საქართველოს ეკონომიკის კონკურენტუნარიანობა: თანამედროვე გამოწვევები

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia vladimer Rlonti

saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianoba: Tanamedrove gamowvevebi

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2012

monografiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis ZiriTadi problemebi, SemuSavebulia konkurentunarianobis koncefcia, Tanamedrove gamowvevebis analizis safuZvelze Sefasebulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli biznes garemo da konkurentunarianobaze misi zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi, gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba sagareo vaWrobaSi, ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilebulia globaluri konkurentunarianobis problemebze da sxv. monografiaSi gamokvlevebi da SedarebiTi analizi eyrdnoba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da qveynebis statistikur monacemebs. wigni gankuTvnilia mecnier-ekonomistebis, doqtorantebisa da axalgazrda mkvlevarebis, aseve, mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

redaqtorebi: eTer xaraiSvili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu-s sruli profesori, mikroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi asiko cincaZe ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori recenzentebi: giorgi malaSxia ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s sruli profesori, saxelmwifo premiis laureati naTia wiklaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, reqtoris moadgile samecniero dargSi gela mamulaZe ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori marina CavleiSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori

Š evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia, vladimer Rlonti, saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianoa: Tanamedrove gamowvevebi. gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

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Shota Rustaveli Shtate University Georgian Technical University

EVGENI BARATASHVILI, BADRI GECHBAIA VLADIMER GLONTI

COPMETITIVENESS OF GEORGIAN ECONOMY: MODERN CHALLENGES

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL” Tbilisi 2012

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The monograph considers the cardinal problems of the competitiveness in Georgian economy. The authors of the monograph have developed the conception of competitiveness and estimated the business surroundings as well as the ways of their influencing on competitiveness. The work also reviews the competitive abilities of Georgia in foreign trade. In the conditions of economical crisis the particular attention is paid to the problems of global competitiveness.

The researches and comparative analyses in the work are based on the statistic data of different international organizations and countries.

The monograph is intended for scientist-economists, doctoral candidates, and young researchers, as well as for the wide circle of readers Editor: Eter Kharaishvili Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full professor of Iv. Javakhishvili State University, Head of the Department of Macroeconomics. The Member of Scientific Academy of Economy of Georgia Asiko Cincadze PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University Reviewers: Giorgi Malashkhia Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor of Georgian Technical University, the prize winner of State Award.

Natia Tsiklashvili PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University, the Deputy Rector in scientific field Gela Mamuladze PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University Marina Chavleishvili PHD in Economics, Associated professor of Iv. Javakhishvili State University

© E. Baratashvili. B. Gechbaia, Vl. Glonti. Competitiveness of Georgian Economy: Modern Challenges Publishing House “UNIVERSAL” , 2012 19, I. Chavchavadze Ave., 0179, Tbilisi,Georgia : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

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Государственный университет Шота Руставели Грузинский технический университет

Евгений Бараташвили, Бадри Гечбаия, Владимир Глонти

Конкурентоспособность экономики Грузии: современные вызовы

Издательство `Универсал~ Тбилиси 2012

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В монографии рассмотрены основные проблемы конкурентоспособности экономики Грузии, разработана концепция конкурентоспособности, на основе анализа современные вызовы оценена существующая в Грузии бизнес среда и механизмы его воздействия на конкурентоспособность, проанализировано конкурентоспособность во внешней торговле, особое внимание уделено проблемам глобальной конкурентоспособности в условиях экономических кризисов и т.д. Исследования и сравнительные анализы, приведенные в монографии, основываются на статистических данных различных международных организации и стран. Книга рассчитана для ученных-экономистов, докторантов и молодых исследователей а также для широкого круга читателей.

Редакторы: Этер Хараишвили – доктор экономических наук, профессор государственного университета имени иване джавахишвили, руководитель кафедры микроэкономики. Академик экономических наук Грузии Асико Цинцадзе - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени Шота Руставели Рецензенты: Гиоргий Малашхия - доктор экономических наук, профессор государственного технического университета Грузии. Лауреат государственной премии Натия Циклашвили - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени Шота Руставели, заместитель ректора в научной части Гела Мамуладзе - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени Шота Руставели Марина Чавлеишвили - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени иване джавахишвили

© Евгений Бараташвили, Бадри Гечбаия, Владимир Глонти. Конкурентоспособность экономики Грузии: современные вызовы. Издательство “УНИВЕРСАЛ”, 2012 Тбилиси, 0179, пр. И.Чавчавадзе №19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

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sarCevi Sesavali..........................................................................................................................13 Tavi I konkurentunarianoba: koncefcia, Sefaseba da analizi...................................................................................................................15 1.1. konkurentunarianobis koncefcia. konkurentunarianobis arsi.............................................................15 1.2 saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba.........25 1.2.1 konkurentunarianobis analizi marTvis saerTaSoriso institutis IMD-s mixedviT........27 1.3 konkurentunarianobis analizi msoflio ekonomikuri forumis (WEF)-is mixedviT...........................29 1.4. qveynis konkurentunarianoba .........................................................33 1.5. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba: problemis dasma .........................................................................................34 1.6 mimdinare mdgomareobis analizi .............................................40 Tavi II biznes - garemo saqarTveloSi: problemebi da zemoqmedeba konkurentunarianobaze ........................................44 2.1 institucionaluri sfero da misi maxasiaTeblebi gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ............................................45 2.1.1 institutebis roli ekonomikis transformaciaSi............................................................................45 2.1.2 instutebis transformacia da cvlilebebTan winaaRmdegoba ....................................................................................48 2.1.3 sabazro reformebisa da institutebis transformacia gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ..................................................................................................51 2. 2 konkurentunarianoba da biznes-garemo gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ............................................52 2.2.1 konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos urTierTkavSiri ..............................................................................52 2.2.2 msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri korporacia "doing business" marTvis reitingi da misi kavSiri konkurentunarianobasTan .........59

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Tavi III saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba ....................................................................................................70 3.1. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ...................................................................71 3. 2 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi ...............84 3. 3 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi.........87 3.3.1 vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqsi................................87 3.3.2 gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis koeficientebi .................................................................................89 Tavi IV globaluri konkurentunarianoba da ekonomikuri krizisi: urTierTkavSiri ........................................................................95 4.1 erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriis analizi - Teoriuli midgomebi ...............................................95 4.2. globaluri konkurencia da erovnuli interesebi....108 4.3. globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi da saqarTvelos realoba ........................................................................115 Tavi V saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRleba da regionuli samewarmeo politika ........................................122 5. 1. konkurentunarianoba da regionuli samewarmeo politika ...........................................................................................................122 5. 2. regionuli konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis inovaciuri tendenciebi globalizaciis pirobebSi ............................................................................................................129 5.3. klasterebis roli regionis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis saqmeSi.....................................................................136 5.4. regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis zogierTi sakiTxi ......................................................................................152 5.5. regionuli politikis evropuli gamocdileba. konkurentunarianobis indikatorebi.....................................160 5.6. konkurentunariani regionebis sxva indikatorebi .170 5.7. regionis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis Sefasebis meTodi .......................................................................................172

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 13 CHAPTER I COMPETITIVENESS: CONCEPTION, ESTIMATION AND ANALYSES. ................................................................................... 15 1.1. Conception of competitiveness. The essence of competitiveness ....................................................................... 15 1.2. Estimation of international competitiveness............................ 25 1.2.1 Competitive analyses according to the IMD – International Managing Department............................... 27 1.3. Competitive analyses according to the World Economical Forum (WEF)........................................................................... 29 1.4. Competitiveness of a Country ................................................. 33 1.5. Competitiveness of Georgia: problem formulation ................ 34 1.6. Analyses of current situation .................................................. 40 CHAPTER II BUSINESS SITUATION IN GEORGIA: PROBLEMS AND INFLUENCE ON COMPETITIVENESS .................................... 44 2.1. Institutional field and its traits in the countries of transition economy .............................................................................. 45 2.1.1. The role of institutes in transformation of economy...... 45 2.1.2. Transformation of institutes and resistance to changes 48 2.1.3. Transformation of market reformations and institutions in the countries of transition economy ........................... 51 2.2. Competitiveness and business surroundings in the countries of transition economy ............................................. 52 2.2.1. Interrelation of competitiveness and business surroundings .................................................................. 52 2.2.2. Rating of managing simplicity of the World Bank and international financial corporation “Doing Business” and its link with competitiveness ................................... 59

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CHAPTER III RISING THE FOREIGN TRADE COMPETITIVENESS OF GEORGIA ................................................................................ 70 3.1. Estimation competitiveness of Georgia through the international trade ................................................................... 71 3.2. Competitive factors of export ................................................. 84 3.3. Competitive indexes of export ................................................ 87 3.3.1. Index of trade functioning ............................................. 87 3.3.2. Ratios of ascertained comparative advantages ............. 89 CHAPTER IV GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS ANF ECONOMICAL CRISIS: INTERRELATION ........................................................................ 95 4.1. Analyses of national competitiveness category – theoretical approach ................................................................................. 95 4.2. Global competitiveness and national interests.........................

4.3. Index of global competitiveness and Georgian reality ............ 115 CHAPTER V GROWTH OF COMPETITIVENESS OF GEORGIA AND REGIONAL UNDERTAKING POLICY..................................... 122 5.1. Competitiveness and regional undertaking policy................... 122 5.2. Innovative trends of regional competitiveness development in conditions of globalization .................................................. 129 5.3. Role of clusters in the growth of the competitiveness of region .................................................................................. 136 5.4. Some aspects of estimation of regional competitiveness......... 152 5.5. European experience of regional policy. Competitiveness indicators ................................................................................. 160 5.6. Other indicators of competitive regions ................................. 170

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ ................................................................................... 13 Глава 1. Конкурентоспособность: концепция, оценка и анализ ......... 15 1.1. Концепция конкурентоспособности. Сущность конкурентоспособности...................................................... 15 1.2. Оценка международной конкурентоспособности............ 25 1.2.1. Анализ конкурентоспособности согласно международного института управления IMD. ...... 27 1.3. Анализ конкурентоспособности согласно мирового экономического форума WEF ............................................ 29 1.4. Конкурентоспособность страны. ....................................... 33 1.5. Конкурентоспособность Грузии: постановка проблемы.............................................................................. 34 1.6. Анализ существующего положения. ................................. 40 Глава 2. Бизнес-среда в Грузии: проблемы и воздействие на конкурентоспособность. .............................................................. 44 2.1. Институциональная сфера и ее характеристика в странах с переходной экономикой. ................................... 45 2.1.1. Роль институтов в трансформации экономики. .... 45 2.1.2. Трансформация институтов и противостояние к изменениям............................................................ 48 2.1.3. Трансформация институтов и рыночных реформ в странах с переходной экономикой. ..................... 51 2.2. Конкурентоспособность и бизнес-среда в странах с переходной экономикой................................................... 52 2.2.1. Взаимосвязь конкурентоспособности и бизнессреды. ........................................................................ 52 2.2.2. Рейтинг управления мирового банка и международной финансовой корпорации "doing business" и ее связь с конкурентоспособностью........................................ 59

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Глава 3. Повышение конкурентоспособности внешней торговли Грузии. ............................................................................................ 70 3.1. Оценка конкурентоспособности Грузии во внешней торговле. ................................................................................ 71 3.2. факторы конкурентоспособности экспорта ....................... 84 3.3. Показатели конкурентоспособности экспорта. .................. 87 3.3.1. Индекс функционирования торговли. ....................... 87 3.3.2. Коэффициенты выявленных сравнительных преимуществ. ................................................................ 89 Глава 4. Глобальная конкурентоспособность и экономический кризис: взаимосвязь.................................................................................... 95 4.1. Анализ категории национальной конкурентоспособности – теоретические подходы. ................................... 95 4.2. Глобальная конкуренция и национальные интересы. ........ 108 4.3. Индекс глобальной конкуренции и реалии Грузии............ 115 Глава 5. Повышение конкурентоспособности Грузии и региональная предпринимательская политика. .................... 122 5.1. Конкурентоспособность и региональная предпринимательская политика. ........................................................ 122 5.2. Инновационные тенденции развития конкурентоспособности в условиях глобализации...................................... 129 5.3. Роль кластеров в повышении конкурентоспособности регионов. ............................................................................... 136 5.4. Некоторые вопросы оценки конкурентоспособности регионов. ............................................................................... 152 5.5. Европейский опыт региональной политики. Индикаторы конкурентоспособности. ....................................................... 160 5.6. Другие индикаторы конкурентоспособных регионов........ 170 5.7. Метод оценки инвестиционной привлекательности региона.................................................................................... 172

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Sesavali ekonomikur literaturaSi bevri mcdeloba iyo imisa, rom aexsnaT zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri warmateba da sxvebis warumatebloba, agreTve pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvaze ratom aris, rom erT qveyanaSi esa Tu is dargi warmatebiT viTardeba, xolo mezobel qveynebSi saerTod ar viTardeba? aRniSnuli problemebis SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia qveynis konkurentunarianobis analizi. qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansazRvravs ekonomikuri maCveneblebi kerZod, eqsportis moculoba, msoflio bazris wili, mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba, investiciebi. ufro naTlad igi gamoixateba Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaSi, romelic grZelvadian periodSi uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis myar zrdasa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebas, rac ekonomikuri politikis saboloo mizania. konkurentunarianobis analizi makro da mikroekonomikuri analizis erTgvar sinTezs warmoadgens. dabali inflacia, prognozirebadi savaluto kursi, dabalansebuli saxelmwifo finansebis seqtori, rezervebis maRali done ekonomikis myari ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobebia. Tumca, Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri stabiluroba ar aris sakmarisi ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, radgan is mxolod produqtis Seqmnas ganapirobebs. es ukanaskneli ki mikrodoneze iqmneba. amitomac ekonomikuri zrdis axsnisas konkurentunarianobis koncefciis farglebSi tradiciul analizs mikroekonomikuri sferos Rrma Seswavla emateba. aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznes-garemos Seswavla, moTxovnisa da axali warmoebis faqtorebis Taviseburebebis, teqnologiebis, menejmentisa da war-

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moebis organizaciis doneze, vertikaluri da horizontaluri urTierTobebis analizi. mocemul naSromSi warmodgenilia konkurentunarianobis koncefciis gamoyenebisa da im ZiriTadi faqtorebis gamovlenis mcdeloba, romlebic ganapirobeben saqarTvelos konkurentuli upiratesobebis warmoqmnas; Teoriul WrilSi saerTaSoriso da calkeuli saxelmwifoebis doneze gaanalizebulia qveynis konkurentunarianobis koncefcia; Sefasebulia konkurentunarianoba Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da sxva kriteriumebis analizis mixedviT, romlebic gamoxataven saqarTvelos konkurentul pozicias saerTaSoriso bazrebze.

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Tavi I konkurentunarianoba: koncefcia, Sefaseba da analizi 1.1

konkurentunarianobis koncefcia. konkurentunarianobis arsi

ekonomikaSi termini ,,konkurentunarianoba~ rogorc produqtTan an sawarmosTan, aseve dargTan da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSic farTod gamoiyeneba. amasTan, ar arsebobs konkretuli gansazRvreba imisa, Tu ra moiazreba konkurentunarianobaSi, qveynis konkurentunarianobasTan mimarTebaSi ki gamoiTqmeba mocemuli terminis gamoyenebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb eWvi2.

ZiriTadi idea, romelic am terminSi igulisxmeba, SeiZleba gavigoT im gansazRvrebebidan gamomdinare, romlebic sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gamoiyeneba. konkurencia, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis centraluri meqanizmi uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv progress ekonomikuri sistemis yvela – mikro, mezo, makro da mega - doneze. bolo periodSi gaizarda yuradReba qveynebs Soris konkurenciaze, rac qveynebis reitingTa sxvadasxva sistemaSi vlindeba. ukanaskneli aTi wlis manZilze saerTaSoriso organizaciebi regularulad axorcileben qveynebis Sedarebas sxvadasxva parametrebis – konkurentunarianobis, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis, adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis, sainformacio ganviTarebis donis da sxva parametrebis mixedviT. Cndeba axali reitinguli sistemebi. qveynis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis sxvadasxva meTodikebs Soris gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs 2

Krugman, P. (1996). Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, 12(3), 17---25.

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msoflio ekonomikuri forumis (WEF) da ganviTarebis marTvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IMD) meTodebi. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis qveynis konkurentunarianobis reitingis gansazRvra xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis harvardis institutis (CID) mier da yovelwliurad `The Global Competitiveness Report~-Si poulobs asaxvas. mas safuZvlad udevs j. saqsisa da g. stounis midgomebi konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli reitingis SemuSavebis dros gaTvaliswinebulia rva ZiriTadi faqtori, romelTa mdgomareobac gansazRvravs grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZleblobebs. konkurentunarianobis TiToeul kompleqsur faqtors gaaCnia Tavisi faqtoruli wili da ganisazRvreba maCvenebelTa sistemiT. K konkurentunarianobis done ganisazRvreba Semdegi indeqsebis safuZvelze:G 9 globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi; 9 biznesis konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi; 9 globaluri sainovacio indeqsebi; 9 produqtis konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi da sxv. m. porteris Tanaxmad, konkurentunarianobas aRweven ara marto calkeuli dargebi, aramed dargebis mTeli erTobliobebic (klasterebic), romlebSic kompaniebi integrirebulia vertikaluri an horizontaluri principiT. porterma aCvena, rom msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arseboben konkurentunarian industriaTa iseTi jgufebi, romlebic mcire teritoriuli sivrcis miuxedavad msoflio bazarze lideris poziciebs inarCuneben. regionul klasterebze dafuZnebuli erovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategiis Teoriis SeqmniT porterma daasabuTa, rom konkurentuli upiratesoba damokidebulia klasterebze damyarebul regionul da adgilobriv inovaciur sistemebze.

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konkurenciis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes: a. smiTma (naSromi _ `gamokvleva xalxTa bunebis simdidrisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~, 1776), d. rikardom, j. milma, j. robinsonma da e. Cemberlenma, j. keinsma, p. hainem, i. Sumpeterma, f. haiekma, f. naiTma, k. makkonelma, m. porterma da sxv. bolo aTwleulebis movlenebma gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv warmoaCines konkurneciis mniSvneloba sawarmo Zalebis ganviTarebaSi, misi universaluri moqmedeba erovnul ekonomikasa da msoflio meurneobis procesebze.

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi erT-erT sakvanZo movlenas warmoadgens konkurentunarianoba. Mmagram Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecniereba ar gvaZlevs mis zust ganmartebas, radgan SemuSavebuli ar aris erTiani midgoma konkurentunarianobis Sefasebisa da formirebisadmi. saerTod konkurentunarianobis qveS mizanSewonilia vigulisxmoT konkurirebis SesaZlebloba saqonlis da momsaxurebis bazrebze.

XXI saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda zogadi warmodgenebi konkurenciis arsisa da misi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb, rac gamoisaxa bazris sam klasikur modelSi: srulyofili (wminda) konkurencia, monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia. konkurentunarianobis koncefciis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli maikl porteri aRniSnavs, rom konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba mwarmoeblurobiT, qveyana iyenebs Tavis bunebriv, adamianur resursebsa da kapitals, radgan mwarmoebluroba aris qveynis da misi mosaxleobis keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtori.

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porterma gamoyo konkurentunarianobis Semdegi ZiriTadi aspeqtebi3: 1. mwarmoebluroba damokidebulia rogorc warmoebuli produqtis an gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebulebaze (mis unikalurobaze, xarisxze), aseve warmoebis efeqtianobaze; 2. winsvlisTvis mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu romel dargebSia qveyana, konkurentuli aramed am dargSi rogori konkurenciaa firmebs Soris. qveynis mwarmoebluroba - aris imis gamoxatuleba, risi warmoebac gadawyvites adgilobrivma da ucxourma firmebma am regionSi. qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis saboloo mizans misi simdidris anu qveynis keTildReobis zrda warmoadgens. TviTon m. porteris Tanaxmad, qveynis simdidre arsebobs ori saxiT: arsebuli (memkvidreobiTi) da Seqmnili. memkvidreobiTi simdidre miiReba bunebrivi resursebis an uZravi qonebis gayidvis xarjze. Tavisi bunebiT igi SezRudulia. amasTan, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saxelmwifo, radgan zustad is awarmoebs resursebs mosaxleobis fenebs Soris, rasac SeiZleba Tan axldes korufcia da favoritizmi. aseve aseTi saxis simdidris erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia bunebrivi resursebis uzomod da araefeqtianad gamoyeneba da subsidiebis xelmisawvdomoba. qveynis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia, uwinares yovlisa, imaze, Tu ramdenad nayofierad iyenebs igi erovnul bunebriv, SromiT, materialur da finansur resursebs. amave dros, nebismieri konkurencia, garkveulwilad ekonomikis srulyofis stimuls warmoadgens.4 3

Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York.

4 ismailovi e., papava v. centraluri kavkasia: geopolitikuri ekonomiis narkvevebi. 2007 w. gv., 167

18

Seqmnili simdidre iqmneba kompaniebis doneze, romlebic fasian produqtebsa da momsaxurebas awarmoeben. simdidre ganisazRvreba mxolod firmis inovaciuri SesaZleblobebiTa da mwarmoeblurobiT. saxelmwifos roli ki imaSi vlindeba, rom konkurentunarianobis faqtorebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis analizis safuZvelze, bizness xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmnas. porteris koncefciaSi gamoiyofa konkurentunarianobis oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori: Semomavali faqtorebis parametrebi (warmoeba), firmis konkurenciis pirobebi da biznesis gaZRola, Sida moTxovnis parametrebi, monaTesave da mokavSire dargebis ganviTarebis done. aRniSnuli faqtorebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia da qmnian ,,konkurentunarianobis almass� (ix. sqema 1.1).

sqema 1.1. `konkurentunarianobis almasi~

5

m. porteris mixedviT, mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis mTavar katalizators Sida dargobrivi konkurencia 5

Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York.

19

warmoadgens. rodesac qveyanaSi arsebobs erTi da imave tipis produqtebisa da momsaxurebis ramdenime erovnuli mwarmoebeli, amiT erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebas didi stimuli eZleva. konkurenciis wyalobiT kompaniebi produqtis xarisxs amaRleben, amcireben xarjebs, xels uwyoben mecnierul-teqnikur progress: 9 bunebrivi resursebisa da adamianuri kapitalis garda, porteri Semomaval faqtorebs miakuTvnebs: sabazro infrastruqturis mdgomareobas; kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis dones, umaRlesi da profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemas; mecnieruli da kvleviTi institutebis xarisxs; informaciuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebas; 9 Semomavali faqtorebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba qveyanaSi biznesis warmarTvis xelsayrel sakanonmdeblo, institucionalur da konkurenciis SezRudvis ararsebobis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos dabali Careva, saxelmwifo subsidiebis aradiskriminaciuli gamoyeneba sawarmoebisa da dargebis efeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs qmnis. aseve mniSvnelovania Ria ekonomika, romelsac qveyanaSi damatebiTi konkurencia da masTan erTad teqnologiebi da investiciebi Semoaqvs; 9 Sida moTxovnis Taviseburebebi gamoSvebuli produqtis nakrebs da mis xarisxs gansazRvravs. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis uxeSi moTxovnebi an ekologiuri standartebi, erTis mxriv, zRudavs investiciis SesaZleblobebs, xolo, meores mxriv - axdens investiciebis stimulirebas, romlebic aramarto aumjobesebs, magaliTad, ekologiur maCveneblebs, aramed aseve warmoebis efeqtian zrdas ganapirobebs; 9 ganviTarebuli da mxardamWeri dargebi ekonomikaSi klasterebis warmoqmnis ZiriTad faqtors

20

warmoadgens, romlebic globalizaciis pirobebSi ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari wyaroa. porteris Tanaxmad6, konkurentunarianobas ara marto calkeuli dargebi, aramed dargebis erTobliobebic (klasterebic) aRweven, romlebSic kompaniebi vertikaluri an horizontaluri mimarTulebiTaa integrirebuli. porteris mier SemuSavebuli `konkurentunarianobis almasi� sistemas warmoedgens. saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da evropis mcire qveynebis gamocdileba gvkarnaxobs, rom qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiuli amocanad miCneul iqnes saqonlis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba. igi mWidro kavSiriSia inovaciuri saqmianobis principul gaumjobesebasTan, arsebuli potencialis gonivruli gamoyenebasa da Sesabamisi klasterebis SeqmnasTan. konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevis yvelaze tipiur novaciad iTvleba: axali teqnologiebi, myidvelTa axali an Secvlili moTxovna, bazris axali segmentis gamoCena, Rirebulebisa da warmoebis komponentTa cvlileba da a.S. klasteri aris geografiulad axlos ganlagebuli urTierTdakavSirebuli kompaniebis, momwodeblebis, firmebisa da institutebis jgufebi, romlebic erT sferoSi muSaoben7. magaliTad, klasters warmoadgens msubuqi avtomobilebis awyoba slovakeTSi, saaTebis warmoeba JenevaSi, finansuri klasteri londonSi, ke-

6

Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York.

7 Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York.

21

ramikuli nakeTobebi italiaSi da a.S. klasterebi konkurentunarianobaze sami mimarTulebiT moqmedeben: • zrdian maT SemadgenlobaSi Semavali firmebis an dargebis mwarmoeblurobas; • specializebuli momwodeblebi, TanamSromlebi da treningebi klasterSi arsebuli firmebisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre izolirebuli firmebisaTvis; • aseve klasterebi - ,,saukeTeso biznes-praqtikebi” swraf gavrcelebasa da konkurentebTan sakuTari Tavis Sedarebis mudmiv SesaZleblobas uzrunvelyofen. klasterebi inovaciebisa da mwarmoeblurobis zrdis potencials amaRleben. klasterSi gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi ufro martivia aucilebeli inovaciuri midgomebis aRmoCena. resursebis arseboba iZleva eqsperimentebis martivad Catarebis saSualebas, xolo sakanonmdeblo da kvleviTi institutebi aucilebel kompetenciebs warmoadgenen. sazRvargareTis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom klasteruli midgoma mTels msoflioSia aRiarebuli, rogorc erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis politika. klasteruli politikis realizaciisaTvis saWiroa rigi samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba, kerZod, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi mxardamWeri institutebis mier xdeba sawarmoTa klasterebad asociaciis, maT Soris araformalur urTierTdamokidebulebaTa da qseluri TanamSromlobis Camoyalibeba. tardeba analizi da muSavdeba Sesabamisi organizaciul-ekonomikur RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi. saqarTvelo Sors ver iqneba am procesebisagan ramdenadac klasteruli midgomis wanamZRvrebi qveyanaSi arsebobs. es imas mowmobs, rom saqarTvelosa da postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva qveynebisaTvis aqtualuria klasteruli midgomis gamoyeneba sawarmoebis, regione-

22

bisa da mTlianad erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis miznebisaTvis. globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi, romlebic, erTis mxriv, stimuls aZlevs saerTaSoriso konkurencias, konkurentunarianobas, inovaciebs, da, meore mxriv, subieqtebs Soris qseluri, araformaluri kavSirebis zrdam, rogorc sapasuxo reaqciam am procesebze, struqturuli gardaqmnis programis SemuSavebasa da qveynis ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi sayovelTao aRiareba moipova. yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili gvaZlevs saSualebas CamovayaliboT klasteruli politika, rogorc erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis asamaRleblad, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis mier gansaxorcielebuli saqmianoba, klasterebisa da qseluri urTierTkavSirebis organizaciisa da ganviTarebis stimulirebis miznebis, principebisa da meTodebis SesamuSaveblad. klasteruli politika praqtikaSi realizdeba klasteruli strategiis SemuSavebis safuZvelze. klasteruli politikis formirebis sazRvargareTis gamocdilebis Catarebuli analizi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi: 9 arsebobs klasteruli politikis erovnuli Taviseburebebi; 9 ar arsebobs erTgvarovnoba klasteruli politikis saSualebaTa SemadgenlobaSi; 9 isini erTiania mxolod erTi klasteruli proeqtis monawile qveynebSi; 9 klasteruli politikis uzrunvelyofis meTodebis mravalferovneba erovnuli TaviseburebebiTa da klasteruli midgomis miRebuli koncefciiT ganisazRvreba; 9 saxelmwifoTa klasteruli politika klasterizaciis procesSi mTavrobis Carevis xarisxis Sesabamisad gansxvavebulia;

23

9 klasteruli politikis Camoyalibebis meToduri safuZvlebi ar aris SemuSavebuli. mTavrobis politika ar unda iyos mkacrad orinetirebuli mrewvelobis dargebisa da sawarmoebis pirdapir subsidirebaze an bazarze konkurenciis SezRudvaze. klasteruli iniciativebi SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes saxelmwifo xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebidan. mTavrobis politika ar SeiZleba iyos orientirebuli pirdapir Carevaze, aramed unda gadavides klasterebis stimulirebaze. klasterizaciis procesSi Careva SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mxolod gamWvirvale bazris arsebobis an inovaciuri sistemebis arasrulyofilebis SemTxvevaSi. mTavrobam Tavis Tavze ar unda aiRos damwyebi klasterebis xelmZRvaneloba an sakuTrebis ufleba, aramed igi Suamavlis rolSi unda gamovides, romelic Tavs uyris mwarmoeblebs, momwodeblebsa da myidvelebs, uzrunvelyofs klasterizaciisa da inovaciebis procesis xelSemwyob struqturebsa da stimulebs. klasteruli politika koncentrirebuli unda iyos konkurentunarian klasterebze, magram ar unda ugulebelyofdes mcire da embrionul klasterebs. erovnuli klasteruli politikis ZiriTadi amocanaa, klasterebis stimulirebis safuZvelze, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da erovnuli konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna. Camoyalibebuli miznis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba klasteruli politikis Semdegi amocanebi: 9 bazrebis dinamiuri muSaobisaTvis (infrastruqtura, konkurentuli politika, struqturuli reformebi, strategiuli informaciis momzadeba) xelsayreli pirobebis Seqna; 9 ekonomikis problemuri xedvis Camoyalibebis wyalobiT inovaciebis uzrunvelmyofi garemos Seqmna;

24

9 klasteruli urTierTkavSirebis upiratesobebis Sesaxeb bazris subieqtebis informirebulobis donis amaRleba; 9 kavSirebis damyarebis, codnis gaziarebis sistemis marTva da Suamavloba; codnis formalur da araformalur gaziarebaSi daxmareba; 9 klasteruli programebis SemuSaveba da realizacia; 9 erToblivi kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis programebis xelSewyoba; 9 klasteruli infrastruqturis Seqmna da ganviTareba; 9 sazogadoebrivi institutebis meSveobiT samrewvelo kavSirebis kultivireba (skolebi, universitetebi, kvleviTi institutebi); klasterebis mier xdeba axali firmebis da biznesis axali xazis Seqmnis stimulireba, rac xels uwyobs inovaciebs da afarToebs klasters.

1.2 saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba arsebobs ori msxvili organizacia, romlebic msoflioSi qveynebis konkurentunarianobis analizs axorcieleben. es aris marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti IMD da msoflio ekonomikuri forumi (World Economic Forum). TiToeuli es organizacia yovelwliurad gamoscems angariSs (World Competitiveness Yearbook da Global Competitiveness Report Sesabamisad), romelic msoflioSi mimdinare tendenciebsa da konkurentunarianobas eZRvneba. isini msoflio tendenciebisa da benCmarkingis analizisaTvis aucilebel monacemebs iZlevian.Oorive angariSSi saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis Sefase-

25

bis rTuli meTodologia gamoiyeneba, sadac ganixileba faqtorebis farTo speqtris erToblioba, romelic msoflio doneze qveynis warmatebas gansazRvravs da misi mosaxleobis cxovrebis maRal dones uzrunvelhyofs. globalizaciis pirobebSi erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis kvleva saSualebas mogvcems ganvaviTaroT Teoriuli Sexedulebebi qveyanaTaSoris konkurenciis Taviseburebebze da davafuZnoT saqarTvelos erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis zrdisa da globaluri konkurentuli upiratesobis realizaciis mimarTulebebi. msoflio meurneobis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgens konkurenciis internacionalizacia sxvadasxva sferoSi – ara marto gadamamuSavebel dargebSi, aramed momsaxurebis sferoSic. saerTaSoriso konkurencia iZleva qveynis resursebis gamoyenebis produqtiulobis amaRlebis progresul-sinergiul SesaZleblobebs da amavdroulad warmoadgens destruqciul-sinergiul safrTxes. magaliTad, konkurentuli upiratesobis Teoriis Tanaxmad: ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daaxloebiT erTnairi donis qveynebidan nebismier maTgans gaaCnia gansazRvruli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli globaluri konkurentuli upiratesobebi. rogorc wesi, es ufro maRali: ama Tu im dargebis Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done, ama Tu im dargebis, warmoebis, samewarmeo jgufebis, samewrmeo, teqnologiuri, komerciuli, personalis kvalifikacia, warmoebuli nakeTobebis xarisxi da teqnikuri done, marTvis xelovneba, strategiuli azrovneba mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva doneze da mravali sxva.

Cveni azriT, saerTaSoriso konkurencia unda ganisazRvros rogorc ekonomikuri subieqtebis moqniloba mikrosameurneo urTierTobebis sistemaSi maTi inte-

26

resebis realizaciis saukeTeso pirobebis miRwevisaTvis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso konkurencia, rogorc msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meqanizmi, arsebul cvlilbebs ganicdis globalizaciis fenomenis zemoqmedebis qveS, rac Tavismxriv aisaxeba erovnuli ekonomikebis konkurentunarianobisa da konkurentuli upiratesobebis globalur gadanawilebaze.

1.2.1 konkurentunarianobis analizi marTvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IMD-s) mixedviT IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook gamoicema yovelwliurad 1989 wlidan. 2009 wels masSi 57 qveynis konkurentunariaobis analizi iyo warmodgenil. igi fasdeboda rogorc qveynis maCveneblebis Sedegobrivi erToblioba 329 kriteriumis mixedviT, romlebic konkurentunarianobis oTx faqtorSia dajgufebulia: • ekonomikuri mdgomareoba (makroekonomikuri garemo); • saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis efeqtianoba; • biznesis efeqtianoba; • infrastruqtura. yvela faqtori xuT qvefaqtorad, xolo zogierTi maTgani ki qvejgufebad aris dayofili. konkurentunarianobis indeqsis gamoTvla garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT mimdinareobs. pirvel etaze, yvela 329 kriteriumi raodenobrivad fasdeba, amasTan 84 kriteriumi ar gamoiyeneba uSualod indeqsis gamoTvlisas. danarCeni 245 kriteriumi nawilobriv statistikuri (135) da gamokiTxvis monacemebia (110). Semdgom etapze, qveynebis mixedviT kriteriumebis mniSvnelobebis gansazRvrisaTvis maTi nominaluri mniSvnelobis nacvlad gamoiyeneba standartuli gadaxra. igi yvela kriteriumisaTvis Semdegi formuliT gamoiangariSeba: 27

SDT =

x−x , (1.1) S

sadac x - aris saanalizo qveyanaSi kriteriumis mniSvneloba; x mocemuli kriteriumis saSualo mniSvneloba yvela 57 qveynisaTvis; S -saSualo kvadratuli uaryofa. standartuli uaryofa gamoiTvleba rogorc statistikuri monacemebis, ise gamokiTxvis monacemebisaTvis.

konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi da qvefaqtorebi8 cxrili 1.1 ekonomikuri mdgomareoba Sida ekonomika saerTaSoriso vaWroba saerTaSoriso investiciebi dasaqmeba fasebi

saxelmwifos efeqtianoba saxelmwifo finansebi

biznesis efeqtianoba mwarmoebluroba

infrastruqtura

fiskaluri politika instituciuri struqtura

Sromis bazari

teqnologiuri infrastruqtura mecnieruli infrastruqtura

biznesis kanonmdebloba socialuri struqrura

menejmentis praqtika urTierTobebi da faseulobebi

finansebi

sabazo infrastruqtura

jandacva da garemo ganaTleba

Semdeg etapze xdeba SDT-s saSualo Sewonili mniSvnelobis gamoTvla TiToeuli 20 qveynisaTvis. erTis toli wonebi gamoiyeneba statistikuri kriteriumebisaTvis da 0,55 _ gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebisaTvis. wonebis aseTi urTierTkavSiri SerCeu-

8

IMD (2009). World Competitiveness Yearbook 2009.

28

lia imisaTvis, rom gamokiTxvis monacemebi konkurentunarianobis indeqsis mesameds gansazRvravdnen. bolo etapi aris mTlianobaSi faqtorebisa da qveynebis konkurentunarianobis gamoTvla, rogorc SDT qvefaqtorebis saSualo mniSvneloba (yvela qvefaqtors aqvs erTi wona, anu 0,2-faqtoris konkurentunarianobisaTvis da 0,05-qveynisaTvis).

