood, American Cottonwood Eastern Cedar Incense Fir Grand Fir Noble Fir White Spruce Red Spruce Sitka Quaking Butternut Fir California Red Hemlock - Eastern Pine Lodgepole Pine Ponderosa Pine Western white Redwood Old-growth Spruce Black Bigtooth Willow, Black Cedar Port-Orford Fir Noble Fir White Chestnut, American Cottonwood Eastern Yellow-Poplar Fir Pacific Silver Hemlock - Eastern Pine Jack Pine Ponderosa Redwood Old-growth Spruce Red Spruce Sitka Ash Pine Lodgepole Pine Red Pine Spruce Sassafras Yellow-Poplar Baldcypress Cedar Yellow Hemlock Mountain Hemlock Western Spruce Black Chestnut, American Cedar Port-Orford Douglas Fir Interior South (US) Fir Pacific Silver Pine Jack Magnolia Cucumbertree Maple Bigleaf Maple Silver Cedar Eastern Redcedar Cedar Yellow Pine Spruce Ash Black Douglas Fir Coast (US) Douglas Fir Interior North (US) Hemlock Mountain Hemlock Western Pine Virginia Elm American Magnolia Southern Sassafras Sweetgum Sycamore, American Tupelo Black Tupelo Water Baldcypress Douglas Fir Interior West (US) Douglas Fir Interior South (US) Pine Red Pine Sand Cherry, Black Maple Silver Cedar Eastern Redcedar Pine Loblolly Pine Pitch Pine Shortleaf Birch Paper Elm Slippery Magnolia Cucumbertree Maple Bigleaf Douglas Fir Coast (US) Douglas Fir Interior North (US) Larch, Western Pine Sand Pine Virginia Ash Black Hackberry Maple Red Sycamore, American Tamarack Ash Oregon Cherry, black Elm American Magnolia Southern Tupelo Black Tupelo Water Douglas Fir Interior West (US) Walnut, Black Pine Loblolly Pine Pond Pine Shortleaf Maple Black Oak Southern Red Sweetgum Larch, Western Pine Pitch Ash Blue Ash Green Elm Slippery Hackberry Tamarack Maple Red Pine Slash Ash Oregon Ash White Birch Paper Birch Yellow Walnut, Black Pine Longleaf Ash Green Beech, American Hickory Nutmeg Maple Sugar Oak Black Oak Laurel Oak Northern red Oak Willow Pine Pond Elm Rock Maple Black Oak Chestnut Oak Overcup Ash Blue Oak Pin Oak Bur Tanoak Oak Southern Red Pine Longleaf

MAX 1050 2660 10180 2840 2.28 20200 0.88

TENSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN // LBF/IN2 SHEAR PARALLEL TO GRAIN // LBF/IN2 COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN // LBF/IN2 COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN // LBF/IN2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY // X106 LBF/IN2 MODULUS OF RUPTURE // LBF/IN2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TENSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN

SHEAR PARALLEL TO GRAIN

COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN

COMPRESSION PERP. TO GRAIN

MODULUS OF RUPTURE

Pine Slash Ash White Birch Sweet Hickory Bitternut Hickory Nutmeg Hickory Pecan Honeylocust Oak Scarlet Oak Post Oak Swamp Chestnut Oak White Hickory Water Oak Black Oak Cherrybark Birch Yellow Hickory Water Hickory Shellbark Elm Rock Maple Sugar Oak Laurel Oak Northern red Oak Pin Oak Overcup Hickory Mockernut Hickory Shagbark Oak Bur Oak Swamp White Birch Sweet Hickory Bitternut Hickory Pecan Hickory Pignut Locust, Black Oak Chestnut Oak Scarlet Oak Post Oak Swamp Chestnut Oak Cherrybark Oak White Hickory Shellbark Locust, Black Oak Willow Hickory Mockernut Hickory Shagbark Oak Swamp White Hickory Pignut Oak Live Oak Live Honeylocust

SPECIES PROPERTIES Analysis of properties of various timber species in comparison with each other using industry standard testing methods. The selected species are not specific to boat building.

DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMICS // Differential Species Tectonics Allocating Differential Timber Species in Composite for Performative Structural and Environmental Objectives.

MATERIAL REGIONS COMPRISED OF MULTIPLE LAMELLAS

PINE ADDRESSES LOW COMPRESSIVE ELEMENTS

ELM ADDRESSES TENSILE ELEMENTS AND MORTISE JOINES USED FOR SECONDARY MATERIALS

OAK ADDRESSES HIGHLY TENSILE ELEMENTS SCARF JOINTS USED FOR MATERIAL TRANSITION

PINE ADDRESSES COMPRESSIVE ELEMENTS

RABBET JOINT

WOOD SPECIES MAHOGANY OAK PINE ELM

COMPRESSION LOW COMPRESSION

BEAM INFORMED STRUCTURE LOW TENSION TENSION

COLUMN INFORMED STRUCTURE

COLUMN // BEAM // SECONDARY Tectonic model exploring a relationship between column, beam and secondary structures. The tectonic is based of a doubly curved geometry, with analysis used to inform primary material allocation and stress line analysis to inform secondary structural geometry.

REAR VIEW

FRONT VIEW

COLUMN // BEAM // SECONDARY Rationalised geometry derived from the doubly curved column to beam relationship shown previously. This experiment comprises a planar column and beam with integrated secondary structural geometry derived from stress line analysis, deriving regions for material allocation.

COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN

TENSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN

WOOD SPECIES PINE LODGEPOLE CEDAR INCENSE HICKORY WATER ELM SLIPPERY REDWOOD YOUNG-GROWTH AMERICAN BASSWOOD BUTTERNUT NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR

AXIS OF SYMMETRY

YELLOW POPLAR

FOCUS

VERTEX

DIRECTRIX PARABOLIC CURVES

US SPECIES // PARABOLIC TRANSFER Parabolic arch theory means that when weight is uniformly applied above, the internal compression of the structure will form a parabolic curve. The material allocation for this tectonic has been derived from a parametric definition, allocating the most appropriate material for its structural requirement. This enables an efficient use of material throughout the structure.

WHITEWOOD

REDWOOD

MERANTI

PINE

OAK

PINE

OAK

MERANTI

REDWOOD

WHITEWOOD

OAK

PINE

ELM

OAK

WOOD SPECIES WHITE-WOOD MERANTI REDWOOD OAK ELM PINE

PARABOLIC TECTONIC // UK Physical model exploring the inverted parabolic form, with compressive load transfer through the centre of the structure following a parabolic curve. This model uses materials readily available within the UK timber industry.

SPLICED CONTINUITY

STEPPED SPLICES CONTINUITY

OAK PINE MAHOGANY WALNUT IROKO

PERFORMATIVE CONTINUITY

DEGREES OF CONTINUITY Exploration into degrees of continuity, enabling a higher level of strength within a given form by utilising continuous and interlinked material continuity paths.

TEAK

PINE TENSION Pine is used as a result of its bendability and workability. It facilitates medium tensile stress.

MAHOGANY TENSION Mahogany is used mostly on the internal elements of the structure due to its susceptibility to insect attack. it facilitates low compressive stress.

WALNUT COMPRESSION Walnut is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its decay resistance. It facilitates the highest level of compressive stress.

MAHOGANY TENSION Mahogany is used mostly on the internal elements of the structure due to its susceptibility to insect attack. it facilitates low compressive stress.

IROKO COMPRESSION Iroko is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its rot resistance. It facilitates medium levels of compressive stress.

OAK TENSION Oak is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its rot resistance. It facilitates the h level of tensile stress.

WALNUT COMPRESSION Walnut is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its decay resistance. It facilitates the highest level of compressive stress.

PINE TENSION

Pine is used as a result of its bendability and workability. It facilitates medium tensile stress.

MAHOGANY TENSION Mahogany is used mostly on the internal elements of the structure due to its susceptibility to insect attack. it facilitates low compressive stress.

OAK TENSION Oak is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its rot resistance. It facilitates the highest level of tensile stress.

TEAK

Teak is used for areas touching the ground as a result of its supreme standard for decay.

OAK PINE MAHOGANY WALNUT IROKO TEAK

LAMINATED CONTINUITY Utilisation of differential laminated timber species to create an optimised and performative material continuity and enhanced strength of form. This system eliminates breaks for splicing.

PARABOLIC MODEL- LAMINATED Laminated differential composite model creating an optimised use of varying timber species. The continuity of material enhanced material strength and potential of enhanced material bendability to achieve form not commonly associated with timber structures.

CONTINUITY Material continuity implemented between beams and vertical members, allowing for an efficient and unbroken load transfer between both elements.

WALNUT Twisted beams utilise walnut due to its strength in shear.

OAK Utilised for its supreme tensile properties.

TEAK Utilised for elements close to the ground as a result of its decay resistance.

OAK PINE MAHOGANY WALNUT IROKO TEAK

TWISTED BEAM CONNECTIONS Exploring connectivity of parabolic vertical members using twisted beam connections. These connections utilise the achievable properties of laminated timber to connect vertical elements and reveal potential for inhabitable spaces.

GRAIN PERPENDICULAR TO LOAD DIRECTION For beam elements, the laminated grain is perpendicular to load direction, this increases load capacity.

PINE TENSION

Pine is used as a result of its bendability and workability. It facilitates medium tensile stress.

WALNUT COMPRESSION

GRAIN TRANSITIONAL TO LOAD DIRECTION For transitional elements, the laminated grain is continually perpendicular to bending direction, this facilitates the required load capacity.

Walnut is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its decay resistance. It facilitates the highest level of compressive stress.

IROKO COMPRESSION Iroko is rot resistant and facilitates medium levels of compressive stress.

