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4 minute read
Tuberculosis ocular | Ocular Tuberculosis
El ojo y la medicina general
► TUBERCULOSIS OCULAR
Dr. Ramón Rey Medicina interna Internal medicine
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La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa distribuida mundialmente, y la infección con mayor mortalidad anual (ahora solo por detrás del COVID 19), que en 2020 registró 9,9 millones de personas enfermas (OMS). Producida por la bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, la cual se transmite por vía aérea (inhalación de microgotas), la infección no supone, sin embargo, la enfermedad: se estima que un cuarto de la población mundial está infectada pero no está enferma, con lo cual no son infecciosos. Entre el 5-10% de infectados desarrollarán la enfermedad a lo largo de su vida debido a factores de riesgo como la desnutrición, tabaquismo, diabetes, debilidad del sistema inmune por quimioterapia, y, sobre todo, VIH.
La tuberculosis activa afecta fundamentalmente al pulmón (85%), pero puede afectar a cualquier órgano. En individuos inmunocompetentes la tuberculosis extrapulmonar representa tan solo del 15 al 20% de los casos.
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La tuberculosis ocular
La tuberculosis ocular es poco frecuente: menos del 30% de los casos de tuberculosis por diseminación sanguínea del germen. En los pacientes con tuberculosis ocular solo el 60% tiene una prueba de tuberculina-quantiferon positiva, o radiografía de tórax con lesiones de la enfermedad. La tuberculosis puede afectar a cualquier estructura ocular, desde párpados a nervio óptico. Los cuadros frecuentes son escleritis y uveítis (que resisten al tratamiento con corticoides), y las co-
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The eye and general medicine
► OCULAR TUBERCULOSIS
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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that is prevalent throughout the world, and the infection with highest annual rate of mortality (now just behind COVID 19) with 9.9 million people infected in 2020 (WHO). Caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which is airborne (inhalation of micro-droplets), the infection is not, however, tantamount to illness: it is estimated that one quarter of the global population is infected but is not sick, which means they are not infectious. Between 5 and 10% of infected people will develop the illness throughout their lives due to risk factors such as malnutrition, smoking, diabetes, a chemotherapy-weakened immune system, and, above all, HIV.
Active tuberculosis fundamentally affects the lungs (85%), but it can impact any organ. In immunocompetent individuals, extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for only 15 to 20% of cases.
Ocular Tuberculosis
Ocular tuberculosis is very uncommon: 2 to 30% of cases of TB cases are due to blood borne dissemination of the germ. Only 60% of patients with ocular tuber-
roiditis. El mecanismo de enfermedad es doble: por la infección directa del germen, o por reacción inmunológica persistente sin presencia actual del mismo.
El diagnóstico es complejo. Para ello se intenta el aislamiento de la bacteria mediante técnicas microbiológicas (como la PCR) del humor acuoso o muestra vítrea, aunque con pobre rendimiento. La experiencia y pericia del oftalmólogo son clave para la sospecha diagnóstica de la enfermedad, que con frecuencia deberá ser tratada sin otros resultados positivos. Es una enfermedad diagnosticable y curable en las manos adecuadas.
Desde Pneumología y/o Medicina Interna hacemos las pautas de estudio y tratamiento sistémicos, damos antituberculosos y, si la enfermedad persiste por mecanismos inmunoalérgicos, empleamos los tratamientos inmunosupresores adecuados. ■ culosis get a positive QuantiFERON-TB test or a chest X-ray showing lesions from the disease. Tuberculosis can affect any part of the eye’s structure, from the eyelids to the optic nerve. Common symptoms include scleritis and uveitis (which resist corticosteroid treatment) and choroiditis. The disease’s mechanism is twofold: through being directly infected by the germ or by a persistent immune reaction without the actual presence of the germ. Getting a diagnosis is complex. To do so, an attempt is made to isolate the bacteria using microbiological techniques (such as PCR) from the aqueous humour or vitreous sample, although with poor results. The ophthalmologist’s experience and skill are key when it comes to a suspected diagnosis of the disease, which often needs to be treated without further positive results. It is a diagnosable and curable disease in the right hands.
In the Pulmonology and/or Internal Medicine Departments we set the guidelines for the systemic study and treatment, we provide antituberculosis drugs and, if the disease persists due to immunoallergic mechanisms we use appropriate immunosuppressive treatments. ■
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