1.2

konkurentunarianobis analizi msoflio ekonomikuri forumis (WEF)-is mixedviT

mef-is kvlevaSi ufro rTuli meTodologia gamoiyeneba, romlis mTavar Taviseburebas, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan kavSirSi, faqtorebisaTvis sxvadasxva wonebis gamoyeneba warmoadgens. bolo World Competitiveness Report-Si 2009-2010 wlebSi msoflio konkurentunarianobis indeqsis daxmarebiT (Global Competitiveness index) 125 qveynis SedarebiTi konkurentunarianoba Sefasda, romelic SemuSavda maikl porteris mier mef-is koleqtivTan TanamSromlobiT Seqmnili wina indeqsis safuZvelze. saboloo indeqsSi gaiTvaliswineba rogorc ekonomikuri garemos funqcionireba (makroekonomika, ganaTleba, jandacva da a.S.), ise qveyanaSi biznesis marTvis (gaZRolis) Taviseburebebi (mikroekonomika). yvela faqtori, romlebic moqmedebs konkurentunarianobaze iyofa 12 jgufad: 9 institutebi; 9 infrastruqtura; 9 makroekonomikuri stabiluroba; 9 janmrTeloba da sabazo ganaTleba; 9 umaRlesi da profesiuli ganaTleba;

29

9 produqtis bazris efeqtianoba (damokidebulia bazarze arsebul konkurenciasa da moTxovnis xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebze); 9 Sromis bazris efeqtianoba; 9 finansuri bazris ganviTarebis done; 9 teqnologiuri mzadyofna-siCqare, romliTac qveyana arsebul teqnologiebs mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebisaTvis iyenebs; 9 bazris zoma; 9 biznes-teqnologiebis sirTule; 9 inovaciebi. mocemuli faqtorebis gavlena araTanabaria sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis. am mizniT 12 faqtori 3 gufad gaiyo, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebis Sesabamis sam stadiaze gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (ix. cxrili 1.2). pirveli stadia xasiaTdeba warmoebis faqtorebis xarjze zrdiT: ufro iafi muSaxeli, bunebrivi resursebi da a.S. am stadiaze qveynebi Sekavebul (Seferxebul) konkurentul strategias iyeneben. ekonomikis ganviTarebiT, Sromis mwarmoeblurobiTa da gadasaxadebiT saxelmwifos ukve aRar SeuZlia SeferxebiT konkurireba da iZulebuli xdeba orientireba moaxdinos konkurenciasa da ekonomikur zrdaze, warmoebis efeqtianobisa da gamoSvebuli prodiuqtis xarisxis amaRlebis xarjze. am stadiaze mniSvnelovani xdeba umaRlesi da profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTareba, produqtis efeqtiani bazris arseboba, konkurenciis zrdis ganmapirobebeli moqnili Sromis bazaris, ganviTarebuli finansuri seqtoris arseboba, investiciebis zrdis mxardaWera, qveyanaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis arseboba da mzadyofna maTi gamoyenebisaTvis. saxelmwifos ganviTarebis Semdegi stadia gulisxmobs mosaxleobis maRal cxovrebis dones. am SemTxvevaSi qveynebs msoflio bazarze SeuZliaT konkurentunariani iyvnen ZiriTadad unikaluri produqtis xarjze, romelic inova-

30

ciuri saqmianobis Sedegs warmoadgens. ganviTarebis am etapze mniSvnelovania iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: biznesi, teqnologiebi da inovaciebi. ekonomikis zrdaze damokidebuli konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi cxrili 1.2

ekonomikis zrdis stadiebi zrda faqtorebis xarjze (qveynebi konkurireben TavianTi bunebrivi resursebis, arakvalificiuri samuSao Zalis bazaze. firmebi amjobineben safaso konkurencias.) zrda efeqtianobis xarjze (gadaxdebis zrda aiZulebs firmebs warmoebis efeqtianoba da produqtis xarisxi aamaRlon.)

zrda inovaciebis xarjze (mosaxleobis maRali Semosavlebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia mxolod axali da unikaluri produqtis warmoebis xarjze).

faqtorebi sabazo moTxovnebi _institutebi _infrastruqtura _makroekonomika _jandacva da sabazo ganaTleba efeqtianobis gamaZliereblebi _umaRlesi da profesiuli ganaTleba _produqtis bazris efeqtianoba _Sromis bazris efeqtianoba _teqnologiuri mzadyofna _bazris zoma inovaciuri faqtorebi _inovaciebi _biznes teqnologiebis sirTule

saxelmwifos ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiebze am Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis faqtorebi iyofa sxvadasxva wonebad (ix. cxrili 1.4).

31

faqtorebis wonebi cxrili 1.3

sabazo moTxovnebi

efeqturobis gamaZliereblebi

inovaciuri faqtorebi

60

35

5

40

50

10

20

50

30

zrda faqtorebis xarjze zrda efeqtianobis xarjze zrda inovaciebis xarjze

qveynis ganviTarebis stabiluroba cxrili 1.4 stadiebi zrda faqtorebis xarjze pirveli stadiidan meoreSi gadasvla zrda efeqtianobis xarjze meoredan mesame stadiaSi gadasvla zrda inovaciebis xarjze

mSp erT sul mosaxleze (USD) 2000-ze qveviT 20000-3000 3000-9000 9000-17000 17000 -ze zeviT

SeniSvna: gadamsvlel stadiaSi yvela qveynisaTvis wonebi gadanawildeba sxvadasxvanairad. indeqsis gamosaTvlelad monacemebi aiReba nawilobriv qveynis statistikidan da nawilobriv - top menejerebis gamokiTxvidan. indeqsis gamoTvla xdeba skalis

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mixedviT 1 - dan 7 - mde, romelic gamokiTxvis dros gamoiyeneba. am skalaSi statistikuri monacemebis gadmotana xdeba formuliT:

saboloo indeqsi analizSi gamoyenebuli maCveneblebis saSualo Sewonilis gamoTvlis Semdeg miiReba.

1.4. qveynis konkurentunarianoba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis konkurentunarianobis analiziT dakavebulia, erTis mxriv, harvardis biznes-skola, meore mxriv, ki - calkeuli saxelmwifoebis erovnuli konkurentunarianobis centrebi (romlebic nawilobriv TanamSromloben harvardis biznes-skolasTan). aseTi centrebi aris magaliTad: aSS-Si, irlandiaSi, inglisSi, xorvatiaSi, yazaxeTSi. calkeuli saxelmwifoebis konkurentunarianobis analizi maT benCmarkingTan mimdinareobs. analizis pirvel etaps qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri tendenciebis Sefaseba warmoadgens. es niSnavs qveynis mSp-is, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis, Sida vaWrobis da sxva gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri maCveneblebis zrdis analizs sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, rac saSualebas iZleva davadginoT qveyanaSi arsebuli konkurentunarianobis done. aseve yuradReba eqceva qveyanaSi daregistrirebuli patentebis raodenobas, radgan es statistikuri maCvenebeli misi inovaciuri ganviTarebis dones asaxavs. momdevno etapia calke konkurentunarianobis makro da mikroekonomikuri maCveneblebi. makroekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris ZiriTadad Seiswavleba mSp-is zrdis faqtorebi, inflaciis tempe-

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bi, savaluto kursi, biujetis deficiti, mimdinare angariSis balansi. aseve ganixileba qveyanaSi politikuri (stabiluroba, politikuri procesebis gaxsniloba), iuridiuli (kanonebis da maTi gamoyenebis xarisxi) da socialuri (siRaribe, uTanabroba) pirobebi. mikroekonomikuri klimatis Sefaseba xdeba porteris ,,konkurentunarianobis almasis~ Sesabamisad. gamoiyofa upiratesobebi da uaryofiTi mxareebi faqtorebis, moTxovnis, monaTesave dargebis, konkurenciis pirobebisa da biznesis marTvis parametrebis mixedviT. SemdgomSi xdeba qveyanaSi arsebuli klasterebisa da maTi ganviTarebis donis analizi. Catarebili analizis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri politikis sferoebi, romelSic cvlilebebi gamoiwvevs qveynis konkurentunarianobisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrdas.

1.5. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba: problemis dasma saqarTvelosaTvis konkurentunarianobis analizi IMD-s saerTaSoriso kvlevebisa da msoflio ekonomikuri forumis CarCoebSi pirvelad _ 1993 wels Catarda. es iyo kvleva, romelic eZRvneboda gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs.9 saqarTvelo globaluri konkurenciis mxriv, msoflios 133 qveyanas Soris 90 - e adgilzea - aseTia msoflio ekonomikuri forumis 2009-2010 wlis angariSis Sedegebi. Tumca, msoflio ekonomikuri forumis globaluri konkurenciis indeqsisTvis mniSvnelovani calkeuli aspeqtebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos 9

IMD, WEF (1993). Формирующиеся рыночные экономики --- 1993, Международный институт развития менеджмента, Мировой экономический форум: Лозанна ----- Женева.

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gacilebiT ukeTesi qulebi aqvs: magaliTad, igi msoflioSi biznesis keTebis siadvilis mixedviT me-11, xolo ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mxriv – 26-e, evropaSi ki me-14 adgilzea - „metwilad Tavisufal” kategoriaSi. qveynisTvis am gansxvavebebs iwvevs Tavad indeqsebis specifika. pirvel or SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba liberalizaciaze - biznesisTvis xelsayrel garemoze, da zogadad, ekonomikur Tavisuflebaze. globaluri konkurenciis indeqsi ki aqcents am faqtorebis garda, efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebel institutebzec akeTebs. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angariSi miuTiTebs, rom liberalizacia da biznesisTvis xelsayreli garemos Seqmna qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisTvis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. amis mizezia Zveli, antisabazro institutebi, romelTa demontaJic aucilebelia da maT nacvlad saWiroa axali, efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis xelsayreli institutebis Seiqmna. bolo wlebSi saqarTvelom am mimarTulebiT reformebi gaatara, magaliTad, sabaJo licenziebisa da nebarTvebis sistemis gamartiveba an Sromis kodeqsi, romelic, am indeqsis mixedviTac, Sefasebulia, rogorc konkurentunariani da saqarTvelo msoflio oceulSi Sedis. saqarTvelom mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia korufciasTan brZolis mxrivac: organizacia `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis” Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo korufciis doniT msoflioSi 169 qveyanas Soris 66-e adgilzea da regionis sxva qveynebs mniSvnelovnad uswrebs. es pirdapir ukavSirdeba institutebis efeqtianobasa da qveynis konkurentunarianobis zrdas, radgan biznesis ekonomikur xarjs amcirebs da xels uwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

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bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, wina wlebTan SedarebiT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi saSualod gasammagda. Tavisufali industriuli zonebis mSeneblobam investorTa daintereseba da saqarTveloSi damzadebuli produqtis eqsportze gatana gamoiwvia. meore mxriv, kargi mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli institutebis Seneba da globaluri konkurentunarianobis miRweva xangrZlivi da neli procesia, rasac zustad asaxavs globaluri konkurenciis indeqsi. indeqsi qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansazRvravs rogorc im institutebis, kanonebisa da faqtorebis erTobliobas, romelic qveynis produqtiulobis dones gansazRvravs. produqtiulobis done, Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs ekonomikuri dovlaTis dagrovebas. ekonomikuri dovlaTis zrdis pirobebSi ki moqalaqeebis Sroma ukeT anazRaurdeba. amdenad, rac ufro konkurentunariania ekonomika, miT maRalia qveyanaSi keTildReobis done. warmodgenili naSromis mizania, konkurentunarianobis koncefciis TvalsazrisiT moaxdinos saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis SedarebiTi analizi, im meTodebiT, romlebic saerTaSoriso kvlevebSi gamoiyeneba. kerZod, analizi Catardeba meTodikis Tanaxmad, romelsac iyenebda m. porteri somxeTis, ruseTis, CineTis, yazaxeTis da sxva qveynebisaTvis da romelic safuZvlad udevs msoflio ekonomikuri forumis msoflio konkurentunarianobis indeqsis gamoTvlas (gamoangariSebas). qveynis konkurentunarianobis optimalur maCveneblad porteri miiCnevs mwarmoeblurobas. igi fasdeba rogorc qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze warmoebuli produqti da momsaxureba da gansazRvravs mosaxleobis keTildReobas. swored amas unda emsaxurebodes qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis politika. mwarmoebluroba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli iseT para-

36

metrbebTan, rogoricaa eqsportisa da importis moculoba da struqtura, ekonomikaSi Sida investiciebis moculoba, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da sazRvargareT investiciebis struqtura (ix. sqema 1.2).10 erTis mxriv, isini aCveneben qveynis mwarmoeblurobaze uSualo moqmedebas, xolo meores, mxriv-TviTon SeiZleba iyvnen konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi. magaliTad, eqsporti gviCvenebs ra doneze da ra segmentze aris erovnuli produqtebi Sida bazrebze. importis struqtura damokidebulia qveyanaSi gamoyenebul teqnologiebze, magram amavdroulad gansazRvravs warmoebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas. Sida investiciebi asaxavs arsebul ekonomikur pirobebSi moqmedi biznesis ganviTarebis mzadyofnas, xolo ucxouri investiciebi mowmobs ucxouri investorebis survils gamoiyenon qveynis mier SemoTavazebuli konkurentuli upiratesobebi.

sqema 1.2 konkurentunarianobisa da mwarmoeblurobis urTierTkavSiri 10

Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York.

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konkurentunarianobaze momqmedi faqtorebi, pordayo sam saxed: arsebuli faqtorebi; makroekonomikuri garemos faqtorebi; mikroekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi. arsebul faqtorebad porteri Tvlis bunebriv resursebs, geografiul adgilmdebareobas, istoriul memkvidreobas. mocemuli faqtorebi aris egzogenuria ekonomikur politikasTan mimarTebaSi da qmnis sazRvrebs, romlebSic xdeba qveynis konkurentunarianobis ganviTareba. Tu qveyana mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, aman SeiZleba uzrunvelyos misi biznesi SedarebiT iafi nedleulis upiratesobiT, saxelmwifo ki-damatebiTi SemosavliT socialuri valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad. geografiuli mdebareoba mniSvnelovania ramdenime poziciiT. upirveles yovlisa, igi ganasazRvravs saerTaSoriso satransporto infrastruqturis xelmisawvdomobas: zRvaSi gasvla da portis arseboba iZleva sazRvao transportiT vaWrobis SesaZleblobas; mniSvnelovan satransporto koridorebSi mdebareoba iZleva maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas damatebiTi Seferxebebis gareSe. meore mxriv, qveynis mdebareoba mniSvnelovania mezobeli qveynebis, maTi zomebisa da ganviTarebis donis TvalsazrisiT. ufro ganviTarebuli mezoblebis arseboba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stimulirebas axdens kapitalis, axali investiciebis da teqnologiebis Semodinebis xarjze. istoriuli qoneba qmnis biznesis kulturas, Semoaqvs marTvis sistemaSi Taviseburebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT biznesis, inovaciebis ganviTarebis stimulireba. terma 9 9 9

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sqema 1.3 konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi

mikroekonomikuri konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa: mikroekonomikuri biznes-garemos xarisxi, klasterebis ganviTarebis done, organizaciaSi gamoyenebuli strategiebisa da marTvis principebis sirTulis da efeqtianobis done (sqema 1.3).11 mikroekonomikuri biznes-garemos xarisxi xasiaTdeba ,,konkurentunarianobis analizSi~ qveynis Zlieri da susti mxareebis meSveobiT, radgan maTi warmoqmna SeuZlebelia Sesabamisi codnisa da resursebis, infrastruqturis, moTxovnis gareSe, romelime calkeul regionSi. klasterebis didi raodenoba, maTi urTierTkavSiri, maRali produqtiuloba da efeqtianoba ganapirobebs mTeli qveynis ganviTarebas globalizaciis pirobebSi. kompaniis strategiebis, maTi muSaobis da marTvis principebis xarisxi warmoadgens calkeuli sawarmoebis konkurentunarianobis maxasiaTebels.

11

Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York.

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mocemuli meTodologiis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva Sefasdes, Tu romeli faqtorebi aris wamyvani (ZiriTadi) saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi an SeferxebaSi, xolo maTi dawvrilebiTi gamokvleva warmodgenili iqneba Semdeg TavebSi.

1.6 mimdinare mdgomareobis analizi saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizi qveynis konkurentunarianobis gamovlenis konteqstSi 1998-2008 wlebSi Catarda. or kriziss _ 1998 w. qarTul kriziss da 2008-2009 ww. globalur ekonomikur kriziss Soris periodi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis xasiaTdeba SedarebiT swrafi ekonomikuri zrdiT. amasTan mocemuli aTwleuli SeiZleba gaiyos or periodad: 2003 wlamde da mis Semdeg. pirveli periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro naklebi ekonomikuri zrda, romelic pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyo qarTul bazarze moTxovnis aRdgeniT. meore periodSi zrdis ZiriTadi faqtorebi iyo energoresursebze dabali fasebi, aseve msoflio bazarze navTobze fasis zrda.

klasterebis roli klasterebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos ekonomikis struqturaSi. maTi dayofa pirobiTad SeiZleba Zvel da axal klasterebad. pirvelebi warmoadgenen mZime mewarmeobis klasterebs, romlebic warmoiqmna rTuli warmoebebis koncentraciis politikis meSveobiT geografiuli principis mixedviT. axali klasterebi ar aris aseTi mravalricxovani da Sedgeba saSualo sawarmoebisagan, romlebic xelsayreli Sida pirobebis gamo romelime adgilas aris koncentrirebuli. amgvarad, mikroekonomikuri garemos sferoSi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi konkurentuli upiratesoba gaaC40

nia warmoebis faqtorebis mxriv, romlebic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs aseve iaf bunebriv da xarisxian SromiT resursebs, agreTve upiratesoba aqvs sawarmoebsa da klasterebis rigebs Soris kavSiris SenarCunebaSi. mikrogaremos negatiur maxasiaTeblebs Soris unda aRiniSnos biznesis marTvis rTuli samarTlebrivi pirobebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis gamartivebaSi mniSvnelovani progresis miuxedavad, arsebobs iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa: fasebis regulireba, gadasaxadebis maRali done, rac aferxebs kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebas. aseve sawarmos konkurentunarianobis doneze uaryofiTad moqmedebs konkurenciis SezRudva. amdenad, mocemul TavSi warmovadgineT konkurentunarianobis analizi m. porteris meTodologiis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac konkurentunarianobis mTavar gamovlenas grZelvadian periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda warmoadgens. rasac mivyavarT mosaxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisaken. saqarTveloSi bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis ganviTarebamde, SeimCneoda swrafi ekonomikuri zrda, romelsac Tan axlda mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrda, siRaribis donis Semcireba da socialuri Tanasworobis mxardaWera (SenarCuneba). Tumca Sromis mwarmoeblurobis tradiciuli ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis dinamika ver xsnida am zrdas. saqarTvelos eqsportSi xdeboda nedleulis poziciebis gaZliereba, importSi ar SeimCneoda maRalteqnologiuri produqciis zrda, ar iyo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba. aSS-Si daregistrirebuli inovaciebis done rCeboda dabal doneze. mwarmoeblobaze pozitiurad moqmed erTaderT parametrad iTvleboda Sida investiciebis zrda, magram misi potencialic mcirdeboda. Tanac, am zrdas hqonda sawinaaRmdego mxarec: gadasaxadebis daCqarebul zrdasTan erTad man gamoiwvia Sidasa-

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vaWro deficitis zrda, rac saboloo jamSi iqca saqarTvelos ekonomikis struqturul problemad. Sedegad aucilebeli gaxda imis gansazRvra, Tu ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis aseT winaaRmdegobriobas, rom qveynis konkurentunarianobis ZiriTadi maCvenebelis _ Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas _ Tan axlda sxva maCveneblebis gauareseba.

ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic iZleoda zrdis maRali tempebis miRwevis saSualebas, iyo saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba. misi mTavari problema iyo savaWro balansis uaryofiTi saldo, rac gansakuTrebiT mwvave gaxda globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi. misi balansirebis aucileblobam gamoiwvia devalvacia, Sida valis zrda, saxelmwifo gasavlebis Semcireba, sabanko sistemis mdgomareobis gauareseba. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdis Semaferxebeli faqtorebia misi mikroekonomikuri garemos Taviseburebebi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis SenarCunebuli maRali koncentracia ganapirobebs ekonomikaSi konkurenciis dabal dones da proteqcionizms saxelmwifo sawarmoebis sasargeblod. kerZo seqtoris ganviTareba ferxdeba biznesis marTvis zogadi sirTuleebiT, aseve rTuli sagadasaxado sistemiT da investorTa uflebebis arasakmarisad dacviT. mikrogaremos dadebiT momentebs Soris SeiZleba aRiniSnos iafi bunebrivi resursebisa da maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis xelmisawvdomoba. amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis da mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdis saxiT, saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis formalur zrdas Tan axlda sxva maCveneblebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Sida vaWrobis gauareseba. saqarTvelos eqsportSi da importSi cvlilebebis ufro Rrma analizs SeuZlia gaarkvios am winaaRmdegobriobis arsi (buneba), rac warmoadgens Semdgomi kvlevebis

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mizans. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdis ZiriTad wyarod SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi xelmisawvdomoba saerTaSoriso bazarze. ZiriTadi gamowvevebi ki mdgomareobs mikroekonomikuri situaciis gauaresebaSi globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis zemoqmedebis Sedegad da susti mikroekonomikuri garemo. mocemuli faqtorebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi warmodgenili iqneba Semdeg TavebSi.

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Tavi II biznes - garemo saqarTveloSi: problemebi da zemoqmedeba konkurentunarianobaze bolo aTwleulSi, roca xdeba saxelmwifoebs Soris sameurneo kavSirebis intensificireba da saxelmwifoebma aqtiuri konkurencia daiwyes ucxouri investiciebis mosazidad, gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi. am dros gamoCnda reitingebis rigi, romlebic qveynis ranJirebas axdens makroekonomikuri da institucionaluri sferos maCveneblebis mixedviT. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi aqtiurad aumjobeseben biznes-garemos ekonomikis zrdis stimulirebis da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, biznes-garemos maxasiaTeblebi gardamaval qveynebSi arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. saqarTveloSi biznesis regulirebis gamartivebis sferoSi mxolod bolo wlebSi daiwyo mniSvnelovani reformebis gatareba. qveyanaSi sustadaa ganviTarebuli kerZo seqtori, xolo investiciebis nakadi maRalia. am TavSi warmodgenilia biznes-garemos analizi gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, biznes-garemos maCveneblebis urTierTkavSiri konkurentunarianobis reitingebTan, bolo wlebis saqarTvelos biznes-garemos analizi. gamokvleulia instituciuri da biznes-garemos arsi da misi zemoqmedeba biznesis ganviTarebaze; ganxilulia biznes-garemosa da konkurentunarianobis urTierTkavSiri; warmodgenilia saqarTvelos biznesgaremos maxasiaTeblebis zemoqmedeba biznesis ganviTarebaze, ganxorcielebuli reformebis roli biznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi.

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2.1 institucionaluri sfero da misi maxasiaTeblebi gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi 2.1.1 institutebis roli ekonomikis transformaciaSi ZiriTadi tendenciebi, romlebic bolo aTwleulebSi gansazRvravda ekonomikuri institutebis sistemebis ganviTarebas postsabWour sivrceSi, iyo privatizacia da deregulireba.12 aRiarebul iqna, rom saxelmwifos roli postsabWour qveynebSi mimarTuli unda iyos bazris yvela monawilisaTvis, konkurentuli garemosaTvis, infrastruqturis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebisaTvis erTiani wesebis Seqmnisaken. gardamavali qveynebisaTvis 1990-ian wlebSi vaSingtonis konsesusis CarCoebSi formirebuli saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis rCevebis sicxadisa da simkveTris (liberalizacia, stabilizacia, privatizacia), miuxedavad postsabWour sivrceSi transformaciuli procesebi gansxvavebuli warmatebebiT mimdinareobda. male aRmoCnda, rom reformebis saerTo rCevebi arasakmarisia, bazarze gadasvlis procesSi mTavari roli ekuTvnis institutebis (TamaSis wesebi, adamianebis urTierTqmedebis struqtura) transformacias.13 instituciuri ekonomikuri cvlilebebis TeoriaSi warmoiSva moTxovna, romelic popularuli xdeboda 1980-1990 wlebSi instituciur-evoluciuri midgomis saxiT. gardamavali ekonomikebis irgvliv literaturaSi, ufro da ufro xSirad iyo aRiarebuli, rom efeqtiani institutebi ar SeiZle12

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapiri Carevis Semcireba.

13 Стиглиц Дж. (1999) Куда ведут реформы? (К десятилетию начала переходных процессов)// Вопросы экономики, №7, с. 4---30.

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ba Seiqmnas spontanurad _ isini unda Seiqmnas saxelmwifos, biznesis ZalisxmeviT sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi.14 institucionalistebis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomika warmoadgens institutebis erTobliobas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen bazris funqcionirebas. `institutebi _ es aris TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi, an, sxvanairad formalurad rom vTqvaT, es aris adamianis mier Seqmnili SemzRudveli CarCoebi, romlebic organizebas uweven adamianebs Soris urTierTobas~.15 norti gvTavazobs institutebis Semdeg klasifikacias: 9 araformaluri SezRudvebi (tradiciebi, wesebi da a.S.); 9 formaluri wesebi (konstituciebi, kanonebi, sasamarTlo precendentebi, administraciuli aqtebi); 9 daZalebis meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen wesebis dacvas (sasamarTloebi, policia, sakontrolo organoebi da a.S.). araformaluri institutebi daarsebis grZel process gaivlian da sazogadoebaSi `qvevidan~ iqmneba. formaluri institutebi da maTi dacvis meqnizmebi, saxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT, Segnebulad yalibdeba. araformaluri wesebi, formalurTan SedarebiT transformaciis ufro grZel periods moiTxovs, romlebic SeiZleba uecrad Seicvalos, magaliTad revoluciis da gadatrialebis dros. xarisxiani da efeqtiani formaluri wesebis SeqmnaSi mTavari roli transformaciul periodSi saxelmwifos ekuTvnis.

14

Клейнер Г. (2004). Эволюция институциональных систем. М.: Наука. с.238 15 Норт Д. (1997). Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики: пер. с англ. А. Нестеренко. М.: Фонд экономической книги «Начала», c. 180

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norti sazogadoebaSi instituciuri cvlilebebis or ZiriTad wyaros gamoyofs16: 他 fasebTan dakavSirebiT struqturaSi gadaadgilebebi (teqnikuri progresis, axali bazrebis gaxsnis, mosaxleobis zrdis dros da a.S.), romlebic aiZuleben bazris monawileebs gadaxedon (gaiTvaliswinon) formirebul wesebs; 他 ideologia, romlis zemoqmedebiT iqmneba adamianebis msoflmxedveloba da miCnevebi. gardamaval periodSi moqmedebda instituciuri cvlilebebis es orive wyaro. firmebs mouxdaT absoluturad axal garemosTan da konkurenciis struqturasTan Sejaxeba, xolo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis teqnikur daxmarebasTan erTad movida axali ideologia. drois yovel momentSi warmoiqmneba arCevani: TamaSis arsebuli wesebiT Semofarglva (SezRudva), an maT Secvlaze anu institutebis transformacize resursebis nawilis warmarTva. sabolood iqmneba instituciuri wonasworoba, romelic warmoadgens ekonomikis iseT mdgomareobas, roca arcerTi agenti ar aris dainteresebuli moqmedi institutebis gardaqmniT (SecvliT). magaliTad, saqarTveloSi biznes-garemos reformebis aqtivizacia bolo wlebSi swored mowmobs wina instituciuri wonasworobis darRvevas, rac gamowveuli iyo araxelsayreli gare garemoTi (qarTuli produqtisTvis gare bazrebze araxelsayreli koniunqtura, msoflio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi da a.S.).

16

iqve gv., 189

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2.1.2 instutebis transformacia da cvlilebebTan winaaRmdegoba institutebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia inerciuloba: Tu isini ukve Seqmnilia, maSin minimaluri danaxarjebiT vrceldebian monawileebis sul ufro met raodenobaze. magram axali institutebis Seqmna moiTxovs sul ufro met sawyis dabandebebs, romlebic ukan dabrunebas ar eqvemdebareba. Sedegad, `Zveli~ da `axali~ institutebis mdgomareoba ar aris erTnairi. `Zvelma~ institutebma ukve `gamoisyides~ maTi Seqmnis Rirebuleba (danaxarjebi), xolo `axlebi~ uerTdeba Semcvlelis maRal Rirebulebebs. Zveli instituciuri struqturidan axalze gadasvlis Rirebulebas (danaxarjebs) polteroviCi (1999) transformaciis Rirebulebas uwodebs da gvTavazobs transformaciuli Rirebulebis Semdeg klasifikacias 17: 9 transformaciis proeqtis Sedgena; 9 proeqtis lobireba; 9 Sualeduri institutebis Seqmna da mxardaWera proeqtis realizaciisaTvis; 9 proeqtis realizacia; 9 sistemis adaptacia axal proeqtTan. a. arturisa (1994) da d. nortis (1997) ideebis gamoyenebiT, v. polteroviCi aRwers institutebis gamZleobis (simtkicis) formirebis sqemas. is amtkicebs, rom gamZleoba uzrunvelyofili unda iyos stabilizaciis ama Tu im meqanizmiT. aseTi meqanizmi SeiZleba dafuZnebuli iqnes agentebis individualur upiratesobebze (varaudebze, Tu ras aniWeben isini upiratesobas), an 17

Полтерович, В.М. (1999). Институциональные ловушки и экономические реформы, Переработка доклада «Институциональная динамика и теория реформ», III Международный симпозиум «Эволюционная экономика и «мэйнстрим»» (г. Пущино, 30---31 мая 1998 г.).

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sanqciis muqaraze, an e.w. `koordinaciis efeqtze~. koordinaciis efeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom, rac ufro mudmivad sruldeba normebi sazogadoebaSi, an rac ufro meti individi uWers mas mxars, miT ufro met zians miayenebs mas TiToeuli individi misgan ganze gadgomiT.18 instituciuri cvlilebebi ejaxeba Zlier winaaRmdegobebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu axali institutebi gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdas. es instituciuri sistemis stabilizirebas axdens misi efeqtianobisagan damoukideblad. institutebi blokaven sazogadoebas gansazRvrul kalapotSi, saidanac rTulia Tavis daRweva. Sedegad SeiZleba araefeqtiani institutebi Seiqmnas. d. nortis azriT, es xdeba, pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom axal wesebze (institutebze) gadasvlis transaqciuli danaxarjebi Zalian maRalia. meore - es SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos saxelmwifos ormag rolTan. erTis mxriv, saxelmwifo adgens sakuTrebis uflebebs da uzrunvelyofs kontraqtebis Sesrulebas, meore mxriv, man SeiZleba gadaanawilos sakuTrebis uflebebi da SeiZleba dainteresebuli iyos araefeqtiani institutebis mxardaWeriT, Tu es zrdis monopoliur rentas (biujetis Semosavlebsa da gasavlebs Soris sxvaobas). mesame - cvlilebebze winaaRmdegobam SeiZleba aRmoaCinos specifikuri interesebis jgufebi. radganac institutebis qmedebebis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba da daxarjebi sazogadoebaSi araTanasworad gadanawildeba, zemoqmedebis Zalauflebiani jgufebi Seecdebian SeinarCunon sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT araefeqtiani institutebi sakuTari interesebisaTvis. d. nor18

Полтерович, В.М. (1999). Институциональные ловушки и экономические реформы, Переработка доклада «Институциональная динамика и теория реформ», III Международный симпозиум «Эволюционная экономика и «мэйнстрим»» (г. Пущино, 30---31 мая 1998 г.).

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ti aRniSnavs, rom `institutebi ar iqmneba yovelTvis imisTvis, rom iyos socialurad efeqtiani; institutebi, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, formaluri wesebi, iqmneba ufo imisTvis, rom emsaxuros maT interesebs, vinc gavlenas axdens axali wesebis formirebaze~.19 meoTxe instituciur transformaciaze gavlenas axdens `Semdgomi ganviTarebis traeqtoria~ (path dependence), romelic gansazRvravs SemdgomSi moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis SerCevas. polteroviCs Semoaqvs aseve nortis kvlevis logikurad msgavsi `instituciuri maxeebis~ cneba da ikvlevs mas. instituciur maxeebSi poilteroviCi gulisxmobs sazogadoebaSi araefeqtiani institutebis warmoqmnas, rodesac SeuZlebelia adre Seqmnili formaluri wesebis Sesruleba. aseTi movlena farTodaa gavrcelebuli gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, polteroviCi Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos amocanaa instituciur maxeebisagan Tavis arideba. instituciuri skolis kidev erTma warmomadgenelma, radaevma (2003), rusi mewarmeebis empiriuli kvlevebis safuZvelze SemogvTavaza sazogadoebaSi araformaluri institutebis formirebis Semdegi meqanizmi: 1. kanonmdeblebs SemoaqvT formaluri wesebi iseTi saxiT, romliTac misi upirobo Sesruleba garTulebulia (dakavSirebulia did finansur, moralur da droiT danaxarjebTan); 2. bazris monawileebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT arsebuli wesebis gasaCivrebis meqanizmebi, sabolood sistematurad arRveven maT (wesebs); 3. makontrolebel organoebs SemoaqvT wesebis dacvis arCeviTi kontroli, romelic SeiZleba 19

Норт Д. (1997). Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики: пер. с англ. А. Нестеренко. М.: Фонд экономической книги «Начала», – 194 c.

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gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc bazris monawileebze zewolis saSualeba sakuTari interesebis realizaciisaTvis; 4. bazris monawileebi `Tanxmdebian~ erTmaneTSi, ris Sedegadac SemuSavdeba wesebis realizaciis formebi da isini araformalur urTierTobebad gardaiqmneba. araformaluri urTierTqmedebis modelebi imasTan dakavSirebiT iqmneba, rom SeuZlebelia firmebma yvela aucilebeli moTxovna Seasrulon da isini saxelmwifos mier biznes-garemos cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg `TavdacviTi reaqciiT~ gamodian.

2.1.3 sabazro reformebisa da institutebis transformaciis praqtika gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi sabazro reformebisa da institutebis transformaciis praqtika gardamavali ekonomikis calkeul qveynebSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. zogierTi postsabWouri qveyana swrafad gadavida sabazro ekonomikaze, mbrZanebluri ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli institutebi sabazroTi Secvales, sxvebma mmarTvelobis hibriduli struqtura SeinarCunes, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos monawileobis maRali doniT. bolo aTwleulebSi sabazro reformebsa da institutebis transformaciaSi did progress centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma miaRwies, romlebic sabazro urTierTobebze swrafad gadavidnen da TavianTi biznesis konkurentunarianoba aamaRles. saqarTveloSi, bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba reformebis garkveuli progresi, roca xelisuflebam qveyanaSi sameurneo pirobebis liberalizaciis zomebis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. instituciuri garemos xarisxi gardamaval qveyneb-

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Si, romlebic aseve xasiaTdeba liberaluri reformebis progresiT, pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli msoflio masStabiT qveynis konkurentunarianobasTan. instituciuri garemo moqmedebs maTi ekonomikis mdgomareobaze, ekonomikuri zrdisa da investorebis mozidvis SesaZleblobaze. Semdgom TavSi ganvixilavT gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi konkurentunarianobis saerTaSoriso reitingebs da gavaanalizebT maT urTierTkavSirs biznes-klimatis maxasiaTeblebTan.

2. 2 konkurentunarianoba da biznes-garemo gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi 2.2.1 konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos urTierTkavSiri Tavis nawarmoebSi p. krugmani aRniSnavs, rom qveynebis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia aramarto resursebiT uzrunvelyofaze, aramed aseve mwarmoeblurobaze, romelic dakavSirebulia biznes-garemos mdgomareobasa da masStabis efeqtis arsebobasTan. biznesgaremos igi miakuTvnebs regulirebas, institutebs, infrastruqturas, adamianur kapitals da a.S., romlebic gavlenas axdens mocemul garemoSi firmebis mwarmoeblurobaze.20 firmis doneze biznes-garemo moqmedebs danaxarjebze, dargis doneze ki _ bazrisa da konkurenciis struqturaze, erovnuli ekonomikis doneze _ ucxouri investiciebisaTvis qveynis mimzidvelobaze. dargebis doneze biznes-garemo umetesad moqmedebs 20

Krugman, P. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade, American Economic Review, vol. 70(5), pp. 950---59. Krugman, P. (1983). New Theories of Trade among Industrialized Countries, American Economic Review, vol. 73(2), pp. 343---7. Krugman P. (1996). Making sense of the competitiveness debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 12(3), pp. 17---25.

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imaTze, romlebic ar aris bunebrivi resursebis makontrolebeli monopolistebis da ufro mcire da saSualo maRalteqnologiur sawarmoebs miekuTvnebian.21 amgvarad, investiciebi da dargebis ganviTareba damokidebulia biznes-garemos xarisxze, regulirebaze da infrastruqturaze, aseve konkurenciis stimulebze, romlebic Sesabamis instituciur garemoSi warmoiqmneba.22 biznesis ganviTereba nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTrebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis politikuri, socialur – ekonomikuri, demografiuli da sxva sakiTxebis ganxilva – gadawyveta moiTxovs yvela Taviseburebebis gaTvaliaswinebas, maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia, biznesis garemo faqtorebis moqmedebis xarisxs da biznesis ganviTarebis dones. marTalia, bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur – ekonomikurma cvlilebebma dadebiTi gavlena iqonia mewarmeobis, zogadad biznesis ganviTarebaze, magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom samwuxarod Cven ZiriTadad gagvaCnia samomxmareblo RonisZiebebze orientirebuli da ara mwarmoebluri ekonomika, swored Sesabamisi formireba ganicada biznesis garemom. jer kidev srulyofilad ver gamoiyeneba biznes seqtoris potenciali, mdgradi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi. saxelmwifo resursebis SezRudulobiTa da arasakmarisobiT gamowveuli disproporcia calkeuli dargebisa da regionebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovnad aferxebs qveynis socialuri politikis srulyofil da masStabur realizacias. meores mxriv izrdeba biznesis iseTi segmentebis ricxvi, 21

Collier, P. (2000). Africa’s comparative advantage, in H. Jalilian, M. Tribe, and J. Weiss, eds., Industrial Development and Policy in Africa, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. EBRD (2009). Transition Report 2009: Transition in crisis?

22 Grossman, G. and Helpman, E. (1990). Comparative advantage and long-run growth, American Economic Review, vol. 80(4), pp. 796---815.