OAK TENSION Oak is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its rot resistance. It facilitates the highest level of tensile stress.

PINE TENSION

Pine is used as a result of its bendability and workability. It facilitates medium tensile stress.

GRAIN PARALLEL TO LOAD DIRECTION OAK

For column elements, the laminated grain is parallel to load direction, this increases load capacity.

TENSION Oak is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its rot resistance. It facilitates the highest level of tensile stress.

TEAK OAK Teak is used for areas touching the ground as a result of its supreme standard for decay.

PINE

SCARF JOINT

MAHOGANY

CONCRETE

WALNUT IROKO TEAK CONCRETE

ABSTRACTED PARABOLIC CURVE

TWISTING COLUMN TO BEAM Material differentiation allocated for structural and environmental reasons is aesthetically enhanced through the use of curved beams and columns, ensuring that laminated elements have lamellas that run in optimal directions.

EYE-LEVEL ATMOSPHERIC VIEW

LOAD POINTS SUPPORT POINTS OAK PINE MAHOGANY WALNUT SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION AESTHETIC

SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION ALLOCATION

IROKO TEAK

TWISTING COLUMN TO BEAM Utilisation of twisting columns that transition into beams to optimise lamella direction of laminated timber components. This system also integrates species differentiation for both structural optimisation and environmental optimisation.

IROKO

WALNUT

SEE ASSEMBLY DIAGRAM BELOW

MAHOGANY

OAK

PINE

WALNUT COMPRESSION Walnut is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its decay resistance. It facilitates the highest level of compressive stress.

IROKO COMPRESSION Iroko is rot resistant and facilitates medium levels of compressive stress.

OAK TENSION Oak is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its rot resistance. It facilitates the highest level of tensile stress.

MAHOGANY TENSION Mahogany is used mostly on the internal elements of the structure due to its susceptibility to insect attack. it facilitates low compressive stress.

OAK TENSION Oak is used on the exposed elements of the structure as a result of its rot resistance. It facilitates the highest level of tensile stress.

PINE TENSION

Pine is used as a result of its bendability and workability. It facilitates medium tensile stress.

OAK SCARF JOINT

PINE

CONCRETE

MAHOGANY WALNUT IROKO CONCRETE

SPLAYING COLUMN STRUCTURE Vertical column element that splays with potential to form larger vertical structures. The column incorporates differential material use for environmental and structural purposes. Furthermore, geometric twisting allows a transition in Pamela directionality.

OAK PINE HIGH TENSION

MAHOGANY WALNUT IROKO

HIGH COMPRESSION

TENSION // COMPRESSION TESTING

CONCRETE

MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIAL INTERLINKING Development of splayed columns into interlinking differentially optimised system that hints upon an enclosed atmospheric derived from verticality. This piece explores a fragment that transitions through 90 degrees.

BRACING ELEMENT

GRAIN DIRECTION PARALLEL TO LOAD DIRECTION ON VERTICAL ELEMENTS.

GRAIN DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO LOAD DIRECTION ON HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS.

02 TRANSITION TO BEAM ELEMENT

OAK

LAMELLA DIRECTION CHANGE

SECONDARY STRUCTURE (MAIN FRAMES)

PRIMARY STRUCTURE (KEEL)

WALNUT

MAHOGANY

IROKO

OAK MAHOGANY WALNUT IROKO

HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURE Exploration into hierarchy of structures that utilise twisting and lamella directional change. Hierarchy derives from that found in historic wooden boats

DIFFERENTIAL TIMBER SPECIES CONTINUITY INTO FLOOR ELEMENT

SCARF JOINT

TWISTED COMPONENT VERTICAL TO HORIZONTAL TRANSITION

BRACED CORNER SECONDARY STRUCTURE PIECES (DECK BEAMS) BRANCHING STRUCTURE (MAIN FRAMES)

REDUCED COMPLEXITIES WITHIN DIFFERENTIATION

PRIMARY STRUCTURE (KEEL)

NAVAL HIERARCHY CONCEPT Concept tectonic that derives its hierarchy from wooden boats, this includes primary structural elements, relating to the keel, secondary elements as main frames and tertiary elements as deck beams.

CROWN AND BRANCHES

PULPWOOD QUALITY 75% -PULP -PAPER -CARDBOARD -FIBREBOARD -OSB

VESSELS

FIBRES

MEDULLARY RAY

TOP LOG

AVERAGE HIGH QUALITY 7% -PALLETS -FLOORING -LVL -SIP’S -PSL

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF WOOD

SECONDARY WALL; LAYER 3 SECONDARY WALL; LAYER 2 SECONDARY WALL; LAYER 1 PRIMARY WALL

MIDDLE LOG

MIDDLE LAMELLA

HIGH QUALITY 15%

BORDER (FACE VIEW)

PIT CHAMBER

-HARDWOOD LUMBER -GLULAM -CLT -STRESS LAMINATED PANELS -NAIL LAMINATED PANELS

PIT MEMBRANE PIT APERTURE BORDER

CELL WALL STRUCTURE

BUTT LOG

VERY HIGH QUALITY 3%

STUMP

-VENEER -FURNITURE -PLYWOOD -LVL -PSL

TRANSVERSE RADIAL TANGENTAL

BARK

ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS OUTER BARK CORK SAPWOOD HEARTWOOD

AREA OF INTEREST

Decrease d Ret entio n of

SOLID WOOD

WOOD VENEER SOLID TIMBER PANELS GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER (GLULAM) CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT)

WOOD CHIPS

FIBREBOARD FIBER SHAPED ELEMENTS VAPOUR PERMEABLE MDF PANELS SCRIMBER SHAPED WOOD

VENNER PLYWOOD STAR PLYWOOD BLOCKBOARD LAMINBOARD MOLDED PLYWOOD MOLDED LAMINATE 3D- VENEER PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER LAMINATED STRAND LUMBER

Processing Potentia sed l rea Inc // es rti

WOOD FIBRE

An iso tro pic Pr op e

CHIPBOARD MOLDED CHIPBOARD ELEMENTS MINERAL BOUND CHIPBOARD ORIENTED STRAND BOARD LAMINATED STRAND LUMBER

WOODY PLANTS BAMBOO PALM WOOD LIGHTWEIGHT CHIPBOARD

NON-WOOD PARTS OF TREE CORK BAST

LIGHTWEIGHT PANELS

COMPOSITES WOOD-GLASS COMPOSITES WOOD-FIBER CINOISITES WOOD-STEEL COMPOSITES WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES

ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS

ANISOTROPY OF WOOD Anisotropy gives wood unique properties in different directions. The advent of glulam removes natural deficiencies present in solid timber. Glulam is typically 50% stronger than its solid wood counterpart. The research focuses on glulam, formed from solid wood, retaining anisotropy, structural and durability properties whilst removing natural deficiencies.

BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE // A Prototypical Bridge For London A Long Span Structurally Informed Optimised Geometry Embedding Performative Differential Timber Species within a Blocklaminated Composite System

AYLESBURY

HEMEL HEMPSTEAD

LUTON

STEVENAGE

WATTON-AT-STONE

HERTFORD EAST

STANSTEAD

EPPING

CHELMSFORD

HIGH WICOMBE

SHOEBURYNESS

UXBRIDGE STAINES

SOUTEND HENLEY-ON-THAMES

MARLOW EBSFLEET WINDSOR & ETON

BECKTON

HEATHROW

GRAVESEND

STAINES

SEVENOAKS

SHEPPERTON

GUILDFORD

CHESSINGTON SOUTH

DORKING & GUILDFORD

BRIGHTON TONBRIDGE

EAST GRINSTEAD

MAIN STATIONS RIVER THAMES AIRPORTS

LONDON CITY AIRPORT DESTINATIONS EMBANKMENT

BLACKFRIARS

TOWER

ST. KATHERINE

WESTMINSTER MILLBANK

LONDON EYE FESTIVAL CADOGAN

BANKSIDE LONDON BRIDGE CITY

CHELSEA WHARF ST. GEORGES WHARF

CANARY WHARF

DOUBLETREE DOCKLANDS NELSON DOCK GREENLAND

NORTH GREENWICH

ROYAL WHARF

WOOLWICH FERRY NORTH TERMINAL

MASTHOUSE TERRACE

BATTERSEA POWER STATION

KEW PLANTATION WHARF

PUTNEY

WANDSWORTH RIVERSIDE QUARTER

GREENWICH

LONDON WATERWAY CONNECTIVITY

LONDON // MACRO CONNECTIVITY London is well connected with the rest of England and internationally via London City Airport. Notably train lines bring passengers from N, E, S & W into the centre of London, which is unusual for some cities with train stations on the peripheries.

WOOLWICH WOOLWICH FERRY ROYAL SOUTH ARSENAL TERMINAL

WATERLOO BRIDGE

BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE

ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL

CITY OF LONDON

CANNON CANNON STREET RAIL STREET BRIDGE STATION 24

THE SHARD

ST JAMES’S PARK

CHARING CROSS STATION

WESTMINSTER BRIDGE

HUNGERFORD & GOLDEN JUBILEE BRIDGES

IMAX

WATERLOO STATION

WATERLOO EAST STATION

BLACKFRIARS ROAD BRIDGE

31 0M

MILLENIUM BRIDGE

CITY & CENTRAL INFRASTRUCTURE

SOUTHWARK BRIDGE

LONDON BRIDGE

32 100M

33 200M

300M

LONDON BRIDGE STATION

Analysis of urban formation of central London, with specific emphasis on rail infrastructure, bringing millions into the capital each day. The city is stitched together by a series of bridges crossing the Thames, of varying distances apart.

