นีโอกรัมเชี่ยน (Neo-Gramscianism): ข้อควรพิจารณาในฐานะทฤษฎีการเมืองระหว่างประเทศ (ตอน 1)

π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ (Neo-Gramscianism) : ¢âÕ§«√æ‘®“√≥“„π∞“π–∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»

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1. ∫∑π” ∫∑§«“¡π’¡È ®’ ¥ÿ ¡ÿßà À¡“¬∑’®Ë –𔇠πÕ°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥/·π«∑“ß °“√»÷°…“°“√‡¡◊Õß/‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»·∫∫π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ (Neo-Gramscianism) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë ¬—ß¡‘‰¥â∂Ÿ°π”¡“∂°‡∂’¬ß·≈–æ‘®“√≥“∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π°“√ æ— ≤ π“‡æ◊Ë Õ ‡ªì π °√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥ ”§— ≠ „π°“√»÷ ° …“«‘ ™ “ °“√‡¡◊Õß/‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π·«¥«ß«‘™“°“√ ‰∑¬¡“°π—° ß“π‡¢’¬π™‘πÈ π’¡È ¡’ ¡ÿ ¡ÕßÀ≈—°«à“°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬Ë π π—Èπ “¡“√∂π”¡“„™â‡ªìπ°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥„π°“√»÷°…“°“√‡¡◊Õß/ ‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»‰¥â§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡°«à“ °√Õ∫ ·π«§‘¥∑“ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»/°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß√–À«à “ ß ª√–‡∑»°√–· À≈—° (Mainstream International Relations/

«—™√æ≈ æÿ∑∏√—°…“ Õ“®“√¬åª√–®” “¢“«‘™“√—∞»“ µ√å ·≈–√—∞ª√–»“ π»“ µ√å §≥– —ߧ¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π‡√»«√ °”≈—ß®–‰ª»÷°…“µàÕ ≥ Department of Politics ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¬Õ√å° ª√–‡∑» À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ <jarntopd@gmail.com>

Politics)2 ‡π◊ËÕß®“°π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ªí®®—‡™‘ßÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” °√–∫«π°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” ´÷Ë ß ª√–‡¥Á π ‡À≈à “ π’È ¡‘ ‰ ¥â ‡ ªì π ª√–‡¥Á π À≈— ° ¢Õß∑ƒ…Æ’ ° “√‡¡◊ Õ ß √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»°√–· À≈—°·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥3 ∫∑§«“¡π’¡È §’ ”∂“¡À≈—° 2 ª√–°“√§◊Õ ª√–°“√·√° ·π«§‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«π’È¡’°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥ À≈—°Õ¬à“߉√ ·≈–Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß √“°∞“π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥¢ÕßÕ—π ‚µπ‘‚Õ °√—¡™’ ¡’∫∑∫“∑Õ¬à“߉√„π°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥¥—ß°≈à“« °√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥ çπ’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπé ∂Ÿ°æ—≤π“¢÷Èπ·√° ‡√‘Ë¡‚¥¬ Robert Cox4 ‡ªìπ°√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥/·π«∑“ß°“√ »÷°…“°“√‡¡◊Õß/‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë ”§—≠ ∑’Ë ‰¥â‡ πÕµ—«„π∞“π–∑’ˇªìπ°“√∑â“∑“¬·π«∑“ß°“√»÷°…“°“√‡¡◊Õß √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»°√–· À≈—° ´÷Ëß°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«¡’√“°∞“π ¢Õß·π«§«“¡§‘¥®“° ”π—°∑ƒ…Æ’‡™‘ß«‘æ“°…å (Critical Theory)5 ·≈–∑ƒ…Æ’∑“ß°“√‡¡◊ÕߢÕßÕ—π‚µπ‘‚Õ °√—¡™’ (Antonio Gramsci)6 ‡ªìπ∞“π¢Õß°√Õ∫§«“¡§‘¥ ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π π’È ° √Õ∫·π«§‘ ¥ /·π«∑“ß°“√»÷ ° …“°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß/ ‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π·«¥«ß«‘™“°“√√–¥—∫ “°≈ ‰¥â¡°’ “√π”‡Õ“·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬Ë π¡“„™â‡ªìπ°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥À≈—° „π°“√»÷°…“°“√‡¡◊Õß/‡»√…∞°‘®°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß ·æ√àÀ≈“¬7 „π∞“π–∑’ˇªìπ·π«§‘¥∑’ˇ πÕ∑“߇≈◊Õ° ·≈– √â“ß ¡ÿ ¡ ¡Õß„π°“√«‘ ‡ §√“–Àå ‰ ¥â µà “ ßÕÕ°‰ª®“°∑ƒ…Æ’ ° “√‡¡◊ Õ ß √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»°√–· À≈—°8 °“√𔇠πÕ¢Õß∫∑§«“¡π’È®–‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑’Ë°“√µÕ∫§”∂“¡ À≈—°ª√–°“√·√° ¥â«¬°“√𔇠πÕª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—°¢Õß°√Õ∫ ·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬π„πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 2 ´÷Ëß®–𔉪 Ÿà°“√¢¬“¬§«“¡ ·≈–°“√µÕ∫§”∂“¡À≈—°Õ’°ª√–°“√„πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 3-5

I ªï∑’Ë 3 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 7 ≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 23 I 16 ∏—𫓧¡ 2552 - 31 ¡°√“§¡ 2553

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2. °√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ Gill9

Stephen π—°«‘™“°“√ “¬π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ§π ”§—≠ ‡ πÕ«à“·π«§«“¡§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ ¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ßÕ¬à“ß ”§—≠®“°∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¥—È߇¥‘¡ 3 ª√–°“√ ¥â«¬°—π10 §◊Õ ª√–°“√·√° °√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ‡ªìπ °√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’˵àÕµâ“𧫓¡§‘¥·∫∫ çª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åπ‘¬¡ ·∫∫‚§√ß √â“ßé (Non-Structuralist Historicism) ·∫∫°≈‰°∑’Ë ‡™◊ËÕ«à“ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õßµà“ßÊ ∂Ÿ°°”À𥂥¬‚§√ß √â“ß ∑“ß —ߧ¡‚¥¬Õ—µ‚π¡—µ‘ ·µà¡’¡‘µ‘∑’Ë„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠·°à¡πÿ…¬å (Human Aspect) Õ¬Ÿà¥â«Gill ‡ πÕ«à “ „π à « π¢Õߪ√–«— µ‘ » “ µ√å π‘ ¬ ¡·∫∫°√— ¡ ™’ (Gramsciûs Historicism) π—Èπ¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¬àÕ¬Õ¬Ÿà 3 ª√–°“√ ¥â « ¬°— π §◊ Õ 1) ¿“¬„µâ ° √Õ∫·π«§‘ ¥ π’ ‚ Õ°√— ¡ ‡™’Ë ¬ ππ—È π ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å„π∑’Ëπ’ȧ◊Õª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√凩擖¢Õß√–∫∫∑ÿππ‘¬¡ ·∫∫µ≈“¥ (Capitalist Market System) ¡“°°«à“∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª ·≈–ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å¢Õß√–∫∫∑ÿππ‘¬¡ ·∫∫µ≈“¥π—Èπ¬—߇ªìπ√–∫∫∑’Ë¡’°“√ – ¡ ‰¡à¡’¢’¥®”°—¥ ·≈– ‰¡à¡’√Ÿª·∫∫µ“¬µ—«Õ’°¥â«2) ªØ‘ ¡— æ—π∏å∑“ß —ߧ¡·≈–°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß ¿“¬„µâ°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬Ë ππ—πÈ ‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ¿“¬„µâ∫√‘∫∑∑’‡Ë √’¬°«à“ 碒¥®”°—¥¢Õߧ«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥âé (Limits of Possibilities) °≈à“« §◊Õ‡ªìπ¢’¥®”°—¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â √√æ ‘Ëß “¡“√∂‡°‘¥°“√ ‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈߉¥â´ß÷Ë ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡À≈—°°“√«‘¿“…«‘∏’ (Dialectic)11 À√◊Õ ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ«‘¿“…«‘∏’·Ààß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Dialectics of Social Structure) ∑’Ë´÷Ëߧ«“¡§‘¥ Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å ∑ƒ…Æ’ ∂“∫—π ∑“ß —ߧ¡ √–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®- —ߧ¡ („πæ◊Èπ∑’˪√–™“ —ߧ¡ À√◊Õ Civil Society) ·≈–§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑“ßÕ”π“®√Ÿª·∫∫µà“ßÊ („π æ◊Èπ∑’Ë —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß/√—∞ À√◊Õ Political Society12) π—Èπ¡’°“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬Ÿàµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ 3) π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√„π °‘®°√√¡µà“ßÊ ¢Õߪí≠≠“™π13 „π∞“π–∑’˪í≠≠“™ππ—Èπ‡ªìπºŸâ √â“ß √√§å ºŸâ¥”‡π‘π°“√„À⇰‘¥º≈„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘ ·≈–‡ªìπºŸâ àß ‡ √‘¡„π°“√ √â“ß ç§«“¡®√‘ß∑“ß —ߧ¡é (Social Reality) ™ÿ¥ µà“ßÊ ¢÷πÈ ¡“ ·≈– ”À√—∫°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬Ë ππ—πÈ ªí≠≠“™π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–ªí≠≠“™π®—¥µ—Èß (Organic Intellectual) π—Èπ‡ªìπ ªí®®—¬∑’Ë ”§—≠¬‘ËߢÕß°√–∫«π°“√ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å·∫∫°√—¡‡™’ˬπ ª√–°“√∑’Ë Õß °√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ¡’√“°∞“π Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë°“√«‘æ“°…å«‘∏’«‘∑¬“·∫∫ªí®‡®°π‘¬¡ (Methodological Individualism)14 ·≈–°“√≈¥∑Õπ„π°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å (Methodological Reductionism)15 °≈à“«§◊Õπ’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ

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¡’Àπ૬„π°“√¡Õß/«‘‡§√“–Àåª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë√–¥—∫‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Structure) ¡“°°«à“°“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠∑’˵—«¢Õß ªí®‡®°™π ¥—ßπ—ÈπÀπ૬„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåª√“°Ø°“√≥å¢Õßπ’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ®÷ß “¡“√∂‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—ÈßÀπ૬°“√º≈‘µ∑“߇»√…∞°‘® µà“ßÊ °≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡/‡»√…∞°‘®¢â“¡™“µ‘ ·≈–°≈ÿࡺ≈ ª√–‚¬™πåµà“ßÊ ‡ªìπµâπ ª√–°“√ ÿ¥∑⓬ °√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà∫π ¡‘µ‘¢Õß®√‘¬∏√√¡ (Ethical dimension) °≈à“«§◊Õπ’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ π—Èπ ¡’¡ÿ¡¡Ã“kπ°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬¡ÿà߇πâπ‰ª¬—ß°“√æ‘®“√≥“·≈– «‘æ“°…å∂÷ߪ√–‡¥Áπ‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡ (Justice) §«“¡™Õ∫ ∏√√¡¢ÕßÕ”π“® (Legitimacy) ·≈–°“√¡’§ÿ≥∏√√¡·≈–§«“¡ √—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ (Moral Credibility) ‡ªìπµâπ ∑—Èßπ’È°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’Ë¬πµ“¡·∫∫¢Õß Gill µ“¡∑’Ë ‰¥â𔇠πÕ‰ªπ—Èπ¬—ß¡‘‰¥â„Àâ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ·≈–°≈à“«∂÷ߪ√–‡¥Áπ À≈—°µ“¡·π«§«“¡§‘¥¢ÕßÕ—π‚µπ‘‚Õ °√—¡™’¡“°π—° ¥—ßπ—Èπß“π «‘™“°“√„π ”π—°π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ„π¬ÿ§À≈—ß®÷߉¥â„Àâ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß„πß“π™‘Èππ’È®–‰¥â æ‘®“√≥“¢âÕ‡ πÕ¢Õß Robert W. Cox, Andreas Bieler ·≈– Adam David Morton √à«¡°—∫ à«π∑’Ëæ—≤π“‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‚¥¬ºŸâ‡¢’¬π ‡ªìπÀ≈—°´÷Ëß®–‰¥â𔇠πÕ„π à«π∂—¥®“°π’ȉª ª√–‡¥Á𠔧—≠¢Õß°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬π∑’˺Ÿâ‡¢’¬π ®–‰¥â𔇠πÕ„π∑’πË ‡’È ªìπ°“√æ—≤π“®“°ß“π¢Õß Cox16, Bieler ·≈– Morton17 ‚¥¬¡’ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—°¢Õß°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥Õ¬Ÿà 3 ª√–°“√ À≈—°¥â«¬°—π §◊Õ 1) °“√º≈‘µ √â“ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑“ß —ߧ¡/§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å °“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Relations of Production) 2) √Ÿª ·∫∫√—∞ (Forms of sate) ·≈– 3) √–‡∫’¬∫‚≈° (World orders) ¥—ß·ºπ¿“æ¥â“π≈à“ß Social relations of production

Forms of state

World orders

·ºπ¿“æ 1 : · ¥ß«‘¿“…«‘∏’¢Õß·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬π µ“¡µ—«·∫∫¢Õß Robert W. Cox18

Hegemony Historical Bloc

Intellectuals

Internal Politics (Civil-Political Society Relations)

International Politics

·ºπ¿“æ 2 : · ¥ß«‘¿“…«‘∏’¢Õß·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬π æ—≤π“‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‚¥¬ºŸâ‡¢’¬π π’ ‚ Õ°√— ¡ ‡™’ ¬ ππ—È π ¡’ √ “°∞“π®“°·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥ /∑ƒ…Æ’ ∑“ß°“√‡¡◊ÕߢÕßÕ—π‚µπ‘‚Õ °√—¡™’ ·≈–°√—¡™’π—Èπ‡ªìπ¡“√å°´‘ µå ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ„π°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘ ¥—ßπ—Èπ√“°∞“𧫓¡§‘¥·∫∫¡“√å°´‘ µå∑’Ë ”§—≠ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ çÀ≈—°°“√«‘¿“…«‘∏’é (Dialectics) π—Èπ®÷ß ª√“°ØÕ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡§‘¥∑“ß°“√‡¡◊ÕߢÕß°√—¡™’√«¡∂÷ß°√Õ∫·π« §«“¡§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ¥â«¬‡™àπ°—π Cox, Bieler ·≈– Morton π—Èπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ°√Õ∫°“√Õ∏‘∫“ª√“°Ø°“√≥å„π≈—°…≥–«‘¿“…«‘∏∑’ §’Ë «“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ À√◊ Õ°“√º≈‘ µ √â “ ߧ«“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å ∑ “ß — ß §¡ „π∞“π–∑’Ë ‡ ªì π °√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ √â“ߺ≈º≈‘µ∑’Ë¡‘‰¥âÀ¡“¬§«“¡∂÷ߺ≈º≈‘µ∑“ß Õÿµ “À°√√¡À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√‡∑à“π—Èπ ·µà°“√º≈‘µ √â“ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ∑“ß —ߧ¡„π∑’Ëπ’ȧ◊Õ°“√º≈‘µ„𧫓¡À¡“¬°«â“ß19 ∑’ËÀ¡“¬∂÷ß °“√º≈‘µ √â“ß°“√√—∫√Ÿâ (Cognition) Õ”π“® (Power) §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ (Belief) ·≈–§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡æ√âÕ¡„® (Consent) „À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ„π —ߧ¡Àπ÷ËßÊ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡π—Èπ‡ªìπº≈º≈‘µ®“°∑—Èß °“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π (Internal/Domestic Politics) ·≈–√–‡∫’¬∫‚≈° (World order) À√◊Õªí®®—¬„π√–¥—∫‡Àπ◊Õ√—∞‚¥¬∑’Ë°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß ¿“¬„ππ—Èπµ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’‰¥â·∫àß‚§√ß √â“ß —ߧ¡ à«π∫π ÕÕ°‡ªìπ Õß à«π¥â«¬°—π§◊Õ ª√–™“ —ߧ¡ (Civil Society) ·≈– —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß/√—∞ (Political Society/State) (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ „πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 4) æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑—Èß Õß à«ππ’È¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—πÕ¬à“ß ”§—≠ ·≈–µ“¡·ºπ¿“æ∑’Ë 2 ‰¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ª√–™“ —ߧ¡- —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊Õßπ—Èπ®–¡’µ—«°“√∑’Ë· ¥ß∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„π°“√ √â“ß ç°≈ÿà¡ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åé (Historical Bloc) À√◊Õ°“√ √â“ß ¿“«–∑’˺ “𠧫“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡-§«“¡µ√–Àπ—°√Ÿâ ·≈–§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ √–À«à“ß™π™—πÈ /

°≈ÿ¡à µà“ßÊ „π —ߧ¡ µ—«°“√¥—ß°≈à“«§◊Õªí≠≠“™π (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ „πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 3.2 ·≈– 3.3) √–‡∫’¬∫‚≈° (World order) ·≈–ªí®®—¬∑“߇»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»‡ªìπÕ’°ªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë¡’ à«πµàÕ°“√ °”Àπ¥∫∑∫“∑¢Õߪí≠≠“™π„π°“√ √â“ß √–¥¡ ·≈–º “𠧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß™π™—Èπ´÷Ëß®– àߺ≈µàÕ√Ÿª≈—°…≥å¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ·≈–𔉪 Ÿà°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” (Hegemony) „π √–¥—∫∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª à«πµàÕ®“°π’È®–‡ªìπ°“√欓¬“¡µÕ∫§”∂“¡À≈—°¢âÕ∑’Ë ÕߢÕßß“π™‘Èππ’ȥ⫬°“√æ‘®“√≥“«à“ ·π«§«“¡§‘¥/∑ƒ…Æ’ °“√‡¡◊ÕߢÕß°√—¡™’π—Èπ ¡’∫∑∫“∑Õ¬à“߉√„π°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ

3. §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Relations of Production) §«“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å ° “√º≈‘ µ ∑“ß — ß §¡ À√◊Õ°“√º≈‘ µ √â “ ß §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑“ß —ߧ¡„π∑’Ëπ’È¡’√“°∞“π¡“®“°ª√—™≠“°“√‡¡◊Õß ¡“√å°´‘ µå„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Structure)20 ´÷Ëߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ (Relation of Production) π—Èπ‡ªìπ ªí®®—¬ ”§—≠ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß„π‚§√ß √â“ß —ߧ¡ à«π≈à“ß (Base) ´÷Ëß ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß°“√º≈‘µ∑“߇»√…∞°‘® ·µà·π«§«“¡§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ‰¡à‡æ’¬ß·µà„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√º≈‘µ„𧫓¡À¡“¬∑“ß ‡»√…∞°‘® (Economic sense) ‡∑à“π—Èπ ·µà‡ªìπ°“√º≈‘µ„𧫓¡ À¡“¬°«â“ß∑’√Ë «¡∂÷ß°“√º≈‘µ √â“ß (Production) ·≈–°“√ ◊∫∑Õ¥ (Re-Production) ´÷ËßÕߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ (Knowledge) ¡“µ√∞“π∑“ß §«“¡§‘¥®‘µ„® (Moral) ·≈– ∂“∫—π∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Institution) µà“ßÊ ·π«§«“¡§‘¥¡“√å°´‘ µå¥ß—È ‡¥‘¡ (Traditional Marxism) π—πÈ „À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ª√–‡¥Áπ‡√◊ÕË ß™π™—πÈ ·≈–°“√µàÕ Ÿ∑â “ß™π™—πÈ (Class and Class Struggle) ·µà Cox21 ¡Õß«à“π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬππ—Èπ¡’®ÿ¥ ‡¥àπ§◊Õ°“√‰¡à殑 “√≥“™π™—πÈ /°“√µàÕ Ÿ∑â “ß™π™—πÈ „π≈—°…≥–§ß∑’/Ë µ“¬µ—«/À¬ÿ¥π‘Ëß (Static) ·µà‡ªìπ°“√¡Õß„π·∫∫«‘¿“…«‘∏’∑’Ë¡’ æ≈«—µ·≈–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ °≈à“«§◊Õπ’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ π—Èπ®–¡Õß°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπµà“ßÊ „π≈—°…≥–∑’ˇªìπæ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Forces) „π√Ÿª·∫∫µà“ßÊ ´÷Ëß°“√¡Õßµ—«· ¥ß∑“ß°“√ ‡¡◊Õß„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡π—Èπ “¡“√∂™à«¬„Àâ‡ÀÁπ ¿“æ¢Õß°“√¢—∫‡§≈◊ËÕπ (Movement) ‰¥â¥’°«à“°“√¡Õßµ—«· ¥ß ·∫∫‡°à“„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ∑’Ë¢“¥§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ ®ÿ ¥ ‡πâ 𠔧— ≠ ∑’Ë § «√µâ Õ ßæ‘ ® “√≥“„π à « π¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡°Á§◊Õ °“√µÕ∫§”∂“¡«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π à«π¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡·≈â«®–

I ªï∑’Ë 3 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 7 ≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 23 I 16 ∏—𫓧¡ 2552 - 31 ¡°√“§¡ 2553

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°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕæ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ Õ¬à“߉√ ∑—Èß„π à«π ¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ”π“®°“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π√—∞·≈–¢â“¡√—∞ √«¡ ∂÷ßÕ”π“®„π√–¥—∫‚≈°Õ’°¥â«¬ (‚ª√¥¥Ÿ·ºπ¿“æ∑’Ë 1 ·≈– 2 ª√–°Õ∫) à«πµàÕ®“°π’È®–æ‘®“√≥“∫∑∫“∑¢Õß·π«§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß °√— ¡ ™’ ∑’Ë ¡’ µà Õ ·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥ π’ ‚ Õ°√— ¡ ‡™’Ë ¬ π„π à « π¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ ‰¥â·°à °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” °≈ÿà¡ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ·≈–ªí≠≠“™π 3.1 °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” (Hegemony) °√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬«‘¿“…«‘∏’ ¢Õß·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’˧«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Relation of Production) ´÷ßË ºŸ‡â ¢’¬π‰¥âæ≤ — π“‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ‘¡®“°µ—«·∫∫ ¢Õß Cox «à“„π à«π¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡π—Èπ ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ 3 ·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’ Ë ”§—≠‰¥â·°à°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ·≈–ªí≠≠“™π §”«à“ çHegemonyé À√◊Õ∑’Ë„πß“π™‘Èππ’È„™â§”«à“ ç°“√ §√ÕßÕ”π“®π”é22 ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë¡’∑’Ë¡“®“°¿“…“°√’°∑’Ë«à“ çHegemoné23 ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√π” (Leading) °“√¡’Õ”π“®‡Àπ◊Õ ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ (Prominent Power) ·≈–¡—°®–¡ÿàß„™â„𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õß °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß (Political Dominance) ‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à §”«à“°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” À√◊Õ Hegemony π—Èπ∂Ÿ°π”¡“ „™â·µà·√°‡√‘Ë¡‚¥¬‡ª≈§“πÕø (Plekhanov) ·≈–π—°¡“√å°´‘ µå √— ‡´’¬„π™à«ß§√‘ µå∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1880 ‚¥¬∑’ˇ≈π‘π (Lenin) ‰¥â𔠷𫧑¥π’¡È “„™â„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√‡ªìπ°≈¬ÿ∑∏å/°≈«‘∏„’ π°“√ªØ‘«µ— ‘ ‚¥¬¡ÿàß„Àâ™π™—Èπ·√ßß“π· «ßÀ“§«“¡√à«¡¡◊ÕÀ√◊Õ‡ªìπæ—π∏¡‘µ√ °—∫™π™—ÈπÕ◊Ëπ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß™π™—Èπ™“«π“‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß¿“«– °“√π”·Ààß™“µ‘ (National Leadership) „À⇰‘¥¢÷È𠧫“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß°√—¡™’§◊Õ ‡¢“‡ªìπºŸâπ”·π«§‘¥ Hegemony ¡“‡æ‘Ë¡ ‡µ‘¡√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥∑”„Àâ·π«§‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√‡ªìπ çª√—™≠“é ¡“°¢÷Èπ°«à“°“√‡ªìπ·§à ç°≈¬ÿ∑∏åé „π°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘ ‚¥°√—¡™’‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡¡‘µ‘¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘ßÕ”π“®√–À«à“ß™π™—Èπ °—∫æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ √«¡∂÷ß°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬«‘∏’°“√„π°“√‰¥â¡“´÷Ëß Õ”π“®√—∞ ·≈–°“√‰¥â√—∫°“√¬Õ¡√—∫®“°™π™—Èπµà“ßÊ Õ’°¥â«¬24 ß“π‡¢’¬π¢Õß°√—¡™’‡ªìπ°“√ –∑âÕπ¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕ߇¢“∑’Ë¡’µàÕ ¿“æ°“√≥å∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß ‡»√…∞°‘® ·≈– —ߧ¡„π ¡—¬π—Èπ ‚¥‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß„π‡√◊ËÕß·π«§‘¥°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”∑’ˇªìπ°√Õ∫ ·π«§«“¡§‘¥À≈—°„π°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å„πß“π«‘®—¬™‘Èππ’È π—È π ‡ªì π °“√ –∑â Õ π§«“¡§‘ ¥ ¢Õ߇¢“∑’Ë ¡’ µà Õ ·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥

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¡“√å ° ´‘ µå · ∫∫¥—È ß ‡¥‘ ¡ ∑’Ë ‡ ™◊Ë Õ „π çÀ≈— ° ‡»√…∞°‘ ® °”Àπ¥é (Economism)25 çÀ≈—°°“√°”Àπ¥π‘¬¡Õ¬à“ß°≈‰°é (Mechanical determinism)26 ∑’Ë¡Õß«à“ªí®®—¬„π‡√◊ËÕ߇»√…∞°‘®π—Èπ‡ªìπÕ‘ √– ®“°ªí®®—¬Õ◊πË ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘ßË ªí®®—¬„π‡™‘ß‡®µ®”πߢÕß¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–‡ªìπµ—«°”À𥧫“¡‡ªìπ‰ªÀ√◊Õæ—≤π“°“√¢Õß —ߧ¡‚¥Õ—µ‚π¡—µ‘ ¥—ßπ—Èπµ“¡§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’‡¢“®÷߉¡à‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬°—∫ ·π«§‘¥¢Õßæ«°¡“√å°´‘ µå·∫∫¥—È߇¥‘¡æ«°Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ„πÀ≈—° °“√°”Àπ¥π‘¬¡‚¥¬‡»√…∞°‘®Õ¬à“߇ªìπ°≈‰° „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕß °√—¡™’π—Èπ¡Õß«à“‚§√ß √â“ß à«π∫πÕ—πª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß √–∫∫°ÆÀ¡“¬ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ »’≈∏√√¡·≈–ªí≠≠“π—Èπ°Á‡ªìπ à«π ”§—≠µàÕ°“√°”À𥧫“¡‡ªìπ‰ª À√◊Õ¡’º≈µàÕæ—≤π“°“√¢Õß —ߧ¡‰¥â27 §«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”¢Õß°√—¡™’‰¥â„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫‡√◊ËÕß çÕÿ¥¡°“√≥åé (Ideology) ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß„π °“√„™â‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’¬Ë «°—∫·π«§‘¥‡√◊ÕË ß¢Õß ç‚§√ß √â“ß —ߧ¡ à«π≈à“ß·≈– —ߧ¡ à«π∫πé (Base/Super Structure) ‚¥¬∑’Ë°√—¡™’‰¥â‡πâπ„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫∫∑∫“∑¢Õß ‚§√ß √â“ß à«π∫π ·≈–‰¥â™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ߧ«“¡·µ°µà“ß∑’Ë ”§—≠ √–À«à“ß ç —ß§¡ Õß·∫∫é ¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“ß à«π∫π«à“ ª√–°Õ∫ ‰ª¥â«¬ —ߧ¡·√° §◊Õ ç√—∞/ —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õßé (Political Society) ´÷Ë߉¥â·°à√—∞ ·≈–Õߧå°√°“√„™âÕ”π“®µà“ßÊ √—∞ ·≈–Õ’° —ߧ¡ Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ çª√–™“ —ߧ¡é28 (Civil Society) ´÷Ë߉¥â·°à à«π∑’ˇªìπ ‡Õ°™π À√◊Õ à«πÕ◊ËπÊ ∑’ˇªìπÕߧå°√πÕ°Õ”π“®√—∞ °√—¡™’Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“¢≥–∑’Ë —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õߥ”‡π‘π°“√ √â“ß·≈– ◊∫∑Õ¥ çÕ”π“®§√Õ∫ß”é (Domination) ‚¥¬™π™—Èπª°§√Õß ºŸâ¬÷¥°ÿ¡Õ”π“®√—∞ ·≈–¡’Õ”π“®„π°“√∫—ߧ—∫„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬ (Legislation) ·≈–¡’Õ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫√Õß√—∫ (Coercion) Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬ ·µà „πª√–™“ —ߧ¡π—πÈ ®–¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‡æ◊ÕË √â“ß·≈– ◊∫∑Õ¥/√—°…“ °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë·µ°µà“߉ª®“° —ߧ¡ °“√‡¡◊Õß ‚¥¬„™â«‘∏’°“√ √â“ߧ«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡æ√âÕ¡„®„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ„π À¡Ÿàª√–™“™π ‚¥¬∑’˪√–™“™π‰¡à√Ÿâ ÷°«à“‡ªìπ°“√∫—ߧ—∫À√◊Õ‡ªìπ ç°“√¬‘π¬Õ¡æ√âÕ¡„®‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘é29 (Spontaneously Consensus) „πª√–™“ —ߧ¡π’È °“√„™âÕ”π“®‡æ◊ËÕ§√Õ∫ß”°≈ÿà¡∫ÿ§§≈ À√◊Õ™π™—ÈπÕ◊Ëππ—Èπ®–·µ°µà“ß®“° —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß π—Ëπ§◊Õ „π ª√–™“ —ߧ¡®–‡ªìπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®π”‚¥¬‰¡à„™â°”≈—ßÀ√◊Õ§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß ·µà®–‡ªìπ°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”„π‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë (Realm) À√◊Õ§«“¡§‘¥ „π°“√º≈‘µ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®·≈–°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ ‚¥¬ºà“π∑“߇§√◊ËÕß ¡◊ÕÀ√◊Õ°≈‰°™π‘¥µà“ßÊ „π·ßàπ’È‚≈°∑—»πå¢ÕߺŸâ§π„πª√–™“ —ߧ¡®–∂Ÿ° ç§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”é ∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ ∑—»π§µ‘ ‚¥¬°≈ÿࡺŸâª°§√Õß ·≈–‚≈°∑—»πå∑’Ë∂Ÿ°§√Õ∫ß”®–°≈“¬‰ª‡ªìπ