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romelTa mesakuTreebs da monawileebs gaTavisebuli aqvT, ise rogorc regionSi aseve mTlianad qveyanaSi myari sainvesticio garemos SeqmnisaTvis politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri stabilurobis aucilebloba, is rom maTi biznesis produqciisa da momsaxurebis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli cxovrobs gansxvavebul geografiul sivrceSi. faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi biznes klimati icvleba Tumca es procesi Zalian nela mimdinareobs. mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba da potenciali rasakvirvelia arsebobs. is Cvenis azriT, mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyoba, agrokreditebis xelmisawvdomoba, warmoebis mastimulirebeli, moqnili sagadasaxado–sabaJo sistemis Seqmna, romelic aseve xels Seuwyobs da stimuls miscems samamulo warmoebis zrdis safuZvelze eqsportisa da importis daregulirebas. msoflios wamyvan qveyanebSi saxelmwifo xels uwyobs mcire biznesis ganviTarebas. saxelmwifo mimarTulia im problemebis gadaWrisaken, romlebic sawarmos mcire SesaZleblobebis gamo warmoeSoba da SeiZleba iTqvas, araTanabar konkretul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs msxvil sawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad amerikaSi saxelmwifo kerZo safinanso samsaxurs aZlevs sesxis dafarvis nawilis garantias. kerZod Tu mcire mewarmis mier sesxi ar aRemateba 750 aTas amerikul dolars, mewarmis gadaxdisuunarod Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo kreditis 75 procents faravs, xolo Tu krediti 100 aTas dolars ar aRemateba garantia 80 procentze gaicema. analogiuri programa moqmedebs britaneTSic, mcire mewarmisaTvis sesxis aRebis gamartivebis mizniT saxelmwifo aqac azRvevs sesxis 75 procents. amasTan banki kreditis gacemis pirobebs saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad, yovelgvari Carevis gareSe adgens. germaniaSi mcire sawarmoebis investirebisaTvis saxelmwifo usasyidlod gascems saubsidiebs, romlis dafarvac SesaZlebelia 10

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wlis Semdeg. dafarvis vada ki maqsimum 20 welia. kreditis wliuri sargebeli 5 procents ar aRemateba. SeRavaTiani kreditis asaRebad aucilebelia, rom saerTo kapitalSi kreditis wili 50 procents ar aRematebodes, xolo kreditis odenoba 1 milion evros. safrangeTSi, mcire biznesis dakreditebaze 50–mde organizacia muSaobs. maT Soris ,,mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganvitarebis banki“, romelic 1996 wlidan funqcionirebs. dReisaTvis es banki sruliad uprocento sesxebs gascems, xolo 30000 evros farglebSi ki subsidiebi gaicema. banks erTis mxriv afinansebs saxelmwifo, xolo darCenil naxevars naxevrad saxelmwifoebrivi depozitebisa da aqtivebis marTvis salaro Tavis Tavze iRebs. es mxolod mcire nawilia im SeRavaTebisa, rasac msoflios mravali qveynis saxelmwifoebi mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardasaWerad akeTeben. CvenTan mcire da saSualo biznesi aseTi saxis mxardaWeras moklebulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyeba administraciulad sakmaod gaiolda, realurad kanonmdebloba da praqtikuli realoba damwyeb mewarmes jer kidev sakmaod bevr problemas uqmnis, raTa warmatebulad da Sedegiand akeTos biznesi. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi nebismieri saxis biznesisaTvis Tanabari sagadasaxado pirobebia. mTliani sagadasaxado datvirTva biznesisaTvis daaxloebiT 30 procents Seadgens. msgavsi sagadasaxdo kodeqsis pirobebSi mcire mewarmeebs Zalian urTuldebaT did biznesTan Tanaarseboba da umravlesoba sruliad wyvets biznes saqmianobas. gamomdinare aqidan, Cvenis azriT biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi garkveul prioritetebsa da programebs unda daeqvemdebaros, amasTan amgvari prioritetebi da programebi unda daareguliron ara marto sabazro meqanizmebma, aramed saxelmwifom, xelisuflebis centralurma da regionalurma struqturebma ekonomikuri, safinanso, sakredi-

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to, samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli berketebis meSveobiT. saxelmwifo politika am mxriv unda iyos proteqcionistuli da diferencirebuli biznesis calkeuli dargebis, sawarmoebisa da regionebis mixedviT. biznesis ganviTarebisa da regulirebis procesSi, mniSvnelovania aqcentebis gadatana regionebze, radganac mcire da saSualo biznesis qmediToba, Cvenis azriT swored regionebSi vlindeba da rac mTavaria am procesebis marTva – regulirebac cxadia mniSvnelovnad efeqtiani swored regionebis doneze, mTeli qveynis teritoriuli erTeulebis mixedviT iqneba. regionalur doneze biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtiuli programebi unda moicavdes Semdeg ZiriTad sakiTxebs: 1. mcire da saSualo biznesis prioritetebis gamovlena regionebis mixedvit dargobriv WrilSi; 2. regionalur doneze adgilobrivi sanedeleulo resursebis gamoyenebisaTvis perspeqtiuli meTodebisa da mimarTulebis SemuSaveba; 3. saojaxo biznesisaTvis xelSemWyobi RonisZiebebis gatareba; 4. regionalur doneze, teritoriuli erTeulebis mixedviT individualuri biznes prioritetebis gamovlena axali resursebis, rekriaciuli daarsebuli maragebis asaTviseblad; 5. turistuli industriis xelSewyobisa da turizmis biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT specialuri programebis damuSaveba, kerZod: turistuli, sakurorto, sastumro meurneobebis efeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis gaumjobesebuli inovaciuri momsaxurebis Sesaqmnelad; 6. mcire da saSualo biznesis, calkeuli dargebis sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba regionebis mixedviT. saqarTvelom saerTaSoriso bazrisaTvis mniSvnelovani statusi rom SeiZinos da aRniSnulis realuri potenciali araerT dargSi arsebobs, unda Seiqmnas saTanado donis sagadasaxado garemo, qveyanaSi bazari mTlianad saSuamavlo operaciebis Semsruleblad ar unda iqces da es erTgvarad aferxebs saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso baz-

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ris formirebas saxelmwifos strategiul–geografiuli mdgomareobiT uzrunvelyofil msoflio bazarze damkvidrebis SesaZleblobebs. biznesis ganviTarebis programebis SemuSaveba–realizaciis organizacia da regulireba xelisuflebis organoebma unda ganaxorcielon, rogorc es xdeba ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTarebad qveynebSi periodulad da etapobrivad. saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma da regulireba, proteqcionistuli politikis gatareba Cvenis azriT mniSvnelovani winapiroba iqneba qveyanaSi biznesis swrafi ganviTarebisaTvis. saxelmwifos mxridan prioritetad biznes seqtoris aRiareba da misTvis garantad dadgoma anu ndobis gamocxadeba da ZiriTadi kapitalis misken momarTva unda aRiarebuli. biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTveloSi aseve aucilebelia Seiqmnas mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis sasurveli ekonomikuri garemo samarTlebrivi garantiT, radganac Tavisufali, konkurentunariani biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri, socialuri da fsiqologiuri stimulia, roca mewarmis interesebs icavs saxelmwifo kanoni misi interesebis yvela doneze. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mixedviT, konkurentunarianoba es aris institutebis, regulirebis (policies) da faqtorebis kombinacia, romlebic qveyanaSi mwarmoeblurobis dones ganapirobebs. mwarmoebluroba Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs ekonomikis keTildReobis dones grZelvadian periodSi. konkurentunarianobis sxvadasxva reitingebis avtorebi da Teoretikosebi amtkiceben (World Economic Forum (2010); World Bank (2010), Портер (2000)), rom bevri faqtori, romlebic gansazRvravs firmis konkurentul pozicias, imyofeba TviT firmis farglebs gareT_instituciur garemoSi, an biznes-klimatSi. Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi biznes-garemoSi, rogorc wesi, moiazreba xelsayreli samewarmeo

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da sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnis faqtorebi, investorebis, kreditorebis, aqcionerebis sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva, antimonopoliuri regulireba, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis mxardaWera, administraciuli procedurebi da a.S. Sesabamisad, biznes-garemos maxasiaTeblebma SeiZleba ganapirobon firmebis efeqtianobis zrda, danaxarjebis Semcireba an konkurentunarianobis zrdis dabrkoleba damatebiTi transaqciuli danaxarjebis gamo (informaciuli danaxarjebi, drois danaxarjebi da a.S.). Tumca institutebi qmnian ara uxeS karkass, aramed moqnil cvalebad struqturas, romelic icvleba praqtikuli qmedebis gavleniT an spontanuriT, an mizanmimarTuliT. amgvarad, saxelmwifos mizanmimarTulma qmedebam, romelic miarTulia biznes-garemos reformebze, SeiZleba gamoiwvios transaqciuli danaxarjebis Semcireba da sawarmoebis da mTlianad erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis zrda. konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos mdgomareobis urTierTkavSiris analizisaTvis mivmarTod msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier SemuSavebul saerTaSoriso organizaciebis reitingebsa da angariSebs (World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2009---2010), lozanis biznes-skolis msoflio konkurentunarianobis centrs IMD (IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2009), korufciasTan mebrZol saerTaSoriso organizacias «Transparency International» (The 2009 Global Corruption Barometer Report), rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis evropul banks (Transition Report 2009), msoflio banksa da saerTaSoriso finansur korporacias («Doing Business 2010»)

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2.2.2 msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri korporacia "doing business" marTvis reitingi da misi kavSiri konkurentunarianobasTan msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri korporaciis “Doing Business’’ proeqti specializirebulia sxvadasxva qveynebis biznes-garemos analizze da yovelwliurad am qveynebSi biznesis marTvis sirTulis reitings adgens. 2009 wels reitingSi 183 qveyana monawileobda. amgvarad, reitingi aris ufro reprezentaciuli msoflio masStabiT. aq saqarTveloc aris CarTuli. kvleva moicavs 2008 wlis ivnisi dan 2009 wlis ivnisis periods. miuxedavad imisa, rom reitingi “Doing Business 2010’’ TariRdeba 2010 wliT, misi Sedegebi 2009 wels miekuTvneba. reitingi “Doing Business 2010’’ Seicavs 10 maCvenebels (cxrili 2.1). misi formireba xdeba makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. reitingis maCveneblebi scenaruli pirobebis safuZvelze SemuSavdeba. reitingis dadgenis dros gamoiyeneba xelisuflebis, mecnierebis, praqtikosebis da eqspertebis gamoxmaurebebi. msoflio bankisa da sfk-s meTodologiiT, reitingis pirveli nawili, ,,sawarmos registracia~ ganixilavs biznesis gaxsnasTan (wamowyebasTan) dakavSirebul sirTuleebs, maT Sorisaa nebarTva, licenziebis miReba, Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebSi registracia, registraciasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis raodenoba, registraciisaTvis aucilebeli finansuri da droiT danaxarjebi. meore nawili, `mSeneblobaze nebarTvis miReba” ganixilavs procedurebs, droiT da finansur danaxarjebs, romlebic sawyobis mSeneblobis, licenziebisa da nebarTvebis miRebis, aucilebeli

59

uwyebebisa da inspeqciebis SesrulebisaTvis, aseve komunalur qselebSi CarTvisaTvis aris aucilebeli. mesame nawilSi, `samuSao Zalis ayvana~, ganixileba maCveneblebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Sromis bazris liberalizaciasTan. yvela maCvenebeli fasdeba 0dan 100-mde skaliT, sadac 100 gulisxmobs maqsimalurad uxeS maregulirebel normebs. Sromis pirobebis moqnilobis indeqsi gamoiTvleba, rogorc pirveli sami indeqsis saSualo ariTmetikuli mniSvneloba. `sakuTrebis registraciis~ ganyofilebaSi ganixileba firmis mier sakuTrebis uflebis ganmtkiceba, maT Soris sakuTrebis registraciisaTvis aucilebeli droiTi da finansuri danaxarjebis procedurebis raodenoba. `Doing Business 2010’’ reitingis gamosaTvleli maCveneblebi23 cxrili 2.1 1. sawarmoebis procedurebi (raodenoba), vada (dReebi), registracia Rirebuleba (erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s %), minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali (erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s %) 2.mSeneblobaprocedurebi (raodenoba), vada (dReebi), ze Tanxmobis Rirebuleba (saSualod erT sul mosaxmiReba leze Semosavlis %) 3. samuSao ZasamuSaoze miRebis sirTulis indeqsi (Selis (muSaxefaseba 0-100), samuSao drois moqnilobis lis) ayvana indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-100), samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis sirTulis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-100), Sromis pirobebis moqnilobis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-100) 4. sakuTrebis procedurebi (raodenoba), vada (dReebi), registracia Rirebuleba (sakuTrebis Rirebulebis %) 23

wyaro: World Bank and IFC (2010). Doing Business – 2010, http://doingbusiness.org

60

5. dakrediteba

6.investorebis dacva

7. dabegvra

8.saerTaSoriso vaWroba

9. kontraqtis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa 10. sawarmos likvidacia

kreditorebisa da movaleebis iuridiuli uflebebis dacva (Sefaseba 0-10), sakredito informaciis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-6), adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic imyofebian aRricxvaze saxelmwifo reestrSi (zrdasruli adamianebis %), adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic imyofebian aRricxvaze kerZo biuroSi (zrdasruli adamianebis %) informaciis gaxsnilobis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-10), direqtoris pasuxismgeblobis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-10), aqcionerebis mier sarCelis Setanis SesaZleblobis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-10), investorebis interesebis dacvis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-10) gadasaxadebi (raodenoba), dro (saaTebi), mogebis gadasaxadi (mogebis %), gadasaxadebi xelfasze (xelfasis %), sxva gadasaxadebi (Semosavlebis %), saerTo sagadasaxado ganakveTi (mTliani Semosavlebis %) dokumentebi eqsportisaTvis (raodenoba), eqsportis dro (dReebSi), eqsportis Rirebuleba ($ konteinerSi), importis dokumentebi (raodenoba), importis dro (dReebSi), importis Rirebuleba ($ konteinerSi) procedurebi (raodenoba), vada (dReebi), sasamarTlo Seferxebebi (sarCelis Rirebulebis %) dro (wlebSi), Seferxebebi (saSualod erT sul mosaxleze Semosavlis %), amogebis koeficienti.

2010 welSi meTodologia odnav Secvlilia

61

dakreditebis ganyofilebaSi fasdeba sakredito informaciis xelmisawvomobis done, mevaleebis da movaleebis iuridiuli uflebebi. iuridiuli uflebebis indeqsi warmoadgens 0-dan 10-mde skalas, sadac maRali danayofebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom mocemuli kanonebi kreditis miRebis TvalsazrisiT ukeTesadaa SemuSavebuli. sakredito informaciis indeqsi gansazRvravs kvlevis diapazons, sakredito informaciis xelmisawvdomobasa da saxelmwifo reestrebsa da kerZo biuroebSi moculobas. indeqsi fasdeba 0-dan 6-mde skaliT. rac maRalia Sefaseba, miT metia saxelmwifo reestrebsa da kerZo biuroebSi sakredito informacia. `investorebis dacvis” ganyofilebaSi gaanalizirebulia investorebis dacvis sami aspeqti: garigebebis gamWvirvaloba (informaciis gaxsnilobis indeqsi), aqcionerebis SesaZlebloba uCivlon kompaniis direqtorebs Tanamdebobrivi danaSaulebisaTvis (aqcionerebis mier sarCelis Setanis sirTulis indeqsi) da investorebis interesebis dacvis donis indeqsi. indeqsebis gazomva xdeba 0-dan 10-mde skaliT, amasTan maRali maCveneblebi aRniSnavs gaxsnilobis maRal dones, direqtorebis did pasuxismgeblobas, aqcionerebis mxridan, garigebebze did zegavlenas da investorebis interesebis saukeTeso dacvas. `dabegvris” ganyofileba warmoadgens informacias sagadasaxado tvirTis simZimis, yvela gadasaxadis gadaxdis saaTebis raodenobisa da TviT gadasaxadebis raodenobis Sesaxeb informacias. `saerTaSoriso vaWrobis” ganyofilebaSi Sefasebulia Rirebuleba da procedurebi (molaparakebebidan produqtis miwodebamde), romlebic aucilebelia produqtis standartuli partiis import/eqsportisaTvis. `kontraqtebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis” ganyofileba iZleva informacias procedurebis raodenobis Sesaxeb, romelTa gavlac aucilebelia sakuTari movaleo-

62

bebis, oficialuri vadebisa da sasamarTlo Rirebulebebis (danaxarjebis) farglebSi (maT Soris advokatis xarjebi). bolo ganyofileba `sawarmos likvidacia” ganixilavs bankrotobis procedurebTan dakavSirebul droiT da finansur danaxarjebs, maT Soris danaxarjebs sasamarTloSi, gadasaxadebs damoukidebel eqspertebze, iuristebze, buRaltrebze da sxva. aseve valis amoRebis (ukan dabrunebis) koeficienti, gviCvenebs mosarCeleebi (sagadasaxado organoebi, kreditorebi, momuSaveebi) firmis bankrotobis SemTxvevaSi erT dolarze ramden cents miiReben. ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT gardamavali qveynebis poziciebi “Doing Business’’-is reitingSi. movaxdinoT 28 gardamavali qveynis analizi, romlebic reitingSi regularulad monawileoben. cxrilSi 2.2 ganxilulia gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi biznesis marTvis sirTulis mixedviT da mocemulia maTi poziciebi “Doing Business 2010’’-is saerTo reitingSi.

63

saqarTvelo estoneTi litva latvia

1 (11) 2(24) 3 (26) 4(27)

makedonia

5 (32)

azerbaijani yirgizeTi slovakeTi sasomxeTi

6 (38) 7 (41) 8(42) 9 (43)

bulgareTi ungreTi slovakeTi rumineTi belorusia

10 11 12 13

(44) (47) (53) (55)

14 (58)

reitingi*

qveyana

reitingi*

qveyana

reitingi*

qveyana

`Doing Business 2010’’-Si gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis reitingi24 cxrili 2. 2

albaneTi serbeTi moldaveTi xorvatia bosnia da hercogovina

19 (82) 20 (88) 21 (94) 22 (103) 23 (116)

yazaxeTi poloneTi TurqeTi

15 (63) 16 (72) 17 (73)

ruseTi ukraina uzbekeTi

24 (120) 25 (142) 26 (150)

CexeTi

18 (74)

tajikeTi

27 (152)

* miniSnebulia qveynis pozicia saerTo reitingSi. frCxilebSi naCvenebia adgili saerTo reitingSi.

`Doing Business 2010’’-is reitingSi gardamaval qveynebs Soris saqarTvelo pirvel adgilze aRmoCnda (me11 adgili saerTo reitingSi). qveyana bolo wlebSi aqtiur liberalur reformebs atarebda, maT Soris biznes-garemos mimarTulebiT. agreTve, sawyisi poziciebi uWiravT estoneTs, litvasa da latvias. belorusia, gardamaval qveynebs Soris, me-14 poziciaze imyofeba da saerTo reitingSi 58-e adgilzea. es arsebiTi prog-

24

wyaro: World Bank and IFC (2010). Doing Business --- 2010,

http://doingbusiness.org

64

resia, radgan jer kidev ori wlis win belorusia reitingis bolos imyofeboda. 2008 wels saerTo reitingSi man 30 poziciiT, xolo 2009 wels kidev 24 poziciiT maRla gadainacvla. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, reformebis mxriv, gardamaval qveynebs Soris _ yirgizeTi, makedonia da belorusia _ udidesi progresi ganxorcielda. saqarTvelo, saerTo reitingSi, 183 qveyanas Soris lider-reformatorebis oTxeulSi Sevida. ungreTis, CexeTis, slovakeTis, rumineTis da TurqeTis reitingi, piriqiT, daeca, es SeiZleba moxdes maRali reformatuli dinamikis xarjze araxelsayreli garemos mqone qveynebSi (ix. cxrili 2.3).25 `Doing Business 2010 ~-Si `Doing Business 2009~-sTan SedarebiT gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis reitingis cvlileba

yirgizeTi makedonia belorusia moldaveTi

+39

slovakeTi

+5

+37

ukraina

+4

+24

latvia bosnia da her-

+3

+14

+3

estoneTi bulgareTi

ruseTi uzbekeTi

reitingis cvlileba

qveyana

reitingis cvlileba

qveyana

reitingis cvlileba

qveyana

cxrili 2.3

-2 -2

-2 -5

25

wyaro: World Bank and IFC (2010). Doing Business --- 2010, http://doingbusiness.org

65

cogovina tajikeTi somxeTi albaneTi xorvatia saqarTvelo

+12

serbeTi

+2

+7

+1

+7

yazaxeTi azerbaijani poloneTi

+5

litva

+7

0

ungreTi slovakeTi

-6 -7

0

CexeTi rumineTi

-8 -10

-1

TurqeTi

-10

biznes-garemo pirdapir gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi biznesis konkurentunarianobasa da mSp-ze. rogorc nax.

2.1-ze analizi gviCvenebs, “Doing Business 2010’’ reitingSi qveynis ufro maRal pozicias Seesabameba mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris ufro maRali wili, Sesabamisad maRalia misi konkurentunarianoba. kerZo seqtoris wili estoneTSi, slovakeTSi, ungreTSi, litvaSi, saqarTveloSi, bulgareTSi mSp-Si 80%-s aRwevs, belorusiaSi ki_30%-ia. Tu analizidan belorusias gamovricxavT, maSin mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris wilis xazobriv damokidebulebasTan miaxloeba “Doing Business 2010’’-is reitingSi 62.4%-s Seadgens (R Sq Linear=0,624), rac maRal statistikur damokidebulebas aRniSnavs. es SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes, bolo wlebSi, belorusiis reformebis nominalur xasiaTze, an sxva administraciuli SezRudvebis mxridan ekonomikis restruqturizaciis dabrkolebaze, romlebic reitingSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. saqarTvelo ar figurirebs biznes-garemos da konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebis ganmsazRvrel sxva reitingebSi. analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovavlinoT, rom, rac ufro maRalia gardamavali qveynebis biznesis marTvis pirobebis reitingi, miT maRalia maTi

66

poziciebi konkurentunarianobis reitingebSi. rogorc statistikuri analizis monacemebidan Cans, korelaciis koeficientebi “Doing Business 2010’’-sa da IMD 2009 reitingebs Soris (korelaciis koeficienti 0,655) da GCI 2009-2010-s Soris SeimCneva Zalian mWidro kavSiri.

“Doing Business 2010’’-is reitingSi estoneTis, azerbaijanis, slovakeTis, sloveniis, litvis, ungreTis maRal poziciebs Seesabameba maRali poziciebi msoflio ekonomikuri forumis GCI 2009-2010 konkurentunarianobis reitingSi. analizma mogvca sami komponentis gamovlenis saSualeba, romelTa kavSiric mSp_Si kerZo seqtoris gansakuTrebuli woniT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda: dakrediteba (sesxebi), dabegvra da saerTaSoriso vaWroba. yvela koeficients gaaCnia mosalodneli niSani. dakreditebasTan dakavSirebuli instituciuri garemos gauareseba (kreditorebisa da msesxeblebis uflebebis dacva, sakredito istoriis xelmisawvdomoba). indeqsis komponentebis cvlileba mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris wilis Semcirebas iwvevs. rac ufro maRalia sagadasaxado tarifebi, rac ufro damamZimebelia sagadsaxado administrireba, kerZo seqtorSi miT naklebi mSp iwarmoeba. analogiurad, rac ufro naklebad mZimea gare vaWrobis regulireba da rac ufro dabalia masTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis Rirebuleba (daxarjebi), miT maRalia mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris wili. yvela administraciuli Rirebuleba (xarji) warmoadgens biznesis marTvis transaqciul danaxarjebs da mis konkurentunarianobas amcirebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom biznesis ganviTarebaze moqmedi, biznes-garemos mdgomareobis analizSi mniSvnelovani cvalebadobis raodenoba yovelwliurad mcirdeba. qvemoT mocemulia analogiuri regresiuli analizis Sdegebi 2008 wlis monacemebis mixedviT. aq mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli cvalebadobis raodenoba metia. `dakre67

ditebis` `dabegvris” `saerTaSoriso vaWrobis” indeqsis komponentebs 2009 w. emateba `sawarmos registraciis” da `investorebis dacvis” cvladebi, sakontraqto urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi. aRniSnul TavSi Catarebuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovadginoT garkveuli daskvnebi. naTelia, rom transformaciuli procesebi postsabWouri qveynebis ekonomikaSi mimdinareobda sxvdasxva intensiurobiT da maT gamoiwvies sxvadasxva Sedegebic. zogierTi qveyana sabazro urTierTobebze swrafad gadavida da maT xelsayreli bizbes-garemos SeqmniT moaxdines kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebis stimulireba, sxvebi TavSekavebiT atarebdnen reformebs da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos monawileobis didi wili SeinarCunes. instituciuri cvlilebebis winamZRvari qveynebSi warmoiqmneba gare pirobebis SecvliT da Sida rekonstruqciiT, amasTan axali institutebi institucionalur sistemaSi Seqmnil did winaaRmdegobebs xvdebian. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi biznesis marTvis pirobebis reformebi ganpirobebuli iyo ufro gare faqtorebiT (msoflio finansuri krizisi, araxelsayreli gare koniunqtura, saxelmwifos SesaZleblobis Semcireba arakonkurentunariani saxelmwifo warmoebebis mxardaWera da a.S.), vidre Siga faqtorebiT. rogorc saerTaSoriso reitingebis analizi gviCvenebs, biznes-garemos xelsayrelobis maCveneblebi pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli qveynis konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebTan, maT mier moziduli investiciebis moculobebTan. SedarebiT ufro warmatebuli da konkurentunariani qveynebi biznesis ganviTarebis minimaluri administraciuli barierebiT, mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris didi wiliT xasiaTdeba. belorusiaSi msoflio bankisa da sfk_s mixedviT bolo wlebSi dafiqsirebuli biznesis marTvis pirobebis aqtiuri reformebis miuxedavad, mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris wili 30%s ar aRemateba. es SeiZleba mowmobdes rogorc refor-

68

mebis nominalur xasiaTze, aseve reitingis meTodologiis xarvezebze. saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi biznesis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis garkveuli reformebi tardeba. isini exeba ufro problemur sferoebs_dabegvra, licenzireba, faswarmoqmna da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom gatarebuli reformebi qveyanaSi biznesis regulirebis sistemas arsebiTad ar cvlis, isini biznes-garemos gaumjobesebas ganapirobebs. Tu qveyanaSi gagrZeldeba biznes-garemos liberalizaciis kursi, saqarTvelo SeZlebs SeZlebs msoflio sasaqonlo da ucxouri investiciebis bazrebze sakuTari konkurentuli poziciebis gaumjobesebas.

69

Tavi III saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba qveynis sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunariaoba, misi ekonomikis msoflio sameurneo urTierTobebSi CarTulobis done saxelmwifos saerTo konkurentunarianobis erT-erT xSirad gamoyenebad indikators warmoadgens. Tavis mxriv sagareo vaWroba tradiciulad miekuTvneba myari ekonomikuri zrdisa da erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors. 2010 wels eqsportisa da importis moculobebma 1 575,1 mln. lari Seadgina, rac mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi (20 791,3 mln. lari) 5%-ia, imave periodSi importis 5156,3 mln. lari Sefardebam mSp-sTan 20 % Seadgina. 2009 wels finansur da ekonomikur krizisTan dakavSirebiT, SeiniSneboda mocemuli maCveneblebis Semcireba (eqsporti/mSp Seadgenda 8,9 %-s, xolo importi/mSp 25 %-s), romelic gamowveuli iyo rogorc saSualo fasebis SemcirebiT, aseve garesavaWro nakadebis fizikuri moculobebiT. amavdroulad, gaxsnilobis maRali done saqarTvelos ekonomikas xdis msoflio bazrebze momxdar cvlilebebze damokidebuls, amitom, qveynebisaTvis did mniSvnelobas iZens iseTi politikis formireba, romelic mimarTulia Sida da gare bazrebze erovnuli mwarmoeblebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaken. radgan, konkurencia yovelTvis gulisxmobs Sedarebas, upirveles yovlisa saubaria maRalxarisxiani produqtis warmoebis SesaZleblobaze. SedarebiTi upiratesobebi ar aris statikuri maCvenebeli: zogierTi maTgani droTa ganmavlobaSi sustdeba da SeiZleba gaixarjos, xolo sxvebi ki SeiZleba iqnes mopovebuli. nebismieri qveynisaTvis Zalzed aqtualuria SedarebiTi upiratesobebis cvlilebebis dinamikis analizi, rac ganviTarebis gansazRvruli strategi70

is SemuSavebis saSualebas iZleva. mocemuli Tavis mizania saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba sagareo vaWrobaSi, misi SedarebiTi upiratesobebis analizi dinamikaSi da imis gansazRvra, ganapirobebs Tu ara qveyanaSi gatarebuli ekonomikuri politika SedarebiTi upiratesobebis axali modelis formirebas, romelic msoflio bazris moTxovnebs Seesabameba.

3.1 saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba sagareo vaWrobaSi 2009 wels yvelaze metad Semcirda vaWrobis, komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis, sastumroebisa da restornebis dargebi. am dargebSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba Semcirda: vaWrobaSi 16.3%_iT, komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis dargSi 13.0%_iT, sastumroebis da restornebis dargSi 4.4%_iT. yvelaze meti zrda dafiqsirda janmrTelobis dacvis, ganaTlebis, safinanso saqmianobis da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis dargebSi. janmrTelobis dacvaSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba 8.7%_iT, ganaTlebaSi 4.7%_iT, safinanso saqmianobaSi 1.5%_iT da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi ki 1.2%_iT gaizarda.

2010 wlis sam kvartalSi, wina wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT, realuri mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) 6.5%-iT gaizarda da nominalur gamoxatulebaSi 14.7 mlrd lars gautolda. mSp-is zrdaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili mrewvelobis, vaWrobisa da transportis dargebma Seitanes. am dargebma ganapirobes mSp-is 4.0%-iT zrda, rac mTliani Sida produqtis saerTo zrdis 61.5%-s Seadgens.

2010 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi, 2009 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT, warmoebis moculobis yvelaze meti zrda dafiqsirda mrewvelobis, transportis, ko-

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munaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis, sastumroebis da restornebis da vaWrobis dargebSi. am dargebSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba gaizarda: mrewvelobaSi _ 14.9%-iT, transportSi _ 14.9%-iT, komunaluri, socialuri da personalur momsaxurebaSi – 13.0%-iT, sastumroebis da restornebis dargSi – 12.3%iT da vaWrobaSi _ 11.8.%-iT. saqarTvelos mTavrobis monacemebiT, 2011 wels mosalodnelia realuri mTliani Sida produqtis 6.3 procentiani zrda, romelic nominalur gamoxatulebaSi 20.6 mlrd lars gadaaWarbebs. prognozuli gaTvlebiT, saSualovadian periodSi (2011-2014 wlebi) mSp-is zrdis saSualo wliuri maCvenebeli savaraudod 5.9 procentis farglebSi iqneba.

diagrama 3.1 nominaluri mSp-s dinamika26

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saqarTvelos mTavroba, qveynisQZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTulebebi 2011-2014 wlebisaTvis (saboloo varianti).

Tbilisi. 2011

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statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informaciiT 2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam 5 500 mln aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 2008 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels 29.5 procentiT CamorCeba. savaWro brunvaSi eqsporti 1 131 mln aSS dolars Seadgens (Semcirda 24.4%-iT), xolo importi – 4 369 mln aSS dolars (Semcirda 30.7%-iT).

2009 wels, savaWro brunvis mixedviT, ZiriTad savaWro partnior qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilze TurqeTia. misi wili mTlian savaWro brunvaSi 18.4 procents Seadgens. meore adgilze 9.9 procentiT azerbaijania, momdevno adgilebs ikaveben ukraina (9.1 procenti) da germania (5.9 procenti). eqsportis mixedviT ZiriTad savaWro partnior qveynebs Soris pirveli adgili TurqeTs uWiravs. am qveynis wilad mTliani eqsportis 20.0% modis. meore adgilze 14.7%_iT azerbaijania, mesameze kanada 10.4%_iT, meoTxeze somxeTi 7.9%_iT, xolo mexuTeze ukraina 7.4%_iT. importis mixedviT ZiriTad savaWro partnior qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilze TurqeTia. misi wili mTlian importSi 18.0%_ia. meore adgili 9.6%_iT ukrainas, mesame ki 8.6 %_iT azerbaijans uWiravs.

2009 wels sagareo vaWrobis sasaqonlo struqturis mixedviT saqonlis eqsportSi pirvel adgilze 11.5 procentiT feroSenadnobebia, Semdeg modian naxevraddamuSavebuli oqro (10.3 procenti), msubuqi avtomobilebi (6.9 procenti), Txili da sxva kakali (6.2 procenti) da a.S. importis sasaqonlo struqturaSi pirvel adgilze 12.7%_iT navTobi da navTobproduqtebia. Semdeg modis msubuqi avtomobilebi, romelTa nawili SemdgomSi gadis eqsportze (5.8%), samkurnalo saSualebebi (4.0%), navTobis airebi da airisebri naxSirwyalbadebi (3.5%).

2010 wels, sagareo savaWro brunva wina wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT 21%-iT gaizarda da nomi-

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nalur gamoxatulebaSi 6678 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina. aqedan, saqonlis eqsportma 40%-iT, xolo saqonlis importma 17%-iT moimata. saqonelbrunvis moculobis mixedviT, saqarTvelos umsxviles partnior qveynebs Soris pirveli adgili TurqeTs ukavia, romlis wili mTliani saqonelbrunvis 16.5%-s Seadgens. mas mosdevs azerbaijani (10.6%), ukraina (9.9%) da a.S. eqsportSi 15.4%-iT pirvel adgilze azerbaijania, meoreze TurqeTi 13.6%-iT. importSi pirveli adgili 17.4%-iT TurqeTs uWiravs, Semdeg adgilzea ukraina 11.0%-iT. sasaqonlo jgufebis mixedviT eqsportSi pirvel adgilze feroSenadnobebia mTlian eqsportSi 16.7%-iani wiliT, momdevno adgilebs ikaveben: msubuqi avtomobilebi (14.4%), Savi liTonebis jarTi (6.9%), oqro damuSavebuli an naxevrad damuSavebuli (5.4%), azotovani sasuqebi (4.6%) da a.S. importis sasaqonlo struqturaSi pirvel adgilze navTobi da navTobproduqtebia mTlian importSi 13.6% wiliT. Semdeg modian: msubuqi avtomobilebi (6.1%), samkurnalo saSualebebi (3.7%), xorbali (3.4%) da a.S 1999 wels daiwyo saqarTvelos savaWro balansis erTgvarad gaumjobeseba - eqsporti gaizarda da importi Semcirda. eqsportis xvedriTma wilma sagareo savaWro brunvaSi 28,9% Seadgina, mSp-Si ki - 8,5 %. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom: eqsportis zrdas am dros ar hqonda warmoebriv-teqnologiuri safuZveli, rac xels uSlida vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi (vmo) saqarTvelos gawevrianebiT warmoSobili SesaZleblobebis realizebas: mcire iyo ucxouri investiciebis Semosvlis masStabebi, ukiduresad gamwvavda sagareo valis problema, radganac kidev ufro garTulda misi momsaxureba qveynis biujetidan. sagareo valis momsaxurebis didi moculobis gamo saqarTvelo 1998 wlidan SeZlebisdagvarad arideb-

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da Tavis davalianebis srulad dafarvas, radganac am SemTxvevaSi qveyana umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda. marTalia, mTavroba mxolod garkveul CarCoebSi aRwevda restruqturizebas, magram es ar iyo problemis sabolood mogvareba. igi mxolod qveynis ganviTarebis, upirveles yovlisa, misi eqsporti Semosavlebis mkveTrad gadidebis gziT SeiZleba mogvarebuliyo. amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qveynis ekonomika CaerTo msoflio meurneobaSi, magram Zalian sustad, radganac igi am meurneobis aqtiur subieqtad jer kidev ver Camoyalibda. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis monacemebi 20052010 wlebSi warmodgenilia cxrilSi 3.127 saqarTvelos sagareo vaWroba (2005-2010) cxrili 3.1 sagareo savaWro brunva, mln, aSS dolari saqonlis registrirebuli eqsporti (FOB), mln, aSS dolari saqonlis registrirebuli importi (CIF), mln, aSS dolari sagareo vaWrobis saldo, mln, aSS dolari

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2005 3 353.0

2006 4 611.2

2007 6 444.3

2008 7 796.9

2009 5 513

2010 6 678.5

865.5

936.4

1 232.1

1 495.3

1 135

1 583.4

2 487.5

3 674.8

5 212.2

6 301.5

4 378

5 095.1

-1 622.1

-2 738.5

-3 980.0

-4 806.2

-3 243

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saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris statistikur informacias Tu gadavxedavT, mTavari daskvnebi Semdeginairia: 2009 wels, wina wlebTan SedarebiT, savaWro brunva, daaxloebiT, mesamediT Semcirda, Sesabamisad – Semcirda qveynis uaryofiTi savaWro balansi. qveynis sagareo vaWrobis 2/3-mde kvlav aT qveyanaze modioda, romelTa Soris wamyvan poziciebs kvlav TurqeTi da dsT-s qveynebi inarCunebdnen, Tumca saqarTvelosTan vaWrobaSi CarTuli saxelmwifoebis wre TandaTan farTovdeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebis eqsportisa da importis maCvenebeli saerTo savaWro brunvis mxolod 30%-s Seadgens. ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es monacemebi mxolod oficialur statistikas eyrdnoba da araorganizebuli vaWrobis monacemebi masSi ar Sesula.

2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunva (araorganizebuli vaWrobis gareSe) 5 513 mln aSS dolars Seadgens, rac wina wlis maCvenebelze 29,3 %T naklebi iyo. aqedan eqsporti 135,0 mln. aSS dolaria (Sesabamisad 24,1%-iT naklebi), xolo importi - 4 378,3 mln. aSS dolari (30,6 %-iT naklebi). 2009 wels saqarTvelos uaryofiTi savaWro balansma 3 243,4 mln aSS dolari Seadgina (Sesabamisad 32,5 %-iT naklebi).