KFRIARS RAIL GE

ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL

CITY OF LONDON

CANNON CANNON STREET RAIL STREET BRIDGE STATION 25

42 THE SHARD

31 0M

MILLENIUM BRIDGE

SOUTHWARK BRIDGE

NFRASTRUCTURE

LONDON BRIDGE

32 100M

33 200M

300M

LONDON BRIDGE STATION

London, with specific emphasis on rail capital each day. The city is stitched the Thames, of varying distances apart.

43 WATERLOO BRIDGE

BLA BRI

CHARING CROSS STATION

ST JAMES’S PARK

WESTMINSTER BRIDGE

HUNGERFORD & GOLDEN JUBILEE BRIDGES

IMAX

WATERLOO STATION

WATERLOO EAST STATION

BLACKFRIARS ROAD BRIDGE

CITY & CENTRAL

Analysis of urban formation of central infrastructure, bringing millions into th together by a series of bridges crossin

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH OF BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE WITH IN ITS CONTEXT

BIRDS-EYE PHOTOGRAPH OF BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE

INFRASTRUCTURE OPPORTUNITY BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE // EXISTING Existing images of Blackfriars Road and Rail Bridges within their urban context of London.

Hotel

7.2m

7.4m

A 146

8.4m

Ward Bdy

BLA CKF

B JOHN CARPENTER STREET

QUEEN VICTORIA STREET

9.5m

Car Park

WATERGATE

Subway

rou

derg

Railw

Mermaid House

Air Vent

7.6m Su

9.4m

Tunnel

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

Playground

PU DD L

PASSAG E

BLACKFRIARS PASSAGE

T EN

R TO VIC

Blackfriars Station

DOCK

bw ay

8.4m

M NK BA

S IAR

AMES R TH

R KF AC

ET STRE

UPPE

El Sub Sta

F HIL

Blackfriars Station (LT)

Mermaid Theatre

PUDDLE DO

Unilever House

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

DOCK

bw ay

PUDDLE

BLACK FRIARS LANE

EET STR NEW BRIDGE

HILL

ST AN DREW 'S

RIA RS CT PH

KINGSCOT E STREET

ITE WH

B LAC K F R IAR S U NDE R P A S S

LIO

G 8. 3m

B azalgette Walk

6.2m

P aul's Walk

MLW

Mean High & Mean Low Water

Mud

Shingle

Mud

MLW

Mean High Water

MHW

I Propos

ed Tha

mes Tun

nel

12.0m

K River Thames

CCLW FW

Blackfriars Bridge

CCLW

King's Reach

11.1m

P Mud and Shingle

Shingle Shingle

Mud

MHW

Mean High Water

MHW

R 1

HOPTON STREET

B a n k s id e G a lle ry

ROAD

U P P E R G R O U ND

F a lco n P o in t

BLACKFRIARS

R iv e r C o u rt

UPPER GROUND

3.9m

ON PT

E STR

U 3.7m Tate Gallery of Modern Art

INVICTA PLAZA

RE ST

D AN

CASTLE YARD

RENNIE STREET

Bankside Lofts

15 0M

16 25M

17 50M

N 100M

BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE Existing Site Plan

PV CELLS ROOF STRUCTURE

LIFTS TO PLATFORM STAIRS TO PLATFORM

150M EAST PLATFORM MEZZANINE LEVEL

50M

WEST PLATFORM

RETAIL

TICKET OFFICE

RETAIL ENTRANCE

BOH/ OPERATION AREAS

RAIL BRIDGE STRUCTURE

REDUNDANT SUPPORTS MEZZANE LEVEL

ESCALATORS/ STAIRS TO PLATFORM

W/C’S TICKET OFFICE

ESCALATORS/ STAIRS TO PLATFORM

RAIL CONCOURSE STAIRS TO PLATFORM TICKET BARRIERS UNDERGROUND CONCOURSE

ESCALATORS/ STAIRS TO CONCOURSE WESTBOUND PLATFORM BLACKFRIARS UNDERGROUND STATION

EASTBOUND PLATFORM ESCALATORS/ STAIRS TO CONCOURSE

ROOF HIGH POINT 2000 ROOF LOW POINT

4800

PLATFORM LEVEL 1300

SPAN 3

23202 13100

7170

SPAN 2

PIER 1

SPAN 4

PIER 2

PIER 3

SPAN 5

PIER 4

TRACK LEVEL

SPAN 1

17100

7180

1700

3560

57 M

59 M

64 M

58 M

281 M

NATIONAL RAIL CLASS 700 TRAIN LENGTH : 242.6 M

EXISTING // BRIDGE & STATION Analysis of Blackfriars Rail Station and associated bridge. Blackfriars rail bridge is 281m long and the only rail station where the platforms span the width of the River Thames. The station has ticket halls and entrances on both the north and south banks.

58 M

LIMITED GREEN SPACE ON NORTH BANK

CONGESTED ENTRANCE NARROW SUBWAY OVER UTILISED

POOR CIRCULATION FLOWS FROM UNDERPASS LEVEL

LIMITED WATERFRONT ACCESS ON NORTHBANK

TIDEWAY CONSTRUCTION SITE

70% CYCLE USAGE ON BRIDGE

LIMITED PEDESTRIAN CROSSING

BOTTLE NECK OF SOUTHBANK WALKWAY

CONGESTION AT ENTRANCE

PINCH POINT AT PUBLIC STEPS

NEW MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONSTRUCTION

MIDLAND LINE

SOUTHBOUND

GREAT NORTHERN LINE

MIDLAND LINE

ST PANCRAS MIDLAND ROAD

NORTHBOUND

GREAT NORTHERN LINE

BUS STOPS

PEDESTIAN FLOWS

TRAIN STATIONS

NOT AT PLAN LEVEL

UNDERGROUND

TRAIN FLOWS

GREEN SPACE

NOT AT PLAN LEVEL

WATERSIDE PUBLIC REALM

BOAT MOVEMENT

RESIDENTIAL

NOT AT PLAN LEVEL

ST PANCRAS MIDLAND ROAD

FARRINGDON

CITY THAMESLINK

CITY THAMESLINK MIXED USE

BLACKFRIARS

FOOD SERVICE EDUCATIONAL

ELEPHANT & CASTLE

LONDON BRIDGE

ELEPHANT & CASTLE

LONDON BRIDGE

OFFICE CONFERENCE CENTRE

THAMESLINK PASSENGER DISTRIBUTION

MICRO // MACRO FLOWS Blackfriars Rail Station has the highest level of crowding of all central London stations, with 76,000 passengers per day. The above analyses the flows of people within the immediate context towards both north and south bank entrances.

PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL

SAMPSON HOUSE

UNDERPASS

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ONE BLACKFRIARS

PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL

DOGGETT’S COTE AND BADGE

STATION ENTRANCE

STATUE OF QUEEN VICTORIA

PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL

RAILWAY BRIDGE

EL VINO BLACKFRIARS

BLACKFRIARS ROAD BRIDGE CITY SIDE OF RIVER MARITIME SIDE OF RIVER NEW BLACKFRIARS PIER

FOUNDER’S ARMS

BLACKFRIARS RAIL STATION SOUTH ENTRANCE BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE

WHITE LION HILL

THE MERMAID LONDON CONFRENCE CENTRE

REMOVAL OF SOUTH SIDE OF BLACKFRIARS STATION

TUBE LINES RUDDS

CONTINUED PUBLIC REALM OF SOUTHBANK REMOVAL OF BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE REMOVAL OF HISTORIC BRIDGE SUPPORTS BLACKFRIARS ROAD BRIDGE RETAINED REMOVAL OF NORTH SIDE OF BLACKFRIARS STATION RENTENTION OF UNDERGROUND STATION

SOUTH BANK PILES

RIVER BED HIGH WATER

LOW WATER HIGHTENED CONNECTION WITH WATERFRONT

IMMEDIATE CONTEXT Immediate existing context and proposed removal of Blackfriars Rail Station, with retention of Blackfriars Underground Station (District & Circle)

THE BLACKFRIAR

RAIL TIE

GUARD RAIL BOLTS STRINGER

SPACERS

POST

20 ‘‘ MAX

SWAY BRACE

GIRT SILL

20 ‘‘ MAX

MUD SILL FOOTER OR PIER

TIMBER TRESTLE BRIDGE OVER 100FT HIGH CARRYING LOGGING TRAIN

CEDAR LOGGING TRESTLE RAILROAD BRIDGE IN WASHINGTON STATE

TIMBER TRESTLE RAILROAD BRIDGES Timber Trestle Railroad Bridges were used extensively in the 18th and 19th Century’s. They were notably used within the UK to cross the many deep valleys in Cornwall.

TIMBER BLOCK BEAM BRIDGE

TIMBER RIGID-FRAME BRIDGE

SPANS UP TO 35M

OPTIMUM CROSS-SECTION USE FOR SPAN WIDTHS OF 15.0 M TO 35.0 M. COST-EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL OR CONCRETE BRIDGES, ALSO WITH HIGH LOADS STREAMLINED CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT

OPTIMUM CROSS-SECTION USE FOR SPAN WIDTHS OF 15.0 M TO 35.0 M. COST-EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL OR CONCRETE BRIDGES, ALSO WITH HIGH LOADS STREAMLINED CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT SIMPLE SUPPORTS

TIMBER GIRDER BRIDGE

TIMBER STRESS-RIBBON BRIDGE

SPANS UP TO 20M

SPANS UP TO 70M

HIGH COST-EFFECTIVENESS DUE TO SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION TYPE MAIN GIRDERS ARE WELL PROTECTED AGAINST WEATHERING OPTIMUM CROSS-SECTION USE FOR SPAN WIDTHS OF 5 TO 20 M.