ç«—≤π∏√√¡√à«¡¢ÕߺŸâ§πé (Popular Culture) ·≈–·∑√°´÷¡‰ª ∑—«Ë ∑—ßÈ ª√–™“ —ߧ¡ °“√ √â “ ß¿“«–°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”π’È ® –‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷È π Õ¬à “ ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·∫∫‰¡à‰¥â ∂â“°≈ÿࡺŸâª°§√ÕßÀ√◊Õ™π™—Èπª°§√Õß®–¡ÿàß À«—߬÷¥§√Õß·µà‡æ’¬ßÕ”π“®√—∞·µà‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«‚¥¬ª√“»®“° °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”‡Àπ◊Õ√–∫∫§«“¡§‘¥À√◊ÕÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å‡Àπ◊Õ —ߧ¡ à«π„À≠à ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È °≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡°âÕπæ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡∑’˵âÕß°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” (Hegemon) π—Èπ®–µâÕß欓¬“¡ ∑’Ë®– √â“ß·π«√à«¡·≈–·ª√ ¿“æ (Transform) Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å¢Õß æ—π∏¡‘µ√ (Alliance) ®“°°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡°âÕπæ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ µà“ßÊ √«¡∂÷ß°≈ÿà¡∑’ˇªìπΩÉ“¬µ√ߢⓡ (Rival/Opponent) „Àâ ‡ªìπÀπ÷Ë߇¥’¬«°—π„À≥⠰“√ √â“ß·π«√à«¡æ—π∏¡‘µ√√–À«à“ß °≈ÿà¡æ≈—ßÀ√◊Õ™π™—Èπµà“ßÊ π’ȇ√’¬°«à“°“√ √â“ß°≈ÿà¡ ç°≈ÿà¡ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åé (Historical Bloc) „À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ ∑—Èßπ’ȇæ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ °“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‡ªìπ‡Õ°¿“æ√–À«à“ߺŸâ§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”°—∫ºŸâ∂Ÿ°π” „À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬∑’˧«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° (Feelings) ¢Õߪ√–™“™πºŸâ∂Ÿ°π”/∂Ÿ° ª°§√Õßπ—È π ∂Ÿ ° §√Õ∫§√Õߧ«“¡§‘ ¥ ‚¥¬ ¡∫Ÿ √ ≥å µ “¡§«“¡ µâÕß°“√¢Õß™π™—πÈ /°≈ÿ¡à /°≈ÿ¡à °âÕπæ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ºŸ â √â“ßÕ”π“®π” °≈à“«‚¥¬ √ÿª‡°’ˬ«°—∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” (Hegemony) π—Èπ§◊Õ °“√„™âÕ”π“®¢Õß°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/æ≈—ß∑“ß — ß §¡„¥Ê ‡æ◊Ë Õ √â “ ß¿“«–°“√§√Õ∫§√Õߧ«“¡§‘ ¥ ·≈–¡’ Õ”π“®π”‡Àπ◊Õ°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ßÕ◊ËπÊ „π —ߧ¡ ‚¥¬∑’Ë°“√ „™âÕ”π“®¥—ß°≈à“«π—Èπª√“»®“°°“√„™â§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß À√◊Õ°“√ ∫—ߧ—∫„π‡™‘ß°“¬¿“æ ·µà‡ªìπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®ºà“π∑“ß°≈‰°™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ§√Õ∫§√Õߧ«“¡§‘¥ ‚πâ¡πâ“«·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√¬Õ¡√—∫‡æ◊ËÕ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ´÷Ëߧ«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡æ√âÕ¡„® ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√ π—∫ πÿπ ®“°°≈ÿ¡à æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡·≈–™π™—πÈ µà“ßÊ ‚¥¬∑’ºË §Ÿâ π„π°≈ÿ¡à /™π™—πÈ ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°√–∑”π—Èπ‰¡à∑√“∫ À√◊Õ‰¡à “¡“√∂µ√–Àπ—°‰¥â«à“µπ‰¥â∂Ÿ° §√Õ∫§√Õߧ«“¡§‘¥‰ª·≈â« °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß¿“«–°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”„À⇰‘¥ ¢÷Èπ„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘π—ÈπµâÕßÕ“»—¬°≈‰°µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊Ëժؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ‡™àπ °“√„™â ◊ËÕ ·≈– ∂“∫—πµà“ß À√◊Õ ‘Ëß„¥Ê °Áµ“¡∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”¡“„™â ‡æ◊ËÕ‚πâ¡πâ“« ™—°®Ÿß ·≈–§√Õ∫ß”∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥‰¥â ∑—Èßπ’È°≈‰° µà“ßÊ π’È®–∂Ÿ°°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ∑’˵âÕß°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” π”¡“„™â„π æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑“ß —ߧ¡∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ª√–™“ —ߧ¡ §«∫§Ÿà°—π‰ª°—∫°“√„™â Õ”π“®∫—ߧ—∫„π —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õ߇æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂ √â“ß¿“«–°“√ §√ÕßÕ”π“®π”‰¥âÕ¬à“߇∫Á¥‡ √Á® (´÷Ëß®–‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß„πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 4 µàÕ‰ª) °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”‡ªìπ ¿“«–∑’Ë∂Ÿ°º≈‘µ¢÷Èπ·≈– ◊∫∑Õ¥ ‚¥¬°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ºŸâ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” „π™à«ß¢≥–‡«≈“Àπ÷Ëß

„πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å‡∑à“π—Èπ ¡‘‰¥â‡ªìπæ≈—ß∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å Ÿß ÿ¥„πµ—«‡Õß ·µà®–‡°‘¥°“√∑â“∑“¬µàÕÕ”π“®π”‚¥¬°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ Õ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ °“√º≈‘µ ◊∫∑Õ¥ ·≈–∑â“∑“¬µàÕÕ”π“®π”π—Èπ®–‡°‘¥ ¢÷È π ‰¥â ® “°ªí ® ®— ¬ ¥â “ π°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß¿“¬„π·≈–√–‡∫’ ¬ ∫‚≈° (¥Ÿ ·ºπ¿“æ∑’Ë 1 ·≈– 2 ª√–°Õ∫) ´÷Ëߺ≈‘µ √â“ß°≈ÿࡪí≠≠“™π ¢÷Èπ¡“∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√ √â“ß°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å‡æ◊ËÕπ”¡“ ŸàÕ”π“® π”™ÿ¥µà“ßÊ Õ¬Ÿàµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ 3.2 °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å (Historical Bloc) °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å §◊Õ·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë°√—¡™’„™â„π°“√ Õ∏‘∫“¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ¿“«–¢Õß°“√√«¡µ—«°—πÕ¬à“߇ªìπ‡Õ°¿“æ¢Õß °≈ÿ¡à æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ ‚¥¬≈—°…≥–«‘¿“…«‘∏’ (Dialectical Unity) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√º “π√–À«à“ß‚§√ß √â“ß à«π≈à“ß°—∫‚§√ß √â“ß à«π∫π √–À«à“ß∑ƒ…Æ’°—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ √–À«à“ߪí≠≠“™π°—∫¡«≈™π31 °√—¡™’‰¥â‡ πÕ·π«§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å32 ´÷Ë߇ªìπ ·π«§‘¥∑’Ë„™âÕ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘ßÕ”π“®„π —ߧ¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â ·∑π·π«§‘ ¥ ‡»√…∞°‘ ® °”Àπ¥·∫∫°≈‰°¢Õß ”π— ° §‘ ¥ ·∫∫ ¡“√å°´‘ µå¥—È߇¥‘¡ À√◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“æ«° Economism/Economic Determinism33 ·π«§‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Relation) √–À«à“ß™π™—Èπ·≈–°≈ÿà¡ æ≈—ßµà“ßÊ ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß —ߧ¡‚¥¬Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“ „π —ߧ¡∑ÿππ‘¬¡π—Èπ ™π™—Èππ“¬∑ÿπ (Bourgeoisie) ®–欓¬“¡ §√ÕßÕ”π“®π”„À⇰‘¥„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å„π°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß ‡»√…∞°‘® (Sphere of Production) ´÷Ëß°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”„π æ◊È π ∑’Ë π’È · µà ‡ æ’ ¬ ßæ◊È π ∑’Ë ‡ ¥’ ¬ «π—È π ®–‰¡à‡°‘¥°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ √ ≥å (Absolute) ¥—ß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“¡’°“√欓¬“¡∑â“∑“™π™—Èππ“¬∑ÿπ®“°°≈ÿà¡™π™—Èπ·√ßß“π ‡™àπ ®“° À¿“æ·√ßß“π Õ¬Ÿà‡π◊ÕßÊ °“√欓¬“¡ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ®÷ß ‡ªìπ°“√ √â“ß·π«√à«¡æ—π∏¡‘µ√ (Alliance) √–À«à“ß°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß À√◊ Õ ™π™—È π µà “ ßÊ ‡Àπ◊ Õ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ∑ “ß — ß §¡∑’Ë ° «â “ ß°«à “ ¡‘ µ‘ ‡ ™‘ ß ‡»√…∞°‘®·µà‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬« ¥—ßπ—Èπ·π«§«“¡§‘¥°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å°Á§◊Õ ·π«§«“¡ §‘¥∑’Ë„™â ”À√—∫Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘ßÕ”π“®„π —ߧ¡°“√‡¡◊Õß Àπ÷Ëß„π™à«ß‡«≈“Àπ÷Ëß ‚¥¬‡™◊ËÕ«à“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘ßÕ”π“®™ÿ¥µà“ßÊ ∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ „π —ߧ¡π—πÈ ‰¡à‰¥â‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ Õ¬à“߇ªìπ°≈‰°À√◊Õ‚¥¬Õ—µ‚π¡—µ‘ ·µà‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬Ωï¡◊Õ °“√®ß„® À√◊Õ°“√ √â“ß √√§å ∑’Ë®– √â“ß °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”¢Õߧπ°≈ÿ¡à µà“ßÊ ‡Àπ◊Õ§π°≈ÿ¡à Õ◊πË /™π™—πÈ Õ◊πË ‚¥¬¡’/ºà“πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å°“√µàÕ Ÿâ√à«¡°—π„π‡√◊ËÕß„¥‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëß ºà“π∑“ß°≈‰°™π‘¥µà“ßÊ π—Ëπ‡Õß

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3.3 ªí≠≠“™π (Intellectuals) ”À√—∫°√—¡™’π—Èπ §π∑ÿ°§π≈â«π‡ªìπªí≠≠“™π„π·ßà¢Õß °“√¡’ªí≠≠“ §«“¡√Ÿâ ·µà‰¡à„™à∑ÿ°§π∑’Ë®–‰¥â· ¥ß∫∑∫“∑/Àπâ“∑’Ë „π∞“π–¢Õߪí≠≠“™π34 °√— ¡ ™’ ‰ ¥â · ∫à ß ªí ≠ ≠“™πÕÕ°‡ªì π 2 ª√–‡¿∑35 ¥â«¬°—π‰¥â·°à 1) ªí≠≠“™π “¡—≠36 (Traditional Intellectual) ´÷ßË ‡ªìπªí≠≠“™π∑’∑Ë ”Àπâ“∑’¢Ë Õßµπ„π°≈ÿ¡à / —ߧ¡/ ™π™—È π ¥—È ß ‡¥‘ ¡ ∑’Ë µ π∂◊ Õ °”‡π‘ ¥ ¡“ ·≈– 2) ªí ≠ ≠“™π®— ¥ µ—È ß 37 (Organic Intellectual) ‡ªìπªí≠≠“™π∑’ˬ°µ—«‡ÕßÕÕ°®“°°≈ÿà¡ —ߧ¡/™π™—Èπ¥—È߇¥‘¡∑’Ë°”‡π‘¥¡“ ‡™àπ ·√ßß“π∑’Ë°≈“¬‡ªìππ—° ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«∑“ß °“√‡¡◊Õß ‡ªìπµâπ38 ªí≠≠“™π∑—Èß Õߪ√–‡¿∑π—È π ‰¡à‰¥â·¬°¢“¥®“°°—π·µà Õ¬à“ß„¥ ·µà¡’∫∑∫“∑∑’Ë ”§—≠√à«¡°—π„π∞“π–∑’ˇªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ µ—«°“√„π°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß√–À«à“ß∑ƒ…Æ’ Ÿà°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ·≈–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß √–À«à“ß®‘µ ”π÷°¢Õß™π™—ÈπºŸâ∂Ÿ°‡Õ“‡ª√’¬∫ ‡™àπ™π™—Èπ·√ßß“π„Àâ ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπªñ°·ºàπ¢÷Èπºà“π∑“ß°≈‰°µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß°“√§√Õß Õ”π“®π”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Àπ◊Õ —ߧ¡ ·≈–¬°°≈ÿà¡/™π™—Èπ¢Õßµπ¢÷È𠇪ìπ™π™—ÈπºŸâ°ÿ¡§«“¡‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫·∑π∑’Ë™π™—Èπ‡¥‘¡ ∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õߪí≠≠“™π„π∑—»π–¢Õß°√—¡™’π—Èπ¡Õß«à“ ªí≠≠“™ππ—Èπ®–¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª (Transform)39 ®‘µ ”π÷°¢Õß™π™—πÈ °√√¡“™’æÀ√◊Õ™π™—πÈ /°≈ÿ¡à ∑’∂Ë °Ÿ ‡Õ“√—¥‡Õ“‡ª√’¬∫ ¡“ Ÿà°“√ √â“ßæ—π∏¡‘µ√√–À«à“ß™π™—ÈπÕ◊Ëπ„Àâ°«â“ߢ«“߬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ ‡ª≈’Ë¬π®‘µ ”π÷°√à«¡„À⇰‘¥º≈„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘ §◊Õ°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ ≈â¡≈â“ß™π™—Èππ“¬∑ÿπ À√◊Õ°≈ÿà¡/™π™—ÈπºŸâ‡Õ“‡ª√’¬∫π—Ëπ‡Õß Õ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«à“ªí≠≠“™ππ—Èπ‡ª√’¬∫‰¥â°—∫ºŸâ®—¥°“√„À⇰‘¥ °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘ À√◊Õ‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥°“√„À⇰‘¥°“√ §√ÕßÕ”π“®π” (Organizer of Hegemony)40 ‡æ√“–ªí≠≠“™π π—Èπ®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë∑—Èß„π°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫ª≈ÿ°®‘µ ”π÷°¢Õß ™π™—Èπ„πª√–‡¥Áπµà“ßÊ (Educator) æ√âÕ¡∑—È߇ªìπºŸâπ”∑“ß µ‘ ªí≠≠“ (Moral Leader)41 ·≈–ºŸâπ”„π°“√¢—∫‡§≈◊ËÕπ¡«≈™π∑“ß §«“¡§‘¥Õ’°¥â«°√–∫«π°“√ √â“ß°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å®–‰¡à “¡“√∂‡°‘¥¢÷È𠉥âÀ“°ª√“»®“°°“√∑”ß“π¢Õߪí≠≠“™π®—¥µ—ÈߢÕß·µà≈–°≈ÿà¡/ ™π™—πÈ °“√‡§≈◊ÕË π‰À«¢Õߪí≠≠“™π„π°“√√–¥¡§«“¡‡ÀÁπæâÕß (Consent) „πª√–‡¥Áπ‡√’¬°√âÕßµà“ßÊ ‡ªìπ°“√欓¬“¡ √â“ß °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”‡Àπ◊ Õ ºŸâ § π∑—Ë « ‰ª ·≈– √â “ ß°≈ÿà ¡ °â Õ π ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å∑’ˇº™‘≠°“√µàÕ Ÿâ√à«¡°—π¢÷Èπ„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ À—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 3 ‡√‘¡Ë µâπ°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—°„π à«π¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡´÷Ë߇ªìπª√–‡¥Áπæ‘®“√≥“·√° ÿ¥µ“¡ µ—«·∫∫«‘¿“…«‘∏’π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ¢Õß Cox ‚¥¬ºŸâ‡¢’¬π‰¥âæ—≤π“ „π√“¬≈–‡Õ’ ¬ ¥‡æ‘Ë ¡ ‡µ‘ ¡ ‚¥¬‡ πÕ«à “ „π°“√æ‘ ® “√≥“§«“¡

