სოფლის მეურნეობის მდგრადი განვითარების ეკონომიკური მექანიზმი

marina nacvalaZe

soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri meqanizmi

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2009

monografiaSi gamokvleulia saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi, kerZod: mdgradi ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da erovnul tradiciebi globalizaciis procesSi; soflis meurneoba da mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebi; soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciuroba da mdgradi agraruli meurneobis principebi; mdgradi soflis meurneobis Camoyalibebis strategiebi da modelebi; ganxilulia biologiuri soflis meurneobis koncefciis arsi, miznebi da misi kavSiri soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebasTan; daxasiaTebulia saqarTveloSi biomeurneobebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis arsebuli mdgomareoba, miRebuli Sedegebi da perspeqtivebi; gaanalizebulia konkurentunariani agroseqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebis prioritetebi; warmodgenilia soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebis identifikacia, mdgradi soflis meurneobis globaluri bazrebis analizi da regulireba; ganxilulia soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi; amasTanave, warmodgenilia saxelmwifo politikisa da sakanonmdeblo garemos roli mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi. naSromis ZiriTadi nawili exeba saqarTveloSi bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebisa da gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis Sesaxeb kvlevas. am nawilSi aseve gaanalizebulia agraruli politikisa da mdgradi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis prioritetebi; warmodgenilia konkurentunariani agrosasursaTo seqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri meqanizmi.

redaqtori

profesori e. xaraiSvili

recenzentebi:

asocirebuli profesori m. CavleiSvili asocirebuli profesori m. vaniSvili

Š m. nacvalaZe, 2009 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2009 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-12-914-8

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winasityvaoba `Cveni soflis meurneoba naturaluri produqtebis warmoebis gziT unda ganviTardes, rac SeiZleba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mZlavr berketadac iqces, radgan msoflioSi ekologiurad sufTa produqtebze moTxovnileba sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. Tu es ganxorcielda, igi did stimuls miscems rogorc soflis meurneobis winsvlas, ise am sferoSi gadamamuSavebeli biznesis ganviTarebas da saerTaSoriso bazarzec qarTul produqcias Tavis adgils daumkvidrebs�. saaRdgomo epistole uwmindesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, 2008 weli

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi mdgradobis cneba farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva dargTan mimarTebaSi. mdgradi ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaa erovnuli ekonomikis nebismieri dargis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis. mdgradobas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs soflis meurneobaSi, radganac kvebis produqtebi gansakuTrebuli saxis produqcias warmoadgens, romlis warmoebis done garantirebuli da Sesabamisad mdgradi unda iyos. es dargi damokidebulia klimatur pirobebze da amave dros saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis problemebs wyvets. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom deficitisa da sursaTis xelmisawvdomobis problemis simwvavis Semcireba umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa socialuri da erovnuli daZabulobis Sesamcireblad. mosaxleobis arasaTanado sasursaTo momaragebas ZaluZs seriozulad gaauaresos politikuri da ekonomikuri winsvlis procesi da qveynis Sida usafrTxoebis udides safrTxed iqces. problemis mniSvnelobaze isic metyvelebs, rom am sakiTxze mravali samecniero naSromia Seqmnili. Tumca aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom agrarul seqtorSi dRemde ar arsebobs mdgradobis erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba, problemebis kvlevis erTiani Teoria da meTodika. dRes sabazro garemo 3

axleburad, regularulad da kompleqsurad moiTxovs mTeli rigi sakiTxebis gadaWras. bioproduqtebis warmoeba mTel msoflioSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mdgradi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi. is soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebis alternatiuli, mowinave, mzardi ekonomikuri potencialis mqone sistemaa, romelic gamoricxavs qimiuri sasuqebis, pesticidebis, genmodificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. is kanoniT regulirdeba da meurneobis marTvisa da sursaTis warmoebis meTodebi msoflioSi aRiarebul standartebs Seesabameba. bioproduqciis bazari unikaluria im TvalsazrisiT, rom msoflioSi bioproduqciaze arsebuli moTxovna mniSvnelovanad aWarbebs miwodebas. soflis meurneobis dargebis mdgomareoba, maTi efeqtianoba da mdgradoba qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da sasursaTo damoukideblobis ganmsazRvrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, agroproduqciis warmoebis mdgradobaze gaZlierebuli kontroli aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic agrarul politikas ganixilaven, rogorc prioritetulsa da strategiuls. gamokvlevis mizania soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis SefasebisaTvis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebis SemuSaveba, mdgradi ganviTarebis funqcionirebis ekonomikuri meqanizmis gansazRvra da misi srulyofis SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze mosalodneli Sedegebis dasabuTeba. avtori madlierebas gamoTqvams Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis profesoris eTer xaraiSvilis, Sveicariis federaluri teqnikuri universitetis magistris, garemosa da agraruli ekonomikis jgufis doqtorantis fati mamardaSvilis, Telavis Rvinis marnis menjeris nino beraias, kavkasiis universitetis kavkasiis biznes skolis bakalavris, haifas (israeli) universitetis magistrantis laSa maWavarianisa da biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia ,,eklanas“ mimarT kvlevis procesSi gaweuli guliTadi daxmarebisaTvis.