HIGHLY EFFICIENT SUPPORTING STRUCTURE WITH HIGH GIRDER HEIGHTS COST-EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION DUE TO LIMITED USE OF MATERIALS UNDERSTATED DESIGN DYNAMIC LINE PLACEMENT IN THE BRIDGE ASPECT ELEGANT LINE PLACEMENT AND HARMONIOUS DESIGN IN THE NATURAL REALM HIGH HORIZONTAL FORCE ON THE ABUTMENTS

TIMBER TROUGH BRIDGE

TIMBER TRUSS BRIDGE

SPANS UP TO 35M

SPANS UP TO 70M

HIGH COST-EFFECTIVENESS DUE TO SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION TYPE AT EXTENDED LENGTHS MAIN GIRDERS ARE WELL PROTECTED AGAINST WEATHERING MAIN GIRDERS REDUCE THE HEIGHT OF THE REQUIRED RAILING ESPECIALLY COST-EFFECTIVE TYPE OF BRIDGE SUPPORTING SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO GLUE-LAMINATED BEAMS AT THE RAILING LEVEL

SPAN WIDTHS OF 20 TO 70 M. LOW CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT LOW MATERIAL USE WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE

CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

TIMBER ARCH-BRIDGE

SPANS UP TO 70M

SOPHISTICATED SUPPORTING STRUCTURE WITH LOW GIRDER HEIGHTS OPTIMUM CROSS-SECTION USE FOR INDIVIDUAL SPAN WIDTHS OF 10.0 M TO APPROX. 15.0 M WITH TOTAL SPAN WIDTHS OF OVER 70M CONSIDERABLE LEEWAY OF DESIGN SUCH AS S-SHAPED OR CIRCULAR LAYOUTS PYLONS IN THE FORM OF PIN PYLONS OR IN H OR A SHAPE WITH RECOGNITION VALUE STREAMLINED CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT OF THE HORIZONTAL SUPPORTING ELEMENT RELOCATION OF THE MAIN SUPPORTING STRUCTURE TO THE RIVER BANKS (WITH BRIDGES OVER WATER)

SUPERIOR PROTECTION OF THE MAIN GIRDERS AGAINST WEATHERING LOW CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION UTILISATION FOR SPAN WIDTHS OF UP TO 50 M HIGH SUPPORTING CAPABILITY WITH LOW CROSS SECTION WIDTHS CONSTRUCTED WITH TWO ARCHED LAMINATED TIMBER GIRDERS WHICH CAN BE CONNECTED WITH BACK-ANCHORED HORIZONTAL TIMBER TIE MEMBERS

CONTEMPORARY TIMBER BRIDGE TYPOLOGIES Typologies of contemporary timber bridge construction systems, obtained from industry specialists Miebach Ingenieurburo

57000 A

59000

64000

58000

MEAN HIGH WATER LEVEL

9820MM ABOVE MHWL

EXISTING TRACK LEVEL

EXISTING BRIDGE TRACK LEVEL

SECONDARY NAVIGATIONAL CHANNEL 1190MM CLEARANCE REQUIRED

PRIMARY NAVIGATIONAL CHANNEL 1260MM CLEARANCE REQUIRED

SECONDARY NAVIGATIONAL CHANNEL 1190MM CLEARANCE REQUIRED

ROAD 7300MM CLEARANCE REQUIRED

EXISTING TRACK LEVEL

PORT OF LONDON AUTHORITY AND HIGHWAY CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS

10,000M RADIUS REGULATORY VERTICAL INCLINE OF TRAIN

ZONE FOR STRUCTURAL DEPTH

10,000M RADIUS ARC ESTABLISHED AS TRACK LEVEL - OFFSET TO PROVIDE MINIMUM STRUCTURAL THICKNESS

25000 A

25000 B

35000 C

50000 D

59000 E

64000 F

59000 G

50000 H

35000 I

25000 J

25000 K

25000 L

25000 M

STRUCTURAL GRID DERIVED FROM ABOVE PARAMETERS

BRIDGE PARAMETERS Parameters of design established from site parameters. This has enabled the arrangement of a structural grid which uses both 60m and 25m spacings.

HILL

25000

RIA RS CT PH

25000

BLA CKF

Ward Bdy

ST AN DREW 'S

KINGSCOT E STREET

7.2m

BLACK FRIARS LANE

EET STR NEW BRIDGE

Hotel

7.4m

146

8.4m QUEEN VICTORIA STREET

9.5m

Car Park

JOHN CARPENTER STREET

25000

WATERGATE

Subway

DOCK 25000

9.4m

Mermaid Theatre

Playground

AMES R TH

ET STRE

UPPE

B LAC K F R IAR S U NDE R P A S S

ITE WH

8. 3m

LIO

P aul's Walk

Mud

MLW

25000

MLW

MHW

Mean High Water

25000

MLW

Shingle

Mud

25000

B azalgette Walk P aul's Walk

Mean High & Mean Low Water

25000

6.2m

25000

HIL

El Sub Sta

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

DOCK

PASSAG E S IAR

FR CK LA

Tunnel

PU DD L

25000

BLACKFRIARS PASSAGE

T EN

M NK BA

RIA TO VIC

25000

bw ay

8.4m

25000

Unilever House

PUDDLE DO

25000

bw ay

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

PUDDLE

Mermaid House 7.6m Su

Propos

ed Tha

mes Tun

nel

50000

12.0m

River Thames

CCLW

60000 50000

50000

Blackfriars Bridge

60000

CCLW

King's Reach

25000

11.1m

Mud and Shingle

Shingle

25000

Mud

Mean High Water

25000

Shingle

MHW

25000

HOPTON STREET

25000

F a lco n P o in t

25000

1 PH

B a n k s id e G a lle ry

ROAD

UPPER GROUND

25000

25000 25000

3.9m

25000

U P P E R G R O U ND

BLACKFRIARS

R iv e r C o u rt

ON PT

E STR

3.7m

RE ST

25000 INVICTA PLAZA

D AN

Structural grid plan and indicative rail level bridge.

CASTLE YARD

RENNIE STREET

PLAN // STRUCTURAL GRID

Bankside Lofts

25000

Tate Gallery of Modern Art

RIA RS CT PH

HILL

7.4m

// 25m

PUDDLE

// 35m

12268

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

Section 11b Section 11a

Playground

AMES R TH

9.4m

ET STRE

UPPE

El Sub Sta

F 8. 3m

13019

P aul's Walk

Mud

HIL

Span 10 // 50m

12675 B LAC K F R IAR S U NDE R P A S S

MLW

Tunnel

PU DD L

M NK BA

R TO VIC

Section 12b Section 12a

T EN

B azalgette Walk

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

Mermaid Theatre

Span 11

B 8.4m

bw ay

DOCK

11799

// 25m

B D

Section 13b Section 13a

PUDDLE DO

bw ay

9.5m

Mermaid House

Span 12

Unilever House

14a

Subway

DOCK

BLA CKF

Section Car Park

Span 13

11267

Section 14b

QUEEN VICTORIA STREET

// 25m

7.6m

146

8.4m

Ward Bdy

10673

WATERGATE

ST AN DREW 'S

10016

Span 14

KINGSCOT E STREET

7.2m

BLACK FRIARS LANE

EET STR NEW BRIDGE

Hotel

ITE WH

MHW

LIO

Section 10b

Section 10a P aul's Walk Mean High Water

Shingle

Mud

MLW

13300

Span 9 // 59m

13519

Propos

ed Tha

Section 9a

Section 9b

Section 8a

Section 8b

Section 7a

Section 7b

Section 6a

Section 6b

Section 5a

Section 5b

mes Tun

nel

12.0m

13676

River Thames

CCLW

C LW

Span 8 // 64m

13770

13802 Blackfriars Bridge

King's Reach

13771

Span 7 // 59m

13677

11.1m

13521

Span 6 // 50m

13303 Shingle H

Shingle

Mud and Shingle

Mud

Mean High Water

MHW

13022 MHW

Span 5

// 35m

12679

12273

HOPTON STREET

UPPER GROUND

Section 4a Section 4b B a n k s id e G a lle ry

// 25m

ROAD

U P P E R G R O U ND

F a lco n P o in t

Span 4

BLACKFRIARS

R iv e r C o u rt

3.9m

ON PT

Span 3

11804

E STR

Section 3a

Section 3b

// 25m Span 2

11273

Section 2a Section 2b

3.7m

// 25m

Tate Gallery of Modern Art

INVICTA PLAZA

ELEVATED GARDENS

BRIDGE ACCESS

ROAD CROSSING

PLATFORM 1

PODIUM LEVEL

PLATFORM 2

EMBANKMENT WALK

PLATFORM 3

ROAD BRIDGE ACCESS

PLATFORM 4

ET RE ST

STATION ACCESS

D AN

LINE

UNDERSIDE ACCESS

BRIDGE ACCESS

LIFTS

Section 1b CASTLE YARD

PUBLIC CROSSING

Section 1a

Bankside Lofts

10679

// 25m

RENNIE STREET

Span 1

28 UNIQUE GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

BRIDGE CROSSING

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT // INDIVIDUALITY Spatial arrangement indicative of platform layouts, circulation and bridge access. Bridge grid aligns to the existing rail bridge, enabling the high weight to strength ration of mass timber construction to be capitalised upon, utilising the existing foundations.

NORTHBOUND PLATFORM NORTHBOUND TERMINATING PLATFORM

NORTHBOUND TERMINATING PLATFORM SOUTHBOUND PLATFORM

BEECH // TENSILE ELEMENTS OAK // COMPRESSIVE ELEMENTS

TEAK // UNDERSIDE

CONCRETE TRANSITION ABOVE MHWL

SUB STRUCTURE

PILES INTO LONDON CLAY

FRAGMENT STUDY

36M

MOMENT CURVE DERIVED PROFILE

BLOCK LAMINATED TIMBER TRANSITIONS INTO VERTICAL STRUCTURE

ELEVATION

BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE // FRAGMENT Fragment of bridge that explores the use of moment lines in deriving form. This enables material allocation and strength to be applied in the correct areas.