2009 wels saqarTvelos uaryofiTi savaWro balansi hqonda 101 partnior qveyanasTan, romlebTanac savaWro deficiti 3 434,7 mln. aSS dolars Seadgenda, nacvlad 109 qveynisa da 5 036,0 mln. aSS dolarisa, rac 2008 wels dafiqsirda.

2009 wels qveyanas dadebiTi savaWro balansi hqonda 30 qveyanasTan (191,3 mln. aSS dolari), nacvlad 21 qveynisa da 227,5 mln. aSS dolarisa, rac 2008 wels dafiqsirda.

2009 wels saqarTvelos 1 mln. aSS dolarze meti dadebiTi savaWro balansi hqonda 12 qveyanasTan: kanada

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(103,1 mln. aSS dolari), somxeTi (47,5 mln. aSS dolari), erayi (10,5 mln. aSS dolari), saudis arabeTi (9,1 mln. aSS dolari), libani (3,7 mln. aSS dolari), albaneTi (3,1 mln. aSS dolari), angola (3,1 mln. aSS dolari), uzbekeTi (2,3 mln. aSS dolari), burkinafaso (1,9 mln. aSS dolari), yirgizeTi (1,5 mln. aSS dolari), egvipte (1,2 mln. aSS dolari) da tajikeTi (1,1 mln. aSS dolari).

2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunva evrokavSiris qveynebTan 1 546,9 mln. aSS dolari iyo, rac wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze 26,0%-iT naklebia; aqedan eqsporti 237,6 mln. aSS dolari (29,1%-iT naklebi), xolo importi _ 1 309,2 mln. aSS dolari (25,5%-iT naklebi). am qveynebis wilad modioda sagareo savaWro brunvis 28,1%, maT Soris eqsportis 20,9% da importis 29,9%. (2008 wels - Sesabamisad 26,8 - 22,4 da 27,9%). am qveynebze modioda savaWro deficitis 33,0% (2008 wels - 29,6 %). dsT-s qveynebTan sagareo savaWro brunva 2009 wels 1 677,1 mln. aSS dolars Seadgenda (2008 welTan SedarebiT 34,0% naklebi), aqedan eqsporti 416,2 mln. aSS dolaria (23,0% naklebi), xolo importi - 1 255,1 mln. aSS dolari (37,0% naklebi). am qveynebis wilad saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis 30,4% modioda, maT Soris eqsportis 36,7% da importis 28,8% (2008 wels - Sesabamisad 32,6 - 36,2 da 31,7%). am qveynebze savaWro deficitis 26,0 % (2008 wels - 30,4%) modis.

2009 wels aTi umsxvilesi savaWro partnioris wili saqarTvelos mTlian sagareo savaWro brunvaSi 66,3% Seadgenda. umsxviles savaWro partniorebs Soris arian dsT-s sami qveyana da maTze modioda mTliani sagareo savaWro brunvis 24,6%, 2008 wels ki dafiqsirda Sesabamisad sami qveyana da 26,4%.

2009 wels sagareo savaWro brunvis mixedviT TurqeTi kvlav saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partnio-

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ri qveyana iyo. meore da mesame adgilebs ki azerbaijani da ukraina iyofdnen.

2009 wels umsxvilesi saimporto sasaqonlo jgufi navTobi da navTobproduqtebia - 555,3 mln. aSS dolariT, romlis wili importSi 12,7% Seadgenda. meore adgilze iyo msubuqi avtomobilebis sasaqonlo jgufi 254,7 mln. aSS dolariT, rac importis 5,8% iyo. wina wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia samkurnalo saSualebebis jgufis importi 14,7 mln. aSS dolariT da 175,2 mln. aSS dolars Seadgenda.

2010 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam (araorganizebuli vaWrobis gareSe) 6 678 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis analogiur maCvenebelze 21%-iT metia; aqedan eqsporti 1 583 mln. aSS dolari iyo (40% meti), xolo importi - 5 095 mln. aSS dolari (17% meti). saqarTvelos uaryofiTma savaWro balansma 2010 wels 3 512 mln. aSS dolari (9% meti) Seadgina. saerTo jamuri brunviT 2008 wlis maCvenebels (7,8 mlrd dolari) jer ver mivuaxlovdiT, magram saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRidan pirvelad dafiqsirda eqsportis moculobis rekorduli maCvenebeli (1,6 mlrd dolari). 2008 wels eqsporti sul 1,5 mlrd dolari iyo. rasakvirvelia, es niSnavs imas, rom eqsportis wili sagareo vaWrobis brunvaSi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba da qveynidan kapitalis gadinebasa da Semodinebas Soris sxvaoba mcirdeba. marTalia, saerTo jamuri brunviT jer ver mivuaxlovdiT 2008 wlis maCvenebels _7,8 mlrd. lars, samagierod dafiqsirda eqsportis moculobis rekorduli maCvenebeli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi. 2008 wels eqsporti sul iyo 1,5 mlrd., lari.

2010 wels 2008 welTan SedarebiT sagareo savaWro brunva da importi Sesabamisad 14%-iT da 19%iT Semcirda, eqsporti 6%-iT gaizarda. 2009 welTan SedarebiT fiqsirdeba Sesabamisad samive maCveneblis

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21, 17 da 40%-iT zrda.

2010 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam evrokavSiris qveynebTan 1 736 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze 13% metia; aqedan eqsporti 297 mln. aSS dolari iyo (25% meti), xolo importi – 1 439 mln. aSS dolari (10% meti). saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvaSi am qveynebis wilma 26% Seadgina, maT Soris eqsportSi 19% da importSi 28%. (2009 wels – Sesabamisad 28, 21 da 30%). evrokavSiris qveynebze savaWro deficitis 33% modioda (2009 wels aseve – 33%). dsT-is qveynebTan sagareo savaWro brunvam 2010 wels 2195 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina (2009 welTan SedarebiT 31% meti), aqedan eqsporti 644 mln. aSS dolari dafiqsirda (55% meti), xolo importi – 1 551 mln. aSS dolari (24% meti). saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvaSi am qveynebis wili 33% iyo, maT Soris eqsportSi 41% da importSi 30%. (2009 wels – Sesabamisad 30, 37 da 29%). dsT-is qveynebze savaWro deficitis 26% modioda (2009 wels aseve – 26%).

2010 wels aTi umsxvilesi savaWro partnioris wilma saqarTvelos mTlian sagareo savaWro brunvaSi 67% Seadgina. umsxviles savaWro partniorebs Soris iyo TurqeTi (1 105 mln. aSS dolari), azerbaijani (708 mln. aSS dolari) da ukraina (662 mln. aSS dolari). sasaqonlo jgufebidan saeqsporto aTeulSi pirveli adgili kvlav feroSenadnobebma daikava da 264 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac mTeli eqsportis 17%-ia. msubuqi avtomobilebis eqsportma 227 mln. aSS dolari, Sesabamisad, eqsportis 14% Seadgina, mesame adgilze kvlav Savi liTonebis jarTi darCa. am sasaqonlo jgufis eqsporti 46 mln. aSS dolariT gaizarda da 109 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina (ix. diamrama 3.2).

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diamgrama 3.2 2010 wels eqsportirebuli xuTi umsxvilesi produqti28

diagrama 3.3 2010 wels importirebuli xuTi umsxvilesi produqti

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umsxvilesi saimporto sasaqonlo jgufi 2010 wels navTobi da navTobproduqtebi iyo, romlis importma 695 mln. aSS dolari da mTeli importis 14% Seadgina. meore adgilze iyo msubuqi avtomobilebis sasaqonlo jgufi 310 mln. aSS dolariT, rac importis 6% iyo. mesame adgilze samkurnalo saSualebebis jgufis importi darCa 188 mln. aSS dolariT, romlis wilma importSi 4% Seadgina (ix. diagrama 3.3). eqsportSi, 2010 wels sagareo savaWro brunvis mixedviT saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partniori qveyana azerbaijania. eqsportis moculoba am qveyanasTan 243,99 mln. dolaria, anu mTliani eqsportis 15,4%. meore adgilzea TurqeTi, am qveyanasTan eqsportis moculoba 2009 welTan SedarebiT 9, 719 mln.aSS dolariT, anu 19,9%-idan 13,6%-mde Semcirda. mesame adgilzea aSS, romelTanac eqsportis mocu-loba 143,6 mln. aSS dolariT, anu 3,3%-idan 11,4 %-mde gaizarda. importis mixedviT saqarTvelos umsxviles savaWro partniors warmoadgens TurqeTi. am qveyanasTan importis moculoba 888, 6 mln. aSS dolaria, anu mTliani importis 17,4%. meore adgilzea ukraina Sesabamisad 558,9 mln. aSS dolari, anu 11,0%. mesame adgilze ki azerbajania, Sesabamisad 464,1 mln. aSS dolari, anu 9,1 % (ix. diamgrama 3.4 ,,a�).

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,,a”

,,b” diamrama 3.5 ,,a” da ,,b” -saqonlis eqsporti da importi 2007-2010 ww.29

29

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saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro balansi (2009-2010)30 cxrili 3.2

qveynis sagareo vaWrobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis da savaWro struqturuli gaumjobesebisTvis mniSvnelovania sagareo savaWro urTierTobebis regularuli analizi da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. ucxour bazrebze teqnikuri barierebis daZlevisaTvis saWiroa qveyanaSi warmoebuli produqtisa da momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis zrda, risTvisac unda moxdes teqnikuri regulirebis sferos ganviTareba saerTaSorisod aRiarebul normebTan daaxlovebis kuTxiT. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT saSualovadian periodSi unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi: 1. saerTaSoriso gamofenebSi monawileoba; 2. ucxouri da adgilobrivi mediis warmomadgenlebisaTvis pres-turebis mowyoba;

30

iqve

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3.

4.

saerTaSoriso standartebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesabamis saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromloba; standartebis reestris monacemTa bazis srulyofa, gamzomi saSualebis damowmebis aRiareba da akreditaciis samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba.

3. 2 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi qveynis konkurentunarianobis erT-erT xSirad gamoyenebad indikators misi gare ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebi, eqsportis dinamika da struqtura, gare bazrebze mis produqtze moTxovnileba, msoflio savaWro sistemaSi integrirebis done warmoadgens. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, yovelive amaze did gavlenas axdens qveynis mier gatarebuli sagareo savaWro da samewarmeo politika, aseve eqsportze orientirebuli seqtorebis mxardamWeri RonisZiebebi. eqsportis konkurentunarianobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT sami msxvili blokis saxiT. 1. stimulebis Seqmna (savaWro, sagadasaxado politika da savaluto kursis politika). eqsportis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi ekonomikuri meqanizmis Seqmna, romelic garantias iZleva, rom resursebi - warmoebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi da teqnologiebi _ mimarTuli iqneba ufro mwarmoeblur seqtorebsa da aseve, ufro efeqtian sawarmoebSi, romlebsac SeuZliaT konkurentunarianni iyvnen grZelvadian periodSi. amisaTvis aucilebelia analizis Catareba da dakvirveba, Tu rogor moqmedebs savaWro, sagadasaxado, savaluto kursis politika, Sromis bazari, biznes garemo investiciebis, produqtisa da momsa-

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xurebis warmoebis, savaWro sferoSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze. sayuradReboa isic, rom eqsportis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes eqsport/importis monopolia (magaliTad, specialuri eqsportiorebis/importiorebis instituti), maRali tarifebi importze, savaluto kursis amaRleba, da sxva administraciuli barierebi, romlebic investiciuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze zemoqmedeben. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia sakmaod liberaluri gare savaWro (satarifo) reJimi aqvs, Tumca ,,saerTaSoriso vaWrobis~ kriteriumis mixedviT qveyanas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi msoflio bankis ,,Doing business�-is reitingSi dabali pozicia uWiravs. amgvarad, mTlianobaSi instituciuri garemo ar aris xelsayreli gareekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis, rac aucileblad aisaxeba eqsportis konkurentunarianobaze.

2. qveynis eqsportis konkurentunarianobaze moqmedi faqtoria globalur warmoebiT jaWvSi sawarmoebis monawileobis done. globalizaciis Sedegad warmoebiT sistemaSi finasur bazrebze arsebuli cvlilebebi, informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologiebis ganviTareba naTels xdis im faqts, rom ufro meti yuradReba unda daeTmos globalur mwarmoeblebTan da Gereffiis (1994) gamyidvelebTan urTierTqmedebas, ris gareSec sul ufro rTuldeba saeTaSoriso bazrebze moxvedra. globaluri warmoebis jaWvSi monawileoba Zalian mniSvnelovania axali teqnologiebis miRebis, axali standartebisa da xarisxis moTxovnebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. 3. globalizaciis procesSi qveynis monawileobis donisa da xasiaTis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenadaa dakavSirebuli misi warmoeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebTan. igi iZleva transnacionalizaciis indeqsis gamoTvlis saSualebas. indeqsi gamoiTvleba rogorc oTxi maCve-

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neblis saSualo (pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi pui) procentebSi mTlian Sida investiciebTan, bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi. kerZod, pui-s dagroveba procentebSi mSp-sTan, mSp-Si ucxouri kompaniebis filialebis axladSeqmnili Rirebulebis wili da ucxouri kompaniebis filialebis wili saerTo simWidroveSi. rogorc mocemuli indeqsi gviCvenebs, saqarTvelo aris naklebad transnacionalizirebuli qveyana regionSi. am maCveneblis mniSvneloba qveyanaSi samis tolia, rac oTxjer naklebia vidre ruseTSi, eqvsjer naklebi vidre moldaveTSi da 7,5-jer naklebi, vidre ukrainaSi. eqsportis konkurentunarianoba ar SeiZleba ar asocirdebodes imasTan, Tu ramdenad mwarmoebluria qveynis mewarmeoba sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc erTeuli produqtis warmoebaze dabali saSualo danaxarjebis arsebobiT sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. Tumca Cven SeiZleba visaubroT konkurentunarianobis dakargvaze, im SemTxvevaSi Tu qveyana konkurentunarianobis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebiT, ZiriTad saeqsporto bazrebze sakuTar wils kargavs. saerTaSoriso savaWro organizaciebis gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi yvelaze arakonkurentunariania produqtebi, romlebic miekuTvneba informaciul-komunikaciur teqnologiebs, romelTa kuTri Rirebulebac 3,5-jer metia, vidre saSualod msoflioSi. amasTan erTad, eqsportirebuli produqtis sakmaod didi raodenobis mixedviT erTeuli produqtis kuTri Rirebuleba saSualo msoflio maCvenebelze dabalia (qimiuri mrewvelobis produqcia, eleqtronuli da araeleqtronuli mowyobiloba, transporti, sxvadasxva samrewvelo produqti). unda aRiniSnos, rom iseTi parametri, rogoric xarisxia, konkurentunarianobis TvalsazrisiT aseve Zalzed mniSvnelovania.

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3. 3 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi 3.3.1 vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqsi eqsportis (sagareo vaWrobis) konkurentunarianobis raodenobrivi SefasebisaTvis sxvadasxva midgoma da meTodika gamoiyeneba. saerTaSoriso savaWro centri atarebs monitorings da axdens eqsportis ganviTarebisa da misi konkurentunarianobis yovelwliur Sefasebas, aseve iTvlis qveynis ranJirebiT maTi vaWrobis ganviTarebis mixedviT vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqss 187 qveynisaTvis da 14 saeqsporto seqtorisaTvis. vfi (vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqsi) iTvaliswinebs ori aTeuli maCveneblis gamoTvlas, romlebic asaxavs yoveli seqtoris konkurentunarianobisa da diversifikaciis dones sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, aseve iZleva qveynis da seqtoris adgilis integrirebul Sefasebas, rac xdeba xuTi kriteriumis safuZvelze: wminda eqsportis moculoba, eqsporti mosaxleobis erT sulze, msoflio sabazro wili, sasaqonlo da geografiuli diversifikacia. yvela gamoTvla xorcieldeba COMTRADE (OOH)-s monacemebis safuZvelze hormonizebuli sistemis (HS) eqvsi niSnis doneze, Semdeg Sedegebi warmodgenilia 14 agregirebuli saeqsporto seqtoris doneze rogorc mniSvnelobis saxiT, aseve adgilis saxiT, romelic mocemul qveyanas sxva qveynebs Soris uWiravs. konkurentunarianobis da mewarmeobis ganviTarebis donis mniSvnelovani indikatoria produqtis diversifikacia. rac ufro maRalia mocemuli maCvenebeli, miT naklebad emuqreba qveyanas sagareo Soki. produqtis diversifikaciis SefasebisaTvis ori maCvenebelia gamoyenebuli: eqsportirebuli produqtis eqvivalenturi ricxvi (rac ufro metia mocemuli mniSvneloba, miT maRalia eqsportis diversifikacia); da spre-

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di -s indeqsi, romelic mocemul statistikur rigSi zomavs dispersias yvelaze maRal da yvelaze dabal mniSvnelobebs Soris da miRebul Sedegs adarebs saSualo mniSvnelobasTan: rac ufro maRalia indeqsi, miT maRalia diversifikacia. qveynis msoflio sabazro wilis cvlileba, drois ganmavlobaSi, mis zrdas an Semcirebas gviCvenebs. saerTaSoriso savaWro centris Sefasebis Tanaxmad, igi mcirdeba ToTxmet analiziebul prdoduqtTa jgufidan xuTiT: tansacmeli, teqstili, da sabiTumo eleqtronika, xis nakeTobebi, tyavis nakeTobebi, anu upiratesad Sromatevadi produqtebiT. konkurentunarianobis mniSvnelovani indikatoria aseve adaptaciuri efeqti, rac saSualebas iZleva Sefasdes, miesadageba Tu ara eqsporti msoflio moTxovnis cvlilebebs. mocemuli efeqti dadebiTia, Tu qveyana zrdad bazrebze Tavis arsebobas (wils) afarToebs. saqarTvelosaTvis msoflio moTxovnis cvlilebebTan eqsportis adaptacia xdeba mxolod gadamuSavebuli produqtebis da xis nawarmis mixedviT, xolo danarCeni 12 sasaqonlo jgufis mixedviT SeimCneva uaryofiTi efeqtebi, rac Zalzed sagangaSo tendenciaa, romelic pirdapir miuTiTebs konkurentunarianobis dakargvaze. konkurentunarianobis kidev erTi maCvenebelia qveynis SesaZlebloba, miesadagos msoflio moTxovnas. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas rom, saanalizo seqtorebis umravlesobiT qarTuli produqtis konkurentunarianoba msoflio saSualo doneze dabalia.

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3.3.2 gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis koeficientebi msoflio vaWrobaSi ama Tu im qveynis konkurentunarianobis SedarebiT upiratesobebze dayrdnobiT SefasebisaTvis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs. amavdroulad, indeqsis Sesabamisi meTodebis gansxvavebulobis gamo, meTodebis aTviseba ama Tu im qveynis SedarebiTi upiratesobebis erTmniSvnelovani Sefasebis saSualebas ar iZleva. qveynis SedarebiTi upiratesobebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili maCvenebelia balaSas (Balassa)31 indeqsi. igi ikvlevda produqtis eqsportis struqturas, im varaudiT, rom ukeTes doneze asaxavda qveynis SedarebiT upiratesobebs. man SemogvTavaza formula, romlis Tanaxmad qveyana SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos rogorc gansazRvruli produqtis eqsportze specializirebuli, Tu am produqtis sabazro wili ufro maRalia, vidre msoflios qveynebis saSualo maCvenebeli, an Tu produqtis wili eqsportSi ufro maRalia, vidre misi wili regionis Sesabamis qveynis eqsportSi:

RCAi , j = ( xij / X i ) /( x aj / X a ) an

RCAij =

( xij / X i ) ( x aj / X a )

,

(3.1)

sadac RCAij - aris gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis koeficienti; x ij - j produqtis eqsporti i qveynidan;

X i -saerTo eqsporti i qveynidan; x aj -j pro-

duqtis saerTo eqsporti a regionidan; X a - a regioni31

Balassa, B. (1977), ’Revealed’ Comparative Advantage Revisited, The Manchester School, 45.

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dan saerTo eqsporti. am formulam miiRo gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis saxelwodeba (RCA ) . am indeqsis Tanaxmad xdeba qveynis mier SedarebiTi upiratesobebis demonstrireba produiqtiT vaWrobaSi, romlis maCvenebelic 1-ze maRalia. es niSnavs, rom produqtis eqsporti ufro maRalia, vidre mosalodneli iyo mocemuli regionis eqsportis saerTo moculobaSi misi moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb monacemebis safuZvelze. dResdReobiT balaSas32 indeqsi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia SedarebiTi upiratesobebis gamosaTvlelad, ris safuZvelzec mogvianebiT SemuSavda axali, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri realobis Sesabamisi indeqsebi. ramdenime wlis Semdeg gamoCnda e.w. `alternatiuli RCA �, romelic mxolod Sidasaqveyno savaWro saqmianobis dasaxasiaTeblad iyo gankuTvnili.

RCA -s meTodi, ama Tu im produqtis eqsportis da importis erTdroulad gazomvis SesaZleblobas iZleva:

RCAa = ( X ij − M ij ) /( X ij + M ij ), (3.2) sadac, RCAa _ a qveynis SedarebiTi upiratesobebis koeficientia; X ij - j produqtis eqsporti i qveynidan; M ij - j produqtis importi i qveynidan. balaSas indeqsis safuZvelze, folratma 1991 wels SemogvTavaza RCA -s gamoTvlis kidev sami xerxi, ris safuZvelzec Semdegi maCveneblebi miiRo: kuTriTi upiratesobebi vaWrobaSi (RTA) , kuTriTi upiratesobebis eqsportis logariTmi

(RXA) , konkurentunarianobis maCvenebeli

(RC ) .

32

Balassa, B. (1989). Comparative Advantage, Trade Policy and Economic Development, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York.

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folratis Tanaxmad, bolo ori maCvenebeli regionis mixedviT (doneze) gamoiTvleba. am sami maCveneblis dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi saSualebas iZleva qveyanaSi SedarebiTi upiratesobebi gamovavlinoT, maSin roca uaryofiTi maCveneblebi miuTiTebs SedarebiT naklovanebebze (dabal konkurentunarianobaze).

Tumca, arsebobs aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyenebis problema, radgan vaWrobis struqturis maCveneblebze zemoqmedebs xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli politika amgvarad, saimporto SezRudvebs, saeqsporto subsidiebsa da xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli politikis sxva saxeebs gansazRvrul doneze SeuZliaT

RCA indeqsebis Seryeva. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ekonomistebi cdiloben mmarTvelobaSi damatebiTi cvlilebebi Seitanon, raTa moaxdinon saxelmwifo Carevis aseTi saxis Sedegebis nivelireba. ferto da habardi (2003) gamoTvlebSi ОЭСР-s mixedviT gamoTvlil, e.w. daxmarebis nominlur koeficients (NAC ) iyenebdnen, SesaZlo Seryevebis Sedegebis filtraciisaTvis. griue da milneri (1993) gvirCeven fasebze dafuZnebuli RCA sididis gamoyenebas, romelsac uwodes `aracxadi gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebi (IRCA) ”, raTa Tavidan aicilon saxelmwifos mxridan Carevis Sedegad miRebuli ryevebi. amgvarad, dResdReobiT bevri meTodi arsebobs SedarebiTi upiratesobebis indeqsis gamosaTvlelad. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ramdenime alternatiuli

RCA indeqsis erTdroulad gamoyenebisas, SeiZleba warmoiqmnas garkveuli winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi. aseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom yvelaze cnobili balaSas da folartis meTodebic ki efuZneba sxvadasxva koncefcias da Sedegad, ar SeiZleba iyos bolomde SeTanxmebuli (Sexamebuli) wyvili. ufro metic, RCA indeqsebis Sedegebis stabiluroba ukve eWvqveS iyo (ie-

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itsi 1985) xinlupeni da van mareviki - (2001), amitomac maTi gamoyenebisas saWiroa garkveuli sifrTxile. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunarinobis analizis dros, Cvens mier gamoyenebuli iyo gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis klasikuri indeqsebi, romlebic gare bazrebze produqtis konkurentunarianobas axasiaTebda. iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca indeqsebis gamoTvla konkretuli bazrebisaTvis xdeboda, isini `eqsportis specializaciis indeqsebs� (ESI) warmoadgenda. sabiTumo eleqtronikaze, araeleqtronul mowyobilobaze, eleqtronuli mowyobilobis komponentebze, standartul produqtze, aseve xis nakeTobebze, transportze da tyavis nakeTobebze droTa ganmavlobaSi konkurentunarianobis integraluri maCveneblis gauareseba SeiniSneba. amavdroulad, xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli politika srulad ver Seesabameba qarTuli produqtis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisa da axali SedarebiTi upiratesobebis ganviTarebis amocanas. kvlav arasakmarisia mewarmeTa interesebis dacva, rTulia arsebuli sagadasaxado sistema, araoptimaluria pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis politika, igi saWiroebs gaumjobesebas aramarto moculobebis ukmarisobis, aramed arsebuli firmebis erovnul produqtze dadebiTi gavlenis ararsebobis gamo. Tavisufalma ekonomikurma zonebma ver gadawyvites maT winaSe dasmuli eqsportis potencialis amaRlebis, axali da umaRlesi teqnologiebis ganviTarebis amocanebi. yovelive aRniSnuli garkveuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas saWiroebs, kerZod, aucilebelia: _ makroekonomikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa (ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis stabiluroba), saqmiani sferos mdgomareobis Semdgomi gaumjobeseba da misi prognozirebadobis amaRleba;

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_institucionaluri sferos gaumjobeseba gare ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad, aRniSnuli saqmianobis Semdgomi debiurokratizacia gaZliereba, nawilobriv, saxelmwifo organoebis mier gatarebuli administraciuli procedurebis raodenobis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba; _sawarmoebze sagadasaxado zewolis Semcireba da sagadasaxado administrirebis gamartiveba; _infrastruqturis xarisxis gaumjobeseba da misi efeqtianobis amaRleba, gansakuTrebiT energetikuli seqtorSi, radgan igi sawarmoebis saqmianobis Seferxebaze pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens; _sasurvelia investiciebis stimulirebaze moqmedi qveynis mimarTulebebis gaZliereba romlebic gadascemen gamocdilebas, teqnologiebs da nou-haus, rac uzrunvelhyofs qveyanaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas, romlebic eqsportisaTvis axal platformas qmnian. damatebiTi Rirebulebis maRali wilis mqone seqtorebSi investiciebis mosazidad aucilebelia adgilobrivi (erovnuli) firmebis SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba da gaZliereba, aseve finansuri sistemis sakanonmdeblo bazis, sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvis, samuSao Zalis xarisxis da a.S. gaumjobeseba. amdenad ganxorcielebulma analizma dagvanaxa, rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli eqsportis struqturaSi bevri araxelsayreli cvlileba xdeboda. pirvel rigSi, igi dakavSirebuli iyo misi sasaqonlo koncentraciis amaRlebasTan da eqsportirebuli produqtis raodenobisa da nomeklaturis saerTo moculobaSi calkeuli produqtis wilis gazrdis gamo diversificirebulobis SemcirebasTan. es mowmobs rogorc saeqsporto poziciis dasustebas, ise cvlilebebis gamo eqsportis saWiroebis zrdas. Soreuli ucxoeTis bazrebze saqarTvelo specializdeboda dabalproduqtiul saqonel-

93

ze, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imyofebodnen e.w. `sasicocxlo ciklis� bolos: soflis meurneobis produqti, xe - tye da teqstilis nawarmi, Tanac konkurentunarianobis zrda aRiniSneboda mxolod bolo jgufSi.

94

Tavi IV globaluri konkurentunarianoba da ekonomikuri krizisi: urTierTkavSiri 4. 1 erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriis analizi - Teoriuli midgomebi ekonomikur analizSi konkurentunarianobis kategoriis gamoyenebas didi xanis istoria ara aqvs. sawyis etapebze mocemuli kategoria upiratesad calkeuli sawarmoebis an dargebis donesTan asocirdeboda. Tumca 1990-iani wlebidan konkurentunarianobis kategoria xSirad erovnuli ekonomikis donezec gamoiyeneboda. ekonomikuri politikis doneze, ekonomikis mmarTvelebma erovnuli knkurentunarianobis kategoriis gamoyeneba bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi TavianTi politikis grZelvadiani miznebis formulirebasTan erTad daiwyes. magaliTad, SeiZleba davasaxeloT lisabonis strategiis farglebSi evropuli krebis (EC) mier dasmuli amocana: `EC yofiliyo yvelaze konkurentunariani da dinamikuri...�. agreTve, erovnuli konkurentunarianobis Tavbrudamxvevi (boboqari) zrdis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobis ideas, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis grZelvadiani miznebis saxiT, araerTxel mimarTavda didi britaneTic. Tumca, Cveni SexedulebiT, ekonomikuri politikis mocemul amocanebs yovelTvis ar hqondaT erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriis mkafio da erTmniSvnelovani gageba. Teoriul naSromebSi aseve mkafiod ar iyo ganxiluli, Tu ra igulisxmeboda erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriaSi, rac kvlevebis Sedegebis interpretaciis dros winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi konkurentunarianobis cnebis analizi m. porteris (1990) naSromebs efuZneba, sadac igi ganmartebulia rogorc ekonomiku-

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ri erTeulis mier Tavisi mdgomareobis gacnobiereba da misi gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebis floba, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, SenarCuneba. viwro gagebiT, konkurentunarianobis kategoria gamoiyeneba garemoSi, sadac sxvadasxva ekonomikuri subieqtebis interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTimeores. farTo gagebiT, konkurentunarianobis analizSi SeiZleba Sevides sferoebi, romlebSic ekonomikuri agentebis interesebi pirdapir erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba da riTac ekonomikuri agentebi TavianT sabazro poziciebs aZliereben. m. porteris am midgomis Sesabamisad konkurentunarianobis konkurentunarianobis tradiciuli analizi tardeba sam - qveynis, dargis da sawarmos doneze. konkurentunarianobis problemisadmi miZRvnil bevr naSromSi konkurentunarianobis mimarT gamoyenebuli midgomebi, misi donisa da dinamikis ganmsazRvreli cvladebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdebodes. gansakuTrebiT didia es gansxvavebebi qveynis konkurentunarianobis cnebis ganmartebis dros. magaliTad,33 mocemul kategorias prizmis oTxi Semadgenlis meSveobiT ganixilaven: gayidvis SesaZlebloba (eqsportireba), resursebis mozidvis SesaZlebloba, gare garemos cvlilebebze morgebis SesaZlebloba, gamomuSavebis SesaZlebloba. am faqtorebis safuZvelze ewyoba konkurentunarianobis ierarqia, romelsac safuZvlad udevs pirveli sami faqtori, xolo konkurentunarianobis meoTxe stadiaze gadasvla xdeba codnis dagrovebis safuZvelze. konkurentunarianobis gansxvavebuli cneba mocemulia Aiginger-Tan (1996). qveyana iTvleba konkurentunarianad, Tu masSi sruldeba sami pi33

Aitken, B., and Harrison, A. (1999). Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela, American Economic Review, 89, 3,605---618.

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roba: pirvel rigSi, iyideba eqsportirdeba produqtisa da momsaxurebis sakmao moculoba; meored, warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebiT generirebuli mogeba, rogorc minimumi, amarTlebs Cadebul saxsrebs da ekonomikuri ganviTrebis rTuli donis mqone qveynebi rentabelobis dones Seesabameba; mesamed, moqalaqeebi kmayofili arian makroekonomikuri pirobebiT. SexedulebaTa am winaaRmdegobebis Sedegad sakmaod gavrcelda mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi TviT konkurentunarianobis cneba azrs moklebulia da ar arsebobs misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis safuZveli. magaliTad, aseT midgomas Tavis naSromebSi emxroba p. krugmani.34 amasTan, krugmani miuTiTebs imaze, rom Tavis mxriv, erovnuli konkurentunarianobis koncefcia SeiZleba iyos aramarto uSedego, aramed sazianoc: `konkurentunarianobis akviatebuli idea aramarto Secdomaa, aramed sazianocaa, igi Sida ekonomikur politikas abrkolebs da msoflio ekonomikas uqmnis safrTxes�. erovnuli ekonomikis cnebis uazrobis ganxilvisas p. krugmani asaxelebs sam arguments:35 - pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifoebisa da korporaciebis saqmianobis pirobebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, sakuTar produqtze moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi korporaciis likvidacia gamouvalia. amave dros, aseTi logikis saxelmwifos doneze gadatana ar SeiZleba.

- meore mxriv, firmebis donisagan gansxvavebiT, qveynebs Soris vaWroba ar SeiZleba ganxiloT rogorc 34

Krugman, P. (1996). Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, 12(3), 17–25.

35 Gardiner, B., Martin, M., Tyler, P. (2004). Competitiveness, Productivity and Economic Growth across the European Regions. European Regional Science Association, Working Paper, http://www-sre.wu wien.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa04/m PDF/333.pdf

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`TamaSi nulovani TanxiT�. magaliTad, korporaciul doneze dargis erT-erTi firmis gayidvebis zrda, dargis sxva firmis gayidvebis Semcirebis xarjze xdeba. saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi maTganis eqsportis zrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios am qveynis importze moTxovnis zrda, da Sedegad, moaxdinos xelsayreli zemoqmedeba sxva qveynis eqsportze.

- mesame - erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriis erTaderTi mniSvneloba Tavisi arsiT mwarmoeblurobis kategoriis identuria. mocemuli argumentebis moyvaniT krugmani (1994) miuTiTebs imaze, rom sagareo vaWrobis sakmaod SezRuduli rolis mqone ekonomikisaTvis (mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi) cxovrebis donis standartebi, warmoebis efeqtianoba da sxva Semadgenlebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Sedis erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriaSi, ganisazRvreba Sida faqtorebiT_mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempiT. amitomac, mocemul SemTxvevaSi `konkurentunarianoba aris gasarTobi (sasacilo) mizezi (saSualeba), sityva mwarmoeblurobis warmosaTqmelad�.36 erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis gare vaWrobis mniSvnelobis amaRlebis SemTxvevaSi, cxovrebis doneze da standartebze moqmed faqtorebSi, rogorc wesi, arsebiTi cvlilebebi ar xdeba. dominirebad faqtors Sida ekonomikebis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempi warmoadgens. igi sxva ekonomikis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempis cvlilebaze sustad moqmedebs. es urTierTkavSiri SeiZleba dairRves vaWrobis pirobebis cvlilebis Sedegad. savaWro pirobebis arsebiTi gauaresebiT qveynis realuri msyidvelTunarianoba SeiZleba Semcirdes, ramac, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis miuxedavad, SeiZleba ganapirobos cxovrebis donis maCveneblebis Sem36

Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness --- a Dangerous Obsession, Foreign Affairs, March/April, 73, 2.

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cireba. aseve urTierTkavSiri mwarmoeblurobasa da cxovrebis donis maCveneblebs Soris SeiZleba dairRves im SemTxvevaSic, Tu gauaresebuli savaWro pirobebis sapasuxod qveyana erovnuli valutis devalvacias moaxdens. aqedan gamomdinare, krugmani (1994) midis im daskvnamde, rom `konkurentunarianoba Sromis mwarmoeblurobisagan gansxvavebulia mxolod maSin, roca msyidvelTunarianoba arsebiTad dabali tempiT izrdeba, vidre produqtis gamoSveba�.37 m. porteris naSromebSi _konkurentunarianobis Teoriis klasikaSi _ mocemulia erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriebis praqtikulad identuri mosazrebebi. igi gadmogvcems mocemuli kategoriis konkurentunarianobisagan arsebiT gansxvavebas sawarmos an dargis doneze: `konkurentunarianoba rCeba koncefciad, romelic srulad ar aris gacnoebierebuli misi farTo gamoyenebisa da mniSvnelobis miuxedavad�. qveynis doneze konkurentunarianobis gansazRvrisaTvis amosavali wertili unda iyos eris keTildReoba. qveynis cxovrebis done ekonomikis mwarmoeblurobiT ganisazRvreba, romelic izomeba mis mier warmoebuli produqtiTa da momsaxurebiT, romelic gaTvlilia erTeul adamianur kapitalsa da bunebriv resursze. mwarmoebluroba damokidebulia rogorc warmoebuli produqtisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebaze, romelic izomeba Tavisufal bazarze fasiT, aseve warmoebis procesSi maT efeqtianobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, namdvili konkurentunarianoba izomeba mwarmoeblurobiT. mwarmoebluroba iZleva erovnul doneze maRali saSemosavlo gadaxdebis, myari valutisa da kapitalze sasurve-

37

Porter, M.,. Ketels, C. (2003). UK Competitiveness: Moving to the Next Stage, DTI Economics Paper 3, London: Department of Trade and Industry.

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li mogebis, xolo maTTan erTad cxovrebis donis maRali standartebis SenarCunebis saSualebas�. erovnuli konkurentunarianobisadmi, rogorc mwarmoeblurobis identuri kategoriisadmi midgoma damaxasiaTebelia praqtikuli mimarTulebebis kvlevebisaTvisac. aq pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos globaluri konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb regularuli moxseneba, romelic qveyndeba msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier (WEF). WEF –is meTodologiaSi ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis qveS moiazreba isini, romlebic TavianT ganviTarebaSi eyrdnobian mwarmoeblurobis zrdis faqtorebs da uzrunvelyofen keTildReobas grZelvadian periodSi.38 TviT konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba rogorc institutebis, politikebisa da faqtorebis erToblioba, romlebic qveyanaSi warmoebis faqtorebis mwarmoeblurobis dones gansazRvravs.39 igulisxmeba rom, ufro konkurentunarianma ekonomikebma Tavisi moqalaqeebisaTvis SeiZleba ufro maRali Semosavlis generireba uzrunvelyos. warmoebis faqtorebis mwarmoeblurobis done gansazRvravs ekonomikaSi investiciebis sxvadsxva saxeebis mogebis normebs. radgan investiciebze mogebis normebi (fizikur, adamianur kapitalSi) ekonomikis zrdis tempis ganmsazRvrel fundamentalur faqtors warmoadgens, amitomac igulisxmeba, rom ufro ganviTarebul ekonomikebs SeuZliaT grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis ufro maRali tempebis uzrunvelyofa. amgvarad, konkurentunarianobis mocemuli koncefcia moicavs rogorc statistikur, ise dinamikur komponentebs: qveyanaSi mwarmoeblurobis done gansazRvravs mis SesaZleblobebs Seinar38

The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 @ World Economik.