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—¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡ À√◊Õ°“√º≈‘µ √â“ß™ÿ¥¢Õߧ«“¡√Ÿâ Õ”π“® §«“¡®√‘ß™ÿ¥Àπ÷Ëß∑“ß —ߧ¡π—Èπµ“¡·π«∑“ߢÕß°√—¡™’§◊Õ °“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π” (Hegemony) ´÷ËßÕ”π“®π”π—Èπ®–‰¡à‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ „π∑“ߪؑ ∫— µ‘ À “°ª√“»®“°´÷Ë ß ªí ≠ ≠“™π‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à “ ߬‘Ë ß ªí≠≠“™π®—¥µ—Èß (Organic Intellectual) ´÷Ë߇ªìπºŸâªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√„π °“√√–¥¡§«“¡‡ÀÁπæâÕß °“√ √â“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ/µ√–Àπ—°√Ÿâ„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡Àπ◊Õ¡«≈™π/™π™—Èπ/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ ·≈– ¿“«–∑’Ë®– 𔉪 Ÿà°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“®π”π—Èπ°Á§◊Õ ¿“«–∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“‡°‘¥°≈ÿà¡ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å (Historical Bloc) ¢÷Èππ—Ëπ‡Õß ∑—ßÈ π’°È √Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬Ë ππ—πÈ ¡’¡¡ÿ ¡Õß·∫∫«‘¿“…«‘∏’ ´÷Ëßªí®®—¬·≈–µ—«· ¥ßµà“ßÊ ®–¡‘‰¥â ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–À¬ÿ¥π‘Ëß·µà®– ‡°‘¥°“√∂Ÿ°∑â“∑“¬·≈–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ Õ”π“®π” °≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ·≈–ªí≠≠“™π „π∞“π–∑’ˇªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫ ¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ∑“ß —ߧ¡π—Èπ°Á‡™àπ°—π °≈à“«§◊Õ®– µâÕ߇°‘¥°“√∂Ÿ°∑â“∑“¬ À√◊Õ¡’ª®í ®—¬Õ◊πË ¡“°”Àπ¥ (Shape) §«“¡ ‡ªìπ‰ª„Àâ¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√ŸªÕ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ °“√æ‘®“√≥“„πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 5 µàÕ®“°π’È®–𔉪 Ÿà°“√ æ‘®“≥“Õ’° Õß à«π¢Õßµ—«·∫∫«‘¿“…«‘∏’ π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ¢Õß Cox ‰¥â·°à√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß√—∞À√◊Õªí®®—¬„π°“√‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„π ·≈– √–‡∫’¬∫‚≈°´÷Ë߇ªìπªí®®—¬„π√–¥—∫‡Àπ◊Õ√—∞ ∑—Èß Õß à«ππ’È¡’º≈ µàÕ°“√°”Àπ¥√Ÿª·∫∫·≈–∑‘»∑“ߢÕߪí≠≠“™π®—¥µ—Èß´÷Ëß®–¡’ º≈µàÕ°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª ´÷Ëß𔉪 Ÿà°“√ √â“ß Õ”π“®π”™ÿ¥„À¡à∑’˧√ÕßÕ”π“®π”‡Àπ◊ÕºŸâ§π/°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡°≈ÿࡵà“ß„π√–¥—∫/¡‘µ‘/ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕÕ°‰ª ¥â«(Õà“πµÕπ®∫„π©∫—∫Àπâ“) ‡™‘ßÕ√√∂ 1 √–À«à“ߧ”«à“ Gramscianism °—∫ Neo-Gramscianism π—Èπ∑’Ë ®√‘ß·≈⫉¡à‰¥â¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ‡æ√“–∑—Èß Õß §”µà“ß°Á¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß ”π—°§‘¥∑’Ë„™â·π«§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’‡ªìπ À≈—°„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·≈–«‘æ“°…åª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß„π·ßà ¡ÿ¡µà“ßÊ ·µà Neo-Gramscianism π—Èπ¡’®ÿ¥‡πâπ∑’Ë°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß §«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’‡¢â“°—∫°“√»÷°…“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» (International Relations) ´÷Ëßπ—°«‘™“°“√√ÿàπ∫ÿ°‡∫‘°¢Õß ”π—° π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ§◊Õ Robert Cox √«¡∂÷ß Stephen Gill ®“° York University, Canada ·≈–°≈ÿà¡π—°§‘¥∑’Ë‚¥¥‡¥àπ∑’Ë ÿ¥¢Õß ”π—°π’È „πªí®®ÿ∫—π§◊Õ Andreas Bieler ·≈– Adam David Morton ®“° University of Nottingham, UK (Charles Hawksley. Lecturer in Politics, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong. Personal interview. 31 March. 2009.) (∫∑§«“¡

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π’È ∂Ÿ ° ‡¢’ ¬ π¢÷È π √–À«à “ ß∑’Ë ºŸâ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π‰¥â √— ∫ ∑ÿ π æ— ≤ π“∫ÿ § ≈“°√¢Õß ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π‡√»«√ æ.». 2552 ‚¥¬‰ª»÷°…“√–¬– —ÈπÊ Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë The University of Wollongong, Australia √–À«à“߇¥◊Õπ ¡’π“§¡∂÷ß情¿“§¡ 2552). ‡™àπ ”π—° —®π‘¬¡ (Realism) ·≈– —®π‘¬¡„À¡à (Neo-Realism) ‡ªìπµâπ. Õ“®°≈à“«‚¥¬ √ÿª‰¥â«à“ Realism √—∫‡Õ“√“°∞“π¢Õߪ√—™≠“ ªØ‘∞“ππ‘¬¡ (Positivism) ¡“„™â‚¥¬¡ÿà߇πâ𧫓¡ π„®‰ª∑’Ë°“√ «‘‡§√“–Àå·∫∫«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å (Scientific Analysis) „ à„®µàÕÀ≈—° ∞“π‡™‘ßª√–®—°…å (Empiricism) „π°“√»÷°…“‚§√ß √â“ß (Structures) ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√ (Process) ¢Õß°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ‚¥¬≈–‡≈¬ª√–‡¥Áπ„π‡™‘ßª∑—Ø∞“π·≈–§à“π‘¬¡ (Norm and Value) ‰ª ¥—ßπ—Èπ¿“¬„µâ°√Õ∫¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕß Realism π—Èπ®÷߉¡à‰¥â„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ª√–‡¥Áπ‡√◊ËÕߢÕߧ«“¡§‘¥ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ §à“π‘¬¡ √«¡∂÷ß Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ Realism π—È π¡’ ¡ÿ ¡ ¡Õß·≈– ¡¡ÿ µ‘ ∞ “πµà Õ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢ Õß ¡πÿ…¬å„π‡™‘ß≈∫ (Pessimism) ‚¥¬¡Õß«à“√–∫∫°“√‡¡◊Õß‚≈°π—Èπ ª√–°Õ∫¢÷Èπ‚¥¬ ¿“«–Õπ“∏‘ª‰µ¬ (Anarchy) ¢ÕßÕ”π“®√—∞ ·≈– ¡Õß°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß√–À«à “ ߪ√–‡∑»«à “ ¡’ æ◊È π ∞“πÕ¬Ÿà ∫ 𧫓¡¢— ¥ ·¬â ß √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ´÷Ëß∑⓬∑’Ë ÿ¥®–µâÕß·°â‰¢ªí≠À“¥â«¬ ߧ√“¡ ·≈–¡Õß«à“√–∫∫ Õߢ—È«Õ”π“® (Bi-polar system) π—Èπ‡ªìπ ¿“«– ∑’Ë°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»π—Èπ ß∫·≈–¡—Ëπ§ß∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡Àπ◊Õ°«à“ √–∫∫°“√‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈“¬¢—È«Õ”π“® (Multi-polar system) „π·ßà¢Õß°“√„™âÕ”π“®π—Èπ Realism ‡πâπ∑’Ë°“√¡ÕßÕ”π“® ∫—ߧ—∫ (Coercion) ¡“°°«à“°“√„À⧫“¡ π„®µàÕ°“√ √â“ßÕ”π“® §√Õ∫ß” πÕ°®“°π’„È π·ßà¢Õß¡ÿ¡¡ÕßÀ≈—°µàÕµ—«· ¥ß∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß (Actor) √–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»§◊Õ °“√¡Õ߉ª∑’µË «— · ¥ß√–¥—∫√—∞¡À“Õ”π“® (Major) ¡“°°«à“°“√ π„®„π°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡µà“ßÊ. ¥Ÿ Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 204-249.

Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George, An Introduction to International Relations: Australian Perspectives, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp.