El Sub Sta

(KN-M)

333 64

392 59

442 50

477 35

502 25

527 25

552 25

577 25

257.840 KN

513.639 KN

519.764 KN

497.304 KN

576.966 KN

891.512 KN

1135.367 KN

1293.206 KN

ANALYSIS USING PIN SUPPORTS

12675

50000

AC K F R IAR S NDE R P A S S

269 59

NORTH

210 50

1135.367 KN

257.409 KN

S IAR

R KF AC

160 35

20.6 KN/M

PASSAG E

125 25

891.512 KN

35000

BLACKFRIARS PASSAGE

12268

100 25

576.966 KN

75 25

497.310 KN

25000 11799

50 25

517.742 KN

DOCK

25 25

513.723 KN

ANALYSIS MODEL ASSEMBLY

PUDDLE

11267

515.365 KN

25000

SOUTH

Ward Bdy

25000

CT PH

IAR S BLA CKF R

10673

BLACK FRIARS LANE

10016

25000

01 01

-6773.1

13019 MHW

59000

13519

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)

13300

13676

13770

64000

River Thames

13802

3774.064

King's Reach

X (M) 09

59000

13771

13677

(KN) 659.2

10 13521

13303

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (SFD)

50000

Shingle

11 13022 11

35000

MHW

12679

0 X (M)

12 12 HOPTON STREET

25000

12273

13 13

-659.2 25000

11804

14 14

0 25000

11273

100

125

160

210

269

333

392

442

477

502

527

552

577

3.7m

15 15

TOTAL BRIDGE LENGTH: 577M 25000

10679

25000

INVICTA PLAZA

SUPPORT LOCATIONS TRACK LOADS (20.6 KN/M) PEDESTRIAN / PLATFORM LOADS (3.8 KN/M) TICKET LINE

17 17

LOADS APPLIED Plan displaying loads applied over bridge and analysis showing bending moment, shear forces, and resultant forces across the system.

01 STRUCTURAL GRID

LOADS SPECIFIED 20.6 KN/M

LINES OF MAXIMUM LOADS

SUPPORT LOCATIONS

RESULTANT MOMENT GENERATED

06 INVERSE MOMENTS DEFINE MATERIAL ALLOCATION

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT DEFINES 3D FORM

N CTIO IRE

D NT

NT D

IRE CTIO N

TRACK LOCATIONS INCORPORATED

UNDULATING CROSS SECTIONS

MATERIAL THICKNESS INCORPORATED

UNDULATING FORM GENSIS Genesis of three dimensional moment informed undulating geometry to form the underside of the bridge and allocate material where necessary.

PLA CLEARANCE HEIGHTS ADHERED TO

ADDITIONAL SUPPORT NECESSARY

RECIPROCAL UNDERSIDE ACCESS

TWISTED STRUCTURE DERIVED FROM TECTONICS

EXPERIENTIAL UNDERSIDE VIEW

MHWL

60M

OPENINGS IN BRIDGE PUBLIC REALM

EXPERIENTIAL QUALITIES OF UNDULATING SURFACE

PILES INTO LONDON CLAY

ACCESS FROM PUBLIC REALM OF BRIDGE

SECTION OF UNDERSIDE SPACES

UNDERSIDE ACCESSIBILITY Interoperation of underside accessibility to provide a closer access and experiential relationship with The Thames. This must not interfere with the navigation channel clearances yet provides an experiential viewpoint to the undulating surface derived from moment curves and optimised material depths and allocations.

TIMBER DIFFERENTIATION PROMINENT IN SECTION

PUBLIC SPINE

PLATFORM SEATING AREAS

INHABITABLE REGIONS

MOMENT FACILITATING STRUCTURE

SUB STRUCTURE

64M

ACCESS / TICKET LINE

MHWL

64M

ORIGINAL BMD LINE NEW BMD LINE ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL DEPTH

MOMENT INFORMED SPINE Development of central spine that seeks to respond to moment forces within the bridge, allocating material in the mid span region, whilst providing the public spine of the bridge with both protection and designated access points to platforms.

CONCESSION AREAS

CONCRETE COLUMNS

59M

FO AT PL

CONTINUATION INTO MAIN BRIDGE BEAM

FORMATION OF STEPS BETWEEN PLATFORMS AND URBAN SPINE

L VE LE

LONGEST SPAN REQUIRES HIGHEST TENSILE TIMBER

LONGEST CANTILEVER REQUIRES HIGHEST TENSILE/ COMPRESSIVE COMPOSITE TIMBER SPECIES

SEATING TRANSITIONS FROM COMPRESSIVE TIMBER (TOP) TO TENSILE TIMBERS (BOTTOM)

COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF CANTILEVERED GLULAM BEAMS

TENSILE PROPERTIES OF WOOD REQUIRED

WALNUT BIRCH HORNBEAM ASH OAK ELM LONDON PLANE BEECH

DIFFERENTIAL ROOF Application of timber species differential to roof element that peels from the moment informed public spine of the bridge.

W EL

M TE

CI TY

S HQ

RO YA LO

LIN

GT ON

SS S TATIO N CRO CHA RING

BLACKFRIARS ROAD BRIDGE

NDO

E LO

LLEG

N TIO STA

IA RS

TO W ER

AX IM

AC KF R

S CO

KING

OX O

O LO

R TE WA

T EC OJ

W DE

SOUTH BANK

NORTH BANK

TE TA

P ES AK SH

RE EA

’S

OB GL

ER PI

Redefining the Station Typology Recessing of ticket lines to the platform edege creates a public spine for London. Accessible by all; at all times.

RS RIA KF AC

R WE TO

REET N ST

NO CAN

MAR KET

MILLENNIUM BRIDGE

UGH

SH AR D

BOR O

TH E

LO ND

A PUBLIC SPINE FOR LONDON

LO N

ST .P AU L

SC AT H

RA L

CANTILEVERED ROOF STRUCTURE PEELING FROM ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL HEIGHT TO ADDRESS MOMENT FORCES

STRUCTURAL CAVITIES ADDRESS INTER- PLATFORM CIRCULATION

MOMENT DEVELOPMENT Key experiential moments within the prototypical Blackfriars Railway Bridge. These include inhabitable cavities that address platform access and a cantilevered timber roof structure, showcasing the differential system.

DIFFERENTIAL TIMBER ROOF

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL DEPTH FACILITATES MID SPAN MOMENTS PLATFORM 1 ACCESS ACCESS TO UNDERSIDE VIEWING DECK

CIRCULATION THROUGH STRUCTURAL CAVITIES

UNDERSIDE VIEWING DECK

TOPOLOGICAL REDUCTION OF MATERIAL

BLACKFRIARS R

Key features of the Blackfria

CIRCULATION PROVIDED THROUGH STRUCTURAL CAVITIES

UNDULATING MOMENT INFORMED GEOMETRY

PLATFORM 4 ACCESS

RAIL BRIDGE // 3 MID SPANS

ars Rail Bridge; displayed on the three mid bays, with spans of 59, 64 and 59m.

LINEAR ROOF

Development of a linear roof profile that train

F PROFILING

t reflects the linear directionality of the ns.

LINEAR ROOF

Development of a linear roof profile that train

F PROFILING

t reflects the linear directionality of the ns.

24m 24m 24m 24m

18m

22m

20m 20m

22m

20m

22m

20m

22m

16m 16m

18m

16m

18m

16m

18m

12m

14m

10m 10m

12m

14m

10m

12m

14m

10m

12m

6m 6m

4M FROM CENTRE

14m

8m 8m 8m

10m 10m 10m

12m 12m 12m

14m 14m 14m

16m 16m 16m

18m 18m 18m

20m 20m 20m

22m 22m 22m

24m 24m 24m

2M FROM CENTRE

10m

12m

14m

16m

18m

20m

22m

24m

6M FROM CENTRE

8M FROM CENTRE

HIGH TENSION

FIXED CONNECTIONS POINT CONNECTIONS The development of fixed point connections at bridge support is beneficial to the moment forces in comparison to pin connections. The graph above displays this difference.

OPTIMISED COLUMN FORM Structural analysis using Karamba 3D to determine the optimal column spread with regard to the forces acting upon it.

24m

20m

22m

18m

16m

12m

10m

14m

10m

12m

14m

16m

18m

20m

22m

24m

HIGH COMPRESSION 20M FROM CENTRE

TENNON AND MORTISE CONNECTION SCARF JOINT

SCARF JOINT

LAMINATED ELEMENT 1 LAMINATED ELEMENT 2

BLOCK LAMINATED SCARF JOINT

ALTERNATING CONNECTION POINTS BETWEEN LAMELLAS

STEPPED PROFILE REDUCES LAMINATED ELEMENTS TO AESTHETIC IMPACT OF FORM BLOCK LAMINATED COLUMN. SYSTEM

LAMINATED ELEMENT 3

ASSEMBLY STUDY The staggering of components within the column formation disperses loads throughout and creates continual timber layers to both sides of the Y column.

OPTIMISED ALLOCATION OF TIMBER SPECIES FOR MECHANICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS WILL EMPHASISE THE LAMELLAS WITHIN THE LAMINATED AND BLOCK LAMINATED ASSEMBLY.

LAMINATED SCARF JOINT BETWEEN SIDES

CONCRETE TO TIMBER SCARF JOINT

ELEVATED ABOVE WATERLINE BY 1.5M MIN TO PROTECT TIMBER FROM MOISTURE

ELEVATION

TIMBER COLUMN STUDY Assembly Study into column formation and transition into structural beams of the bridge. The study also explores indicative means of using a scarf joint to connect block laminated beams together in a block formation.