Forum.www.Weforum.org 39 (World Economic forum (2009)).

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Cunos Semosavlebis gansazRvruli done, xolo Sualedurad investiciebze mogebis normiT gansazRvravs ekonomikis zrdis potencialsac. konkurentunarianobis faqtorebis analizis dros ВЭФ meTodologia konkurentunarianobis sxvadasxva stadiebis Sesaxeb porteris (1990) Teorias eyrdnoba. ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiebze qveynis konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebaSi did rols sxvadsxva faqtori asrulebs. ganviTarebis pirveli stadia xasiaTdeba, rogorc konkurentunarianobis amaRleba warmoebis faqtorebis safuZvelze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi qveyana konkurencias eweva warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis donis cvlilebiT _ arakvalificirebuli samuSao Zala da bunebrivi resursebi. bazarze produqtis konkurentunarianobis safuZvels safaso faqtorebi warmoadgens, amasTan mwarmoeblurobis dabali done, saSemosavlo gadsaxadis dabal doneSi gamoixateba. mocemul etapze konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis mniSvnelovan faqtorebs instituciuri garemo, infrastruqtura, makroekonomikuri stabiluroba, aseve jandacva da mosaxleobis ganaTleba warmoadgens. konkurentunarianobisa da saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis amaRlebiT qveyana gadadis ganviTarebis meore stadiaze _ konkurentunarianobis stadia efeqtianobis safuZvelze. Tavisi produqtis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis qveyanam unda uzrunvelyos warmoebis efeqtianoba da aamaRlos gamoSvebuli produqtis xarisxi. mocemul etapze qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi didi wvlili Seaqvs faqtorebis Semdeg jgufebs: umaRlesi ganaTleba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba, sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba, Sromis bazris efeqtianoba, finansuri bazris ganviTarebis done, Sida da gare bazrebis zoma, aseve uaxlesi teqnologiebis xelmisawvdomoba.

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mesame stadiaze _ konkurentunarianobis stadia inovaciebis safuZvelze _ gadasvla niSnavs, rom qveyanas SeuZlia SeinarCunos saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maRali done maRali Sromis mwarmoeblurobis xarjze. es SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi Tu mocemul ekonomikas SeuZlia awarmoos axali da unikaluri produqtebi. mocemul etapze konkurentunarianobis ZiriTad faqtorebs warmoadgens biznesis ganviTarebisa da ekonomikis inovaciurobis done. Tanamedrove ekonomikurma krizisma, romelic bevri qveynisaTvis, garda kapitalis bazrebze xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvisa, gare moTxovnis arsebiTi dacemiT gamoixata. kvlav aqtualuri gaxada konkurentunarianobis kategoriisa da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis analizi. bevr qveyanaSi daiwyes krizisis Sedegad konkurentunarianobis Semcirebis problemis ganxilva, romelsac konkurentunarianobis faqtorebze SeeZlo araxelsayreli zemoqmedeba moexdina. sxva sityvebiT, am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, krizisi aramarto aRrmavebs biznes-ciklis recesiis fazas, aramed mas SeuZlia Seexos erovnuli ekonomikis struqturul safuZvlebs da ganapirobos potenciuri mSp-s zrdis tempebis Semcireba. wina finansuri krizisebis periodSi aseTi hipoTeza praqtikulad dRis wesrigSi ar idga. am hipoTezis praqtikaSi Sesamowmeblad saWiroa amgvari potenciuri urTierTkavSiris Teoriuli motivebis moZebna. didi albaTobaa, rom aseTi urTierTkavSirebi momdevnoebTan SedarebiT, arsebuli krizisis periodSi ufro aqtiuri ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad warmoiSvas. pirvel rigSi antikrizisulma zomebma SeiZleba daarRvios makroekonomikuri stabiluroba da amis Sedegad gamoiwvios grZelvadiani zrdis ufro dabali tempebi. meore mxriv, bevr qveyanaSi instituciuri garemo SeiZleba ar iyos morgebuli postkrizisul pirobebSi funqcionirebasTan. mesame,

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gansazRvruli struqturuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos finansur sferoSi regulirebis axal zomebTan. da bolos, potenciurma fiskalurma restriqciebma SeiZleba ganapirobos jandacvis, ganaTlebis, inovaciuri politikisa da sxva sistemebis efeqtianobis Semcireba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis farglebSi potenciuri mSp-is zrdis tempebze krizisis zemoqmedebis meqanizmebTan dakavSirebiT hipoTezebis wamoyenebisaTvis yuradReba unda mieqces gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikisa da krizisis periodSi momxdari ekonomikuri transformaciebis grZelvadian Sedegebs. qveynebis umetesobaSi biujetis deficitis zrdam gamoiwvia saxelmwifos rogorc Sida, ise gare sesxis zrdis tempebis daCqareba. zogierT qveyanaSi krizisamde periodSic gare sesxebis zrdis tempebi, mimdinare operaciebis did deficitTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod maRali iyo. misi da finansebisaTvis qveynebi iZulebuli iyvnen sesxebis moculoba gaezardaT, kerZod, sagareo sesxebisa. aseT pirobebSi aqtiuri fiskaluri politikis gatareba, gare deficitis Sesamcireblad zomebis miuReblad (erovnuli valutis devalvaciis an Sida moTxovnis SezRudvis gziT), ormag deficits iwvevs (gares da fiskalurs). amgvarad, saxelmwifo valis dagrovebas adgili SeiZleba hqondes ukve ori mizezis gamo: gare deficitis da finansebis aucilebloba, aseve recesiebis gagrZelebis siRrmis Semcirebis survili. dResdReobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnulma mizezebma ganapiroba realuri kapitalis globaluri finansuri krizisis suverenuli savalo krizisis - axali stadiebi. bolo scenaris realizaciis SemTxvevaSi axlandeli finansuri krizisi praqtikulad yvela stadias gaivlis: sabankos, savalutos da savalos. ekonomikis realur seqtorze finansuri disproporciis zemoqmedeba mocemul SemTxvevaSi araerTmniS-

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vnelovania. krizisis pirvel etapze ekonomikis realur seqtorebSi araxelsayreli tendenciebis gadacema ganpirobebuli iyo dakreditebasa da finansur resursebze xelmisawvdomobis SezRudulobiT. Semdeg ukve realur seqtorebSi disproporciebi finansuri seqtorebis axal problemebze axdenda gavlenas (axali problemuri aqtivebis formireba, sadepozito bazis Semcireba da sxv.,). aman ganapiroba erovnuli ekonomikis biznes-ciklis eqspansiis stadiidan zrdis Semcirebis stadiaSi, Semdeg ki recesiis stadiaSi gadasvla.

Tumca xelisuflebis mier miRebulma zomebma uzrunvelhyo recesiidan gamosvla, 2009 wlis Sua periodSi aRniSnuli araxelsayreli tendenciebi finansur sferoSi biznes-ciklis tendenciebis `mobrunebis� safrTxes qmnis da ganapirobebs globaluri ekonomikis recesiis stadiaSi dabrunebas. ekonomikis finansuri da realuri seqtoris mimdinare urTierTkavSiris aseTi interpretacia warmodgenilia biznes-ciklis koncefciasTan SeTanxmebiT (zrdis ciklebis koncefciis farglebSi). ufro metic, ekonomikis realur seqtorze finansuri ryevebis zemoqmedebisas, ekonomikur kvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, yuradReba eqceva realuri seqtorebis moklevadian dinamikaze zemoqmedebas, anu biznesciklis stadias. amasTan, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi ar eqvemdebareba finansuri ryevebis Sedegad warmoSobil cvlilebebs. magaliTad, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSi arsebuli komentarebiT msgavs daskvnamde midis cnobili ekonomistebi u. isterli, c. reunharti da p. rogofi.40

40

Reinhart, C., Rogoff, K. (2009). This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton University Press.

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hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb rom, finansurma krizisma SeiZleba Seamciros zrdis potenciali, SeiZleba dafuZnebuli iyos Semdegze: • pirveli, erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianoba (mwarmoeblurobis zrdis da grZelvadiani zrdis potenciali) calkeul qveynebSi saxelmwifo valis didi raodenobiT dagrovebis Sedegad SeiZleba Semcirebis safrTxis qveS aRmoCndes. magaliTad, reinharti-isa da rogof ---is naSromebi (2010) gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifo valis sawyisi mniSvneloba, romlis Semdegac mSp-s zrdis tempi mcirdeba 1 procentuli punqtiT, xolo grZelvadiani zrdis saSualo tempebi ki ufro metad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis Seadgens 90%-s mSp-Si. ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi situacia ramdenadme gansxvavebulia. avtorebi gviCveneben, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis aseTi valis sawyisi mniSvneloba dabalia _ 60% mSp-Si, xolo grZelvadiani zrdis tempebze zemoqmedeba sagrZnoblad maRali _ sawyisi donis miRwevisas zrdis tempi mcirdeba saSualod 2 procentuli punqtiT. amgvarad, radganac masStaburi recesiis Tavidan asacileblad qveynebi iZulebuli iyvnen miemarTaT sesxebis didi moculobisaTvis, amas mohyva maTi grZelvadiani zrdis potencialis Semcireba. umeteswilad, es tendencia, SeiZleba gavrceldes ganviTarebad qveynebze, radgan erTis mxriv, arc Tu ise iSviaTad iyvnen isini iZulebulni aeRoT didi sesxebi vidre ganviTarebuli qveynebi, xolo, meore mxriv, maTi potenciuri mSp-s mgrZnobiaroba gare valebis doneze ufro maRalia, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi; • meore, krizisis periodSi saxelmwifo sesxebis masiuri zrdis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos finansur

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bazrebze disciplinis moklevadiani darRveva. igi investiciuri menejmentisa da risk-menejmentis funqciebis SesrulebaSi finansuri Suamavlebis mier korporaciuli kontrolis ryevebs gamoiwvevs. magaliTad, Trew (2008)-Si naCvenebia, rom finansuri sistemis efeqtianobis donesa da grZelvadian ekonomikur zrdas Soris kavSiri yovelTvis SenarCundeba, Tumca finansuri Suamavlobis moculobebis zemoqmedeba ekonomikuri zrdis tempebze SeiZleba Seiryes. aseTi cvlilebebi SesaZleblia dakavSirebuli iyos finansur bazarze sakredito disciplinis darRvevasTan. Cveni azriT, mocemuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis tempebze misaRebia mxolod mokle perspeqtivisaTvis, radgan erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze mocemul momentSi miiReba da mzaddeba mravali RinisZieba, romlebic mimarTulia finansur bazrebze disciplinisa da mTlianobaSi globaluri finansuri stabilurobisaken. sabazro disciplinis gamtkicebiT aRniSnuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba nivelirdeba; mesame, SeiZleba ganvixiloT regulirebis axali zomebi finansuri Suamavlobis masStabebis daWimvis prizmis saSualebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom arsebuli instituciuri SezRudvebi gansazRvravs danazogebis akumulaciisa da finansuri Suamavlobis likvidurobis arsebobis mcire masStabebs, ramac SeiZleba ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi garkveulwilad Seanelos; meoTxe, saxelmwifoebisa da centraluri bankebis mier miRebulma zomebma SeiZleba gaaZlieros ekonomikuri ganviTarebis cikluroba uaxloes momavalSi. aseTi hipoTezis marTivis Se-

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saZlebeli iyo 2009-2010 wlebSi, Sida moTxovnis mastimulirebeli zomebis Sedegad miRebuli multiplikatorul-aqselatoruli meqanizmis gaZlierebiT. ekonomikuri meryeobis gaZlierebam, ekonomikuri ciklis erTi stadiidan meoreSi swrafad gadasvlam meryeobis maRali amplitudis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ganapirobos ekonomikaSi resursebis gadanawilebis efeqtianobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Semcireba. mexuTe, potenciuri mSp-s zrdis tempebze recesiis ukuzegavlenisaTvis, proteqcionistuli zomebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT SeiZleba imoqmedos, gare vaWrobis moculobebis SezRudvam; meeqvse, umetes qveyanaSi grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebi SeiZleba gauaresdes instituciuri garemos ekonomikis axali pirobebis funqcionirebasTan Seusabamobis Sedegad. magaliTad, A.Cavallo, E.Cavallo is –naSromebSi (2008) xdeba instituciuri garemos mniSvnelobis demonstrireba erovnuli ekonomikis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis proeqciaSi krizisis Tavidan asacileblad. am kvlevebiT, mxolod maRal doneze ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebis mqone qveynebs SeuZliaT grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis tempebze krizisis potenciuri uaryofiTi zegavlenis neitralizeba da krizismade periodTan SedarebiT maTi gazrda, maSin roca zrdis tempebi instituciuri garemos ganviTarebis dabali donis qveynebSi mcirdeba.

Rousseau, Wachtel -is kvlevebSi (2009) naCvenebia finansur seqtorSi institucionaluri infrastruqturis mniSvnelovani roli ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis SenarCunebisaTvis/gazrdisaTvis. aRniSnuli avtorebis SexedulebiT, bolo wlebSi finansuri sistemis ganviTarebis donesa da

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ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris susti kavSiris mizezia qveynebSi ganviTarebuli finansuri Suamavloba Sesabamisi instituciuri infrastruqturis gareSe.

4.2. globaluri konkurencia interesebi

da

erovnuli

ekonomikis globalizaciis procesis gaRrmavebis kvalobaze ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovnad gamwvavda konkurencia gasaRebis bazrebze, ucxour investiciebze, inovaciebsa da axal teqnologiebze. dReisaTvis qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva arsebuli konkurentuli upiratesobebis safuZvelze Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi efeqtiani monawileobiT ganisazRvreba. aSkaraa, rom globalizaciis procesi calkeuli qveynebisaTvis manamde arnaxuli SesaZleblobebisa da perspeqtivebis matarebelia, Tumca, imavdroulad, igi sustebisTvis identurobis dakargvis safrTxesac warmoadgens. aseT pirobebSi calkeuli qveynebis winaSe dgas amocana: gansazRvron maT winaSe mdgari Tanamedrove gamowvevebi da safrTxeebi, droulad gansazRvron ganviTarebis misaRebi prioritetebi. m. porteris Teoriis Tanaxmad,41 konkurenciis arsi (ekonomikis nebismier dargSi, Sida da gare bazrebze) gamoixateba Semdegi xuTi elementiT: 1. axali konkurentebis gamoCenis safrTxe; 2. produqtis an momsaxurebis Semcvlelebis gamoCenis safrTxe; 3.produqciis mimwodeblebisa da nakeTobaTa damakopleqteblebis mxriv vaWrobis SesaZlebloba; 41

Портер, М. Э. Конкуренция : учебное пособ. / М. Э. Портер; пер. с англ. М. : Вильямс, 2000.

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4. myidvelTa vaWrobis SesaZlebloba; 5. konkurentebs Soris paeqroba.

CamoTvlili xuTi faqtoris mniSvneloba cvalebadia erTi dargidan meoreSi da saboloo jamSi gansazRvravs dargis momgebianobas. konkurencia warmoadgens ara statikur movlenas, aramed dinamikur da ganviTarebad process. rogorc XX saukunis SualedSi i. Sumpeteri aRniSnavda, konkurenciaSi ar arsebobs wonasworoba. konkurencia uwyvetad cvladi landSaftia, romelzec Cndeba axali saqoneli, marketingis axali gzebi, axali samewarmeo procesebi da axali sabazro segmentebi. imisaTvis, rom SenarCundes upiratesoba konkurentul WidilSi, kompaniaSi unda eweodnen ,,SemoqmedebiTi rRvevis’’ praqtikas sakuTar TavTan mimarTebaSi: man droulad unda amokveTos Zveli upiratesobebi axali upiratesobebis Camoyalibebis gziT. ekonomistebi ganasxvaveben monopolias, rogorc bazris gansazRvrul mdgomareobas da monopoliebs – msxvil kompaniebs, romlebic cdiloben daikavon dominantis adgili bazarze. rogorc wesi, wminda monopolistebi iSviaTad gvxvdebian, magram bazarze monopoliuri dominirebisaken misi yvela wevri miiswrafis. iyo monopolisti, iyo lideri saerTaSoriso an Sida bazarze - es ekonomikuri warmatebaa. ekonomikuri danaSaulia bazarze sakuTari dominirebadi adgilis borotad gamoyeneba da efeqtiani konkurenciis safuZvlebis Seryeva. omis Semdgomi ori msoflio blokis lideris, ori zesaxelmwifos – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da ssrk konkurenciam, rac ar unda saocrad JRerdes, xeli Seuwyo msoflio kapitalisturi sistemas. es iyo inovaciebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri paeqrobis mizanmimarTuli danergvis epoqa. zogjer ise Canda, TiTqos orive zesaxelmwifo Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT

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paeqrobda. kargadaa cnobili SeiaraRebasa da kosmosTan dakavSirebuli urTierTdapirispirebis faqtebi. dedamiwis pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavri sabWouri warmoSobisa iyo. alan b. Separdi kosmosSi gagarinis Semdeg gafrinda. 1970-ian wlebSi miRweul iqna pariteti strategiuli SeiaraRebis sistemebSi, magram am Sedegebis Rirebuleba araSepirispirebadia da saqme ara marto ori qveynis ekonomikur potencialSi iyo. konkurentuli ekonomika ufro efeqturi hqonda saxelmwifo dagegmis institutebs. efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis SerCeva ufro swrafad xdeboda, Tanac minimaluri finansuri da socialuri danaxarjebiT. kosmossa da SeiaraRebis sistemebSi pirveli sabWouri warmatebis Semdeg, aSS-is prezidentma j.f. kenedim miiRo istoriuli gadawyvetileba: 1961 wels man ganacxada, rom 1970 wlamde amerikelebi gafrindebodnen mTvareze. mTvareze gafrenis 20 miliardiani proeqti naadrevad daasrules – amerikuli ekipaJi mTvareze 1969 wels gafrinda da n. armstrongi iyo pirveli adamiani, romelmac mTvaris zedapirs daabija. ,,polarisis’’ raketebiT aRWurvili axali Taobis 40 atomuri wyalqveSa xomaldis, uaxlesi samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavebis tipis - ,,boingis’’ awyobis programebi amerikis sayrdeni inovaciebi gaxda sabWoTa kavSirTan paeqrobis saqmeSi. amerikis mTavrobam Tavis Tavze aiRo am proeqtTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis didi nawili. efeqti ki amerikuli ekonomikisaTvis STambeWdavze meti iyo. sxvadasxva SefasebiT, marto ,,apolonis’’ proeqtiT amerikis mrewvelobam 20-30 aTasi e.w. ormagi mniSvnelobis axali teqnologia miiRo, rac Tanamedrove amerikis ekonomikuri zrdis lokomotivi gaxda.

1970-ian wlebSi amerikis mTavroba ver gaeqca msoflios energetikuli krizisis problemebs. axalma energoSemnaxvelma teqnologiebma amerikul bizness konkurentuli poziciebi gaumagres da saSualeba mis-

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ces teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT bevrad gaeswro sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis, romelic msoflioSi umdidresi navTobisa da gazis maragebis bednieri mflobelis `dafnis gvirgvinebze~ isvenebda: informaciulma revoluciam, romelic ,,IM’’-ma da bil geitsma moaxdines, sabolood Secvales ori zesaxelmwifos paeqrobis balansi. ssrk daiSala, rogorc banqos saxli, rameTu wmindad waago ekonomikuri Sejibreba amerikasTan. efeqtiani konkurenciis meqanizmis mqone kapitalizms ar aRmoaCnda istoriuli alternativa. amerikis ganuyofelma dominirebam msoflio geopolitikur sivrceSi 1991 wlidan warmoSva axali movlena – globaluri konkurencia. arseboben globaluri kapitalizmis momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeni, axali geopolitikuri realobis momavlis mravalricxovani scenarebi. optimistebi (elvin tofleri da sxvebi) Tvlian, rom globaluri ekonomika gaxdeba axali humanitaruli faseulobebis Seqmnisa da aRorZinebis epoqa. pesimistebi (lester k. Turou) winaswarmetyveleben efeqtiani konkurenciis epoqis dasasruls da gadasvlas wonasworobis stadiaSi, romelic gaxdeba erovnuli mTavrobebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebidan finansuri oligarqebisa da transerovnuli kompaniebis xelSi Zalauflebis gadasvlis epoqa. upirveles yovlisa, liberalizmis klasikosebi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas normad miiCnevdnen da moTminebiT udgebodnen civilizaciebisa da msoflio religiebis gansxvavebuli tipebis sakiTxs. dResdReisobiT transerovnuli kompaniebis politika mimarTulia erovnuli saxelmwifoebis poziciebis Seryevisaken da civilizaciaTaSoris urTierTobebSi tolerantobis uaryofisaken. meores mxriv, Ria sasaqonlo bazrebi dRemde exameboda erovnuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebis regulirebas. mesame teqnologiuri talRisa da masobrivi komu-

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nikaciuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi xdeba erovnuli kadrebis aqtiuri gamodevna ufro iafi samuSao ZaliT – imigrantebiT aziidan, laTinuri amerikidan da aRmosavleT evropidan. mesames mxriv, axal tendenciad iTvleba cocxali Sromis gaiafeba da misi Semosavlianobis Semcireba kapitalTan SedarebiT, romelSic investirebulia codna da inovaciuri teqnologiebi. karl marqsis ,,kapitalSic’’ ki aris saubari Sepirispirebad sidideebze. eqspertTa SefasebiT, bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 2-3%iT gaizarda cocxali Sromis Semosavlianoba, kapitalisa ki 53%-iT. sxvaoba Rarib da mdidar qveynebs, erebs, regionebs Soris gadadis konfrontaciis axal, saSiS fazaSi. dReisaTvis sazogadoebis nawili iziarebs mosazrebas, rom sabazro ekonomika SeiZleba aaSeno, xolo ekonomikuri konkurencia ganaviTaro. sinamdvileSi ki sabazro ekonomika aris istoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis bunebrivi Sedegi. es aris axali azrovneba, axali fsiqologia, faseulobaTa sxva sistema. XX saukunis klasikosma ekonomistebma fridrix fon haiekma da valter oikenma araerTi batis frTa da melani daxarjes, raTa daemtkicebinaT, rom arsebobs mecniereba konkurenciis Sesaxeb, rom konkurencia ar aris ekonomikuri qaosi, aramed wesrigia. sabazro ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifos statusi realuri xdeba msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi Sesvlis momentidan. ra Tqma unda, devid rikardos xanasTan SedarebiT msoflio vaWroba Zlier Seicvala, mkveTrad gaizarda arafasismieri konkurenciis roli. ormagi standartebi arsebobs liderebisa da autsaiderebisaTvis, faqtiurad amovardnilni arian arsebuli wyobidan transerovnuli kompaniebi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom maRali teqnologiebis bazaze damyarebuli inovaciebi axasiaTebT mxolod msxvil saxelmwifoebs

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da rom maTi umravlesoba ase Tu ise dakavSirebulia samxedro-samewarmeo kompleqsebTan an kosmosTan. TumcaRa, inovaciur bizness xSir SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs kavSiri arc informaciul teqnologiebTan da arc genur inJineriasTan.42 amas adasturebs 1970-1980 wlebis SvedeTis, fineTis, daniis, iaponiis ekonomikuri warmatebani, sadac danerges da warmatebiT aamoqmedes inovaciuri miRwevebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis gadarCevis konkurentuli meqanizmebi. ra Tqma unda, mecnierul-teqnikuri politika im periodSi atarebda gegmiur xasiaTs, magram es politika warmoebis faqtorTan erTad, SesaZleblobas iZleoda SenarCunebuliyo konkurentunarianobis minimaluri done. es meqanizmi, cxadia, ar warmoadgenda konkurenciis srulyofil alternativas, magram misma uaryofam gamoiwvia sabWouri ekonomikis damxoba da mkveTrad Seamcira globaluri bazrisaken moZraobis sawyisi SesaZleblobani.43 reformatorebma SemogvTavazes, xolo Semdeg realobad aqcies privatizaciis uSedego programa. privatizacia gaxda TviTmizani da qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis instrumenti. ramdenime wlis Semdeg samewarmeo-teqnologiuri kompleqsebis mxardaWeris principi dakninda, asobiT da aTasobiT specializebuli gaerTianebebi likvidirebuli iqna, teqnologiuri institutebisa da konstruqciuli biuroebi ,,daiTxoves’’ da profili Seucvales. es iyo katastrofa. Semdgomi mcdelobebi gamoesworebinaT an Tundac SeecvalaT ekonomikis damRupveli inercia, warumatebeli aRmoCnda. ras warmoadgens gardamavali ekonomikis mqone 42

saqarTvelos globalizaciisa da regionuli integraciis kvlevis centri, Sromebis krebuli, Tb., 2008.

43 Хайек, фон Фридрих А. Познание, конкуренция и свобода / фон Фридрих А. Хайек. СПб. : невма, 1999.

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qveynis ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi reJimi, sadac saeqporto-Semnaxveli dargebi ikavebs Sida savaWro brunvis umniSvnelo wils da Sesabamisad, sWirdebaT saxelmwifos mxardaWera globaluri konkurenciis pirobebSi. am qveynebSi totalitaruli wyobis pirdapir memkvidreobas Seadgenda saxelmwifo Cinovnikebis klasi, romelmac korporatiuli interesis dacviT Seqmna maRali administraciuli barierebi bazarze gasasvlelad (mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis qonebis misawvdomobis SezRudva, qiris, licenzirebis, gadasaxadebis, sameurneo xelSekrulebaTa, tenderebisa da konkursebis Crdilovani sqema). korumpirebuli Cinovnikebi xSirad uTavseben ZiriTad funqciebs sakuTar bizness. amis Sedegad Crdilovani bazris wili 20-25 %-iT gaizarda.

SeuZlebelia efeqtiani sabazro ekonomikis arseboba xelisuflebis damoukidebeli institutebisa da mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris gareSe. ekonomikis mTavar subieqtad unda iqces mewarme da ara afilirebuli Cinovniki. ekonomika unda gaxdes ara marto ufro efeqtiani, aramed am efeqtianobis Sedegebi unda ganxorcieldes Semosavlebisa da pensiebis socialur politikaSi, samomxmareblo uflebebisa da ekologiis dacvaSi, janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi. saqarTvelos globalur konkurenciaSi CarTvisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa msoflio ekonomikaSi ganuxreli integracia. amave dros, sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaaqtiureba daexmareba saqarTvelos aRorZinebas, misi ekonomikis modernizacias, magram es moiTxovs msoflio ekonomikaSi qveynis optimaluri CarTvis strategiis SemuSavebas da Tanmimdevrul realizacias, eqsportis mxardaWeris RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, perspeqtiuli dargebis

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dacvas da importSemcvleli warmoebis ganviTarebas. qveyanam unda aamaRlos konkurentunarianoba msoflio bazarze, daeyrdnos im dargebsa da warmoebebs, romelTac amisaTvis kargi winapirobebi aqvT44.

4. 3. globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi da saqarTvelos realoba globalizacia iwvevs saxelmwifos transformacias, zrdis konkurenciis, masStabebsa da siCqares. agreTve igi asocirdeba globaluri stratifikaciis axal modelebTan, sadac zogierTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba kargad axdens adaptirebas, zogierTi ki izolirebuli rCeba. ekonomikuri asimetriuloba iwvevs uTanabrobas, ris Sedegadac susti qveynebi globaluri TamaSidan gariyulni rCebian da ganicdian marginalizacias. amitom ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba problemebisadmi axlebulad midgoma, problemis interdisciplinarul WrilSi gaanalizeba da maTi gadaWris kompleqsuri gzebis Zieba. saWiroa axali reformebi, iniciativebi, romlebsac maRali rangis profesionalebi ganaxorcieleben da ara piradi sargeblis maZiebeli umecari Cinovnikebi. qveyanam unda monaxos Tavisi niSa globalur sivrceSi da Camoayalibos mdgrad perspeqtivebze orientirebuli konkurentunarianobis strategia. qveynis simdidres qmnis ara pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, aramed inovaciebze dafuZnebuli erovnuli warmoeba da biznesi. erovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategia damokidebulia damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcvel gadamuSavebul produqtze, Tanamedrove teqnolo44

CikvaiZe T, silagaZe a., basilaia T. postsocialisturi transformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze. Tb., 2001.

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giebze, inovaciebze, eqsportis moculobis gafarToebaze, mTliani erovnuli produqtis (da naklebad mTliani Sida produqtis) zrdaze. konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi mTel msoflioSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, gansakuTrebul aqtualurobas iZens. isG Semdegi garemoebebiT aris ganpirobebuli: globaluri konkurentunarianobis sakiTxs ikvleven saerTaSoriso organizaciebi _ msoflio ekonomikuri forumi, msoflio banki, ganviTarebisa da menejmentis saerTaSoriso instituti, harvardis universitetTan arsebuli strategiisa da konkurentunarianobis instituti. am organizaciebisadmi sazogadoebis ndobis faqtori dRiTi dRe izrdeba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom maT mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi realur informacias efuZneba (politikaSi, ekonomikasa da socialur sferoSi), saimedoobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva, sarekomendacio xasiaTs atarebs da mas erovnuli saxelmwifoebi ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis procesSi warmatebiT iyeneben. saqarTvelo globaluri konkurenciis mxriv, msoflios 133 qveyanas Soris 90-e adgilzea - asea msoflio ekonomikuri forumis 2009-2010 wlis angariSis Sedegebis mixedviT. Tumca msoflio ekonomikuri forumis globaluri konkurenciis indeqsisTvis mniSvnelovani calkeuli aspeqtebis mixedviT, magaliTad, rogoricaa: biznesis keTebis siadvile da ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, romelTac gansxvavebuli indeqsebi zomavs, saqarTvelos gacilebiT ukeTesi qulebi aqvs: biznesis keTebis siadvilis mxriv, msoflioSi me-11 adgilzea, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mxriv _ msoflioSi 26 _ze, evropaSi ki me _14 adgilzea - `metwilad Tavisufal~ kategoriaSi. qveynisTvis am gansxvavebebs iwvevs Tavad indeqsebis specifika. pirvel or SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba liberalizaciaze - biznesisTvis xelsayrel garemoze, da zogadad, eko-

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nomikur Tavisuflebaze. globaluri konkurenciis indeqsi ki aqcents am faqtorebis garda, kargi mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebel institutebzec akeTebs. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angariSi aCvenebs, rom liberalizacia da biznesisTvis xelsayreli garemos Seqmna qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisTvis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. amis mizezia Zveli, antisabazro institutebi, romelTa demontaJic aucilebelia da maT nacvlad axali, efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis xelsayreli institutebi unda Seiqmnas. bolo wlebSi saqarTvelom am mimarTulebiT reformebi gaatara, magaliTad, sabaJo licenziebisa da nebarTvebis sistemis gamartiveba an Sromis kodeqsi, romelic, am indeqsis mixedviTac, Sefasebulia, rogorc konkurentunariani da msoflio oceulSi Sedis. saqarTvelom mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia korufciasTan brZolis mxrivac: organizacia `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis~ Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo korufciis doniT msoflioSi 169 qveyanas Soris 66-e adgilzea da mniSvnelovnad uswrebs regionis sxva qveynebs. es pirdapir ukavSirdeba institutebis efeqtianobasa da qveynis konkurentunarianobis zrdas, radgan amcirebs biznesis ekonomikur danaxarjs da xels uwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, wina wlebTan SedarebiT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi, saSualod, gasammagda. Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Seqmnam investorTa daintereseba da saqarTveloSi damzadebuli produqtis eqsportze gatana gamoiwvia. meore mxriv, Sedegiani mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli institutebis Seneba da globaluri konkurentunarianobis miRweva xangrZlivi da neli procesia, rasac zustad globaluri konkurenciis indeqsi asaxavs.

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indeqsi qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansazRvravs, rogorc im institutebis, kanonebisa da faqtorebis erTobliobas, romelic qveynis produqtiulobis dones adgens. produqtiulobis done, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri dovlaTis dagrovebas uwyobs xels. uxvi ekonomikuri dovlaTis pirobebSi ki moqalaqeebis Sroma ukeT anazRaurdeba. amdenad, rac ufro konkurentunariania ekonomika, miT maRalia qveyanaSi socialuri keTildReobis done. saqarTvelo biznesis konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebis mixedviT liderTa Sorisaa. biznesis keTebis simartivis indeqsiT 11-e adgilzea msoflios 183 qveyanas Soris, singapuris, axali zelandiis, honkongis, aSS-s, gaerTianebuli samefos, daniis, irlandiis, kanadis, avstraliis da norvegiis Semdeg. yofili sabWoTa qveynebidan: litva 26-e adgilzea, latvia 27-ze, azerbaijani 38-ze, yirgizeTi 50-ze, somxeTi 53-ze, yazaxeTi 63ze, moldova 94-ze, ruseTi 120-ze, ukraina 142-ze, uzbekeTi 150-ze, tajikeTi 152-ze. biznesis keTebis simartivis indeqsSi Tanabari wonebiT gaerTianebulia 10 indikatori, romelTa mixedviTac saqarTvelo garkveul adgils ikavebs, kerZod:

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nax. 4.1. saqarTvelo globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsSi

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1) sawarmoebis registracia (saqarTvelo - me-5 adgili, axali zelandiis, kanadis, avstraliisa da singapuris Semdeg); 2) mSeneblobis nebarTvis miReba (me-7 adgili); 3) samuSao Zalis daqiraveba (me-9-e adgili); 4) qonebis registracia (me-2 adgilze, saudis arabeTis Semdeg); 5) dakrediteba (30-e adgili); 6) investiciebis dacva (41-e adgili); 7) dabegvra (64-e adgili); 8) saerTaSoriso vaWroba (30-e adgili); 9) kontraqtebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa (41-e adgili); 10) sawarmoebis likvidacia (95-e adgili). saqarTvelo reformatori qveynebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba. am reitingSi igi 107-e adgilzea 131 qveyanas Soris. regionebidan saukeTesoa evropisa da centraluri aziis regioni. reformatori qveynebis xvedriTi wili am regionSi 2005 wels 74%-s, 2006 wels _ 85%-s, 2007 wels _ 62%-s, 2008 wels _ 78%-s, 2009 wels _ 85%s, 2010 wels _ 96%-s Seadgenda. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia upiratesad warmoebis faqtorebze (sabaziso faqtorebze: institutebi, infrastruqtura, makroekonomikuri stabiluroba, jandacva da dawyebiTi ganaTleba).

Aam mizeziT Cveni qveyana pirveli stadiis qveynadaa miCneuli da misi mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT mSp 2000 aSS dolarze naklebia. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis rekomendaciiT, gardamavali ekonomikis statusis mqone qveynebma, m.S. saqarTvelomac, sawarmos doneze unda gaaujobesos sawarmoo procesebi axali teqnologiebis danergvis, marketinguli kvlevebis gaaqtiurebisa da grZelvadiani dagegmvis srulyofis gziT; makrodoneze ki saqar-

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Tvelos sWirdeba ekonomikuri politikisa da infrastruqturis srulyofa. kvleva aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri mzaobis, bazris zomis, biznesis teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da inovaciis kuTxiT saqarTvelos globaluri konkurenciis arenaze upiratesobani ar aqvs. meore mxriv, yvela es problemuri sfero erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da maTi gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia, Tu saqarTvelo bazars kidev ufro gaafarToebs. adgilobrivi bazris investorebisTvis gaxsniT qveyana miiRebs ara mxolod met kapitals, aramed maT gamocdilebas, teqnologiebSi gacnobierebulobas, rac momavalSi inovaciisa da mzardi konkurentunarianobis sawindari SeiZleba gaxdes. saqarTvelos globalur konkurenciaSi CarTva da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa msoflio ekonomikaSi ganuxreli integracia. amave dros, saqarTvelos sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaaqtiureba daexmareba aRorZinebas, ekonomikis modernizacias. yovelive es moiTxovs msoflio ekonomikaSi qveynis optimaluri CarTvis strategiis SemuSavebas, mis Tanmimdevrul realizacias, eqsportis mxardaWeris RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, perspeqtiuli dargebis dacvasa da importSemcvleli warmoebis ganviTarebas. qveyanam kidev ufro unda aimaRlos konkurentunarianoba msoflio bazarze, daeyrdnos im dargebsa da warmoebebs, romelTac amisaTvis Sesabamisi winapirobebi gaaCniaT.

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Tavi V saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRleba da regionuli samewarmeo politika 5. 1. konkurentunarianoba da regionuli samewarmeo politika msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia globalizaciasTan, ganviTarebis uTanasworobasTan, erTpolaruli da mravalpolaruli samyaros formirebis tendenciebs Soris brZolis gaZlierebasTan, qveynebs, regionebs da firmebs Soris konkurentuli brZolis gaZlierebiT. aseT pirobebSi, roca bazari Rebulobs aRiarebas zogadcivilizaciuri Rirebulebis saxiT, nebismieri saxelmwifos Zala da simZlavre umeteswilad ganisazRvreba misi mwarmoeblebis konkurentunarianobiT. swored konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa udevs safuZvlad qveynebis, regionebis da firmebis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebas. qveynis da misi regionebis ganviTareba damokidebulia bazris yvela elementze da, pirvel rigSi, firmebis konkurenciaze. magram firmebis konkurentuli upiratesoba da misi SeinarCuneba adgilobriv pirobebTan mWidro kavSirSia. bolo periodSi, dargebis globalizaciis miuxedavad qveynebisa da regionebis roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. konkurentebTan brZolaSi firmebis warmateba, upirveles yovlisa, qveyanaSi da regionSi arsebul mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. Tavis mxriv, qveynebi da regionebi viTardeba konkurentul garemoSi. civilizebuli da dinamiurad ganviTarebadi bazrisaTvis pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, konkurentuli garemos Seqmna qveyanis erovnul prioritetebs Soris ZiriTadia da ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa.