105-107. ·π«§«“¡§‘¥À≈—°¢Õß°√—¡™’„π°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ§◊Õ §«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” (Hegemony) ‚¥¬¡’·π«§«“¡ §‘¥Õ◊Ëπ‡ªìπ·π«§‘¥Õߧåª√–°Õ∫‡™àπ ·π«§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß°≈ÿà¡ ª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√å (Historical Bloc) ªí≠≠“™π (Intellectuals) ߧ√“¡ ¬÷¥æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥ (War of Position) ·≈–‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Structures) ‡ªìπµâπ ·µàπ’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ‡Õß°Á∂Ÿ°«‘æ“°…å«‘®“√≥凙àπ°—𠇙àπ ∂Ÿ°«‘®“√≥å «à“¬—߉¡à¡§’ «“¡‡ªìπ¡“√å°´‘ µå¡“°‡π◊ÕË ß®“°≈–‡≈¬„π‡√◊ÕË ß«—µ∂ÿ𬑠¡ ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å (Historical Materialism) ‚¥¬„À⧫“¡ π„®„π

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‡√◊ËÕßÕÿ¥¡°“√≥å¡“°‰ª ·µà≈–‡≈¬‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°“√º≈‘µ¢Õß ∑ÿ𠇪ìπµâπ. ‚¥¬¡’·°ππ” ”§—≠¢Õß ”π—°§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’¬π√ÿàπ∫ÿ°‡∫‘° Õ“∑‘ Robert W. Cox ·≈– Stephen Gill ®“° York University, Canada √«¡∂÷ß Kees Van Der Pijl ·≈– Henk Overbeek ‡ªìπ∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°„ππ“¡ ç ”π—° Amsterdamé ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È Van Der Pijl —ß°—¥ University of Sussex, UK ¢≥–∑’Ë Overbeek π—ÈπÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë University of Amsterdam, the Netherland à«π Andreas Bieler ·≈– Adam David Morton π—Èπ‡ªìππ—°«‘™“°“√√ÿàπÀ≈—ß∑’Ë¡’º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√ ∑’Ë»÷°…“·≈–ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°π—Èπ —ß°—¥ University of Nottingham, UK. ¥Ÿß“π™‘È𠔧—≠¢Õß Gill ∑’Ë√«∫√«¡º≈ß“π¢Õßπ—°§‘¥ “¬ª√–¬ÿ°µå ∑’æË ¬“¬“¡ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°√—¡™’°Ë ∫— °“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ¥—ßπ’È Stephen Gill (ed), Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

Stephen Gill, Power and Resistance in the New World Order, (New York: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2003), pp. 17-20. ”À√—∫ª√—™≠“«‘¿“…«‘∏’ (Dialectic) ”À√—∫‡Œ‡°≈π—πÈ ‡ªìπ 箑µπ‘¬¡ «‘¿“…«‘∏’é (Dialectical Idealism) ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“§«“¡§‘¥À√◊Õ®‘µπ—È𠇪ìπ®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ¢Õß ‘Ëß∑—Èߪ«ß ·≈–‡ªÑ“À¡“¬Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë°“√√Ÿâ·®â߇ÀÁπ®√‘ß ∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥ ·µà ”À√—∫¡“√å°´åπ—Èπª√—™≠“ ç«‘¿“…«‘∏’é ¢Õ߇¢“ ¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õߪ√—™≠“«—µ∂ÿπ‘¬¡ (Materialism) ∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–¡πÿ…¬å´÷Ë߇ªìπ à«π ”§—≠¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘π—Èπ‡ªìπ®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ¢Õß ∑ÿ° ‘Ëß ·≈–‡ªÑ“À¡“¬‰¡à‰¥âÀ¬ÿ¥π‘Ë߇撬߰“√√Ÿâ·®â߇ÀÁπ®√‘ß∑“ß §«“¡§‘¥‡∑à“π—Èπ ·µàµâÕßπ”‡Õ“§«“¡√Ÿâπ—Èπ‰ªªØ‘∫—µ‘®÷ß®–∫√√≈ÿ∂÷ß À≈—°°“√¢Õߪ√—™≠“‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ«‘¿“…«‘∏’„π·∫∫¢Õß¡“√å°´å®÷߇ªìπ ç«—µ∂ÿ𬑠¡«‘¿“…«‘∏é’ (Dialectical Materialism) ∑—ßÈ π’§È ”«à“ç«—µ∂ÿ𬑠¡ «‘¿“…«‘∏’é π—Èπ‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë∂Ÿ°„™â‚¥¬µ—«¢Õß¡“√å°´å‡Õß ·µà‡ªì𠧔¢Õ߇ª≈§“πÕø ¥Ÿ ÿ√æß…å ™—¬π“¡, ç∑ƒ…Æ’°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘ —ߧ¡,é „π ‡Õ° “√°“√ Õπ™ÿ¥«‘™“ª√—™≠“°“√‡¡◊Õß Àπ૬∑’Ë 8-15, Àπâ“ 506-510; Terrell Carver, A Marx Dictionary, (Oxford: Polity Press, 1987), pp. 103-109 ·≈– David McLellan, The Thought of Karl Marx An Introduction, (New York: Harper and Row, 1971), pp. 122-126. ¥Ÿ ª √–‡¥Á π ‡√◊Ë Õ ß§«“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å √ –À«à “ ߪ√–™“ — ß §¡°— ∫ — ß §¡ °“√‡¡◊Õß„πÀ—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 4 ¢Õß∫∑§«“¡π’È ·≈–¥Ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡„π «—™√æ≈ æÿ∑∏√—°…“, √—∞∫“≈∑—°…‘≥°—∫§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡ √â“ß¿“«–°“√§√Õß Õ”π“®π” («‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å√∞— »“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ ¿“§«‘™“°“√ª°§√Õß §≥–√—∞»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬, 2550) „π∫∑∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 5 ´÷Ë߉¥â𔇠πÕ∂÷ß°“√„™âÕ”π“®ºà“π‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õµà“ßÊ „π√Ÿª·∫∫∑’Ë ·µ°µà“ß°—π‡Àπ◊Õæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑“ß —ߧ¡∑—Èß Õß·∫∫. ¥Ÿ À—«¢âÕ∑’Ë 3.3 ¢Õß∫∑§«“¡π’È. §◊Õ«‘∏’«‘∑¬“ (Methodology) ∑’Ë¡Õß·≈–„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ªí®‡®°∫ÿ§§≈‡ªìπÀ≈—°„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå «‘∏’«‘∑¬“·∫∫ªí®‡®°π‘¬¡π—Èπ‡™◊ËÕ

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«à“º≈√«¡¢Õßªí®‡®°®”π«π¡“° (Aggregation of individuals) π—Èπ‰¡à·µ°µà“߉ª®“°ªí®‡®°™π·µà≈–§π «‘∏’«‘∑¬“·∫∫π’Ȫ√“°Ø „Àâ‡ÀÁπ„π∑ƒ…Æ’°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®Õ¬à“ß¡’‡Àµÿº≈ (Rational Choice Theory) ∑’Ë¡Õß«à“ªí®‡®°π—Èπ®–µ—¥ ‘π„®∫π∞“π¢Õߺ≈ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥ (Maximum benefits) «‘∏’°“√¥—ß°≈à“«ª√“°ØÕ¬Ÿà„π ∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ Social Constructivism À√◊ Õ ∑ƒ…Æ’ °”Àπ¥ √â “ ß∑“ß — ß §¡/°”Àπ¥ √â “ ßπ‘ ¬ ¡∑’Ë ¡ Õß«à “ ‚§√ß √â “ ß (Structure) π—È π¡’ à « π„π°“√°”Àπ¥ √â “ ßµ— « µπ Õ—µ≈—°…≥å ·≈–«‘∏’°“√„π°“√· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õßªí®‡®°„π ∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß ¥Ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡„π John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics, (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 251- 270. °“√≈¥∑Õπ„π°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬ (Reductionism) À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√¡’¡ÿ¡¡Õß À√◊Õ„™â¡ÿ¡¡Õß´÷Ë߉¡à Õ¥§≈âÕß°—π°—∫°√Õ∫·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑ƒ…Æ’ ·≈–„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π §◊Õ°“√‡≈◊Õ°„™â∑ƒ…Æ’´÷Ë߉¡à‡¢â“°—π°—∫¡ÿ¡¡Õß µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ «‘∏’«‘∑¬“·∫∫ªí®‡®°π‘¬¡π—Èπ ¡Õß«à“º≈√«¡¢Õß ªí®‡®°‰¡àµà“ß®“°ªí®‡®°‡æ’¬ßÀπ÷Ëߧπ ´÷Ëß°“√¡Õß·∫∫π’ȉ¡à‡ªìπ ®√‘߇ ¡Õ‰ª·≈–∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√≈¥∑Õπ„π°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬√Ÿª·∫∫Àπ÷Ëß «‘∏’ «‘∑¬“·∫∫ªí®‡®°™ππ‘¬¡®÷ß∂Ÿ°∑â“∑“¬¥â«¬«‘∏’«‘∑¬“·∫∫Õߧå√«¡ (Methodological Collectivism) ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ«à“Õߧå√«¡ (Holism) À√◊Õ º≈√«¡¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õßªí®‡®°π—Èπ¬àÕ¡·µ°µà“ß®“°°“√π” ªí®‡®°·µà≈–§π¡“√«¡°—π ·π«§‘¥π’‚Õ°√—¡‡™’ˬπ¡’≈—°…≥–«‘∏’ «‘∑¬“·∫∫Õߧå√«¡∑’Ë¡Õßµ—«· ¥ß„π∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» „π≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√√«¡µ—«‡ªìπ°≈ÿ¡à æ≈—ß∑“ß —ߧ¡ (Social Forces) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√∑â“∑“¬µàÕ∑ƒ…Æ’°”Àπ¥ √â“ßπ‘¬¡‚¥¬µ√ß.

Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and its Critics, p. 204-254.

Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton, çA Critical Theory Route to Hegemony, World Order and Historical Change Neo-Gramscian Perspectives in International Relationsé in Andreas Bieler, Werner Bonefeld, Peter Burnham and Adam David Morton (eds) Global Restructuring, State, Capital and Labour Contesting Neo-Gramscian Perspectives, (New York: Palgrave Mcmillan,2006), pp. 9-28.

Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and its Critics, p. 221.

Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and its Critics, p. 218. ·≈– Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton, çA Critical Theory Route to Hegemony, World Order and Historical Change Neo-Gramscian Perspectives in International Relationsé in Andreas Bieler, Werner Bonefeld, Peter Burnham and Adam David Morton (eds)

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Global Restructuring, State, Capital and Labour Contesting Neo-Gramscian Perspectives, p. 12.

Karl Marx, 1859 çPreface of a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economyé http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/ works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm [accessed 15 April 2009].

Robert Cox, çSocial Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Theoryé, in Robert O.Keohane (ed) Neo-Realism and its Critics, pp. 225-230. ¡’°“√„™â§”„π¿“…“‰∑¬·∑𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”«à“ çHegemonyé ·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª Õ“∑‘ ç°“√§√Õߧ«“¡§‘¥®‘µ„®é ç°“√„™âÕ”π“® π”é ç°“√§√Õߧ«“¡‡ªìπ‡®â“é ·≈– ç°“√§√Õߧ«“¡‡ªìπ„À≠àé ‡ªìπµâπ „πß“π™‘Èππ’ȺŸâ‡¢’¬π‡≈◊Õ°„™â§”«à“ ç°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π”é ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°‡ªì 𠧔∑’Ë „ Àâ ¿ “扥⠵ √ß°— ∫ ·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥ Hegemony ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ¥Ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡„π Robert Bocock, Hegemony, (London: Tavistock Publications, 1986), pp. 22-40.

David Macey, The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory, (London: Penguin Books, 2000), p. 176. ·≈– Lain McLean and Alistair McMillan, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics, 2nd ed, p. 239. ¥Ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡„π Roger Simon, Gramsciûs Political Thought An Introduction, (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1982), pp. 17, 18, 21-23. §”«à“ çÀ≈—°‡»√…∞°‘®°”Àπ¥é π’‰È ¡à‰¥â∂°Ÿ π”¡“„™â‚¥¬µ—«¢Õߧ“√å≈ ¡“√å°´å‡Õß ·µàºŸâ∑’Ë𔧔π’È¡“„™â‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°Ê §◊Õ‡≈π‘π ´÷Ëß ‡ªìπ°“√π”¡“„™â„π‡™‘ß°≈¬ÿ∑∏å¢Õß°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘¡“°°«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√„Àâ §«“¡À¡“¬„π‡™‘ßª√—™≠“. §”«à“ °”Àπ¥π‘¬¡ (Determinism) π’ȇªìπ§”∑’Ë„™â ◊ËÕ§«“¡À¡“·ßà≈∫„π∑“ß —ߧ¡»“ µ√å ‡ªìπ°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘ß ‡Àµÿº≈„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë¡’°“√°”Àπ¥º≈ À√◊Õ¡’§”Õ∏‘∫“¬µàÕª√“°Ø°“√≥åπ—ÈπÊ ≈à«ßÀπ⓵“¬µ—«Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ¥Ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫§”𑬓¡ ç°”Àπ¥π‘¬¡/𑬵— π‘ ¬‘ ¡é ‰¥â„π ‡Õ° µ—ßÈ ∑√—æ¬å«≤ — π“, çdeterminism 𑬗µ‘π‘¬¡ °”Àπ¥π‘¬¡,é „π §”·≈–§«“¡§‘¥„π√—∞»“ µ√å√à«¡ ¡—¬, ‡Õ° µ—Èß∑√—æ¬å«—≤π“ ·≈– ‘√‘æ√√≥ π° «π, ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ (°√ÿ߇∑æœ : ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬, 2546), Àπâ“ 95. ¥Ÿ Rupert Woodfin and Oscar Zarate, Introducing Marxism, (London: Icon Books, 2004), pp. 118-127.; David Forgacs, A Gramsci Reader Selected Writings 1916-1935, (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988), p. 422.; Anne Showstack Sassoon, Approaches to Gramsci, p.13. ·≈– Roger Simon, Gramsciûs Political Thought An Introduction, pp. 9-20.

David Macey, The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory, pp.

176-177.

Anne Showstack Sassoon, çA Gramsci Dictionary,é in Approaches to Gramsci, ed. Anne Showstack Sassoon, pp.

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13-14.

Roger Simon, Gramsciûs Political Thought An Introduction, pp. 26-27; 32.

David Forgacs, A Gramsci Reader Selected Writings 19161935 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988) p. 424. ·≈– ¥Ÿµ«— Õ¬à“ßß“π∑’„Ë ™â·π«§‘¥‡√◊ÕË ß°≈ÿ¡à ª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√å°∫— °“√‡¡◊Õ߉∑‡™àπ «—™√æ≈ æÿ∑∏√—°…“. 2551. ç°≈ÿࡪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ªí≠≠“™π °“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” ·≈–°“√‚µâµÕ∫µàÕ°“√§√ÕßÕ”π“®π” : ·π« §«“¡§‘¥¢ÕßÕ—π‚µπ‘‚Õ °√—¡™’°∫— °“√Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬√à«¡ ¡—¬,é ∫∑§«“¡π”‡ πÕ„πß“πª√–™ÿ¡«‘™“°“√√—∞»“ µ√å·≈–√—∞ª√–»“ π»“ µ√å·Ààß™“µ‘§√—ßÈ ∑’Ë 9 ≥ §≥–√—∞»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—«—π∑’Ë 2 ∏—𫓧¡ 2551. À√◊Õ «—™√æ≈ æÿ∑∏√—°…“. 2552. ç°√Õ∫ ·π«§‘¥Õ—π‚µπ‘‚Õ °√—¡™’ °—∫°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬√à«¡ ¡—¬é „𠇫Á∫‰´µå¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑’¬Ë ߧ◊π, http://www.midnightuniv.org/ midnighttext/0009999813.html.

Roger Simon, Gramsciûs Political Thought An Introduction (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1982) p. 26.

Anne Showstack Sassoon, Approaches to Gramsci (London: Writers and Readers, 1982) p. 14.

David Forgacs, A Gramsci Reader Selected Writings 19161935 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988) p. 304. °“√®”·π°ªí≠≠“™π¢Õß°√—¡™’π—Èπ µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà∫π∞“π¢Õß°“√ √â“ß √√§åº≈ß“πµ“¡Àπâ“∑’Ë (Functions) ∑’Ë·µà≈–∫ÿ§§≈¡’µàÕÕ“™’æ ¢Õßµπ„π°≈ÿà¡ —ߧ¡ µ≈Õ¥®π™π™—Èπµà“ßÊ ¥Ÿ Roger Simon, Gramsciûs Political Thought An Introduction (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1982) pp. 93-101.; Anne Showstack Sassoon, Gramsciûs Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1980) pp. 134-145. ·≈– Lenonardo Salamini, The Sociology of Political Praxis an Introduction to Gramsciûs Theory (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981) pp. 101-125. ¡’°“√„™â§”·ª≈‡ªìπ ¿“…“‰∑¬«à“ ªí≠≠“™π¥—È߇¥‘¡ ∫â“ß°Á„™â«à“ ªí≠≠“™πµ“¡®“√’µª√–‡æ≥’ ·µàºŸâ‡¢’¬π¡Õß«à“πà“®–„™â§”«à“ ªí≠≠“™π “¡—≠¡“°°«à“ ‡æ√“–§”«à“ “¡—≠π—Èπ ◊ËÕ§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡ª°µ‘∏√√¡¥“ ªí≠≠“™π “¡—≠π—Èπ°Á§◊Õªí≠≠“™π¢Õß™π™—Èπ ∑’˵π∂◊Õ°”‡π‘¥ ‰¡à‰¥â¡’°“√·¬°µ—«‡ÕßÕÕ°®“°™π™—Èπ¥—È߇¥‘¡¢Õß ®π·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥. ∫â“ß°Á·ª≈«à“ ªí≠≠“™πÕ‘π∑√’¬å „π∑’πË „’È ™â§”·ª≈µ“¡ß“π¢Õß™π‘¥“ ‚ª√¥¥Ÿ ™π‘¥“ ™‘µ∫—≥±‘µ¬å, ‚§√ß°“√Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°æ√–√“™¥”√‘: °“√ ∂“ªπ“æ√–√“™Õ”π“®π” («‘ ∑ ¬“π‘ æ π∏å — ß §¡«‘ ∑ ¬“·≈– ¡“πÿ…¬«‘∑¬“¡À“∫—≥±‘µ (¡“πÿ…¬«‘∑¬“) §≥– —ߧ¡«‘∑¬“·≈– ¡“πÿ…¬«‘∑¬“ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∏√√¡»“ µ√å, 2547). ´÷Ëߧ”«à“ªí≠≠“™π®—¥µ—Èßπ—Èπ ◊ËÕ§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√ª√–°Õ∫ √â“ß ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß ªí≠≠“™π∑’Ë°â“«¢â“¡°“√∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß™π™—Èπµπ‡æ◊ËÕ‰ª¡’Àπâ“∑’ËÕ◊Ëπ „πÕ’°™π™—ÈπÀπ÷Ëßπ—Ëπ‡Õß.

David Forgacs, A Gramsci Reader Selected Writings 1916-

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1935 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988) p. 425.

Roger Simon, Gramsciûs Political Thought An Introduction (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1982) p. 25.

Anne Showstack Sassoon, Gramsciûs Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1980) pp. 134-146.

David Forgacs, A Gramsci Reader Selected Writings 19161935 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988) p. 425.

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