300 X 600 SINGLE SPECIES GLULAM FURTHER BLOCK LAMINATED

HARDWOOD SPECIES USED

500 MM DEEP FLITCH PLATES

OPTIMISED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

MHWL

SUB STRUCTURE

MLWL

GROUND LEVEL

PILES

ELEVATION

COLUMN DESIGN // 01 Optimised column form that sympathetically supports undulating bridge underside to emphasise the undulating timber structure.

300 X 600 SINGLE SPECIES GLULAM FURTHER BLOCK LAMINATED 500 MM DEEP FLITCH PLATES HARDWOOD SPECIES USED

OPTIMISED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

MHWL

SUB STRUCTURE

MLWL

GROUND LEVEL

PILES

ELEVATION

COLUMN DESIGN // 02 Concrete column design that embraces the formal language of concrete design and manufacture, contrasting the undulating strips within the bridge. It seeks to harness the reflection of the column and bridge in unison on a still day on the Thames.

PLATFORM 1 PLATFORM 2

PUBLIC SPINE (24/7)

UNDERSIDE GALLERY

A NEW STATI

An integrated approach has been app Bridge, with a central public spine acc form enabling this functionality. Under lationships to

TICKETING LINE AT PLATFORM EDGE PLATFORM 3 PLATFORM 4

CAVITY CIRCULATION

ION TYPOLOGY

plied with the design of the Blackfriars Rail cessible 24/7 the ticket lines are at the platrside access provides public space with reo the river Thames.

Hard N/A Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard N/A Hard Hard Soft Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard N/A Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Soft Soft Hard Hard Soft Hard Hard Hard Hard Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Soft Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Soft Hard N/A Hard Soft Hard Hard Hard Hard N/A Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Soft Soft

BS EN 350 (2016)

Alder Alder Buckthorn Apple Crab Apple Ash Aspen Beech Common Beech Copper Birch Downy Birch Silver Box Common Blackthorn, Purging Blackthorn Cedar Cherry Bird Cherry Sour Cherry Wild Chestnut Sweet Cypress Lawson Cypress Leyland Elder Dogwood Elm English Elm Field Elm Huntingdon Elm Wych European Larch Fir Douglas Guelder Rose Holly Hemlock Western Hazel Hawthorn, Midland Hawthorn Hornbeam Horse Chestnut Juniper Lime, Common Lime Chestnut Lime Large Leaved Lime Small Leaved Maple Field Maple Norway Monkey Puzzle Oak English Oak Holm Oak Red Oak Sessile Oak Turkey Pear, Plymouth Pear Pine, Black Pine Scots Plane, London Plum Cherry Plum Poplar Black Poplar White Rowan Spuce Norway Spruce Sitka Spindle Sycamore Walnut Wayfaring Tree Walnut Black Western Red Cedar Willow Crack Willow Goat Willow White Willow Osier Whiterock Wild Service Tree Willow Bay Whitebeam, Arran Whitebeam Willow Grey Yew Yew, Irish

MODEL ASSEMBLY BS EN 13556 (2003)

UK TIMBER SPECIES

HARDWOOD / SOFTWOOD

DIFFERENTIAL TIMBER SPECIES ALLOCATION TOOL (DTSA)

DATA SET KEY

REFINED DATA SET

Alder Alder Buckthorn Apple Ash Beech Common Beech Copper Birch Downy Birch Silver Cedar Cherry Bird Cherry Sour Cherry Wild Chestnut Sweet Cypress Lawson Cypress Leyland Elm English Elm Field Elm Huntingdon Elm Wych European Larch Fir Douglas Hemlock Western Horse Chestnut Lime, Common Lime Chestnut Lime Large Leaved Lime Small Leaved Maple Field Maple Norway Oak English Oak Holm Oak Red Oak Sessile Oak Turkey Pear, Plymouth Pear Pine Scots Plane, London Poplar Black Poplar White Spruce Norway Spruce Sitka Sycamore Walnut Walnut Black Western Red Cedar Willow Goat Yew Yew, Irish

ALLOCATION KEY

SPECIES SUITABLE FOR USE

USER INPUT

SPECIES NOT SUITABLE FOR USE

PROCESS

SPECIES PREVIOUSLY DISCARDED

OUTPUT

KMOD

STRUCTURAL DATA SET

UK SPECIES DATA SET

ADJUSTMENT (0.6)

BEAM THEORY CALCULI MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT STRESS RESULTANT MAXIMUM CROSS SECTIONAL TENSION STRESS

STRUCTURAL MODEL ASSEMBLED

STRUCTURAL MODEL ANALYSIS

RESULTANT MAXIMUM CROSS SECTIONAL COMPRESSION STRESS

RESULTANT MAXIMUM CROSS SECTIONAL SHEAR STRESS

Max Bending Stress =

My I

m = Maximum Internal Bending Moment y = Neutral axis I = Moment of inertia MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS τ max=

(121 bh )b 3

1 x 2

( h2 ) bh2

STRUCTURAL ALLOCATION

3V 2bh

I = Moment of Inertia V = Maximum Shear Stress b= Beam Breadth d= Beam Depth

GEOMETRY

LOADS

SUPPORTS

MATERIAL

SPRING CONSTANT

SPRING CONSTANT (K) EA L E= Young's Modulus A= Cross Sectional Area L= Length MOMENT OF INERTIA CALCULI:

NURBS MODEL

bd3 12

I = Moment of Inertia b = Beam Breadth d = Beam Depth

STRUCTURAL ALLOCA

CALCULI

ATION

DURABILITY ALLOCATION

ENVIRONMENTAL ALLOCATION

AUTOMATED SORTING METHODOLOGIES

OPTIMAL TIMBER SPECIES

OPTIMAL TIMBER SPECIES E.G // COMBINED SORTING

E.G // INDIVIDUAL SORTING

ENVIRONMENTAL ALLOCATION

ENVIRONMENTAL MATRIX

Specific Gravity

Compression Parallel to Grain

ACOUSTICS

TONE

AROMATICS

DURABILITY DATA SET

Tension Perpendicular to Grain

E N V I R O N M E N TA L CONSIDERATION

SWEET CHESTNUT WESTERN RED CEDAR OAK SESSILE

Compression Perpendicular to Grain

OAK HOLM

DURABILITY ALLOCATION

REDUCED BY STRUCTURAL ALLOCATION

Heartwood Treatability

1. 2. 3. 4.

Anobium

DEFINE USE CLASS (BS-EN 350-2)

Termite Durability

Easy to Treat

Moderately Easy to Treat

Difficult to Treat

Extremely Difficult to Treat

1. 2. 1. 2.

Shear Parallel to Grain

Sapwood Treatability

Easy to Treat

SELECTION

Fungi Durability

MULTIPLE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Termites

DEFINE DURABILITY

Fungi Durability Class

Use Class

DEFINE TREATABILITY

AUTOMATED SORTING

INDIVIDUAL

COMBINED

Anobium Durability SITKA SPRUCE

WESTERN RED CEDAR

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORWAY SPRUCE

OAK SESSILE

2. COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN

SCOTS PINE

OAK HOLM

3. COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN

SWEET CHESTNUT

OAK ENGLISH

4. SHEAR PARALELL TO GRAIN

POPLAR BLACK

5. FUNGI DURABILITY 6. ANOBIUM DURABILITY HIGH DURABILITY ZONE

7. TERMITE DURABILITY

LOW DURABILITY ZONE

If Risk is Present

If No Risk is Present

If Risk is Present

If No Risk is Present

DURABILITY ZONES

SORTING PARAMETERS

SWEET CHESTNUT WESTERN RED CEDAR OAK SESSILE OAK HOLM

SPECIES USED

CROSS SECTION ABOVE 64M SPAN SOUTH SUPPORT

NORWAY MAPLE SWEET CHESTNUT FIELD ELM WALNUT OAK SESSILE OAK HOLM OAK ENGLISH COPPER BEECH DOWNY BIRCH

SPECIES USED

20% STRUCTURAL DEPTH REDUCTION

NORWAY MAPLE SWEET CHESTNUT FIELD ELM WALNUT OAK SESSILE OAK HOLM OAK ENGLISH COPPER BEECH

40% STRUCTURAL DEPTH REDUCTION

DTSA AUTOMATED ALLOCATION Testing of the DTSA tool for sections on the Blackfriars Rail Bridge for different material depths, load cases and durability requirements.

SPECIES USED

SWEET CHESTNUT FIELD ELM WALNUT OAK SESSILE OAK HOLM OAK ENGLISH COPPER BEECH DOWNY BIRCH

SPECIES USED

60% STRUCTURAL DEPTH REDUCTION

NORWAY MAPLE SWEET CHESTNUT FIELD ELM WALNUT OAK SESSILE OAK HOLM OAK ENGLISH COPPER BEECH

SPECIES USED

50% INCREASED LOADS (40% STRUCTURAL DEPTH REDUCTION)

NORWAY MAPLE SWEET CHESTNUT FIELD ELM WALNUT OAK SESSILE OAK HOLM OAK ENGLISH COPPER BEECH

SPECIES USED

LOW DURABILITY

FIELD ELM

SPECIES USED

HIGH DURABILITY

DTSA AUTOMATED ALLOCATION Testing of the DTSA tool for sections on the Blackfriars Rail Bridge for different material depths, load cases and durability requirements.

FIELD ELM WALNUT COPPER BEECH

SPECIES USED

MID SPAN SECTION

FIELD ELM WALNUT COPPER BEECH

MID SPAN SECTION TOPOLOGICAL REDUCTION

64M

DTSA MID-SPAN TESTS Testing of the DTSA tool for sections on the Blackfriars Rail Bridge for different material depths, load cases and durability requirements.