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konkurentunarianoba iqmneba sxvadsxva - produqtis (momsaxurebis), kompaniis, dargis (bazris), regionis, qveynis doneze. Sesabamisad, unda ganvasxvavoT produqtis, firmis, dargis, regionis da qveynis konkurentunarianoba. zogadad, konkurentunarianoba es aris SesaZlebloba, konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi Seasrulo funqciebi (daniSnuleba, misia) Sesamabisi xarisxiTa da RirebulebiT. konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros sxva analogiur obieqtebTan SedarebiT. qveynis konkurentuli upiratesobis Sefaseba xdeba ori mimarTulebiT: gare da Sida konkurentunarianobis analizi. gare da Sida konkurentunarianobis kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic miekuTvneba saqarTvelos ganviTarebis resursebis potencialis Sefasebas (nax.1), saSualebas iZleva gavakeTod daskvna saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis saerTaSroriso donis cvlilebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, kerZod, qveynis saeqsporto specializaciis problemis mogvarebis, efeqturi institutebis formirebis, adamianur kapitalze SeCerebiT investiciuri da inovaciuri ganviTarebis stimulirebis, makroekonomikuri dinamikis gaZlierebis problemis mogvarebis safuZvelze. dResdReobiT saqarTvelo emxroba upiratesad konkurentunarianobis `qveda gzis� strategias. amasTan, aseTi strategia SerCeulia ara imitom, rom qveyanaSi ar aris `maRali wyobis� konkurentuli upiratesobebi (adamianuri kapitali, inovaciuri potenciali), aramed imitom, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi am mimarTulebiT ar arsebobda gaazrebuli da adekvaturi saxelmwifo strategia. cxadia, rom erTaderT alternativas saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis ganviTarebis gare da Sida prioritetebis realizaciis mizniT, inovaciuri saqmianobis aqtivizaciis, adamianuri kapitalisa da institucionaluri garemos ganviTarebis, ekonomikis adekvatu-

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ri struqturis formirebis da gare pirobebTan efeqtiani adaptaciis safuZvelze konkurentunarianobis `zeda gzaze� gadasvla warmoadgens. ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi, erovnuli konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofis problemaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs samrewvelo warmoebis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba. globalizaciis pirobebSi, saerTaSoriso konkurenciis gamZlavrebis dros, saqarTvelos mrewvelobis konkurentunarianobis problemis kvlevas azri aqvs mxolod saeqsporto potencialis gazrdisa da gare ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gafarToebis pirobebSi. msoflio bazarze erovnuli mewarmeobis myari ekonomikuri ganviTareba mxolod misi konkurentunarianobis donis amaRlebiT aris SesaZlebeli. amgvarad, erovnuli mewarmeobis konkurentunarianoba gadamwyveti faqtoria, romelic gansazRvravs yvela qveynis adgils msoflio ekonomikasa da politikaSi. amitomac, yvela doneze, qveynis konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofaSi wamyvani roli saxelmwifos ekuTvnis. igi axdens ekonomikur strategiasa da politikis SemuSavebas, uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur usafrTxoebas, Sida da msoflio bazrebze qmnis pirobebsa da meqanizmebs erovnuli mewarmeebis konkurentuli upiratesobebis realizaciisaTvis. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi normaa erovnuli eqsportiorebis mxardaWera, maTi interesebis dacva regionalur da globalur doneebze mmarTvelobiTi organoebis aqtiuri monawileobiT. sxvadasxva qveynebis samewarmeo politikis analizma da ganzogadebam mogvca Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualeba. ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas inovaciuri procesi, produqtis axali saxeebis Seqmna warmoadgens. inovaciebis warmoqmnis regionebidan axali produqti ekonomikuri sivrcis

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sxva regionebSi vrceldeba. regionebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi warmoiqmneba gansxvavebebi. firmebi axdenen adaptacias axal sabazro pirobebTan moqnili sawarmoo teqnologiebis gamoyenebis, momwodeblebTan da momxmareblebTan urTierTobebis damyarebis xarjze. moqnili specializaciis samewarmeo politika xels uwyobs samewarmeo klasterebis Seqmnas, `myidveli-momwodebeli� qselis ganviTarebas, teqnologiebis gadacemis programebis SemuSavebas, venCeruli inovaciuri programebis Seqmnas, sakuTrebaSi da firmebis marTvaSi momuSaveebis monawileobas. samewarmeo politikis sami saxe gamoiyeneba: eqsportze da Sida moTxovnaze orientirebuli, sakuTari bunebrivi da ganumeorebadi resursebis gamoyenebis SezRudvaze mimarTuli (navTobi, tye, ekologia da sxva). amJamad, saqarTvelosaTvis aucilebelia energomatareblebis msoflio bazarze damokidebulebis gadalaxva, es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo SeZlebs erovnuli ekonomikis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis konteqstSi mkveTrad gansazRvros samewarmeo politikis principebi, miznebi, amocanebi da prioritetebi.

Cveni azriT, erovnul samewarmeo politikaSi unda vigulisxmoT saxelmwifos strategiisa da taqtikis, korporaciebisa da sakuTrebis yvela formis firmis SeTanxmeba, qveynis samewarmeo ganviTarebis miznebis misaRwevad dargis da regionis masStabebSi. igi iqmneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela institutis zemoqmedebiT da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis farglebSi, mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens msoflio ekonomikis ZiriTad subieqtebTan urTierTqmedebebis xasiaTsa da formebze, gansazRvravs gare ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Taviseburebebs Ria ekonomikis pirobebSi da qmnis qveynis konkurentul upiratesobebs.

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sqema 5.1. saqarTvelos konkurentuli upiratesobebis Sefaseba

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regionuli, saxelmwifo, erovnuli samewarmeo politikis efeqtianobisa da Sedegianobis Sefaseba SeiZleba iyos damatebiTi Rirebulebis, mTliani regionuli produqtis zrda. samewarmeo politikis ZiriTad miznebs miekuTvneba: 1) sawarmoebSi ekonomikuri situaciis stabilizacia, regionis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa; 2) mewarmeobisa da ekonomikis myari ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvelze regionis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba; 3) gadamamuSavebeli mewarmeobis SesaZleblobebis, regionis mecnierul-teqnologiuri da inovaciuri potencialis gamoyenebis aqtivizaciis xarjze sawamos konkurentuli upiratesobebis Semcireba; 4) gadamamuSavebeli dargebis sawarmoebis agrarul kompleqsTan urTierTobis gaZliereba; 5) qimiuri da manqanaTmSenebeli sawarmoebis kompleqsis ganviTareba da sxva. regionis samewarmeo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT, misi realizaciisaTvis gamoyenebuli instrumentebiTa da meqanizmebiT, saqarTveloSi samewarmeo politika ganviTarebuli qveynebis, upiratesad ki evropuli qveynebis analogiur maxasiaTeblebs miuaxlovda. zemoT ganzogadebul regionul samewarmeo politikaSi unda vigulisxmoT miznebis, instrumentebis da meqanizmebis sistema, rogorc regionis ekonomikaze marTvis organoebis zemoqmedeba, romlebic mimarTulia regionis sawarmoebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaken da misi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi miznebidan_mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amRlebidan _ gamomdinareobs (ix.sqema 5.2). am tendenciis ganmtkicebisaTvis aucilebelia saqarTvelos samewarmeo politikis farglebSi aqtiuri mecnierul-teqnikuri da inovaciuri politikis SemuSave-

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ba, sawarmoebis saqmianobis monitoringis Catareba, teqnikur-ekonomikuri da finansuri analizi da amis safuZvelze ganviTarebis grZelvadiani gegmebis formireba.

sqema 5. 2 regionis samewarmeo politikis ZiriTadi elementebi

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mniSvnelovania rogorc sawarmoebs Soris, aseve sawarmoebis mecnierul organizaciebTan integracia. aucilebelia arsebuli simZlavreebis gamoyeneba, romlebic adaptirebulia bazris Tanamedrove pirobebTan (moTxovna, fasi, xarisxi da sxva). teqnologiuri bazis gafarToeba unda moxdes mecnieruli teqnologiebis xarjze, romlebic mniSvnelovan kapitalur dabandebebs ar moiTxoven. mniSvnelovania mcire inovaciur biznesze yuradRebis miqceva. mTlianobaSi, saSualovadian periodSi saqarTvelos samewarmeo politikis centraluri amocana, romlis gadawyvetac uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur zrdas, unda gaxdes im warmoebebis mxardaWera, romlebic ar amowuraven TavianTi ganviTarebis potencials da romelTac SeuZliaT sabazro moTxovnis gasajereblad maRalefeqtiani produqtebi gamouSvan. problemis gadasawyvetad unda SemuSavdes regionuli samewarmeo politikis realizaciis meqanizmi, aseve arsebuli samewarmeo potencialisa da maRali teqnologiebis bazaze ganxorcieldes samewarmeo produqtis axali saxeobebis maRalefeqtiani warmoebebis Seqmna.

5.2. regionuli konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis inovaciuri tendenciebi globalizaciis pirobebSi45 msoflio ekonomikur sivrceSi konkurentunarianobis problema metad mniSvnelovania nebismieri qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki msoflio meur45

geCbaia b. regionuli konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis inovaciuri tendenciebi globalizaciis pirobebSi. ufro dawvrilebiT ixileT Jurnali `mecniereba da cxovreba~ #1 (3). gv., 64-69. Tb., 2011.

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neobis globalizaciis pirobebSi, rodesac mkveTrad izrdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formebis roli erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis, erovnuli ekonomikis gaxsnilobis done ucxouri saqonlisaTvis, momsaxurebis da kapitalis roli. konkurentunarianoba warmoadgens universalur moTxovnilebas. bevri eqspertis azriT, qveynis konkurenunarianobaSi moiazreba misi erovnuli ekonomikis SesaZlebloba - awarmoos da moixmaros saqoneli da momsaxureba sxva qveynebSi warmoebul saqonelTan da momsaxurebasTan konkurenciis pirobebSi, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebiT da saerTaSoriso ekologiuri standartebis dacviT. warmoebis dinamika, qveynis mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis done pirdapiraa damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra doneze flobs upiratesobebs erovnuli meurneoba, misi calkeuli dargebi da sawarmoebi metoqeebTan ekonomikur SejibrSi. amitomac dargebisa da firmebis konkurentunarianobis doneze damokidebulebiT dgindeba eqsportisa da importis moculobebi da struqtura, yvela qveynis savaWro da sagadamxdelo balansebi, ganisazRvreba msoflio meurneobaSi konkretuli erovnuli ekonomikis pozicionireba. saqarTvelosTvis konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi ormagad aqtuluri aRmoCnda: misi Semadgenloba dakavSirebulia aramarto globalizaciis moTxovnebTan, aramed imasTan rom mimdinareobs qveynis ekonomikuri sistemis transformacia. socializmis pirobebSi, ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, Cveni qveyana TiTqmis mTlianad mowyvetili iyo msoflio bazars da cdilobda Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli ,,msoflio socialisturi meurneoba�, sadac konkurentunarianobis sakiTxs msoflio bazarze ar hqonda gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba.

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saqarTvelos gadasvla sabazro ekonomikaze niSnavda msoflio meurneobasTan urTierTobis gaZlierebas, masSi gansazRvrul pozicionirebas da Sedegad, msoflio bazarze erovnuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis sakiTxis dayenebas. nebismieri qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansazRvravs misi konkurentuli upiratesobebi. maTi Tanamedrove gagebis mixedviT, isini iyofa bunebriv upiratesobebad, romlebic qveyanas gaaCnia Tavidanve, da ganviTarebul upiratesobebad, romlebic formirdeba mocemuli sociumis gacnobierebuli politikis meSveobiT. pirvels SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mdidari bunebrivi resursebi, xelsayreli geografiuli, klimaturi, infrastruqturuli faqtorebi, mosaxlebis didi raodenoba, iafi muSaxeli da a.S. ganviTarebuli SedarebiTi upiratesobebi - es aris mecnierul-teqnikuri potenciali, axali teqnologiebi da codna, inovaciebi yvela stadiaze - saqonlis dizainidan momxmareblamde misi mitaniT, adamianuri kapitalis maRali xarisxi, maT Soris SromiTi resursebis kvalifikacia da a.S. saqarTvelos gaaCnia ramdenime bunebrivi upiratesoba (upirveles yovlisa sakmaod mravalferovani bunebrivi resursebi), magram ganviTarebuli upiratesobebiT qveyana jer kidev Sorsaa msoflioSi wamyvani poziciebisagan. arcTuise ubralo sakiTxia qveynis konkurentunarianoba makro da mikrodoneze, anu calkeuli kompaniebis doneze. amJamad saqarTvelo garkveul sazRvrebSi konkurentunariania msoflio bazarze, anu makrodoneze nedleulis eqportiT. aseTi konkurentunarianoba naklebad gamZle da arastabiluria. nedleulis modelidan saqarTvelos gadasvla msoflio ekonomikaSi iseT modelze, romelic eyrdnoba mza nakeTobebis konkurentunarian maRalteqnologiur warmoebas, gamoiwvevs firmebis doneze anu mikrodoneze konkurenciis rolis zrdas, sadac pirvel planze wamoiweoda upira-

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tesobebi ara imdenad warmoebis gaZlierebaSi, ramdenadac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarisxsa da siaxleSi. erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobaze moqmed faqtorebs Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politika mTlianad da misi mizanmimarTuli samewarmeo politika nawilobriv. saqarTveloSi, myari ekonomikuri zrda iTvaliwinebs Sesabamisi samewarmeo politikis gatarebas, da aseve saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da sawarmoTa gaerTianebis struqturebs Soris urTierTqmedebas Zlieri samewarmeo korporaciebis, safinanso-samewarmeo jgufebis da kerZo kapitalis sxva formebis saxiT. qveynis inteleqtualuri da mecnierul-teqnologiuri potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas rom, xelsayreli teqnologiuri da samewarmeo politikis gatarebiT, saqarTvelos eqneba produqciis teqnologiuri konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis SesaZlebloba. teqnologiuri progresis amocanebis gadasawyvetad, aucilebelia upirveles yovlisa Seiqmnas inovaciis mxardamWeri sfero. unda ganxorcieldes inovaciuri da inteleqtualuri konkurentuli upiratesobebis formirebisa da gamoyenebis mizanmimarTuli politika, nacvlad tradiciuli bunebrivi SedarebiTi upiratesobebisa, romlebic orientirebulia mxolod bunebrivi nedleulis eqsportze. saqarTvelosTvis aucilebelia Tanamedrove samewarmeo fena, Tanamedrove konkurentuli sfero da erTis da meoris realuri mxardaWera. amisaTvis saWiroa erovnuli safinanso-sabanko sistemis gaZliereba, ekonomikaSi investiciuri procesebis gafarToeba. rogorc qarTuli produqciis konkurentunarianobis faqtors, erovnul da saerTaSoriso bazarze, Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs sagareo - savaWro da sagareo - ekonomikur politikas. sagareo politika SeiZleba farTod iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc erovnuli

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warmoebis mizanmimarTuli mxardaWeris faqtori, romelsac aqvs Sansi gaxdes konkurentunariani msoflio bazarze. jerjerobiT mcired gamoiyeneba instrumentebi erovnuli dargebis dasacavad da maTi konkurentunarianobis mxardasaWerad -antidempinguri, specialuri da makompensirebeli gzavnilebi, arasatarifo SezRudvebi kvotirebisa da licenzirebis CaTvliT, e.w. vaWrobaSi teqnikuri barierebi. bolo dromde ukiduresad sustad an saerTod ar gamoiyeneba saxelmwifos sagareo ekonomikuri politikis sxva zomebis arsenali. igulisxmeba instrumentebi eqsportis stimulirebisaTvis, romlebic aris zogadad miRebuli da romlebmac daamtkices TavianTi efeqturoba bevr qveyanaSi. saqarTvelo TandaTan gadadis Tanamedrove industriul eraSi, maSin roca dasavleTis qveynebi da iaponia ukve didi xania cxovroben postindustriul eraSi. Aamitom Cven jer kidev bevri unda gavakeTod imisTvis rom realurad SevideT ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvSi. amisaTvis mniSvnelovan instruments warmoadgens globalizaciis obieqturi procesi, romelic dResdReobiT mimdinareobs msoflioSi. globalizaciis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgens sabazro meqanizmi, msoflioSi sameurneo urTierTobebis liberalizacia, saerTaSoriso ,,sabazro gaerTianebis� mudmivi gafarToeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris dResdReobiT rom saubroben aramarto msoflio vaWrobis da saerTaSoriso safinanso sistemis ganviTarebaze, aramed aseve internet-investirebaze, internetbirJaze, internet-inovaciebze da a.S. saubaria aramarto msoflio ekonomikis internetizaciaze, aramed globaluri sainformacio sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze, e.w. ,,axali ekonomikis� bazaze. qarTuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis mimarTulebaSi mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgens

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sazRvargareTis gamocdilebis Seswavla, upirveles yovlisa aSS-s, iaponiis da dasavleT evropis gamocdilebis. dResdReobiT ukve zogadad aRiarebulia rom mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis daCqarebisa da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis gasaRebi mdgomareobs Tavisufal mewarmeobaSi, sabazro meqanizmebSi. Tavis mxriv, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, inovaciuri ekonomika afarToebs da aRrmavebs sabazro wres, aZlevs mas axal Tvisebebs inovaciuri procesisa da uaxles warmoebaSi investiciebis stimulirebis bazaze.

Tumca, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis dasaCqareblad, inteleqtualuri ekonomikis Sesaqmnelad, romelic dafuZnebulia codnaze da qarTuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis mkveTri amaRlebisaTvis, mxolod sabazro meqanizmebis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi. saWiroa kardinaluri zomebis miReba saxelmwifo mecnierul-teqnikuri strategiis formatSi: inovaciuri ekonomikis formireba, arsebuli ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmna, mcire biznesis (maT Soris inovaciuris) mxardaWera, mecnierul-teqnikuri potencialis gaZliereba, kadrebis momzadebis srulyofa da a.S. aucilebelia inovaciuri klasterebis formireba_samewarmeo firmebis, kvleviTi institutebisa da laboratoriebis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebisa da momxmarebelTa warmomadgenlebis kompleqsebi inovaciuri proeqtebis SemuSavebisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis. amasTan, qveynis samecniero institutebi da msxvili universitetebi unda gaxdes erovnuli centrebi mecnierebis da teqnikis ukanaskneli miRwevebisa da maTi Sesabamis komerciul inovaciur struqturebze gadacemisaTvis. agreTve aucilebelad migvaCnia saxelmwifos mier mecnierul-teqnikuri progresisa da warmoebis zrdis inovaciuri ganviTarebis prioritetulobis aRiareba.

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saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes specialuri programebi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis daCqarebisa da qarTuli mewarmeobis inovaciuri ganviTarebisaTvis. aseTi programebi arsebobs aramarto aSS-Si aramed TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, romlebsac ukve didi xania SemuSavebuli aqvT TavianTi erovnuli samecniero politika. aucilebelia msoflio bazarze seriozuli (myari) poziciebis dakaveba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania myari poziciebis dakaveba maRalteqnologiuri da mecnieruli produqciiT. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania sabazro da saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmebis Serwyma, mowinave teqnologiebis farTo gamoyeneba da warmoebis gadayvana maRal teqnologiebze. udidesi rezervi _ regionul doneze inovaciuri procesis daCqareba da stimulireba, Cveni qveynis calkeul regionebs Soris konkurenciis gafarToeba (gaZliereba, gamZafreba). dReisaTvis arc omis Zala da arc ekonomikuri sZliere ar gansazRvravs msoflio liderobas. Mmsoflio liderobas gansazRvravs mecniereba, codna, mosaxleobis ganTleba, momuSaveTa kvalifikacia, romlebic dainteresebuli arian inovaciuri procesis masStabebis mudmivi zrdiT. Cveni qveynis inovaciuri mimarTulebis ganviTarebaze gadaslvaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso mecnierul-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis gafarToeba. saqarTvelos aqvs SesaZlebloba aseTi TanamSromloba gaafarToos da gaaZlieros aramarto aSSsTan aramed evrokavSirTanac.

Cveni azriT, swored aseT pirobebSi globalizacia aris saqarTvelosaTvis realuri Sansi Sevides ganviTarebul sabazro urTierTobebSi, miiRos aramarto aucilebeli gamocdileba qveyanaSi ekonomikuri reformebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis, warmoebis efeqturobisa da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis,

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mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis daCqarebisaTvis, aramed aseve miiRos am miznisaTvis fuladi saxsrebi.

5. 3 klasteriebis roli regionis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis saqmeSi msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis xangrZlivi procesi teritoriebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas axal moTxovnebs uyenebs. konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kriteriumia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda. igi, marTvis yvela doneze, inovaciuri strategiebis danergvis safuZvelze ganapirobebs misi amaRlebis uzrunvelmyofi efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis aucileblobas. msoflio gamocdilebis ganzogadebisas SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis SemuSaveba da realizacia SesaZlebelia regionuli klasterebis formirebis gziT. teritoriebi, sadac yalibdeba klasterebi, erovnuli ekonomikisa da maTi sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis liderebad gamodian. gansakuTrebiT es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom saxelmwifos, zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze, ekonomistTa umravlesobis azriT, upiratesad unda iyos iribi, maregulirebeli da unda uzrunvelyofdes resursebis Sedegian ganawilebas. klasteruli midgoma, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod regionuli da biznes-struqturebis mWidro urTierTsargebliani TanamSromlobiT, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs srulad iqnas realizebuli es iribi zemoqmedeba. garda amisa, klasteruli iniciativebi stimuls aZlevs regionSi ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas imdenad, ramdenadac amJamad msxvili saerTaSoriso kompaniebi, rogorc wesi, amjobineben investirebas im regionebsa da qveynebSi, sadac ukve funqcionirebs klasterebi au-

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cilebel dargebSi, an Tundac is, rom ukve arsebobs wanamZRvrebi maTi formirebisaTvis. klasteruli midgomis kidev erTi upiratesobaa is, rom igi SesaZlebels xdis austorsingis praqtikul realizebas, romelic am ukanasknel xans farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTels msoflioSi. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom msxvili kompaniebi dRes cdiloben TavianTi saqmianobis mTavar mimarTulebebze koncentrirebas da Sualeduri produqtebis warmoebas, ZiriTadi momsaxureobebis sferos ki sxvebs gadascemen. am mizniT, klasterebis Seqmna Zlier gavlenas axdens mcire biznesze. ZiriTadi klasterwarmomqmneli firmebis myari saerTaSoriso poziciebi stimuls aZlevs misi momsaxure sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis gafarToebas. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT iaponiis saavtomobilo sawarmoebi, romlebic viTardeba nacionaluri avtogigantebis kvaldakval da xsnian TavianT filialebs ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi. klasteruli iniciativebi warmoCinda, rogorc regionuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis gaZlierebis yvelaze warmatebuli strategiebi, radgan maT SeZles regionuli ekonomikis ZiriTad moTamaSeebs Soris efeqtiani kavSirebis damyareba. klasterebis wyalobiT saxelmwifo seqtorebi regionebSi ukeT axerxeben teritoriebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebebis regulirebas, sameurneo ganviTarebis tendenciebis prognozirebasa da koreqtirebas dainteresebul mxareTa Zalisxmevis koordinaciis xarjze. swored ekonomikis ganviTarebis efeqtian klasterul models SeuZlia myarad moaxdinos teqnologiaTa siaxleebis, nou haus, aRmoCenebis generireba, agreTve sxva qveynebSi SemuSavebuli axali procesebis, teqnologiebis, produqtis mimarT adaptireba.

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regionis konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba rogorc meurneobis ama Tu im konkurentunariani seqtoris arsebobiT, aseve xelisuflebis regionaluri organoebis unariT _ Seuqmnan pirobebi regionalur sawarmoebs garkveul dargebSi konkurentuli upiratesobebis miRwevisa da SenarCunebisTvis. amave dros, wamyvani roli regionis konkurentuli mdgradobis miRwevaSi ekisreba inovaciur klasterebs, vinaidan swored isini ayalibeben codnis kritikul masas da axdenen inovaciuri nakadis generirebas, rac aucilebelia konkurentuli warmatebisTvis. klasteris birTvad, rogorc wesi, gamodis msxvili firma an msgavsi firmebis gaerTianeba, romlebic vertikaluri da horizontaluri kavSirebis meSveobiT urTierTqmedeben klasterSi monawile sxva organizaciebTan. garda klasteris birTvisa, arsebobs agreTve damxmare organizaciebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen aucilebel teqnologias, informacias, kapitalsa da infrastruqturas. saWiroa aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom klasteruli struqturebis Camoyalibeba da specialuri stimulirebis programebis warmatebiT realizacia SesaZlebelia moxdes mxolod saerTo regionuli strategiis arsebobis pirobebSi. rogorc msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, saerTaSoriso klasteris Seqmna saerTo regionuli ganviTarebisgan mowyvetiT, mTlianobaSi, araefeqtiania, xSirad ki SeuZlebelic. regionuli xelisuflebis mier klasteruli midgomis realizaciisas miRebuli upiratesobebi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom klasteri iZleva yuradRebis fokusirebis SesaZleblobas ekonomikis problemebsa da upiratesobebze. klasterebis marTvis organoebisaTvis, romelSic SeiZleba Sediodnen saxelisuflebo struqturebis warmomadgenlebi, xelmisawvdomia mravalferovani da koncentrirebuli informacia sawarmoTa saqmi-

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anobaze, ekonomikis mocemuli seqtoris mdgomareobasa da SromiTi resursebis bazris Sesaxeb, rac arsebiTad amcirebs xelisuflebis organoebis mier Sesrulebuli analitikuri samuSaos moculobas da adidebs misi sarwmunoobis dones. biznes-struqturebis mier miRebuli upiratesobebi dakavSirebulia produqtis gasaRebis bazrebze gasvlisa da nedleulisa da masalebis miwodebis barierebis arsebiT SemcirebasTan, danaxarjebis SemcirebasTan masStabis efeqtis xarjze, romelic mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis kooperaciisas vlindeba. klasteri mwarmoeblebs aZlevs axal SesaZleblobebs warmoqmnili problemebis sistematizaciisaTvis, maTi daZlevis gzebis arCevisaTvis. regionul da municipalur xelisuflebasTan urTierTmoqmedebis wyalobiT iZebneba maTi im nawilis gadawyvetis meTodebi da saSualebebi, romlebic regionis kompetenciis sferoSia. klasteris avtoritetze gavlenis gamoyenebiT biznesi da regionuli xelisufleba erToblivad eZeben TavianTi iniciativebis yvelaze efeqtiani ganxorcielebis gzebs regionaluri struqturebis meSveobiT, kanonproeqtebis momzadebisa da regionaluri doneze regionuli da dargobrivi iniciativebis gatarebis lobirebis CaTvliT. regionuli meurneobebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebis aucilebloba teritoriebis winaSe axal amocanebs ayenebs, pirvel rigSi es exeba regionuli ekonomikis konkurentunariani modelis arCevanTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, rac arsebuli potencialis maqsimaluri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. konkurentunarianoba rTuli mravalaspeqtiani cnebaa, romelic organuladaa damaxasiaTebeli meurneobriobis sabazro sistemisaTvis. yvelaze zogadi saxiT konkurentunarianoba niSnavs Tavisi funqciis, daniSnulebis, misiis Sesrulebas moTxovnili xarisxiTa

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da RirebulebiT konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi. regionis konkurentunarianoba aris regionis unari warmateba moipovos ekonomikur SejibrebebSi saqonlis gasaRebis Siga da msoflio bazrebze, aseve biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis garemos, investiciuri mimzidvelobis SeqmnaSi rogorc Siga, ise ucxouri investiciebisaTvis, cxovrebis xarisxSi da a.S. arsebobs konkurentunarianobis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis mravali Teoria, romelTagan erT-erTia ekonomikis klasteruli marTvis Teoria. es Teoria farTod gamoiyeneba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. klasteruli midgomis gamoyenebis Sedegebi cnobilia saxelganTqmuli `silikonis velis~, fineTis satyeo da qaRaldis, SesafuTi masalebis da poligrafiuli klasteris, norvegiis gemTmSeneblobis klasterisa da italiis `samrewvelo raionebis~ saxiT. klasteruli koncefcia emyareba konkretuli regionis konkurentunarianobas, romelic damokidebulia urTierTdakavSirebuli dargebis klasteris arsebobaze. koncefcias safuZvlad udevs m. porteris saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis determinantebis sistema, romelic moicavs konkurentunarianobis oTx determinants. klasterSi konkurenti firmebis, aseve mxardamWeri da monaTesave dargebis, resursebis Zlieri da momTxovni momwodeblebisa da ganviTarebuli elementebis mqone momxmareblebis arseboba regionis ekonomikas saerTaSoriso doneze konkurenciis gawevis unars aniWebs. maikl porteris Teoriis Tanaxmad, klasteri _ es aris `calkeuli erebis, qveynebisa da qalaqebis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli rolis mqone firmebis, momwodeblebis, uTierTdakavSirebuli dargebis geografiuli koncentracia... klasterebi ganapirobeben axlebur Sexedulebas ekonomikasa da mis ganviTarebaze; biznesis, mTavrobisa da institutebis axal rolze da ur-

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TierTdamokidebulebebis agebis axal xerxebze, rogoricaa biznesi_mTavroba an biznesi_institutebi~. m. porteri mocemul ganmartebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavisi cnobili wignis `konkurenciis~ SesavalSi, rac miuTiTebs regionuli faqtoris centralur rolze klasterebis warmoqmnis procesebSi. klasterebis an samrewvelo jgufebis Teoriam gagrZeleba hpova meore amerikeli mecnieris m. enraitis naSromebSi. man Seqmna `regionuli klasteris~ Teoria da misca mas Semdegi ganmartebebi: regionuli klasteri _ es aris samrewvelo klasteri, romelSic klasteris wevri firmebi geografiulad axlos mdebareoben erTmaneTTan. regionuli klasteri _ es aris meurneobis erT an ramdenime monaTesave dargSi momuSave firmebis ekonomikuri aglomeracia. amrigad, enraitis Teoriis Tanaxmad, konkurentuli upiratesobani iqmneba ara marto nacionalur doneze, aramed regionalurze, sadac mTavar rols asrulebs regionebis ganviTarebis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi, biznesis warmoebis kulturis, warmoebis organizaciisa da ganaTlebis miRebis mravalferovneba. swored regionuli klasterebi saWiroeben saxelmwifo struqturebisa da kvleviTi organizaciebis mizanmimarTul mxardaWeras. sabWoTa ekonomikaSi Tanamedrove klasteruli warmonaqmnebis pirvelsaxe iyo teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsi. ig warmoadgenda `socialisturi sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebis sivrciTi organizaciis formas, romelic yvelaze srulad pasuxobda maTi ganviTarebis amocanebs samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis pirobebSi~. teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsis Seqmnis obieqturi wanamZRvrebi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli iyo adgilobrivi bunebrivi resursebis _ mineraluri nedleulis, saTbob-energetikuli, wylis, mcenareuli

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da miwis resursebis Taviseburebebze. resursebis amgvari dajgufeba maTi gamoyenebis specifikuri niSnebis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleoda.

Cveni qveynis ekonomikis gadasvlam meurneobriobis sabazro modelze teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsis elementebisa da urTierTkavSirebis struqturidan gaaqro mniSvnelovani struqturaTwarmomqmneli rgoli _ warmoebisa da produqtis miwodebis davaleba. saxelmwifo gegmuri davalebis nacvlad sawarmoebma iwvnies maT produqtze moTxovnis ararseboba sxva samamulo da sazRvargareTuli sawarmoebis mxridan. produqtis ZiriTadma da umsxvilesma myidvelma _ saxelmwifom dakarga Tavisi roli teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsis saqmianobaSi sazogadoebrivi produqtis ganawilebis xasiaTis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT. aseve ganadgurda da gaqra arsebuli sawarmoo-sameurneo kavSirebi sawarmoebsa da saxelmwifos Soris. am pirobebSi gadarCnen da viTardebian sawarmoebi da maTi kompleqsebi, romelTac SeswevT unari daakmayofilon gadaxdisunariani moTxovnileba ara mxolod da ara imdenad Siga bazarze, ramdenadac saerTaSorisoze. teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsis sammarTveloebi daiSala. amis Sedegad, mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebuli da funqcionirebadi obieqtebidan teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsiis umravlesoba iqca sawarmoTa qaosur gaerTianebad saerTaSoriso bazarze dabali konkurentuli potencialiT. erT-erTi amocana regionis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi aris regionis klasterizaciis potencialis gamovlena. klasters mTlianobaSi unda gaaCndes Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi: Sesabamisi produqtis bazarze (nacionalur an msoflio) misi wili aRemateba regionis ekonomikis saSualo wils, gamoxatuls mTlian regionul produqtSi aRniSnul bazarze; klasteris kon-

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kuretunarianoba, xvedriTi danaxarjebisa da produqtis xarisxis mixedviT, tols ar udebs sxva qveynebisa da regionebis ekonomikis Sesabamis seqtorebs; klasterSi Semavali dargebis mdgradi kooperireba da mis safuZvelze aglomeraciuli procesebis, qseluri formebisa da organizaciebis Camoyalibeba; klasteris sawarmoebs Soris sainformacio da marketinguli kavSirebis ganviTareba Tanamedrove teqnologiebis safuZvelze, regionTaSorisi ekonomikuri integraciis farglebSi warmoebis, miwodebisa da mmarTvelobis saerTo standartebis Seqmna, klasteruli brendebis aqtiuri ganviTareba. rogorc msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs, klasteruli midgoma aris ara mxolod samrewvelo politikis miznebis miRwevis saSualeba (struqturuli cvlilebebi, konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, inovaciuri mimarTulobis gaZliereba da sxv.), aramed is aseve mZlavr instruments warmoadgens regionuli ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis, romelic, saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba mdgomareobdes regionis savaWro balansis stimulirebaSi, dasaqmebis amaRlebaSi, sxvadasxva donis biujetebSi anaricxebisa da xelfasis zrdaSi, regionuli mrewvelobis mdgradobisa da konkurentunarianobis amalebaSi. klasterebis Seqmnisaken mimarTuli politika iwyeba regionSi maTi warmoqmnisaTvis ukve arsebuli wanamZRvrebiT, romelTagan umTavresia: klasteris ganviTarebisaTvis fuZemdebluri mesakuTreebisa da klasteris farglebSi TanamSromlobiT dainteresebuli sawarmoebis arseboba; kooperaciuli da sxva kavSirebis, urTierTqmedebis damuSavebuli meqanizmebis, urTierTndobis maRali donis arseboba; sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa maRali inovaciur-teqnologiuri done; klasteris potenciuri monawile sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis produqtis maRali konkurentunarianoba msof-

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lio bazarze, rasac gansazRvravs produqtis maRali moculoba da, SesaZloa, maRali teqnologiebis importi; Semdgomi inovaciuri ganviTarebis survili; xelisuflebis organoebis daintereseba regionis ekonomikis ganviTarebis klasteruli variantiT da konkurenciisa da TanamSromlobis gafarToebiT; biznesTan urTierTqmedebis gamocdilebis arseboba xelisuflebis organoebSi, m.S. ekonomikis im seqtorSi, romelSic navaraudevia klasteris formireba; kargi normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis arseboba regionSi; sistematuri muSaoba regionSi biznesis mxardaWeris arsebuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaTvis; regionis xelmZRvanelebis mzaoba biznesTan dialogisaTvis TanamSromlobis pirobebiT, biznesTan da xelisuflebasTan muSaobis dadebiTi gamocdileba TanamSromlobisa da konkurenciis zrdis pirobebSi; profesiuli ganaTlebis maRalkvalificiuri sistemis arseboba, romelsac gaaCnia ekonomikis Sesabamisi seqtorebisaTvis kadrebis momzadebis gamocdileba konkurentunarianobis sistemaSi konkurentuli upiratesobebis arsTan aseve mWidro kavSirSia maTi iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: upiratesobaTa wyaroebi (potenciuri resursebi) da faqtorebi (is, rasac SeuZlia gadaaqcios wyaroebi konkurentul upiratesobad maTi ufro efeqtiani gamoyenebis da procesSi CarTvis gziT). zemoT aRniSnul faqtorebs Soris ekonomistebi bolo periodSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben regionul klasterebs. klasteris roli regionis konkurentunarianobis miRwevaSi warmodgenilia sqemaze 5.3.

