RED FIR DIMENSION

Dealers who have tricd this wonderful dimension stock are enthusiastic over itr fine quality and appearance. Ask us about it.

California White Pine

A rplendid quality of this stock beautifutly manufactured, ready for prompt rhipment.

Three cara a day of this ctock.

Species Produced

Sugar Pine (Pinus lambe'rtiana). Sugar pine belongs to the white pine group and botanically and physically closely resembles its eastern relative, the famous white pine (Pinus strobus). The tree grows tall, straight and wiih a clean trunk, which has an important bearing on its value for lumber. The average height is from 150 to 175 feet with a diameter of from 4 to 5 feet, although trees have been found 230 feet in height and 12 feet in diameter. This is the largest pine in the world.

California $rhite Pine (Pinru ponderosa). California white pine, or western yellow pine, does not belong botanieally to the white pine group. It has two varieties more or less similar from a commercial standpoint and usually grouped under the trade name " California white pine. " This is a massive, straight-trunked tree from 125 to 140 average height and 3 to 4 feet average diameter, although trees occur up to 200 feet high and 8 feet in diameter. The trunk is clear of branches for 40 to 60 feet and after the branches have been reached, the logs produce a large amount of clear lumber between the knots which, although not of standard 16 foot length, yet furnishes excellent material for the manufacture of doors, sash and other factory purposes. This pine yields only to sugar pine in size, but on account of its greater abundance, is probably the most important soft wood on the Pacific Coast.

White Fir (Abies concolor). This fir grows to an average height of from 140 to 180 feet and occasionally 200 feet, with a diameter of from Br/z to b and sometimes ti feet. The trunks are straight and taper gradually.

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuge taxifolia). This tree reaches its maximum development in the Pacific Northwest, although it is found generally mixed with the pines in California and southern Oregon. Except the great sequoias of California, the Douglas fir is the largest tree on the Paeific Coast. In the pine region generally, however, it attains an average height of only from 75 to 110 feet and a diameter of from 18 to 30 inches.

Incense Gedar (Libocedrus decurrens), The principal stands of incense cedar are found in California, where tliey grow in mixture with the pines and firs. It attains a height of from 75 to 110 feet and a diameter usually from BO-to 50 inches, but occasionally 6 feet. The trunk usually tapers

OF ESTABLISHED QUALITY

"The Sign of Service"

VITRIFIED CLAY SEWER PIPE IRRIGATION PIPE and DRAIN TILE

FACE BRICK-PRESSED, ENAMELED and RUFFLED

HIGH GRADE FIRE BRICK ELECTRIC CONDUIT FLUE UMNG-CHIMNEY PIPE STONEW^A,RE-OLLALI\IIXING BOWIS

"Log to Stag wlth Vfirtfied Clag"

PACIFIC CTAY PR(|DUGTS G(|.

600 more than the pines and does not yield the same high percentage of clear lumber. fn the heart of the sugar pine belt the timber averages 50,000 feet to the acre with a maximum reported of 200,000 feet. An average stand. for the region as a whole is close to 25,000 feet per acre. Present lumbering operations are

Red Fir (Abies magnifica). This stately tree grows often in pure forests at high elevation, from 125 to 175 feet and. sometimes over 200 feet high and from 3 to 6 feet in diameter. The trunk is slightly tapering and often clear of branches for 60 to 80 feet or more.

The above described trees form the bulk of the California and southern Oregon forests. As a rule they grow in mixture, although the California white pine and red fir frequently form practically solid forests with no great admixture of other species. With the pine, this is particularly true of the eastern slopes of the Sierras, northeastern California and southern Oregon.

See located in forests averaging from 18,000 to 40,000 feet per acre.

With few exceptions logging is done only during the summer months.

Characteristics end Uses of Difrerent lf,Ioods Sugar Pine

The lyoocl of sugar pine is soft, straight-grained, easily worked and holds its shape. This sums up briefly its quality and. value as a worthy successor to eastern white pine. In fact, in the same markets, for the same uses, these two pines are practieally synonomous. An amusing instance is told of an old eastern pattern maker located in California who sent East for somettcork" pine as he could not use sugar pine. He was furnishecl some sugar pine shipped originally to Chicago and reshipped to California as white pine. This proved to be entirely satisfactory in every way. Sugar pine stand.s on its merits as the best all around soft wood available in any quantities in the world.