SPECIES USED

TRIMMED UNDERSIDE DECK BEAM

CONTINUOUS DECK BEAM LAMELLA

DECK BEAM UNDERSIDE BEAM

EXPLODED VIEW OF LAMELLA COMPOSITION

DECK BEAM UNDERSIDE BEAM

DECK BEAM AND UNDERSIDE BEAM

Parametrically optimised tests informed the optimal cutting formation with consideration to material continuity and minimising material wastage. Continuous glulam elements at underside where forces are greatest

DETAILED LAMELLA COMPOSITION

LAMELLA COMPOSITION Incorporating inhabitable cavities for circulation required the splitting of the bridge beam above the support points. The beam functions resultant of two halves, the continuous deck beam and underside beam that undulates respondent to structural depth and inhabitation requirements.

COLUMNS ASSEMBLED

EXISTING SUB STRUCTURE

Columns constructed onto the existing sub structure foundations, this reduces construction time and cost.

NEW SUB STRUCTURE FLITCH PLATES

SUPPORTING UNDERSIDE BEAM

ELEMENT FIXED IN PLACE

Supporting underside is lifted into place and secured to the concrete columns using flitch plates.

ELEMENT LIFTED INTO PLACE

ELEMENT FIXED IN PLACE

MID SPAN BEAM With connections implemented at the points of contrafelxure, where bending moment equals zero. The stepped timber scarf joint is designed for vertical lifting into place and has been further physically prototyped.

ELEMENT LIFTED INTO PLACE

PLATFORM DECK BEAM

ELEMENT FIXED IN PLACE

The platform deck beam is vertically lifted into place, completing the assembly of the continuous block laminated bridge beam.

ELEMENT LIFTED INTO PLACE

COMPLETE BRIDGE BEAM The complete bridge beam is assembled from three typologies of beam and connection. Through considered connection design, the ability to vertically lift all elements into place will considerably reduce construction time and river disruption. Further block laminated sections are mechanically fixed into place.

FRAGMENT CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Construction sequence for a continuous block laminated beam. The beam is broken down into elements sized for barge transportation and key joints designed to facilitate vertical lifting into place.

258.95 MM AMORIM CORK COMPOSITE EXPANSION JOINT

STEPPED SCARF JOINTS

ROD CASINGS SURROUNDING THREADED RODS PREVENT SHEAR

10MM RADIUS THREADED RODS M20 BOLT FASTENER WITH 80MM WASHER

SUPPORT SECTION

MID SPAN SECTION

SUPPORT SECTION

ZERO AXIS LINE BENDING MOMENT LINE POINTS OF CONTRAFELXURE 64M

TANGENTAL EXPANSION PROTOTYPE Prototypical joint with allocated species and expansion joint incorporated ensuring that expansion happens within the set width of the bridge and is absorbed by the cork composite solution.

TANGENTAL E

EXPANSION JOINT

rototype

TANGENTAL E

EXPANSION JOINT

rototype

TANGENTAL E

EXPANSION JOINT

rototype

VERTICAL LIFTING // BARGE CRANE DRIVES ASSEMBLY ON SITE

03 03

Barge Crane used to lift block laminated sections into place. Vertical lifting scarf joint facilitates this.

Block laminated sections transported from Dartford to Blackfriars by barge.

Dartford, London // Timber species are block laminated into transportable bridge sections.

Timber species transported to block laminating workshop by road.

CONSTRUCTION LOGISTICS Block lamination takes place in Dartford, with components delivered to the factory by road and boat. Once assembled into sections as previously explained, the elements are transported up the Thames and lifted into place by barge crane.

Timber species transported to block laminating workshop by boat.

LIMITED EXISTING CIRCULATION The existing station has limited accessibility due to the urban context and isolation from the waterfront by the main road.

BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRIDGE INTEGRATED The structurally respondent form is incorporated over the road and site. The station will serve as a podium for the bridge, using the undulating underside as a roof, altering the necessary durability parameters and differentiation will be visible. PLATFORMS 1-4 SPINE (24/7) RAILWAY TRACKS

PUBLIC BOULEVARD OVER EXISTING ROAD The public boulevard is possible by sinking the road. This addresses the primary circulatory difficulty at Blackfriars Station currently. It enable the seamless flow of people from the waterside to the city side, activating and connecting an area currently shut off. The relocation of the stairs enables direct access to the Blackfriars Road Bridge. ROAD PODIUM ACCESS TO BLACKFRIARS ROAD BRIDGE LANDSCAPED PERIMETER

DISTRICT AND CIRCLE LINES Location and depth of tube lines adhered to. UNDERGROUND ORIENTATION

UNDERGROUND CONCOURSE The underground concourse is sunken below the ground, enabling direct flows from the public boulevard, waterside and north western corner. This concourse area has access directly to the two underground platforms. UNDERGROUND CONCOURSE LANDSCAPED TRANSITION

NORTH TERMINAL MORPHOSIS // 1 Design of the north terminal, integrated with the parametrically informed Blackfriars Rail Bridge. Ensuring the two elements work as one, whilst optimising the currently limited circulation on the north bank.

THAMESLINK CONCOURSE At ground level the Thameslink concourse is directly fed into, with further circulation up to the bridge platform level. THAMESLINK CONCOURSE

24/7 BRIDGE ACCESS Two access routes allow the public spine of the bridge to be used 24/7. Creating an asset for London. BRIDGE ACCESS

PODIUM LEVEL A landscaped podium unlocks a raised public realm, the elevation enables views over the river, currently not possible. PODIUM LEVEL

STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS Structural supports on grid lines. STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS

ROOF WITH PUBLIC GARDEN The existing force respondent roof is extended over the station. Where there are now only two tracks, the additional width is used to provide public realm in the form of an elevated garden, sheltered by glazing. ROOF STRUCTURE ELEVATED GARDEN GLAZING

NORTH TERMINAL MORPHOSIS // 2 Design of the north terminal, integrated with the parametrically informed Blackfriars Rail Bridge. Ensuring the two elements work as one, whilst optimising the currently limited circulation on the north bank.

BLA CKF RIA RS

JOHN CARPENTER STREET

7.4m

146

8.4m

Ward Bdy

QUEEN VICTORIA STREET 9.5m

Car Park

WATERGATE

25000

Subway

Mermaid House

7.6m

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

Playground

T EN

C Tunnel

DOCK

Su bw ay

35000

8.4m

Mermaid Theatre

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

DOCK PUDDLE

Unilever House

DOCK

25000

bw ay

PUDDLE

25000

7.2m

07 BLACK FRIARS LANE

EET STR NEW BRIDGE

Hotel

KINGSCOTE

HILL

ST AN DREW 'S

STREET

M NK BA

AMES R TH

9.4m

RIA

TO VIC

ET STRE

UPPE

HIL

El Sub Sta

B LAC K F R IAR S U NDE R P A S S

8. 3m

B azalgette Walk

6.2m

ITE WH

P aul's Walk

MLW

Mean High & Mean Low Water

LIO

50000

Mud

P aul's Walk Mean High Water

MHW

Shingle

Mud

MLW

59000

Propos

ed Tham

es Tun

nel

12.0m

64000

River Thames

CCLW

Blackfriars Bridge

King's Reach

59000 K FW

11.1m

L 50000 Mud and Shingle

Shingle Shingle

Mud

MHW

Mean High Water

MHW

35000

HOPTON STREET

25000

U P P E R G R O U ND

ROAD

UPPER GROUND

N F a lco n P o in t

BLACKFRIARS

R iv e r C o u rt

B a n k s id e G a lle ry

3.9m ET

E TR NS

O PT

25000

Tate Gallery of Modern Art

RE ST

D AN

CASTLE YARD

RENNIE STREET

INVICTA PLAZA

Bankside Lofts

3.7m

25M

13 50M

N 100M

BRIDGE PLAN // DECK LEVEL Plan of Blackfriars Rail Bridge at deck level.

BLACKFRIARS RAIL BRID

BLACKFRIARS RAIL B

10M

20M

30M

40M

50M

DGE EAST ELEVATION

BRIDGE // ELEVATION

BLA CKF RIA RS

JOHN CARPENTER STREET

7.4m

146

8.4m

Ward Bdy

QUEEN VICTORIA STREET 9.5m

Car Park

WATERGATE

25000

Subway

Mermaid House

7.6m

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

Playground

T EN

C Tunnel

DOCK

Su bw ay

35000

8.4m

Mermaid Theatre

CASTLE BAYNARD STREET

DOCK PUDDLE

Unilever House

DOCK

25000

bw ay

PUDDLE

25000

7.2m

07 BLACK FRIARS LANE

EET STR NEW BRIDGE

Hotel

KINGSCOTE

HILL

ST AN DREW 'S

STREET

M NK BA

AMES R TH

9.4m

RIA

TO VIC

ET STRE

UPPE

HIL

El Sub Sta

LIO

8. 3m

B azalgette Walk

6.2m

ITE WH

50000

B LAC K F R IAR S U NDE R P A S S

P aul's Walk

MLW

Mean High & Mean Low Water

Mud

P aul's Walk Mean High Water

MHW

Shingle

Mud

MLW

59000

Propos

ed Tham

es Tun

nel

12.0m

64000

River Thames

CCLW

Blackfriars Bridge

King's Reach

59000 K FW

11.1m

L 50000 Mud and Shingle

Shingle Shingle

Mud

MHW

Mean High Water

MHW

35000

HOPTON STREET

25000

U P P E R G R O U ND

ROAD

UPPER GROUND

N F a lco n P o in t

BLACKFRIARS

R iv e r C o u rt

B a n k s id e G a lle ry

3.9m ET

E TR NS

O PT

25000

Tate Gallery of Modern Art

ET RE ST

D AN

CASTLE YARD

RENNIE STREET

INVICTA PLAZA

Bankside Lofts

3.7m

BRIDGE PLAN // ROOF PLAN Plan of Blackfriars Rail bridge at Roof Level.