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sqema 5.3 konkurentunarianobis miRwevis etapebi bevr aspeqts, romelic dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva modelis klasteris formirebasTan, jer kidev ar gaaCnia sakmarisi Teoriuli safuZveli da specialuri samecniero kvlevebi esaWiroeba. es yovelmxriv exeba turistul sferosac. klasteruli urTierTqmedeba ganpirobebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego mxareebis - samewarmeo da samomxmareblo Zalebis - erTdrouli TanaarsebobiT, maTi brZoliTa da SerwymiT. mowinaaRmdege mxareebis brZola da Serwyma qmnis dialeqtikuri moZraobis arss. yovelTvis arsebobs winaaRmdegoba regionuli klasteris formirebis ekonomikur procesSi. regionis mwarmoebluri Zala qmnis klasters rogorc materialuri da inteleqtualuri, sulieri warmoebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis, regionis yvela saxis warmoebebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. samomxmareblo Zala ki qmnis regionul klasters imiT, rom iwvevs samewarmeo da piradi moxmarebis mudmiv aucileblobas da SesaZleblobas. es Zalebi ganapirobebs erTimeores, ar arsebobs erTmaneTis gareSe. amitomac samewarmeo da samomxmareblo Zalebs Soris winaaRmdegoba warmoadgens klasteris formirebis mTavar pirobas. regionis samomxmareblo Zala aris meoradi procesis gamomwvevi imdenad, ramdenadac mTavaria regio145

nis samewarmeo Zala, amasTan erTi Zala gaSualoebulia meore ZaliT, radgan verc erTi da verc meore Zala ver iarsebebs calke. samewarmeo Zala gadadis samomxmarebloSi rogorc samewarmeo moxmarebis, ise mTavari samewarmeo Zalis - adamianis piradi moxmarebis meSveobiT. konkurenciis procesSi ar SeiZleba adgili hqondes warmoebisa da moxmarebis gancalkevebas, ar SeiZleba konkurentunarianoba gamiznuli iyos mxolod warmoebis an mxolod moxmarebis aqtivizaciaze. mocemul mtkicebas aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom bevri ekonomisti yuradRebis aqcentirebas axdens realuri biznesis ganviTarebis aucileblobaze, am warmoebaSi investiciebis Cadebis aucileblobaze. sinamdvileSi mTavari amocana unda iyos rogorc warmoebis, ise moxmarebis realuri ganviTarebis erTdrouli uzrunvelyofa regionebSi. mocemuli Tvalsazrisi mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom klasteri unda ganvixiloT aramarto rogorc geografiulad mezobeli urTierTdakavSirebuli organizaciebis jgufi, aramed rogorc mravalplaniani urTierTqmedeba yvela organizaciasa da momxmarebels Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi regionis klasteris formirebisa da ganviTarebisas aucilebelia am klasteris sazRvrebs (farglebs) gareT gasvla da sxva regionis samomxmareblo Zalis gaTvaliswineba. es uzrunvelyofs klasteris myar funqcionirebas. amavdroulad, samewarmeo da samomxmareblo Zalebis obieqturi Tanaarseboba da urTierTqmedeba ar iZleva klasteris arsebobis garantias ama Tu im regionSi. mecnierebis azriT, klasteris im cnobili niSniT, rogoricaa turistul industriaSi CarTuli sawamos teritoriuli lokalizacia, gamomuSavda damatebiTi niSnebi, romlebic mowmoben regionSi klasteris arsebobaze:

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1) teritoriebze turistuli organizaciebis arseboba, romlebic axdenen konkurentunariani turproduqtebis realizacias, rac qmnis turizmTan dakavSirebuli dargebis ganviTarebis, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis turistul saqmianobaSi CarTvis safuZvels; 2) myari ekonomikuri kavSirebis arseboba organizaciebs Soris, romlebic orientirebulni arian sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze; 3) regionSi turistuli saqmianobis mxardamWeri saxelmwifo da arakomerciuli institutebis arseboba; 4) unikaluri turistuli resursebis arseboba, rac iZleva umciresi danaxarjebiT Zlieri turistuli brendebis Seqmnis saSualebas; 5) turfirmebis SesaZlebloba miizidon turistebi, romlebic xarixze da turistul momsaxurebaze maRali moTxovnilebebiT gamoirCevian; 6) teritoriaze aucilebeli infrastruqturis arseboba. aRniSnuli niSnebi saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros sakvlev teritoriaze turistuli klasteris areboba an ararseboba Tumca, Cveni SexedulebiT, saWiroa mocemuli sia Seivsos Zalian mniSvnelovani momentiT _ turistul saqonelze myari samomxmareblo moTxovnilebis arsebobiT. turistuli klasteris analizi saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros misi roli regionis konkurentuli upiratesobebis formirebaSi turistuli momsaxurebis bazarze.

2010 wlis monacemebis Sefasebisas gairkva, rom saqarTveloSi turistebis 60 procenti dsT-s sivrcis qveynebidan Camodis. statistikaSi sami qveyana - somxeTi, azerbaijani da TurqeTi liderobs. 2010 wels axali tendenciebic gamoikveTa - gaCnda interesi axali bazrebis, magaliTad, CineTisa da iaponiis mxridan. turistebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis saintereso

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bazaria israeli da irani, saidanac 2010 wels saqarTveloSi wina wlebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti turisti Camovida. turizmis gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze konkretulad Semdeg maCveneblebSi gamoixateba: Semosuli, gasuli da adgilobrivi turistebis raodenoba; erTi turistis mier gaweuli xarjebi; turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebi; turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili qveyanaSi Seqmnili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo moculobaSi; turizmis xvedriTi wili qveynis eqsportSi da sagadamxdelo balansSi; qveynis biujetSi turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebi; turizmis ganviTarebiT Seqmnili samuSao adgilebis raodenoba. rogorc CamoTvlili maCveneblebidan Cans, qveyanaSi am sferos ganviTareba mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis sawindari gaxdeba. raSi gamoixateba klasteris SesaZlebloba konkurentuli upiratesobebis SeqmnaSi? klasteris warmateba aumjobesebs regionis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, amitomac klasterebs gaaCniaT politikuri mniSvneloba xelisuflebis organoebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi socialuri valdebulebebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. klasteris yvela monawile mogebuli rCeba myari urTierTqmedebiT. isini Rebuloben upiratesobebs sxva organizaciebTan SedarebiT. garda amisa, klasterebi xels uwyoben Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebas da inovaciebis gamoyenebas. klasteris reputaciis gamoyenebiT, mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebi Rebuloben resursebis mopovebis axal SesaZleblobebs, xolo amavdroulad bizness da regionul xelisuflebas SeuZliaT moZebnon gzebi saxelmwifo struqturebis meSveobiT sakuTari iniciativebis ufro efeqturi ganviTarebisaTvis. klasteris, rogorc regionis konkurentuli upiratesobebis faqtoris, realizaciisaTvis aucilebelia

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pirvel rigSi Catardes misi Tanamedrove mdgomareobis analizi misi ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebis mizniT. pirvel etapze, aWaris teritoriaze turistuli saqmianobis SeswavliT da zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTebeli niSnebis mixedviT, Cven mivediT im daskvnamde rom regionSi ukve arsebobs turistuli klasteri. turistuli klasteris kvlevis pirvel etapze - misi identifikaciis dros - aucilebelia ganisazRvros klasteris sazRvrebi, misi geografiuli karkasi, struqtura da ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi. aWaris turizmis klasteris geografiuli sazRvrebi TiTqmis mTlianad emTxveva mis administraciul teritorias. klasteris geografiuli karkasis gansazRvra gulisxmobs satransporto komunikaciebis Seswavlas, `sayrdeni punqtebis” da `turistuli nakadebis centrebis” gansazRvras. aWaris turistul klasters gaaCnia karkasis `varskvlavuri” saxe, romelic funqcionirebs `centri-periferia” _ sistemis mixedviT. teritoriuli niSnis mixedviT klasteri SeiZleba iyos tipiuri regionuli. klasteris struqturis Seswavla gulisxmobs `klasteris birTvebis”, `klasteris safuZvlebis”, klasteris infrastruqturis analizs. `klasteris birTvs” Seadgenen turoperatorebi da turagentebi. unda aRiniSnos rom turagentul saqmianobas axorcieleben aramarto respublikis firmebi, aramed aseve saqarTvelos sxva regionebis firmebi, romlebic ewevian Suamavlur saqmianobas. yvela firma, romelic axorcielebs turagentul da turoperatorul saqmianobas, warmoadgens aWaris kompaniebis turmomsaxurebaze moTxovnis katalizatorebs. es aris is samewarmeo Zala, romelic urTierTqmedebs samomxmareblo ZalasTan (sxva regionis turistebTan). amavdroulad turkompaniebi da turagentebi asruleben samomxmareblo Zalebis funqciebs `klasteris safuZvlebis”

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sawarmoebisaTvis. es is firmebia, romlebic uzrunvelyofen turistebs satransporto momsaxurebiT, kvebiT, sastumro momsaxurebiT, dasvenebiT, mkurnalobiT da garTobiT. es momsaxurebebi Seadgens turistul saqonels da mocemuli firmebis gareSe klasteris arseboba SeuZlebelia. aRniSnuli klasteris ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebia: haeris maRali ionizacia; didi teritoriuli gavrcoba; ekologiuri da saTavgadasavlo turizmis dominireba. turistuli klasteris kvlevis Semdgom etapze ganisazRvreba klasteris ganviTarebis mdgomareoba da done. ganviTarebis donis mixedviT ganasxvaveben naklebadganviTarebul (zrdis etapi) da ganviTarebul turistul klasters (ganviTarebulobis etapi). zrdis etapze myofi turistuli klasterisaTvis ufro mizanmarTebuli iqneba upiratesad eqstensiuri zrdis strategiis gamoyeneba, xolo ganviTarebulobis etapze _ intensiuri zrdis strategia. imdenad ramdenadac klasteri aris naklebadganviTarebuli, aucilebelia eqstensiuri zrdis strategiis gamoyeneba (arsebuli turistebis raodenobis zrdis xarjze da Sesabamisad turmomsaxurebebis warmoebis resursebisa da faqtorebis zrdis xarjze). mocemuli strategiis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia sami mTavari problemis gadawyveta: sezonurobis faqtoris Semcireba - turistuli nakadis gazrda `mkvdar� sezonSi; klasteris `viwro� adgilebis gafarToeba; infrastruqturis ganviTarebis amaRleba klasterisaTvis aucilebel donemde. amgvarad, sakvlevi klsateris konkurentunarianobis asamaRleblad aucilebelia: regionSi saqmiani turizmisa da sanatoriul-kurortuli mimarTulebis ganviTareba; saganmanaTleblo partniorobis sistemis Seqmna (ganaTlebis sistemis myari kavSirebis Seqmna turistuli klasteris sxva organizaciebTan); teritori-

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is aqtiuri marketingisa da Sesabamisi monitoringis Catareba; infrastruqturaSi investiciebis ganxorcieleba (fasiani gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobis kuTxiT); kompleqsuri momsaxurebis SeTavazebaSi investiciebis mozidvis stimulireba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis, subsidiebis, kreditebisa da turistuli Sesasvlelebis SeTavazebis gziT momgebian pirobebSi; saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis sistemis Seqmna (magaliTad, erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, maT Soris teritoriis cnobili da cnobadi saxis Seqmnis mizniT). aWaraSi turizmis klasteris srulyofis aRniSnuli saSualebebis realizacia ganapirobebs klasteris `ganviTarebulobas�. es ki, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas aZlevs klasters srulfasovnad Seasrulos regionis konkurentuli upiratesobebis faqtoris funqcia turistuli momsaxurebebis bazarze. xazi unda gaesvas saqarTveloSi msxvili konkurentunariani struqturebis Seqmnis aucileblobas. aseTi struqturebi SeiZleba iyos dargTaSorisi klasteruli warmonaqmnebi, romlebic xels uwyoben saWirboroto ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetas da uzrunvelyofen ekonomikis ganviTarebas. aseve aucilebelia klasterebis Camoyalibeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis prioritetuli saxeebis mixedviT, romelTa efeqtiani saqmianoba xels Seuwyobs regionis konkuretunarianobis amaRlebas. misi Sedegi iqneba teritoriebis arsebuli resursebis gamoyeneba regionis ekonomikuri, ekologiuri, socialuri da demografiuli mdgradobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

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5.4. regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis zogierTi sakiTxi46 msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs regionebis rolis amaRleba. globalizaciis erT-erT arsebiT gamovlenas warmoadgens msoflio konkurentuli garemos konfiguraciis cvlileba, romlis drosac konkurenciis subieqtebi xdebian qalaqebi, regionebi, calkeuli municipalitetebi, romlebic floben inovaciebis Seqmnis da realizebis moqnil unars. konkurentul procesebSi maTi monawileobis warmateba damokidebulia rogorc makroekonomikur pirobebze, ise konkurentuli upiratesobebis aRmoCenis, gamoyenebis da SenarCunebis unarze. gvevlineba ra konkurentuli urTierTobebis sistemis struqturul elementad, konkurentunarianoba, warmoadgens sinTezur mravalmxriv kategorias, romelic moicavs konkurenciis da monopolizmis Semadgenel momentebs, aseve maT sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebriv maregulireblebs. amasTan konkurentunarianobis universaluri gansazRvreba ekonomikis yvela subieqtisaTvis ar arsebobs, yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli obieqtis an subieqtisaTvis gamoiyeneba igi. mikrodoneze termini `konkurentunarianoba� ganixileba rogorc organizaciebis metoqeoba, romlebic ewevian sameurneo saqmianobas mogebis maqsimizaciis da ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. mocemul doneze marTebulia visaubroT konkretuli produqci46

saqarTvelos regionebis konkurentunarianobis kompleqsuri Sefaseba ganxorcielda 2008 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri xelSewyobiT (granti #GNSF/ST06/2-067) profesor evgeni baraTaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. ixileT monografia. evgeni baraTaSvili, jani zarandia, kaxaber cimintia. saqarTvelos regionebis konkurentunarianobis kompleqsuri Sefaseba, Tbilisi 2008.

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is, samuSaos an momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobaze, anu mis unarze ukeT Seesabamebodes bazris moTxovnebs, momxmareblebis moTxovnebs analogebTan SedarebiT. erTis mxriv, konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba saqonlis, samuSaos, momsaxurebis xarisxiT, maTi teqnikur-teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, samomxmareblo TvisebebiT, xolo, meores mxriv - sabazro fasebiT. makrodoneze konkurentunarianoba gamoixateba ekonomikuri zrdis maRal doneSi da mosaxleobis mudmivad zrdadi realuri Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis standartebis generirebis SesaZleblobaSi. Tavis mxriv, socialuri da bunebis dacvis miznebis miRweva avsebs konkurentunarianobis gagebas makrodoneze da afarToebs misi gamomsaxveli indikatorebis wres. mezodoneze konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc teritoriis SesaZlebloba Seqmnas iseTi ekonomikuri potenciali, romelic uzrunvelyofs progresul ganviTarebas, mosaxleobis Semosavlebis maRal da stabilur dones, gare investorebisagan resursebis mozidvas. farTo gagebiT, regionuli konkurentunarianoba - es aris regionebis SesaZlebloba saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi uzrunvelyon SedarebiT maRali Semosavlebi da mosaxleobis simWidrovis done. arsebobs ori Sexeduleba regionuli konkurentunarianobis formirebasTan dakavSirebiT. pirveli, regionuli konkurentunarianoba ganixileba rogorc (sakuTrebis yvela formis), sameurneo subieqtebis konkurentunarianobebis erToblioba romlebic imyofebian mocemuli regionis farglebSi da, meore, regionuli konkurentunarianoba warmoadgens warmoebul makroekonomikur konkurentunarianobas. regionis konkurentunarianobis ganviTareba gulisxmobs konkurenciis oTx stadias Semdegi faqtorebis safuZvelze: warmoeba, investiciebi, inovaciebi da

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simdidre. pirveli sami stadia astimulirebs ekonomikur zrdas, bolo - ganapirobebs matebas da klebas. amavdroulad unda aRiniSnos, rom samamulo ekonomikur TeoriaSi da praqtikaSi regionis konkurentunarianobis diagnostika da formireba imyofeba sawyis stadiaSia. regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebisadmi meTodologiuri midgomis analizis dros gamoiyofa Semdegi aspeqtebi: _ sxvadasxva maCveneblebis sistemis formireba, romlebic yovelmxriv asaxavs regionis konkurentul upiratesobebs da erTiandeba konkurentunarianobis saerTo daskvniT indeqsSi ranJirebisa da eqspertuli Sefasebebis gziT; _ konkurentunarianobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis (saqonlis xarisxisa da fasebis, investiciuri mimzidvelobis da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis) gamoyofa da kompleqsuri indeqsis gamoTvla konkurentunarianobaze maTi zemoqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT, maTi logikuri gaerTianebis safuZvelze; _ regionis maxasiaTebeli poziciebis zemoqmedeba konkurentunarianobis damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebis Sefasebis matricaSi maTi mdebareobis mixedviT. sazRvargareTis praqtikaSi regionis konkurentuli upiratesobebis integraluri maCveneblebis sinTezisaTvis gamoiyeneba statistikuri analizis araparametruli meTodebi. araparametruli meTodebis gamoyenebis mTavari upiratesoba mdgomareobs sawyisi monacemebis matricis ganzomilebis SemcirebaSi sawyisi informaciis `SekumSvis� gziT. amasTan mravalganzomilebiani statistikuri Sedarebebis araparametruli meTodebi umniSvnelo mgrZnobiarobas avlens statistikuri monacemebis cvlilebebisadmi da ar saWiroebs kerZo maCveneblebis sazomi erTeulebis SedarebiTobas.

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aRniSnuli naklovanebebi SeiZleba aRmoifxvras mravalmxrivi araparametruli meTodebis daxmarebiT, romlebic iyeneben SedarebiT Sefasebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, SedarebiTi gansxvavebebis meTodi.

SedarebiTi gansxvavebebis meTodi gulisxmobs Sefasebis miRebas kerZo maCveneblebis mixedviT formulis normirebis daxmarebiT. anu j-is kerZo maCveneblis amaRleba i regionis mixedviT Seefardeba j maCveneblis variacias mTeli rigis mixedviT.

(1) integraluri koeficientis mniSvnelobis miReba SeiZleba kerZo koeficientebis saSualo ariTmetikulis meSveobiT. T i koeficientis mniSvneloba miekuTvneba [0; 1] Sualeds, T i = 1-is miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu i regions aqvs saukeTeso mniSvneloba yvela kerZo maCveneblis mixedviT.

(2) aRniSnuli meTodi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT kerZo maCveneblebis Sefaseba faqtiuri mniSvnelobebis SefardebiT saukeTeso mniSvnelobebTan. integraluri koeficientis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba formuliT:

(3)

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Catarebuli gamoTvlebi saSualebas iZleva ganvaxorcieloT regionebis dajgufeba konkurentunarianobis donis mixedviT. Tu IK-m SeiZleba miiRos mniSvneloba 0-dan 1-mde, maSin aucilebelia gamoiyos regionebis xuTi jgufi Tanabari integralebiT: 1 jgufi-konkurentunarianobis maRali done < IK < 1; 2 jgufi-sakmarisad maRali done: 0,6 < IK < 0,8; 3 jgufi-saSualo done: 0,4 < IK < 0,6; 4 jgufi-dabali done: 0,2 < IK < 0,4; 5 jgufi-konkurentuunaro regionebi: о < IK < 0,2. ekonomikur literaturaSi mocemuli problema ganixileba qveynis regionebis klasifikaciis safuZvelze maTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mixedviT. avtorebi ganasxvaveben aseTi klasifikaciis sxvadasxva niSnebs. mag. m.i. muratovi Tvlis, rom regionebis konkurentunarianobis ranJireba SesaZlebelia ara erTi romelime mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, aramed erToblivi Sefasebis mravalganzomilebiani dajgufebebis gamoyenebiT. saqarTvlos regionebi dayofilia xuT erTgvarovan jgufad (klasterad) - regionis ekonomikis mdgomareobis mixedviT: ¾ ayvavebuli regionebi; ¾ saSualoze maRali donis regionebi; ¾ saSualo donis regionebi; ¾ saSualoze dabali donis regionebi; ¾ ukiduresad Raribi (daucveli) regionebi. yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli faqtobrivi niSnebis mniSvnelobis mixedviT gamoiyos es eqvsi klasteri. amitom ufro marTebuli iqneba saqarTvelos regionebis mTeli erTobliobis pirobiTad dayofa oTx jgufad: 1) jgufebi konkurentunarianobis maRali doniT (regionebi, romlebic m.i. muratovis klasifikaciaSi) miekuTvneba pirvel da meore klasterebs;

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2) jgufi konkurentunarianobis saSualo doniT (regionebi, romlebic miekuTvneba me-3 klasters); 3) jgufi konkurentunarianobis saSualoze dabali doniT (regionebi romlebic miekuTvneba me-4 da me-5 klasterebs); 4) jgufi konkurentunarianobis dabali doniT (regionebi, romlebic miekuTvneba me-5 klasters). zogierTi ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom regionis konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba Sefasdes resursebis potencialis sididiT. maTi azriT, regionis resursebis potencilis sidideSi igulisxmeba saboloo produqtis (saqonlis) an erovnuli Semosavlis iseTi sidide, romlis miRebac SeiZleba regionis faqtiurad arsebuli resursebis pirobebSi da Sesabamisi resursebis maqsimalurad efeqtianad gamoyenebis pirobebSi. amasTanresursebis potencialis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba iyos regionis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis safuZveli, radgan konkurentunarianoba TviTon asaxavs misi realizaciis process, anu axorcielebs ekonomikur procesebs. regionis konkurentunarianobis gansazRvrisadmi normatiuli midgomisas dgindeeba socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis integrirebuli maCvenebeli regionis rangebis saSualo gadaxriT, regionis ganviTarebis Semdegi maCveneblebis saSualo qarTuli mniSvnelobebis rangebisagan, kerZod: _ mTliani regionuli produqti (msyidvelobiTi unaris donis gaTvaliswinebiT) erT sul mosaxleze (aTasi lari); _ ZiriTad kapitalSi investiciebis moculoba/erT sul mosaxleze (aTasi lari); _ sagareo vaWrobis brunvis moculoba, erT sul mosaxleze (aSS dolari); _ regionis finansuri uzrunvelyofa msyidvelobiTi unaris donis gaTvaliswinebiT, erT sul mosaxleze (aTasi lari);

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_ mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli momuSaveebis saSualo siiTobrivi raodenobis wili sawarmoebSi da organizaciebSi dasaqmebuli momuSaveebis mTlian saSualo siiTobriv raodenobaSi (%-Si); _ daregistrirebuli umuSevrobis done (%-obiT ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobasTan); _ erT sul mosaxleze fuladi Semosavlebisa da saarsebo minimumis Tanafardoba; _ saarsebo minimumze naklebi fuladi Semosavlebis mqone mosaxleobis wili (%-obiT mTlianad mosaxleobaSi); _ sacalo vaWrobis, sazogadoebrivi kvebis da fasiani momsaxurebebis saerTo brunva erT sul mosaxleze (msyidvelobiTi unaris donis gaTvaliswinebiT), erT sul mosaxleze (aTasi lari); _ ekonomikis dargebis ZiriTadi fondebi (mTliani sabalanso Rirebulebis saSualo wliur aRricxvaSi narCeni sabalanso RirebulebiT, kapitaluri xarjebis zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT) erT sul mosaxleze (aTasi lari); _ saavtomobilo gzebis simWidrovis koeficienti (engelis koeficienti); _ socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis donis maCvenebeli, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs Semdeg parametrebs: 1. skolamdel dawesebulebebSi arsebuli bavSvebis uzrunvelyofa adgilebiT (adgilebi 1000 skolamdeli asakis bavSvisaTvis); 2. specialistebis gamoSveba umaRlesi da saxelmwifo saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebiT (spec.

10000 adamianze); 3. mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa eqimebiT da saSualo med. personaliT (10000 adamianze (sul mosaxleze));

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4. mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa ambulatoriul-poliklinikuri dawesebulebebiT (erT cvlaSi vizitebis raodenoba 10000 sul mosaxleze (adamianze). integraluri maCveneblis gamoTvla mimdinareobs etapobrivad gamoyofili ganmeorebebis Tanmimdevrobis realizaciis gziT. arsebobs regionis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis sxva meTodebi. vTvliT, rom regionis konkurentunarianobis kompleqsur maCvenebels warmoadgens mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unari, romelic Sedgeba ori elementisagan: (4) sadac Y – aris cxovrebis donis maCvenebeli; I – regionis investiciuri mimzidveloba. Sesabamisad yoveli maTgani Tavis TavSi aerTianebs: (5) sadac PC – aris mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unari; G – Semosavlebis koncentraciis koeficienti (jinis koeficienti); L – umuSevrobis done.

(6) sadac: Ip – aris regionis sainvesticio potenciali; Ir – sainvesticio riski; Iq – investiciebi realuri moculoba; Q – regionSi wamgebiani sawarmoebis ricxvi. n.i. larini da a.i. makaevi regionebis konkurentuli poziciebis SefasebisaTvis iyeneben qveynebis reitingis gansazRvris meTodis analogiur meTods. misi arsi mdgomareobs kerZo maCveneblebis rigis agregirebaSi saerTo maCvenebelSi, romelic axasiaTebs regionis poziciebs mocemuli maCveneblis mixedviT. faqtorebis pirveli jgufi axasiaTebs saqarTvelos calkeuli subieqtebis ekonomikis mdgomareobas (10 maCvenebeli). meore avlens regionis sameurneo subieqtebis gare bazrebze gasvlis pirobebs.

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Catarebulma kvlevam mogvca regionis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebisadmi midgomebis dajgufebis saSualeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos regionebis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis sakiTxebis arasakmarisi meTodologiuri SemuSavebis arapirdapir dadassturebas dResdReobiT warmoadgens is, rom ar arsebobs saqmeebis mimdinare mdgomareobis dadgenidan prognozirebaze gadasvlis mcdeloba.

5. 5. regionuli politikis evropuli gamocdileba. konkurentunarianobis indikatorebi saqarTvelo unda gaxdes konkurentunariani qveyana _ es aris yvelaze ufro xSirad ganmeorebadi mowodeba, romlis mosmenac gviwevs sxvadasxva maRali eSelonebis pirTa gamosvlebidan. saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba da Cveni regionebis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa saqarTvelosaTvis, radgan sxvagvarad qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis mkveTri zrda uaxles wlebSi, albaT, Znelad misaRwevi iqneba. kerZod, ra aris konkurentunariani regioni, rogor SevadaroT erTmaneTs sxvadasxva regionebis konkurentunarianoba da rogor gavzomoT regionis konkurentunarianobis done. ufro naTlad, rogoria aseTi konkurentunarianobis indikatorebi. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arc ise advilia. upirveles yovlisa, aucileblad unda ganvmartoT, Tu rogor gvesmis Cven regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sinaarsi. es ar gaxlavT ioli amocana, magram vecadoT avxsnaT. cnobilia, rom sawarmos doneze konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba misi unariT gaswios konkurencia, izrdebodes da iRebdes mogebas. arakonkurentuna-

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riani sawarmoebi iZulebulni arian Seamciron TavianTi monawileoba bazarze, xolo saboloo jamSi Sewyviton TavianTi saqmianoba. rasakvirvelia, ufro Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu ra aris konkurentunarianoba regionis doneze. saqme imaSia, rom konkurentunarianoba Cveulebriv ganixileba makrokoncefciis farglebSi da ara rogorc specifikuri regionuli sakiTxi. meore mxriv, regionis doneze konkurentunarianobis gansazRvra imitom aris Zneli, rom ar arsebobs makrodoneze farTo konsensusi konkurentunarianobis gansazRvris Taobaze da, garda amisa, TviT konkurentunarianoba droSi evolucias ganicdis. marTlac, im gansazRvrebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic emyareboda SedarebiT upiratesobaTa da fasobrivi konkurenciis gagebas, dRes ukve naTlad ikveTeba gadasvla iseT aramaterialur koncefciebze, rogoricaa struqturuli konkurentunarianoba, inovacia da codnis ekonomika. amitom, Cveni azriT, unda avirCioT konkurentunarianobis iseTi gansazRvra, romlis pirobebSic SesaZlebeli iqneba vipovoT misi gazomvis indikatorebi. am mxriv misabaZia evropis kavSiri. man es gaakeTa. evrokavSiris mier miRebuli debulebis Tanaxmad, qveynis ekonomika konkurentunariania, Tu mis mosaxleobas aqvs sakmaod myari, mzardi cxovrebisa da dasaqmebis maRali done. ufro zustad, qveynis ekonomika konkurentunarianad unda miviCnioT, Tu ekonomikuri aqtiurobis dones ar mivyavarT ekonomikis aramyar sagareo sagadamxdelo balansamde da is eWvqveS ar ayenebs momavali Taobebis keTildReobas. qveynis ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis da cxovrebis donis tradiciul sazoms erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba warmoadgens, Tumca aucilebelia kidev rigi indikatorebi socialuri sferos, garemomcveli garemos, janmrTelobis dacvis, mosaxleobis keTildReobis, dasaqmebis donis (Sromisunariani mosaxleobis da-

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saqmebis procenti) da Sromisnayofierebis (mTliani Sida produqti erT dasaqmebulze) parametrebis gazomva.

Sromis nayofiereba miiCneva konkurentunarianobis karg maCveneblad im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom misi zrda amaRlebs konkurentunarianobas, xolo es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs da gavlenas axdens mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis ufro maRal tempebs. dasaqmebas zrda mTliani Sida produqtis zrdaas iwvevs. dasaqmeba da Sromis nayofiereba mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, Tumca isini saWiroa ganxilul iqnes cal-calke, radgan sinamdvileSi erTi maCveneblis maRali done aucileblad ar iwvevs meoris maRal dones. magaliTad, SeiZleba gavixsenoT umuSevrobis donis zrda romelsac adgili hqonda evrokavSiris qveynebSi 1980 wels, rodesac Sromis nayofierebis donis maRali zrda da dasaqmebis umniSvnelo zrda SeiniSneboda. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, dasaqmebis zrdis swrafi tempebis miRweva aucilebli araa ewinaaRmdegebodes Sromis nayofierebis maRali donis miRwevas, Tu ekonomikis zrda gansazRvrul mniSvnelze metia (evrokavSirisaTvis 2%) da misi done grZelvadian periodSi SenarCunebulia. es yovelTvis gamoiwvevs damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. amitomac SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xangrZlivadian perspeqtivaSi yovelTvis arsebobs pirdapiri damokidebuleba Sromis nayofierebasa da dasaqmebis dones Soris. konkurentunarianobasTan mimarTebaSi evrokavSiris politika mdgomareobs cxovrebis donis amaRlebiT, socialuri da moralur faseulobaTa mxardaWeriT arafasobrivi konkurenciis ganviTarebaSi. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiri aqcents akeTebs struqturul faqtorebze, romlebic gansazRvraven konkurentunarianobas da xels uwyoben garZelvadian zrdas, kerZod, inovaciebis, informaciuli teqnologiebisa da adamianuri kapitalis sferoSi. evrokavSiris sabWos lisabonis

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sxdomaze wamoyenebul iqna amocana, raTa miRweul iqnes is, rom evrokavSiris ekonomika momavali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi gaxdes yvelaze ufro konkurentunariani da mecniertevadi, romelsac myari zrdis unari Seswevs didi raodenobis ufro xarisxovani samuSao adgilebis SeqmniTa da socialuri SemWidroebis erTianobis maRali xarisxiT. konkurentunarianobis mimarTebiT arsebobs gamokveTili urTierTkavSiri inovaciebs, adamianur kapitalsa da informaciul teqnologiebs Soris. inovaciebisadmi yuradReba globaluri konkurenciis teqnologiebis adaptirebis da mudmivad axali produqtis warmoebis, anu warmoebis postforduli sistemis elementebis saukeTeso pasuxad miiCneva. inovaciebis davergvisa da aTvisebis unari pirdapir kavSirSia mosaxleobis saganmanaTleblo donesTan. igi sainformacio teqnologiebi codnis ganviTarebis procesis safuZvelia. mTlianad evrokavSirSi regionebis konkurentunarianobis ganviTareba damokidebulia sawarmoo struqturis (mecniertevadi sameurneo saqmianobisa da inovaciebis ganviTarebis gziT) modernizaciasa da diversifikaciaze, rac ganapirobebs infrastruqturis, fizikuri da adamianuri kapitalis donis amaRlebas. amasTan, aucilebelia horizontaluri pirobebis aRricxva, rac garemoze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT myar ganviTarebas gansazRvravs. evrokavSirSi regionebis konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis fuZemdeblur instrumentebs warmoadgens struqturuli fondebi, romlebic garZelvadian perspeqtivaSi Semosavlebis gazrdisaTvis regionuli ekonomikebis konkurentunarianobisa da Sromisnayofierebis amaRlebis politikis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs aerTianebs. fondebi mxars uWers infrastruqturaSi, adamianur kapitalSi, inovaciuri SesaZleblobebis rea-

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lizaciaSi da garemos mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi investirebas. evrokavSiris regionebis konkurentunarianobis indikatorebis gansazRvrisaTvis, evropuli komisiis mier gamoiyeneba benCmarkingis meTodika (struqturul indikatorebze inovaciebis sferoSi, sawarmoebis saqmianobis pirobebze, axal teqnologiebze da a.S. aqcentiT lisabonis konferenciaze miRebuli strategiis gaTvaliswinebiT konkurentunarianobis sferoSi). rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, konkurentunarianobis indikatorebis gansazRvrisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze mSp da Sromis nayofierebis garda, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sxva elementebic (socialuri sfero, jandacva, garemos dacva da a.S.). aRniSnul sferoebSi progresis gasazomad aucileblia SemuSavdes damatebiTi meTodebi. garda amisa, statistika gvaZlevs monacemebs konkurentunarianobis faqtorebze, romlebic dadebiTad moqmedebs, magaliTad, inovaciebis ganviTarebaze. miuxedavad amisa, inovaciebis sferoSi arsebobs sirTuleebi, romlebsac am politikis gamtareblebi xvdebian, rac im faqtorebis erTdroul gazomvaSi mdgomareobs, romlebic konkurentunarianobaze maTi ganxorcielebisa da zemoqmedebis saSualebas iZleva. amave dros mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is, rom evrokavSirSi konkurentunarianoba struqturul reformebzea dafuZnebuli (da ara makroekonomikur politikasa da safaso konkurenciaze). amitom indikatorebis SerCeva Znelia. ganvixiloT konkurentunarianobis gasazomad indikatorebis gamoyenebis ori SemTxveva: 1. indikatorebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba ekonomikur da socialuri integraciis angariSebSi; 2. monitoringisa da Sefasebis indikatorebi, romlebic struqturuli fondebis CarCoebSi (farglebSi) gamoiyeneba.

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1. ekonomikuri da socialuri integraciis angariSebi evrokavSiris regionebis gamokvlevebis Sedegs warmoadgens, romelsac regularulad evropuli komisia awarmoebda. regionebis erTmaneTTan Sesadarebis, maTi ganviTarebis donisa da konkurentunarianobis dasadgenad SemoTavazebul iqna ZiriTadi regionaluri indikatorebis Semdegi klasifikacia: 9 ekonomika (erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqti, msyidvelobiTi unarianobis done, meurneobis dargebSi dasaqmeba, 1 mln. adamianze evropul patentze ganacxadebis raodenoba); 9 Sromis bazari (umuSevrobis done, pirvel rigSi, qalebsa da axalgazrdebSi; myari umuSevroba, mosaxleobis 15-64 wlis askis adamianebSi dasaqmebis done); 9 demografia (mosaxleobis raodenoba, mosaxleobis simWidrove 1 kv.km. mosaxleobis procenti 15 wlamde, 15-64 wlamde da 65 wlis asakis zemoT).

9 ganaTleba (ganaTlebis done 25-29 wlis asakis pirebSi). yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im faqts, rom es meTodologia ar gulisxmobs yvela im faqtorebis Sedarebas, romlebic regionebis konkurentunarianobas amaRleben, magram SesaZlebels xdis analizi gaukeTdes im faqtorebs, romlebic masze arsebiT gavlenas axdenen, ramdenadac konkurentunarianobis faqtorebis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba gansxvavdeba regionebis tipebis mixedviT. 2. 2000-2006 ww. evrokomisiam warmoadgina monitoringis indikatorebi da proeqtebis da programebis Sefasebebi, romlebic finansdeboda an Rebulobda damatebiT dafinansebas struqturuli fondebidan. moRvaweobis sferoebi klasificirdeba kategoriebad da qvekategoriebad. moRvaweobis yvela sferos aqvs Tavisi indikatori (romelTac sTavazoben, magram iZulebiT ara-

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vis Tavze ar axveven). qvemoT naCvenebia indikatorebi moRvaweobis ramdenime sferosaTvis, romelic dakavSirebulia regionebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebasTan. samecniero gamokvlevebis sferoSi, teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da inovaciaSi Semdegi indikatorebi gamoiyeneba: 9 produqtis indikatori: kvleviTi proeqtebisa da doqtorebis raodenoba (mamakacebi, qalebi), romelsac mxari dauWires.

9 rezultatis indikatori: warmatebiT dasrulebeuli proeqtebis procentuli raodenoba (publikaciebis da a.S.), mkvlevarTa raodenoba, romelTac samecniero xarisxi mieniWaT (qalebi, kacebi); samecniero samsaxurSi miRebuli TanamSromlebis ricxvis zrda (kacebi, qalebi); 9 zemoqmedebis indikatori: SemuSavebuli inovaciebis raodenoba, axali sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebic mkvlevari personalis mier gaixsna. sawarmoebsa da kvleviT institutebs Soris inovaciebis, teqnologiebis gadacemis sferoSi Sesabamisi qselis Seqmnasa da partnioruli urTierTobis SeqmnaSi Semdegi indikatorebi gamoiyeneba: 9 produqtis indikatori: kompaniebis raodenoba, romelTac samecniero kvlevebis, teqnologiebis ganviTarebisa da inovaciebis sferoSi finansuri mxardaWera miiRes, teqnologiebis SeZenaSi mxardamWeri proeqtebis firmebsa da samecniero institutebs Soris Catarebuli konsultaciebis da treningebis raodenoba; 9 Sedegis indikatorebi: sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebmac miiRes mxardaWera Tanamedrove samecniero kvleviT proeqtebSi, kapitaldabandebebis zrda samecniero kvlevebis, teqnologiebis ganviTarebis da inovaciebis sferoSi, romlebic xorcieldeba im sawarmoe-

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bis mier, romlebmac erTobliv proeqtebSi miiRes monawileoba; 9 Tanxmobebis raodenobaze zemoqmedebis indikatorebi: TanamSromlobaze kvleviT institutebs Soris, romlebmac miiRes erTi wlis Semdeg firmebis daxmareba. sawarmoebis raodenoba regionebSi, romlebmac miiRes monawileoba programaSi da aRniSnes dadebiTi efeqtebi teqnologiebis gadacemiT weliwad-naxevris Semdeg; mxardamWeri kompaniebis raodenoba, romlebmac SeiZines patenti, licenzia da erTi wlis Semdeg erTobliv proeqtebSi miiRes monawileoba; axali produqtebis/procesebis raodenoba, romlebic firmebma bazarze warmoadgines da miiRes finansuri mxardaWera; ori wlis Semdeg miRebuli damatebuli Rirebuleba; Seqmnili samuSao adgilebi da mTliani dasaqmebis procenti. samecniero kvlevebis, teqnologiebis ganviTarebisa da inovaciebis infrastruqturaSi Semdegi indikatorebi gamoiyeneba: 9 produqtis indikatori: warmodgenili teritoria (ha), aSenebuli da gadaiaraRebuli farTobi (kv.m.); erToblivad Seqmnili samsaxurebis raodenoba; 9 Sedegis indikatori: samecniero kvlevebis, informaciuli teqnologiebis da kapitalis sferoSi miRebuli TanamSromlebis (kacebi, qalebi) raodenoba, mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba; 9 zemoqmedebis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebSic erTi wlis Semdeg parkis CarCoebSi Seqmnilia maRali teqnologiebi. sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebic Seqmnilia parkis CarCoebSi erTi wlis Semdeg, sruli dasaqmeba, (Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli erTi wlis Semdeg. samuSao adgilebis raodenoba da saerTo dasaqmebis zrdis procenti).

9 produqtis indikatori: axlad Seqmnili sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebic sainformacio teqnologi-

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ebs emsaxurebian (onlain-momsaxureba, eleqtronuli vaWroba da a.S.); 9 Sedegis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebmac miiRes finansuri mxardaWera, raTa warmodgenil samsaxurSi SeaRwion (mag., internetSi). mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebic awarmoeben informaciuli teqnologiebis sferoebis samsaxurs da organizebas ukeTeben maT komerciul realizacias. internetis momsaxurebis raodenoba wertilebisa adgilobrivi kavSiris zonaSi; 9 zemoqmedebis indikatori: ori wlis Semdeg Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli mTliani/wminda dasaqmeba (samuSao adgilebis raodenoba an procenti saerTo dasaqmebis). biznesis sakiTxebis konsultaciebis sferoSi (informacia, biznes-gegma, marketingi, menejmenti, eqsporti, marTva da zemoqmedeba garemomcvel pirobebze, teqnologiebis SeZena, samecniero kvlevebis konkurentunarianobis zrda) Semdegi indikatorebi gamoiyeneba: 9 produqtis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba (mflobelebi _ kacebi, qalebi), romlebic konsultaciebs iReben.

9 Sedegis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebic gaxdnen eqsportiorebi da romlebmac axal bazarze eqsporti daiwyes; mcire sawarmoebis procenti, romlebic warmodgenili samsaxuriT arian kmayofilni; 9 zemoqmedebis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis eqsportuli gayidvebis brunvis procenti, romlebmac daxmareba 1,5 wlis Semdeg miiRes; namati Rirebulebis 1,5 wlis Semdeg gazrda; 2 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli sruli dasaqmeba; (samuSao adgilebis raodenoba da saerTo dasaqmebis procenti). adamianuri resursebis SefasebisaTvis (adamianuri samuSao Zalis da sawarmoo saqmianobis moqniloba,

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inovacia, informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologia) gamoiyeneba Semdegi indikatorebi: 9 produqtis indikatori: TanamSromlebis raodenoba, romlebmac treningi gaiares (treningis xangrZlivoba, tipi), mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebmac treningis Catarebaze finansuri mxardaWera miiRes (dafinansebis zoma, tipi, treningis xangrZlivoba), beneficiarebis raodenoba; 9 Sedegis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis biujetis gazda da kadrebis momzadeba (%); 9 zemoqmedebis indikatori: beneficiari pirebis raodenoba romlebmac daiwyes biznesi 2 wlis Semdeg (kacebi, qalebi), 1,5 wlis Semdeg namati Rirebulebis zrda; mosamsaxureebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis Sedegad Sromis nayofierebis zrda (erT mosamsaxureze brunvis zrdis procenti); 2 wlis Semdeg sruli daaqmeba samuSao adgilebis Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli (raodenoba da saerTo dasaqmebis procenti). satransporto infrastruqturaSi Semdegi indikatorebi gamoiyeneba: 9 produqtis indikatori: aSenebuli an rekonstruirebuli Cqarosnuli rkinigzis sigrZe, mSeneblobis damTavrebis xarisxi, gaumjobesebuli rkinigzis liandagis sigrZe; 9 Sedegis indikatori: dro, romelzec gakeTda ekonomia (mgzavrebis dro, gamravlebuli momsaxurebis raodenobaze), drois ekonomia (mgzavrebis dro gamravlebuli satvirTo an samgzavro nakadze), xelmisawvdomoba (siCqaris ekvivalentis Semcireba swor xazze); 9 zemoqmedebis indikatori: satvirTo da samgzavro nakadis gazrda 1 wlis Semdeg: zemoqmedeba garemoze (amaRleba, dadableba), xmauriani datvirTvis Secvla; Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli sruli dasaqmeba, 2 wlis Semdeg (samuSao adgilebis raodenoba da saerTo dasaqmebulobis procenti).

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5. 6. konkurentunariani regionebis sxva indikatorebi evropuli komisiis garda, Catarebuli sxva gamokvlevebis mizania gamoerkviaT regionuli konkurentunarianobis indikatorebi. aRvniSnoT zogierTi maTgani. `msofliosTan Sejibri~. gamokvleva Catarebulia bank `barklais~ eqspertebis mier. Sedegebi gamoqveynebulia 2002 wels. Sedarebulia msoflios 15 konkurentunariani regioni (maT Soris 10 evrosabWos regioni) da miRebuli mcdelobis Sedegad gamovlenilia konkurentunarianobis saerTo faqtorebi. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi 15 regionis sirTule, Tanmimdevruli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego monacemebi. gakeTebulia daskvna, rom TiToeul regionSi aris saerTo faqtorebis mcire raodenoba, romlebic warmatebiT ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs. ` regionuli konkurentunarianobis indikatori ~. gamokvleva Catarebulia britaneTis vaWrobis da mrewvelobis saministros mier. avtorebis azriT, SerCeuli 14 indikatori iZleva regionebis konkurentunariani dabalansebis suraTs. amasTanave, mravali faqtori moqmedebs ara regionaluri konkurentunarianobis doneze, aramed Sedegebze. `britaneTis centraluri sagrafoebis konkurentunarianobis benCmarkingi~. gamokvlevis Sedegebi gamoqveynebulia 1997 wels. Catarebulia am regionis konkurentunarianobis Sedareba, evropis sxva regionebTan. gamokvlevebis mcdelobiT miRebulia zomebi, romlebic regionebis konkurentunarianobas amaRleben. kvlevisas gamoyenebulia benCmarkingis mravalganzomilebiani modeli, romelic 55 SedarebiT maCvenebels Seicavs da TiToeul maTgans gansazRvruli reitingi gaaCnia. `regionis investicirebuli klimatis gamokvleva~. aRniSnul gamokvlevaSi benCmarkingis regionaluri investicirebuli klimatis xarisxis gasazomad Crdi-

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lo-dasavleT evropis 40 regionSi SemuSavebulia meTodologia, romelic regionebis gamokiTxul mewarmeTa Sedegebis mixedviT aris gansazRvruli. cvlilebebi gamoyenebul gamokvlevaSi dayofilia 2 jgufad: 1. indikatorebi, romlebic gamoxataven bazris urTierTobebs da 2. sawarmoo sferos faqtorebi. evropuli integraciis procesSi regionuli politikis ganxorcielebis universalur meTodad kooperaciis meTodia miCneuli, kerZod, mones meTodi. es meTodi gamoyenebulia evrokavSiris ganviTarebis yvela etapze, maT Soris maastrixtis 1991 wlis dekembrisa da 1992 wlis Tebervlis, agreTve 2000 wlis amsterdamisa da nicis xelSekrulebebis dadebisas, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen evrokavSiris gafarToebas 27 monawile qveyanamde. evrokavSiris `Zvel~ wevrebze saubrisas dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom regionaluri politika dasaxul amocanas Tavs kargad arTmevda. man gadawyvita ZiriTadi teritoriuli disproporciebis sakiTxi da Seqmna evrokavSiris regionebis konvergenciis winapirobebi.

XXI saukunis pirvelma wlebma warmoaCina kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba _ regionebis, rogorc saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, politikuri urTierTobis uSualo subieqtTa mzardi roli. regionebis winaaRmdegoba rac ufro metad gacdeba nacionaluri doneebis CarCoebs, konkurenciisa da specifikur `regionul korporaciebad~ regionebis gardaqmnis pirobebSi, miT ufro rTuldeba evrokavSiris amocana daZlios regionTaSorisi disproporciebi, gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTis evropis qveynebSi (yofili aRmosavleTis blokidan). am amocanis sirTuleze metyvelebs dRemde SenarCunebuli teritoriuli winaaRmdegobebi evropis kavSiris ukeT ganviTarebul zonaSic ki (15 `Zvel~ monawile qveyanaSi).

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5.7 regionis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis Sefasebis meTodi sainvesticio procesebi warmoadgens saqarTvelos ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnis mTavar faqtors. sainvesticio Semadgeneli aris ekonomikis regulirebis yvela bazisuri modelis fuZemdebluri elementi (klasikuri, monetaristuli, keinzianuri). sainvesticiuo politika, romelic saxelmwifos anticikluri politikis nawilia, SeiZleba iqces saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis katalizatorad. sabazro gardaqmnebis dasawyisSi saqonelmwarmoeblebis sainvesticio aqtiuroba mniSvnelovnad Seamcira saxelmwifos sagadsaxado da safinanso-sakredito politikam. safinanso-sakredito sistemam miiRo hipertrofuli ganviTareba, sainvesticio kreditis saprocento ganakveTi gamoricxavda misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas sawarmoo miznebisaTvis. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri krizisis erT-erT mizezad unda CaiTvalos regionebSi sakuTari resursebis mobilizaciis da gare wyaroebis mozidvis qmediTi meqanizmebis ar arseboba. uaRresad dabalia xarjebis done sainovacio saqmianobaze (axali perspeqtiuli teqnologiebis SeZenaze modis mTeli sainovacio xarjebis 2,2%). investiciebis indeqsi ZiriTad kapitalSi 2001 wels Seadgenda 21%-s (1990w.=100%). Tumca investiciebis moculobis Semcirebis fonze zogierT regionSi SeiniSneba maTi koncentraciis tendencia. sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis gansazRvra warmoadgens nebismieri saqmianobis sawyis wertils, romelic dakavSirebulia investirebasTan. saboloo jamSi, es SeiZleba gaxdes sainvesticio saSualebebis mobilizaciis dasawyisi. qarTveli da ucxoeli, kerZo Tu saxelmwifo potenciuri investorebi dainteresebuli

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arian miiRon informacia axali sainvesticio SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. aseTi informaciis Sesaqmnelad sainvesticio proeqtis identifikaciisaTvis mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT sainvesticio proeqtis mravalsafexuriani Sefaseba: • ekonomikis seqtoris, erovnuli ekonomikis dargebis doneze. Sefasebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT sainvesticio produqtis savaraudo masStabi da sameurneo subieqt-investoris rangi (saerToerovnuli korporacia, regionuli korporacia da a. S.). analizi SeiZleba Catardes, rogorc zogadad saqarTvelos masStabiT, aseve mezodoneze; • regionis (mezodone) da misi potencialis doneze; • sawarmoos - sainvesticio proeqtis doneze. pirveli ori donis gamosakvlevad sainvesticio proeqtis Sefaseba moicavs informaciis Segrovebas regionis, sawarmoo seqtoris Sesaxeb, agreTve resursebis analizs da warmoebis ganviTarebis kompleqsuri gegmis Sedgenas. mikroekonomikuri midgoma, umTavresad, moicavs mewarmeebis, investiciebis xelSemwyobi organizaciebis da safinanso dawesebulebebis sainvesticio ideebis analizs. investorebis dainteresebis stimulirebis mizniT konkretuli proeqtebis SesaZleblobebis gamokvlevebs unda gaaCndes garkveuli sabazo informacia, Tanac ar aris sakmarisi ubralod saqonlis CamonaTvali, romlis warmoebisaTvis arsebobs Sida potenciali. aseTi analizi dafuZnebuli unda iyos saerTo ekonomikur maCveneblebze (magaliTad, importi wina periodSi, momxmarebelTa moTxovnis zrda) an regionis, sawarmoo seqtoris, resursebis saerTo SesaZleblobebis gamokvlevis masalebze, rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos investiciis ganxorcielebis amosaval wertilad.

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monacemebi SeiZleba Seivsos informaciiT, romelic moicavs konkretuli produqciis warmoebis meTodebs da tendeciebs. es mniSvnelovania potenciuri investorisaTvis – radganac man unda SeZlos Seafasos arsebuli SesaZleblobebi, maTi sarfianoba, imisaTvis rom gadavides proeqtis momzadebis Semdeg stadiaze. informaciis raodenobrivi Sefasebis mTavar instruments warmoadgens sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis gamokvleva. sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis gamokvlevis farglebSi analizs ukeTeben Semdeg aspeqtebs: • bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic vargisia warmoebisaTvis, magaliTad: xis masala gadamamuSavebeli warmoebisTvis; • soflis meurneobis arsebuli struqtura, rogorc samrewvelo dargebis safuZveli, romlebic bazirdeba soflis meurneobaze; • moTxovna garkveul samomxmareblo saqonelze, romelTa moxmareba SeiZleba gaizardos mosaxleobis raodenobis an msyidvelobiTi unaris zrdiT; • importi; • gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis seqtorebi, romelic warmatebiT funqcionireben analogiuri ekonomikuri bazis, msgavsi ganviTarebis donis da finansuri, SromiTi da bunebrivi resursebis mqone sxva regionebsa da qveynebSi; • SesaZlebeli urTierTkavSirebi adgilobriv an transnacionaluri masStabis sxva dargebTan; • arsebuli warmoebis SesaZlebeli gafarToeba integraciis safuZvelze, magaliTad, navTobgadamamuSavebeli da navTobproduqtebis gamwmendi warmoebis gaerTianeba;

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• SesaZlebeli deversifikacia, magaliTad, navTobqimiuri kompleqsis gardaqmna farmacevtiul warmoebad; • arsebuli sawarmoo simZlavreebis SesaZlebeli gafarToeba ekonomiis misaRebad, rac ganpirobebulia warmoebis masStabis zrdiT; • saerTo sainvesticio klimati; • saxelmwifos sawarmoo politika; • sawarmoo faqtorebis arseboba da Rirebuleba; • saeqsporto SesaZleblobebi. garemoebebidan gamomdinare unda moxdes saerTo (seqtoruli midgoma), an konkretuli proeqtis (midgoma sawarmos doneze) SesaZleblobebis Seswavla, an orives erTad. saerTo SesaZleblobis gamokvleva SeiZleba davyoT sam kategoriad: • regionis gamokvleva, iqneba es administraciuli provincia, CamorCenili raioni, an portis maxlobeli raioni; • sawarmoo gamokvlevebi, maTi daniSnulebaa gamoavlinon mocemuli warmoebis dargis SesaZleblobebi; • gamokvlevebi, romelTa daniSnulebaa, gamoavlinon bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi, sasoflo-sameurneo an sawarmoo produqciis Sesaqmnelad. amgvarad mezodoneze ekonomikis subieqtebis SesaZleblobebis da safinanso-ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebis Sefaseba SeuZlebelia maTi sainvesticio potencialis analizis gareSe. Ees dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom ekonomikis subieqtebis resursebis erToblioba mezodoneze xSirad danawevrebulia sxvadasxva wyaroebebisa da Semadgenlobebis mixedviT. amasTan dakavSirebiT erovnuli an mezodonis sainvesticio pro-

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cesebis aRweris dros arsebobs terminologiuri erTianobis problema. “regionis sainvesticio potenciali – transformirebad garemoSi regionis damoukidebeli sainvesticio saqmianobis ganxorcielebis integraluri maxasiaTebelia”47. sainvesticoi potencialis Sefasebis, teritoriebis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis mixedviT ranJirebis mizniT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT xarrodis modelis bazaze agebuli Teoria. xarrodis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi faqtoruli parametrebis urTierTkavSiri, romlebic axasiaTebdnen ganviTarebis potencials Semosavlebis maCveneblebiT. mocemuli modelis farglebSi sawyis cnebebs warmoadgens: “ekonomikuri Semosavali” da “kapitali”. “ekonomikuri Semosavali” warmoadgens samewarmeo momsaxurebis RirebulebiT gamoxatulebas. cneba “kapitali”, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva xarisxis sirTulis obieqtebis (qveyana, dargi, regioni, sawarmoo) sainvesticio potencialis SedarebiTi Sefasebis modelebSi, aris sxvadasxva analitikuri midgomebis Sedegi: a) “kapitali” aris gancalkevebuli resursebis erToblioba. Ees ukanaskneli Sedgeba qonebis, mowyobilobis, sabrunavi saxsrebis, saqonlis da Sualeduri produqtebis maragis, agreTve moxmarebis sagnebisagan, romlebic gamoiyeneba moxmarebis sagnebis da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis. mTeli es gancalkevebuli resursebi iZenen “faseulobas” da warmoadgenen saincesticio potencialis struqturul elementebs. “sainvesticio faseulebebis” Seqmnis ZiriTadi faqtoria same47

Рясков С.Н. Формирование инвестиционного потенциала и оптимизация его использования (региональный аспект) – Автореферат. – М.: РАГС, 2000 г.

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warmeo unari da “ekonomikuri mindobilobis” meqanizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri Semosavlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas (albaTobas). warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebuli kapitaluri resursebi gadaiqceva investiciebad, Tu isini uzrunvelyofen mogebis miRebis SesaZleblobas; b) “kapitali” - es aris Sualedur faseulobaTa erToblioba, romelTa mTavari daniSnulebaa gazardon sazogadoebrivi Sromisnayofiereba; g) “kapitali”- es aris yvela kvlavwarmoebuli saqonlis erToblioba. “kapitalis” ekonomiuri arsi imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, Tu ras qmnis igi, aramed mis kvlavwarmoebaSia; d) “kapitali” aris sameurneo subieqtebis ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi, romlebic cvalebad resurss aqcevs ekonomikur Semosavlad. kapitalis Rirebuleba ganpirobebulia Semosavlis RirebulebiT (“kapitaluri resursebi-Semosavali-Semosavlis Rirebuleba-kapitalis Rirebuleba”). qarTuli praqtika adasturebs, rom sainvesticio potencialis dacemis pirvel signals warmoadgens maRalkvalificirebuli kadrebis gadineba. es procesi amcirebs adgilobrivi biujetebis sagadasaxado bazas, rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis rigi socialuri jgufebis mdgomareobis gauaresebas, romlebic Semosavlebs Rebuloben biujetidan. saerTo keTildReobis Semcirebas praqtikulad yovelTvis Tan sdevs kapitalis gadineba. es ki regionul process aZlevs kumulatur xasiaTs. aqedan SeiZleba gavakeToT erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna: regionebis ekonomikuri keTildReoba da vardna aris TviTganviTarebadi procesi, romelic aZlierebs araTanabar regionul ganviTarebas. praqtikisaTvis cnobilia sainvesticio klimatisa da riskebis erovnuli reitingebi, romlebic cnobili saeqsperto saagentoebis mier Moody's, Standard & Poor,

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IBCA periodulad qveyndeba msoflios wamyvan ekonomikur JurnalebSi Euromoney, Fortune, The Economist. sainvesticio mimzidvelobis integraluri Sefasebis sistema dafuZnebulia ori zomvadi sididis, ori ZiriTadi maCveneblis urTierTkorelaciaze: sainvesticio riski da sainvesticio potenciali. amis saSualebiT erTis mxriv SesaZlebelia regionSi savaraudo biznesis masStabebis Sefaseba, xolo meores mxriv SesaZlebelia dadgindes ramdenad sariskoa am biznesis ganviTareba. risk-potencialis sibrtyeSi mocemulia Semdegi gradacia. potenciali: maRali (cifruli aRniSvna 1), saSualo (2), dabali (3). riski: dabali (anbanuri aRniSnva A), saSualo (B), maRali (C), Zalian maRali (D).

Sesabamisad yoveli regionis reitingi aRiniSneba anbanur-cifrobrivi kombinaciiT. zogadad aRniSnuli meTodika SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc sainvesticio klimatis Sefasebis meTodika, romelic aerTianebs qveynisa da regionis obieqtur SesaZleblobebs (sainvesticio potenciali) da investoris saqmianobis pirobebs (sainvesticio riski). gasagebia, Tu ratom ar aris sakmarisi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad mxolod potencialis, an mxolod riskis ganxilva. regioni SeiZleba saukeTeso iyos potencialis TvalsazrisiT - magaliTad, iq aris nedleuli, resursebi an mosaxleobaa mdidari, magram Tu politikuri mdgomareoba arastabiluria, an garemo imdenad dabinZurebuli, rom kidev erT qarxanas mosaxleo-

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ba ubralod ver aitans, investiciebze cotani Tu daTanxmdebian. sainvesticio potenciali (teritoriis sainvesticio tevadoba) warmoadgens investiciebis ganxorcielebis obieqtur winapirobaTa jams, romelic damokidebulia rogorc investirebis obieqtebis, sferoebis arsebobaze da mravalferovnebaze, aseve - maT ekonomikur janmrTelobaze. sainvesticio potenciali iTvaliswinebs ZiriTadad makroekonomikur maxasiaTeblebs, teritoriis gajerebas warmoebis faqtorebiT, mosaxleobis samomxmareblo moTxovnas da sxva maCveneblebs. regionis sainvesticio potenciali yalibdeba rva kerZo potencialisagan: • nedleul-resursuli (bunebrivi resursebis ZiriTadi saxeebis sabalanso maragiT uzrunvelyofa); • SromiTi (SromiTi resursebi da maTi saganmanaTleblo done); • sawarmoo (regionSi mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobis erTiani Sedegi); • inovaciuri (regionSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisa da samecniero-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis danergvis done); • instituciuri (sabazro ekonomikis wamyvani institutebis ganviTarebis xarisxi); • infrastruqturuli (regionis ekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareoba da misi infrastruqturuli uzrunvelyofa); • safinanso (sagadasaxado bazis moculoba da regionis sawarmoebis momgebianoba); • samomxmareblo (regionis mosaxleobis erToblivi msyidvelobiTi unari). maSasadame, sainvesticio potencialis Sefaseba efuZneba moyvanili rva potencialidan calkeulis eta-

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pobriv Sefasebas, xolo Semdeg am sainformacio bazaze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba erTiani, integraluri Sefaseba. regionebis ranJirebis aRniSnuli meTodikis meore Semadgenels warmoadgens sainvesticio riskis maCvenebeli. sainvesticio riskis sidide aCvenebs investiciebis danakargebis da maTgan mogebis miRebis albaTobas. ganixileba riskis Semdegi saxeebi: • ekonomikuri (tendenciebi regionis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi); • safinanso (regionuli biujetisa da sawarmoebis finansebis dabalansebulobis xarisxi); • politikuri (arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT mosaxleobis politikur simpatiaTa ganawileba, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis avtoritetuloba); • socialuri (socialuri daZabulobis done); • ekologiuri (garemos dabinZurebis done, radiaciulis CaTvliT); • kriminogenuri (regionSi damnaSaveobis done, damnaSaveobis simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT); • sakanonmdeblo (ama Tu im sferoSi an dargSi investirebis iuridiuli pirobebi, warmoebis calkeuli faqtorebis gamoyenebis wesi). am riskis gansazRvrisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve regionebis doneze miRebuli kanonebi da normatiuli aqtebi. agreTve is dokumentebi, romlebic uSualod aregulirebs sainvesticio saqmianobas an arapirdapirad exeba mas. riski TiTqos ajamebs “TamaSis wesebs” sainvesticio bazarze. sainvesticio potencialisagan gansxvavebiT bevri ram am wesebidan SeiZleba uecrad Seicvalos imdenad, ramdenadac icvleba adamianis xasiaTi da azri, amitom riski Tvisobrivi maxasiaTebelia.

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kanonmdebloba warmoadgens sainvesticio riskis umniSvnelovanes Semadgenels. regionTaSorisi midgomis specifika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom regionTa umravlesobis teritoriaze moqmedebs saqarTvelos saerTosaxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo foni, romelic awesrigebs sainvesticio saqmianobas mxolod Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi. garda amisa kanonmdebloba, rogorc wesi, ara marto gavlenas axdens sainvesticio riskis xarisxze, aramed awesrigebs ama Tu im sferoSi an dargebSi investirebis SesaZleblobebs, gansazRvravs regionis sainvesticio potencialis calkeuli faqtorebis gamoyenebis wess. regionis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis Sefaseba SeiZleba avagoT Semdegi klasifikaciiT: 1A tipi - maqsimaluri SesaZleblobebi minimaluri riskis pirobebSi. 2A tipi - saSualo SesaZleblobebi minimaluri riskis pirobebSi. 3A tipi - jgufi dabali SesaZleblobebiT da minimaluri riskiT. 1B tipi - jgufi maRali potencialiT da zomieri riskiT. 2B tipi - jgufi saSualo potencialiT da zomieri riskiT. 3B tipi - jgubi dabali potencialiT da zomieri riskiT. 3B1 tipi - daqveiTebuli potenciali da riskis zomieri indeqsi.

3B2 tipi - regionebi umniSvnelo potencialiT da riskis zomieri indeqsiT. 1C tipi - regionebis jgufi maRali potencialiT da maRali riskiT. 2C tipi - jgufi saSualo potencialiT da maRali riskiT.

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3C1 da 3C2 tipi - regionebi dabali potencialiT da maRali riskiT. 3D tipi - regionebi dabali potencialiT da eqstremaluri riskiT. aRniSnul regionebSi jgufebi 1 A da 2 A, 1 B , 2B SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc potenciuri ”zrdis polusebi”. saeqsperto Sefasebebi momavalSi hpoveben farTo gavrcelebas. Tumca reitingebis sayovelTao gamoyeneba Seqmnis mraval problemas maTi utyuarobis SemowmebasTan dakavSirebiT48, radganac eqspertTa Sefasebebi subieqturia. maTze gavlenas axdens politikuri, kulturuli, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da sxva faqtorebi. es ki iwvevs erTi da imave ekonomikuri indikatoris da movlenis sxvadasxvanair interpretirebas. didi moculobis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZlebloba warmoadgens saeqsperto modelebis umTavres Rirsebas. Tumca obieqturobis donis amaRlebisaTvis saWiroa maTi Sevseba satatistikuri monacemebis sistemiT da gamoTvlebiT, rac Sesrulebuli iqneba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso meTodikis gamoyenebiT. sabiujeto-safinanso federalizmis ganviTarebis pirobebSi iqmneba pirobebi principulad axali sainvesticio kavSirebis sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis, romlebic uzrunvelyofen regionis sainvesticio potencialis realur CarTvas kvlavwarmoebiT procesSi. regionis sainvesticio potencialis sivrciTi da droiTi “gaSla” ganapirobebs misi rogorc sistemis ganxilvas. am sistemis calkeul elementebs Soris kav48

Рожков Ю. Терский М. Инвестиционный потенциал региона и масса регионального инвестиционного риска. Вестник Хабаровской государственной академии экономики и права, 2001 г.

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Sirebi unda iyos mowesrigebuli sainvesticio potencialis efeqtiani realizebis TvalsazrisiT obieqtebis, formebis, doneebis da drois mixedviT. amrigad regionis sainvesticio potenciali (rsp) warmoadgens rigi parametrebis funqcias: warmoebis faqtorebis arseboba, makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi, institucialuri garemos ganviTarebis maCveneblebi da sxva:

rsp = f ( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ... + x n ) . amasTan, zemoqmedebis faqtorebi SeiZleba gaiyos or jgufad: • pirobiT-mudmivi, romelTa done ucvleli rCeba teqnologiebisa da sazogadroebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis mocemul doneze (bunebriv-klimaturi, resursuli, geopolotikuri da a.S.), anu maT cvlilebebs aqvs gadataniTi xasiaTi; • cvladebi, romlebic SeiZleba Seicvalon teqnologiebis mocemuli donis CarCoebSi. maTi moZraobis xasiaTi - uwyvetia. regionis sainvesticio potencialis cvalebadi faqtorebis magaliTia mocemul regionSi investoris saqmianobis sakanonmdeblo sfero. regionis sainvesticio potenciali SegviZlia warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:

rsp = ∑ pmf + ∑ cf ,

sadac pmf - pirobiT-mudmivi faqtorebia; cf - cvladi faqtorebi. praqtikuli gamoTvlebisaTvis mizanSewonilia SemovitanoT faqtorTa orive jgufis mniSvnelobis koeficientebi, radganac maT SesaZlebelia ar gaaCndes adeqvaturi wonis mniSvnelobebi, anu:

rsp = k 1 ∑ pmf + k 2 ∑ cf , Tanac k 1 + k 2 = 1

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regionis sainvesticio potenciali, sainvesticio tevadobis cnebisagan gansxvavebiT gansazRvravs regionSi dabandebuli investiciebis maqsimalurad SesaZlebel moculobas, mizanSewonilobis (ekonomikuri efeqtianobis) pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amrigad davadginoT cnebaTa Tanamimdevroba. regionis sainvesticio potenciali moicavs kategoriebs sainvesticio mimzidveloba, sainvesticio klimati, ekonomikuri potenciali. ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT ori termini - sainvesticio da ekonomikuri potenciali. Sefasebis SemoTavazebuli meTodebis analizis dros, rogorc ekonomikuri potencialis SemTxvevaSi, ise sainvesticios, SeiZleba SevamCnioT maTi gasaocari ara mxolod korelacia, aramed sinqronulobac. DTumca, gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikuri potencialis cneba mTavari dominirebadia cnebaTa ierarqiaSi, Mmagram Cveni azriT adgili aqvs Semdegs: kategoriebi ”sainvesticio potenciali” da “ekonomikuri potenciali” sinonimuri cnebebia da miekuTnebian erovnuli ekonomikis mdgomareobis analizis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs. regionis sainvesticio potenciali warmoadgens regionis ekonomikur potencials, romelic koreqtirebulia zogadekonomikuri efeqtianobis kriteriumisa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT. igi gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri mecnierebis ufro viwro sferoSi - sainvesticio saqmianobaSi. Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tu regionebis ranJireba, regionis sainvesticio potencialis abstraqtuli Sefaseba ar iqneba dakavSirebuli konkretuli dargis da sameurneo subieqtis moTxovnilebebTan is srulyofilad ver asaxavs regionis sainvesticio potencialis mTel arss da praqtikul mniSvnelobas. iseve, rogorc yvela gasaSualoebuli maCvenebeli - regionis sainvesticio potencialis maCvenebeli warmoadgens mxolod miaxloebiT orientirs, romelic mniSvnelovania makro-

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donis procesebis ekonomikuri Sefasebisas, da ara mikrodonis - sawarmos donis. regionis sainvesticio potencialis maCvenebels ar SeuZlia Seafasos konkretuli dargis saqmianoba da korporatiuli efeqtianoba. rogorc gviCvena Catarbulma analizma mezoekonomikis subieqtis sainvesticio potencialis cvladebi, rogorc makroekonomikuri garemos elementebi, dinamikaSi icvlebian. aqedan gamomdinare subieqts Tavisi saqmianobis ZiriTadi parametrebis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mizniT SeuZlia monitoringis ganxorcieleba, sainvesticio potencialis cvlilebis prognozireba, saqmianobis dagegmva erT-erTi scenaris mixedviT, magaliaTad: pesimisturi, stabilizaciuri, optimisturi.

TiToeul scenarSi sainformacio-analitikur bazas warmoadgens mezoekonomikis subieqtis sainvesticio potencialis maxasiaTebelTa nakrebi. kerZod, makroekonomikur garemoSi sainvesticio saqmianobis prognozirebis mizniT SeiZleba SevadginoT regionis sainvesticio potencialis cvlilebis tendenciebis matrica (cxrili 1), romelic asaxavs mezoekonomikis subieqtis reaqciisa da RonisZiebebis ramodenime varianti. cxrili 5.1 regionis sainvesticio potencialis tendenciebis matrica garemo tendenciebi pozitiuri stabiluri negatiuri

ekonomikuri +1 0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1

samarTlebrivi +1 0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1

institucionaluri +1 0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1

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zogadi saxiT, makroekonomikuri garemos cvlilebis metad SesaZlo integraluri tendencia (TPmax), SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnes gaanalizebul tendenciaTa gasaSualebiT: N

TP max = ∑ (ai * xi ) , i =1

sadac ai ( ∑ a i = 1 ) maCveneblis kuTri wonaa, rogorc wesi, wona gamoiTvleba yoveli konkretuli tendenciis mniSvnelobis xarisxis Sesabamisad; xi – maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs erT tendencias; N – makroekonomikuri garemos SemadgenelTa ricxvia. zemoganxiluli SemTxvevisaTvis (cxrili 5) SesaZlo integralur tendencias aqvs saxe: 3

T P max = ∑ (a i * x i ) . i =1

regresiis gantolebas eqneba Semdegi saxe: 3 Ki ⎞ ⎛ ρ T P max = ∑ ⎜ a i * ∑ z j ⎟ , i =1 ⎝ j=1 ⎠

sadac ρ

T P max Ki

∑ zj j=1

– integraluri tendenciaa; – regresiis gantoleba i-uri tendenciisaTvis;

j – i-uri tendenciis regresiis gantolebaSi niSnadi parametrebis raodenobaa. ganvixiloT dawvrilebiT ramodenime sasazRvro scenari. pesimisturi scenari. pesimisturi ewodeba scenars, romlisTvisac TPmax = –1, anu ekonomikur, samarTlebriv da institucionalur garemoebs aqvT negatiuri tenden-

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cia. praqtikaSi, es xSirad niSnavs, rom ekonomikur garemoSi, magaliTad, mcirdeba mosaxleobis jamuri msyidvelobiTunarianoba, izrdeba warmoebis danaxarjebi; samarTlebriv garemoSi - Rebulobenen sakmaod mkacr kanonebs, ilaxeba aqcionerTa uflebebi, viwrovdeba institucionaluri garemo. am SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, korporacias SeuZlia daiwyos antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis gatareba. zomierad-pesimisturi scenari. zomierad pesimisturi scenari mimdinareobs maSin, roca erT an or garemos gaaCnia negatiuri tendencia, danarCenebi ki stabiluria, anu: â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1 < TPmax < â&#x20AC;&#x201C;0,3. praqtikaSi, es SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom ekonomikur garemoSi izrseba inflaciis molodini, mcirdeba realuri moTxovnis indeqsi, samarTlebrivi garemo ar icvleba, institucionalur garemoSi ki, magaliTad, arsebobs uTanxmoeba momwodebelTan. am situaciaSi korporacia atarebs kerZo RonisZiebebs TiToeuli konkretuli mimarTulebis Sesabamisad da maTi Sedegebis mixedviT iRebes gadawyvetilebebs investirebis Sesaxeb. stabilizaciuri scenari. stabilizaciuri scenari (-0,3 < TPmax < 0,3) miuTiTebs, rom nebismier gansaxilvel garemoSi ar arsebobs raime saxis negatiuri dinamika. es niSnavs, rom korporaciisaTvis iqmneba ganviTarebisa da efeqtianobis zrdis pirobebi. amitom saqmianobis mTavar mimarTulebas warmoadgens finansirebis axali wyaroebis mozidva warmoebis gafarToebis, produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebis, danaxarjebis optimizaciisaTvis. zomierad optimisturi scenari. es scenari mimdinareobs maSin, roca erT an or garemos aqvs pozitiuri dinamika, danarCeni ki, stabiluria. magaliTad, 0,3 < TPmax < 1. praqtikulad es niSnavs, rom ekonomikas gaaCnia zrdis tendenciebi, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianoba izrdeba, Rebuloben axal kanonebs, romlebic asa-

187

xavs erovnul ekonomikaSi mimdinare realiebs. institucionaluri garemo stabiluria, anu yvela valdebuleba sruldeba xelSekrulebebiTa da kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil vadebSi. aseT situaciaSi korporacias SeuZlia investorebis agresiuli strategiis gamoyeneba, calkeul garemoebSi pozitiuri tendenciebis gamoyenebiT Seecados ganaxorcielos garRveva danarCenebSi. magaliTad, korporacias SeuZlia ganaxorcielos PR aqciebi institucionaluri garemos axal monawileTa (aqcionerebi, momxmareblebi da sxva) mozidvisaTvis. optimisturi scenari. optimisturi scenari, romelsac axasiaTebs TPmax = +1 Tanafardoba, miuTiTebs Zalian xelsayrel klimatze investiciebis ganxocielebisaTvis. Aam pirobebSi saqmianobis konkretuli mimarTulebebi SeiZleba iyos: • marTvis optimizacia, misi momzadeba korporaciis SesaZlebeli gafarToebisaTvis; • axali kapitalis mozidvisaTvis emisiis momzadeba da ganTavseba; • Semosavlebis gadanawileba sainovacio procesSi. makrogaremos cvlilebis dinamikis prognozirebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT gansazRvruli instrumentebi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems ufro zustad davakvirdeT tendenciebs da movaxdinoT sameurneo subieqtebis saqmianobis strategiuli dagegmareba. kerZod, samarTlebrivi sferos mdgomareobis prognozirebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT samarTlebrivi velis efeqtianobis maCvenebeli (msv). samarTlebrivi garemos da sakanonmdeblo winaaRmdegobebis kompleqsuri Sefaseba, saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavaanalizoT samarTlebrivi garemos mimdinare mdgomareoba.

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danarTi # 6. umsxvilesi saeqsporto produqciis aTeuli 2010 wels (%)

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danarTi #7. umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebi saqarTvelos importSi

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danarTi # 8. umsxvilesi saimporto produqciis aTeuli 2010 wels (%)

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evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia vladimer Rlonti

! saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianoba: Tanamedrove gamowvevebi

gamomcemlobis redaqtori:

iza xarebava teqnikuri redaqtori da kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:

Juka paiWaZe

tiraJi 300

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

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