'When green, sugar pine usually weighs more than eastern pine, but when dry the weight is the same. In physical properties the two pines are practically identical. Sugar pine has the same almost endless variety of uses as white pine, which briefly covers every use where a soft, easily worked. wood of minimum shrinkage is desired. No attempt can be made to enumerate the articles for which sugar pine is a,daptetl, but its wide utility may be judged by some of the following examples: fn house building sugar pine may be profitably employed for practically the complete house, including ceiling, siding, fooring, panels, brackets, railing, sash and doors, lath, built-in fixtures, moulding and partition. The carpenter ca,n do more with it, and with less effort, than with any other wood. It may be quarter sawed., and presents an attractive grain. Large quantities of lath are made from slabs. 'Window sash made by machinery has taken the place of the hand-made article of a few years ago, but the same high grade lumber is demanded

Sugar pine doors meet a large and exacting demand. The light weight of the wood, its cheerful color, satiny ffnis,h, and its freedom from warping give it a value in every mar- ket. It is too soft for floors subjected. to heavy wear, but for boat d"ecking is unequaled. As siding and boat cabin finish it has few equals. It paints well, holds its form, lasts a long time and is very attractive in appearance. It is ex. tensively used for shelving in cupboards, pantries and fruit closets. Few woods equal it for outside and inside window hlinds and curtain rollers.

In furniture, artieles wholly made of sugar pine are unusual but it enters into many parts. It is often found as parts of bookcases, cabinets, cupboards, presses, washing machines, and as tops for kitchen tables. For drawing tables it is the best wood. The makers of church furniture ffnd a number of uses for sugar pine.

The lower grades are largely used in the manufacture of boxes and crates because of its light weight and ease of mailing. These include merchandise cases, piano and organ boxes, and cases in which are packed candies. Tobacco cases are also mad.e of it and in fact so many different kincls that speciffc reference would be impossible. Many users of cheese boxes insist on having it as it imparts no taste.

'fhe cooper chooses sugar pine for a rather large class of domestic wares which are intended to contain articles of food. Among these are salt buckets, kegs to contain spice, cloves, tea, cofree and similar commodities belonging to the pantry and kitchen.

Some of the best tanks and silos are constructed. of sugar pine, and it is used. for the bottoms of bent-wood measuies and. axle grease boxes.

Parts of many farm machines may be made of sugar pine. For hoppers, sieve frames, parts of screens, boxes, drawers, seed holders, tool carriers, and. many other portions of farming mills, reapers, drills, tedders, threshing machines, eorn shellers, separators and scores of other apparatus and appliances that are necessary to a modern farm it holds an important place. It is also extensively used for dairy machinery and appliances.

Many bee men prefer it to most other wood for hives and frames, and poultry men consider that its lightness fits it above many others as material for egg crates, brooders, incubators, and other poultry-yard appliances.

The facility with which it may be shaped ancl gilcled fits it for picture and mirror frames. Its use for heddles in cloth factories is a continuation of white pine's employment for a similar purpose when nearly every country house had looms for weaving cloth. It was the light weight that fitted it for that place, as the heddles had to be liftetl or lowered for every throad that went into the wood. Its wide use for warping bars was for the same reason fts clear grain and. ease of cutting with and across the grain makes it highly desirable for scroll work and for qornice and capital decoration.

No other wood except white pine equals srigar pine for pattern making. The pattern maker wants a soft, solid material that will work smoothly aeross the grain, and spongy woods and. those of crooked. grain and with knots will not do. On accourt of the large size of sugar pine timber, thick wid.e clear pattern planks are obtained in large quantities.

A large proportion of the matches prod.uced in the United States are made from sugar pine on account of its light weight, ease of manufacture, agreeable appearance, neeessary strength and the quickness with which the coal dies after the blaze has been extinguished.

Sugar pine is without superior for all sorts of toys, including wheelbarrows, hobby-horses, wooden soldiers and dolls, blocks and letters and the seats and other wood.en parts of cloll buggies, chairs, stools, carts and swings.

Its softness and light weight are properties considered in ehoosing it for drawing board.s, cutting boards, cloth board.s, and. penhold.ers.

Sugar pine is extensively used for piano keys. It has other uses in piano and. organ building, and for some puriroses is substituted for holly. It is an excellent wood for pipes in pipe organs and for that purpose has no equal.

Some of the miscellaneous uses which indicate the wide adaptability of .this wood are for parts of aeroplanes, &rr' mobile and. auto truck bodies, auto running boards, instrument boards, boat building, drain boards, ioncrete forms. plasterers' tools, railw&y ears, store fixtures, trunks and turning.

\lrhite Pine

The trade name " California 'White Pine " has been generally adopted by manufacturers to designate a species that in reality is a western yellow pine. The justiffcation for this trad.e name is found in the fact that the lumber produced. from western yellow pine (California white pine) is so different in physical characteristics and properties from the eommonly marketed "yellow" pines that its. distribution und.er a "yellow" pine name would be wholly misleading to the consumer. A striking evidence of this is the fact that it is frequently shipped from the Pacific Coast into southeastern states which produce yellow pine. Yellow pines, as a rule, are heavy, strong and excellently suited to general building, including such uses as bridge, mill and shop construction, flooring subjected to heavy wear, paving blocks, etc. The principal yellow pine (longleaf) is a typical example. Longleaf yellow pine (Pinus palustris) weighs 50 per cent more than California white pine when kiln dried and 51.7 per cent more when air dried. In strength the longleaf pine is superior, but the California white pine is sufriciently strong for the uses to which it is best adapted. Longleaf pine is extremely resinous, whereas California white pine, although a resinous wood, is so comparatively free from resin that it.is frequently mistaken for sugar pine.

California white pine weighs slightly more than sugar pine. Its comparative light weight, however, coupled with its softness of grain, ease of working and tendency to hold its shape, makes it a close competitor in quality and texture of sugar pine and fits it for most of the uses to which the latter is adapted.

A catalogue of uses for California white pine would. be largely a repetition of the sugar pine list, but for some of the more exacting uses sugar pine is preferred' California white pine is slightly stronger than sugar pine, which extends its use to somewhat heavier construction. As a gen- soon result in this species being used. in conjunction with pine. It is stronger than white fir and much more resilient, as is is shown by the extensive local manufacture of skiis. The wood is straight-grained and has a slight pinkish tinge in color.

Red fir has not yet received the consid.eration to which it is entitled.

Grade Manufactured

The grading of lumber has been carefully worked. out in this region to fit the requirements of consumers and also to conform to the character of timber. The rules of the California White and. Sugar Pine Manufacturers' Association are accepted as standard and are maintained. through a corps of inspectors who periodically visit the various mills and confer with the local graders and managers. Grading is not an exact science, as no two boards contain the same defects, but the rules are as complete as it is possible to make them and are revised from time to time to conform to atlded experience. Inspectors are kept in eastern territory to be available for adjusting claims and explaining the eharacteristics and uses of the different grades.

The highest grades are No. 1 and 2 Clear, usually sold together as one grade. These grades are practically free from defects and are produced in all witlths and thicknesses up to six inches. C Select is a high grade finishing lumber eral all around soft wood, available in almost unlimited quantities, California white pine is the leading wood available in the 'West.

fncense Cedar

The wood of incense cedar is bright, soft, not very strong, with fine, straight and even grain. The heartwood. is brown to red in color. This wood has recently found a heavy denand for the manufacture of pencil, and its future will be largely dedicated to that use, for which it is peculiarly fittecl. Incense cedar trees develop a heart-rot in the form of pockets which preclude the cutting of much clear lumber but do not interfere with the development of pencil slats. The small anount ,of clear produced is demanded for the manufacture of chests.

Red Fir

Red ffr, growing as it does only at high altitudes, is cut by few lumber manufacturers, but as it will increase in amount a description is pertinent. Recl fir is commonly confused. with Douglas fir, which is sometimes miscalled "Red Fir." True red fir has no resemblance to Douglas fir and very little resemblance to white f,r except that it is also a light, non-resinous wood. At the present time red fr is utilized largely with white fir for pulp and paper making, for which purpose it is well adapted.. However, the large size of the trees, the grain and terture of the wood will undoubtedly where one face only is to be shown, and comes in all witlths and thicknesses. No. 3 Clear and No' 1, 2 and 3 Shop are called. t'Factory" grades, as they are usually cut up into door, sash and other factory stock. They come fro1 the inside or top of the tree where large knots are found, but so situated that fine, soft clear cuttings may be secured between them. The different factory grades depend upon the percentage of standard d.oor and sash stock that can be cut from them. These grad.es are particularly adapted. to toy manufacturers, manual training schools and wherever clear material is desired in lengths less than the 16-foot standard.

The Common grades, Nos. L, 213,4 and 5 are used for general building purposes for which they are especially valuable due to light weight, ease of working and nailing and large unit sizes as compared. to lumber prod.uced in other regions. No. 1 Common is a very high grade common board.,.which may contain small tight knots, but no defects which will make it undesirable for shelving or which will not safiisfactorily cover with paint. No. 5 Common is the lowest grade recognized and consists of very defective board.s which will hold together when carefully handlecl. The other Common grades are between these two extremes. For general all arou:rd. builtling Nos. 2 and 3 Common are prineipally usecl: Two grades of "Box" lumber are recognized locally, being cutting types of Nos. 3 and 4 Common, and. are graded under the same rules.