25M

13 50M

N 100M

01 01

D 04

01 06 04 04

PODIUM ACCESS

THAMESLINK CONCOURSE

UNDERGROUND CONCOURSE

REVISED SITE ACCESSIBILITY

ACCESS TO BRIDGE

BALCKFRIARS UNDERPASS CROSSING

STATION PLAN // PODIUM LEVEL Plan of Blackfriars Rail North Station Terminal at Podium level, displaying the urban integration of the scheme and resolution of circulatory routes.

BRIDGE // PODI 96

U 01

09 L

IUM INTERFACE 97

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

APPENDIX //

112

UK TIMBER SPECIES

TREE HEIGHT (M)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT 12% MC

TENSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN (KPA)

COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN (KPA)

COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN (KPA)

SHEAR PARALLALEL TO GRAIN (KPA)

NATURAL DURABILITY TO FUNGI

NATURAL DURABILITY TO ANOBIUM

NATURAL DURABILITY TO TERMITES

TREATABILITY OF HEARTWOOD

TREATABILITY OF SAPWOOD

DURABILITY ALLOCATION

HARDWOOD / SOFTWOOD

STRUCTURAL ALLOCATION

ALDER ALDER BUCKTHORN APPLE ASH BEECH COMMON BEECH COPPER BIRCH DOWNY BIRCH SILVER CEDAR CHERRY BIRD CHERRY SOUR CHERRY WILD CHESTNUT SWEET CYPRESS LAWSON CYPRESS LEYLAND ELM ENGLISH ELM FIELD ELM HUNTINGDON ELM WYCH EUROPEAN LARCH FIR DOUGLAS HEMLOCK WESTERN HORNBEAM HORSE CHESTNUT LIME, COMMON LIME CHESTNUT LIME LARGE LEAVED LIME SMALL LEAVED MAPLE FIELD MAPLE NORWAY OAK ENGLISH OAK HOLM OAK RED OAK SESSILE OAK TURKEY PEAR, PLYMOUTH PEAR PINE SCOTS PLANE, LONDON POPLAR BLACK POPLAR WHITE SPUCE NORWAY SPRUCE SITKA SYCAMORE WALNUT WALNUT BLACK WESTERN RED CEDAR WILLOW GOAT YEW YEW, IRISH

HARD N/A HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD SOFT HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD SOFT SOFT SOFT HARD SOFT HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD SOFT HARD HARD HARD HARD HARD SOFT HARD HARD SOFT HARD SOFT SOFT

25 25 N/A 35 40 22 20 30 20 10 3.5 30 37 60 30 35 24 30 30 45 75 60 20 30 30 40 30 30 20 30 35 25 35 35 37 9 9 35 35 0.3 25 55 50 37 35 37 60 8 N/A N/A

0.5 0.5 N/A 0.68 0.71 0.66 0.62 0.64 0.35 0.6 0.5 0.56 0.59 0.47 0.5 0.57 0.6 0.57 0.61 0.58 0.51 0.47 0.74 0.5 0.5 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.69 0.65 0.67 0.8 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.55 0.56 0.39 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.55 0.64 0.61 0.37 0.396 0.67 0.67

2700 2700 N/A 6500 7000 7000 6600 4000 1700 3900 3900 3900 2960 3200 2500 4600 3900 3860 4000 3000 2300 2300 3800 4760 4760 4900 4900 4900 540 4000 5500 3000 3500 3000 3000 N/A N/A 2100 5200 2300 4000 1500 2600 5000 3500 4800 1500 2400 N/A N/A

1700 1700 N/A 8000 7000 70000 10800 5100 2100 5900 5900 5900 2620 4300 4300 4800 9800 2690 6140 6400 5100 3800 16700 5790 5790 1800 1800 1800 750 3590 7400 7800 6000 7400 7400 N/A N/A 3000 6400 2100 2600 4100 4000 4800 11800 7000 3200 3400 N/A N/A

20400 20400 N/A 51100 50300 50300 50000 39230 27300 49000 49000 49000 14100 36700 43500 38100 55000 15800 37500 52500 43000 49000 54000 47100 47100 17000 51000 51000 5950 17200 51300 43000 42000 51300 51390 N/A N/A 33100 45000 31000 33900 30000 38700 37100 71000 52300 31400 26000 N/A N/A

5300 5300 N/A 13200 7000 7000 15400 8340 5900 11700 11700 11700 5520 7400 7800 10400 6900 6430 11000 9400 10400 8600 16900 10300 10300 5500 4400 4400 1730 7450 13800 11600 9600 13800 13800 N/A N/A 2100 9800 7200 6400 5300 7900 10100 6900 9400 6800 6700 N/A N/A

5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 4 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 5 2 2

0 0 N/A 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 N/A 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 N/A N/A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 N/A N/A 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 N/A 2 2

1 1 N/A 2 1 1 2 2 3 N/A N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 3 4 4 N/A N/A 4 N/A 3V 3V 4 3 1 3 3 4 N/A 4 4

1 1 N/A 2 1 1 2 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 2V 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N/A N/A 1 N/A 1V 1V 3V 3 1 1 1 3 N/A 3 3

STRUCTURAL // DURABILITY DATA SET

Alder Specific Gravity: 0.5

Alder Buckthorn Specific Gravity: 0.5

Apple Specific Gravity: 0.83

Beech Common Specific Gravity: 0.71

Beech Copper Specific Gravity: 0.66

Birch Downy Specific Gravity: 0.62

Birch Silver Specific Gravity: 0.64

Cedar Specific Gravity: 0.35

Cherry Bird Specific Gravity: 0.6

Cherry Sour Specific Gravity: 0.5

Cherry Wild Specific Gravity: 0.56

Chestnut Sweet Specific Gravity: 0.59

Cypress Lawson Specific Gravity: 0.47

Cypress Leyland Specific Gravity: 0.5

Elm English Specific Gravity: 0.57

Elm Field Specific Gravity: 0.6

Elm Huntingdon Specific Gravity: 0.57

Elm Wych Specific Gravity: 0.61

European Larch Specific Gravity: 0.58

Fir Douglas Specific Gravity: 0.51

Hemlock Western Specific Gravity: 0.47

Hornbeam Specific Gravity: 0.74

Horse Chestnut Specific Gravity: 0.5

Lime Common Specific Gravity: 0.5

Lime Chestnut Specific Gravity: 0.53

Lime Large Leaved Specific Gravity: 0.54

Lime Small Leaved Specific Gravity: 0.54

Maple Field Specific Gravity: 0.69

Maple Norway Specific Gravity: 0.65

Oak English Specific Gravity: 0.67

Oak Holm Specific Gravity: 0.8

Oak Red Specific Gravity: 0.7

Oak Sessile Specific Gravity: 0.71

Oak Turkey Specific Gravity: 0.72

Pear Plymouth Specific Gravity: 0.69

Pear Specific Gravity: 0.69

Pine Scots Specific Gravity: 0.55

Plane London Specific Gravity: 0.56

Poplar Black Specific Gravity: 0.39

Poplar White Specific Gravity: 0.44

Spruce Norway Specific Gravity: 0.41

Spruce Sitka Specific Gravity: 0.42

Sycamore Specific Gravity: 0.55

Walnut Specific Gravity: 0.64

Walnut Black Specific Gravity: 0.61

Western Red Cedar Specific Gravity: 0.37

Willow Goat Specific Gravity: 0.40

Yew Specific Gravity: 0.67

Yew Irish Specific Gravity: 0.67

ENVIRONMENTAL ALLOCATION MATRIX

DTSA DATA SET Data Sets collated for use when allocating timber species.

113

WATER LINE

DISPLACEMENT HULL

SEMI - DISPLACEMENT HULL

PLANING HULL

WATER LINE

KEEL TYPE // L - BILGE KEEL

WATER LINE

KEEL TYPE // L - SKEG KEEL

HULL TYPES

WATER LINE

HULL GEOMETRIES Analysis of hull types, keel types and the influence these have on the geometric development of the boat form. The design of boat hulls is largely performative and analytical, deriving the optimum hull shape with the facilitating of accommodation and structure derived from the hull geometry.

114

KEEL TYPE // T - BULB KEEL

WATER LINE

KEEL TYPE // L - BULB KEEL

WATER LINE

LONGITUDINAL FORCES TRANSVERSE FORCES

BUOYANCY

W/L RESISTANCE

WEIGHT

PRINCIPLES // HULL FORCES Genesis of orthogonal pairs of curves which indicate trajectory of internal forces and ideal paths of material continuity. This study follows the principle that buoyancy equals weight in order for the vessel to float and a forwards motion through the water.

115

COLUMN // BEAM Physical model exploring species differentiation of curved column to beam transition. The differentiation allows the viewer to experience the colour variety between species in addition to the load types and extremities of these acting upon the structure.

116

WATER LINE

DISPLACEMENT HULL

SEMI - DISPLACEMENT HULL

PLANING HULL

WATER LINE

KEEL TYPE // L - BILGE KEEL

WATER LINE

KEEL TYPE // L - SKEG KEEL

HULL TYPES

WATER LINE

KEEL TYPE // T - BULB KEEL

WATER LINE

KEEL TYPE // L - BULB KEEL

WATER LINE

117

LONGITUDINAL FORCES TRANSVERSE FORCES

BUOYANCY

W/L RESISTANCE

WEIGHT

118

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

119

UNIT @unit14_ucl

120

S Y S T E M I C I M PACT

2020

he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituentswhere the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole.

Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink. This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation. Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum. Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl