Preview Energy Manager Issue 36 Oct- Dec 2016

October - December | 2016 | Vol :: 09 | No :: 04 ISSN 0974 - 0996

evolving energy models in emerging economies: post COP21

understanding climate change Nigeria's energy model post COP21 net energy metering of distributed generation systems

October - December 2016

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understanding climate change to limit atmospheric temperature increase and impact on utilities Dr. Jayant Sathaye

limate change is a worldwide activity, which included as many as 195 countries in Paris in 2015, and would now reach Morocco in November, 2016. The first activity started in IPCC in 1988, and the first COP1 activity was set up in 1995 in Berlin and COP3 in Kyoto Protocol, and most recently COP22 in November 2016. The main goal has been to reduce the temperature increase worldwide. If possible its goal for the temperature is to change only by 1.5 degrees C by 2100. However, if it increases to 4 degrees C, it would be an enormous problem worldwide. Many countries in US, many areas in Europe, and a few others are continuing to strongly plan to reduce the temperatures now and try to reach the goal of limiting the change to 1.5 degrees C by 2030. India may reach it by 2100, but it is focused primarily on expanding solar activities, reducing its DSM programs, but not reducing its coal use and other electricity use. Noted below, there are many options to reduce temperatures. Each shows how temperatures could be reduced for such activities and if the 195 countries go for it, it will be very useful to pursue.

understanding climate change to limit atmospheric temperature increase and impact on utilities a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

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October - December 2016

Climate change is a matter of worldwide concern and has been the primary agenda that has prevailed from the IPCC, and the first COP event in Berlin to the most recent 22nd one in Morocco. Consisting of around 195 countries as members, the main aim is to reduce the temperature increase to at 0 least 2 C by the year 2030. The establishment of the IPCC was a principal step as it provided crucial information to policy makers about the causes and impacts of climate change. This article summarizes information on the various activities taken in this initiative and the critical issues surrounding it.

Ismail Ibraheem

Nigeria is a federation comprising thirty-six states and the federal capital territory, Abuja. Since the country is rich in natural resources, a major share of its energy consumption comes from biofuel and waste. However, the rapidly developing economy puts a strain on resource use and hence increases emissions. During COP21, Nigeria pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by the year 2030. This article discusses the country's current energy scenario and the strategies it plans to adopt to achieve the desired aim of cleaner and greener energy.

October - December 2016

Nigeria's energy model post COP21

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

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Nigeria's energy model post COP21

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igeria is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its Atlantic coast runs along the Gulf of Guinea, in the south. Since 1991, the capital city is Abuja. The country's topography ranges from lowlands along the coast and in the lower Niger Valley to high plateaus in the north and mountains along the eastern border.

The country is divided by two main rivers, the Niger and the Benue, and the ecology varies from tropical forest in the south through savannah to the sub-Sahel zone in the far north. Figure 1 gives a map of Nigeria showing the federal entities.

average production of approx. 1,800,000 to 2,100,000 barrels of oil per day, Nigeria has been ranked seventh largest OPEC crude oil producer (based on secondary sources) between 2009 and 2013. To date, there has been no dedicated gas exploration, and the gas reserves consist solely of associated petroleum gas. Nigeria exported more than 8% of globally traded liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2012, making Nigeria the world's fourth largest LNG exporter.

Nigeria has large coal deposit in the state of Kogi and Enugu. Nigerian fossil fuel reserve is given in Table 1.

This shows that the country has abundant energy resources with high reserve of gas and an unexploited coal.

Table 1. Overview of fossil fuel resources

October - December 2016

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Energy Type

Crude Oil

Gas

Reserve

37.2 Billion barrel

5.2 trillion 209 million cubic metre tones

Production

2.417 million 43 billion barrel/day cubic (2011) metre

n/a

Years of possible extraction from 2011

40.4 years

n/a

77.9

Coal

Source: Nigerian energy sector - an overview by GIZ Fig 1. Map of the Federal republic of Nigeria (Source: Nigerian energy sector an overview by GIZ)

Nigeria's annual energy consumption is 94,682 ktoe, of which 89% comes from biofuels and waste. Only about 11% of that comes from conventional energy sources, much of it is imported oil products. The share of electricity in the final energy consumption is marginal at less than 2%. Climate change will have significant effects on the energy sector in Nigeria. In particular, rising temperature would result in increased energy demand for air conditioning, refrigeration and other household uses.

According to the report by GIZ, Nigeria has about 37 billion barrels of proven oil reserves and 187 trillion cubic feet of proven natural gas reserves. With an

UN reports claim that climate change will have significant effects on the energy sector in Nigeria. In particular, rising temperature would result in increased energy demand for air conditioning, refrigeration and other household uses.

Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry has a total installed capacity of 10,396.0 MW and available capacity of 6,056 MW. Most generating plants are thermal based, with an installed capacity of 8,457.6 MW and an available capacity of 4,996 MW. Hydropower from three major plants accounts for 1,938.4 MW of total installed capacity (and an available capacity of 1,060 MW).

net energy metering of distributed generation systems in South Asia:

status and prospects

October - December 2016

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Dr. Binu Parthan

South Asian countries have abundant renewable energy sources and have the opportunity to use distributed generation systems for increasing energy security and moving towards a low-carbon energy system. However, its limited energy sources force the energy sector to rely heavily on imported petroleum resources for its commercial energy needs. There is a clear need to increase the level of utilisation of renewable energy resources other than hydro, which are widely available in the region. Policy makers, regulators and the industry have been positive about the use of net-metered solar PV systems for South Asian countries.

Table 1: Fossil Fuel Energy Reserves in South Asian economies

Country

Coal Reserves (million tons)

Oil Reserves (million barrels)

Natural Gas Reserves (trillion cubic feet)

Afghanistan

72

3,600

15.7

Bhutan

2

0

0

Bangladesh

884

12

8

India

90,085

5,700

35

Maldives

0

0

0

Nepal

NA

0

0

Pakistan

17,550

324

33

Sri Lanka

NA

150

0

(Source: ADB 2011, Parthan 2014)

October - December 2016

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s the role and share of distributed and gridconnected renewable energy sources increase globally including in South Asia, several best practices are emerging and so are some challenges.

South Asian countries which have abundant renewable energy sources have the opportunity to use distributed generation systems for increasing energy security and moving towards a low-carbon energy system. South Asia as a region has limited energy sources and the energy sector relies heavily on imported petroleum resources for its commercial energy needs. India and Pakistan have significant reserves of coal and India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh have relatively high levels of natural gas reserves. Oil reserves are quite limited with only India and Afghanistan with considerable reserves. The status of fossil fuel energy reserves in South Asia are shown in Table 1:

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October - December 2016

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

renewable energy technologies landscape :

a patent analysis of

Dr. Madhulika Bhati

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nations

renewable energy technologies landscape : a patent analysis of BRICS nations a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

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October - December 2016

Fast depletion of conventional fossil fuels, increasing emission of CO2 and other harmful gases, and escalating cost of imported fuels in all the BRICS countries have created, in recent years, a need to expand their energy recourses- base to strategically meet their required demands, and to improve their economies. However, there is a stark difference and heterogeneity within BRICS countries in terms of recourses, expertise, technologies, facilities, geography, demography economy, etc. Hence it is vital to realize this fact while looking forward to cooperation and scientific collaboration in the energy sector among BRICS member countries. This article summarizes the patent landscaping of BRICS countries, particularly in emerging areas of renewable energy and also provides a comparative innovation capability of these nations and US and European regions.

October - December 2016

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India's emphasis on solar energy: issues and challenges in the new path

Dr. Arpita Amarnani

India has been responsible for almost 10% of the increase in global energy demand since 2000. Its energy demand in this period has almost doubled, pushing the country's share in global demand up to 5.7% in 2013 from 4.4% at the beginning of the century. While impressive, this proportion is still well below India's near 18% current share of global population, a strong indicator of the potential for further growth. Expressed on a per-capita basis, energy demand in India has grown by a more modest 46% since 2000 and remains only around one-third of the world average, slightly lower than the average for the African continent (ibid.) (See Fig.1).

The Indian Government views energy access and gainful employment opportunities for all of India's citizens as two of the country's most critical developmental goals, insisting that they must be kept sacrosanct in any global agreement on climate change. This belief forms the major thrust of Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi's major new policy initiatives: '24X7 Power for All' and the 'Made in India campaign', which seeks to accelerate industrialization rapidly to generate good high-paying jobs.

Policy makers need to look at certain challenges which are looming over the country like the over dependence on coal based thermal power plants, the dismal condition of our state distribution companies (DISCOMs), the huge quantum of transmission losses, meagre usage of the available resources for renewable energy and other such issues.

India's emphasis on solar energy: issues and challenges in the new path

he energy sector is expanding quickly but is set to face further challenges as India's modernisation and its economic growth gather pace, particularly given the policy priority to develop India's manufacturing base. (India Energy Outlook, 2015)

37 a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

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October - December 2016

According to the International Energy Agency report, India is in the early stage of a major transformation, bringing new opportunities to its 1.3 billion people and moving the country to centre stage in many areas of international affairs. The challenge that India currently faces is two-fold; managing the fuel import for energy security and sustainability and abiding by the international protocol on climate while handling the priority of economic and social development. This article examines the alignment of the current policies for the energy sector of the Indian Government with the focus areas as pointed out by the World Energy Council and also the sustainable development goals as laid down by the World Bank. Long-term and short-term issues and challenges that arise due to higher dependence on the solar power are also discussed.

October - December 2016

a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

energy saving measures at telecom tower sites C S Azad

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The critical component of wireless telecom network are telecom towers. Generally at telecom tower site, infrastructure is being shared by multiple operators (telecom service providers). Typically, a telecom tower site has active and passive infrastructure components.

Fig. 1 shows a typical telecom tower site.

Active components include the antennae, base transceivers, feeder cables and microwave radio equipments. Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) are the most important part of active components of mobile telecom infrastructure. They are needed to communicate with the handsets of the subscribers.

Every BTS covers a geographical area or cell and connects all users who are located in the cell to the wireless network. The size of these cells depends on operating frequencies and geographical conditions.

Many cells with a small size are found in cities, whereas only a few cells covering large areas are found in non-urban zones.

The passive mobile telecom infrastructure components include the underlying land, tower, shelter, air conditioning equipment (AC), diesel generator (DG), battery, electrical supply, technical premises etc.

Electrical energy is required for operation of the telecom towers and due to uncertainty of availability of grid electricity and long power interruptions diesel generators are used.

Generally, telecom operators share the passive infrastructures like tower, DG Set, Grid power etc.

Electrical energy is required for operation of the telecom towers and due to uncertainty of availability of grid electricity and long power interruptions diesel generators are used.

The power demand of a telecom tower is determined by the configuration of number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) in the cell tower. The telecom towers consume the largest amount of energy of the mobile telecom network.

The power demand of a telecom tower is determined by the configuration of number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) in the cell tower. Every year 1,20,000 new BTS are added worldwide.

A schematic figure of power supply arrangement at telecom tower is given in Figure 2. The power from grid is supplied to a Power Interface Unit (PIU). The function of PIU is to check and select the best phase of the three phase grid to feed the Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS). Air conditioners and other auxiliary load is fed from AC supply from grid. The function of SMPS is to covert 230 V AC to -48 V to power the BTS and other telecom equipments as well as charging the stand by batteries. In case of interruption of grid supply, PIU sends a signal to the diesel generator. The diesel generator starts and supplements the power. During the transition period of change of supply from grid to DG set and in case of problem with DG set, the stand by batteries provide the power to the telecom equipment to ensure uninterrupted operation. Each operator has its own SMPS and battery set.

The BTS consumes 50% of overall power consumed in wireless networks. The electrical load of BTS depends on the configuration. Generally BTS of 2/2/2 configuration are used at rural sites while at urban sites BTS of 6/6/6 configuration are used. The electrical load of various configurations of BTS is

49 a quarterly magazine of the society of energy engineers and managers / India

n the modern world, it is difficult to imagine life without mobile phones. The mobile telecom sector is growing at a very fast pace. With the overwhelming addition of mobile subscribers and internet users the energy requirement of the sector is also increasing day by day. The communication infrastructure has heavy cost of energy consumption and high carbon footprint.

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energy saving measures at telecom tower sites

In India, the 5.67 lakh telecom towers are estimated to consume 3.3 billion liters of diesel and 22.19 MWh of electricity. Mobile telecom sites are highly energy intensive and hence pose an urgent need for energy efficiency. The energy consumption of medium sized (12 -15K cell sites) cellular network is equivalent to that of 1,70,000 houses. This article gives a summary of the energy conservation measures that can be implemented in the wireless telecom network.

October - December 2016

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smart grids: first results from French demonstrators

ADEME

smart grids: first results from French demonstrators

October - December 2016

Since 2009, The French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) has played a key role in supporting the structuring of the smart grid sector.

The Agency has helped to fund the first large-scale projects through the Investments for the Future Programme (PIA) steered by the General Commissariat for Investment (GCI). The basis for smart grid projects include demand side management, load shedding, insertion of renewable energy, evolution of existing grids and prefiguring of business models. ADEME sees smart grids as an environmental, social and industrial opportunity and has been supporting pilot projects since 2009. This summary aims to provide an initial review of these pilots based on 12 of the most mature smart grid projects by the end of 2015.

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SEEM NEMA

2016

SEEM National Energy Management Awards 2016

Inspiring Energy Efficiency Instituted in 2014, SEEM National Energy Management Awards recognize and support best efforts taken by various sectors for improving energy efficiency, thereby supporting India's journey towards climate change mitigation and sustainable development.

SEEM National Executive Council invites applications for prestigious energy awards for 2016.

(Assessment Year 2016) Award Categories PLATINUM

GOLD

SILVER

BEST PERFORMANCE AWARD

For more information, please contact: Mr. Jayakumar Nair, Chairman - SEEM Awards M. No. 0 902 009 3636 , or Mr. Sankeerth Santhosh, Assistant Manager - SEEM , M. No. 0 944 606 7607 E-mail: seemnema2016reg@gmail.com Website: www.energyprofessional.in