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Tavi I. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebi da principebi

1.1 globalizacia, soflis meurneoba da mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebi Tanamedrove msoflio movlenaTa uCveulo sirTuleebi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, socialuri winaaRmdegobebi, demografiuli afeTqebebi, adamianis bunebrivi garemo pirobebis mkveTr gauaresebas axdens. adamianTa sameurneo saqmianobis masStabebis zrdam, mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis ganviTarebam gaaZliera bunebaze uaryofiTi gavlena, daarRvia planetis ekologiuri wonasworoba.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mecnierebma, Semdgom etapze politikosebma, udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWes adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi bunebrivi SezRudvebis problemebs. 1992 wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam aRniSna stokholmis konferenciis 20 wlisTavi (`saerTaSoriso konferencia garemosa da misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb’’), sadac miRebuli iqna mdgradi ganviTarebis programa _ `wesrigi XXI saukuneSi”. gaeros konferenciaze garemos Sesaxeb (q. rio-de-Janeiro, 1992 weli) oficialurad gamocxadebul iqna Tezisi adamianTa amJamindeli da momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad socialur-ekonomikuri amocanebisa da sasurveli garemos, bunebriv-resursuli potencialis SenarCunebis problemebis dabalansebuli gadaWris uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad SemoRebul iqna cneba `mdgradi ganviTareba~. kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan mimarTebaSi es cneba swored iseT ganviTarebas niSnavs, romelic ar ayenebs garemos gardauval zarals. `mdgradi ganviTareba” niSnavs mudmiv, TandaTanobiT zrdas. evropul enebSi am termins (Sustainable Development, Nachhaltige Entwicklung, Developement Durable) aqvs ufro viw5

ro gageba, kerZod, igi aris _ `TandaTanobiTi” (SeiZleba iTqvas `TviTsakmarisi”) ganviTareba, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba kacobriobis samomavlo arsebobas da adrindeli an pirvandeli mimarTulebiT mis ganviTarebas. termini `mdgradi ganviTareba” unda gavigoT rogorc `TviTuzrunvelyofadi”, anu xangrZlivad arsebuli da ucvleli Tavisi ZiriTadi parametrebis mixedviT. rogorc zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriis ZiriTadi fesvebi unda veZeboT tyis meurneobis germanul skolaSi1 da ekologiuri krizisis gamwvavebaSi2. aRniSnuli Teoriis warmoSoba mWirdod ukavSirdeba XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis meore naxevrisa da 70iani wlebis dasawyisSi mimdinare ekologiuri politikis evolucias. mdgradi ganviTareba dRes-dReobiT miCneulia ganviTarebis erTaderT gzad. araklasikuri mimarTulebis mecnierebma, romlebic am Teoriaze Tavdapirvelad muSaobdnen, masSi Seitanes anti-industriuli, anti-teqnokratiuli da anti-pozitivisturi mowodeba. im periodSi damtkicebas ar saWiroebda Semdegi aqsioma: ekologiuri safrTxe gamowveulia industriuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, ekologiuri mdgradoba da ekonomikuri zrda SeuTavsebelia. am azrs eyrdnoboda garemos dacvis Seaxeb 1972 wels stokholmSi Catarebuli gaerTianebuli erebis I konferencia3. pirveli mniSvnelovani da cnobili saerTaSoriso dokumenti, sadac moxseniebulia mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoria, SemuSavebuli iqna gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gene-

1

The politics of sustainable development: global norms for national implementation // Environmental politics, Volume 5, #2, 1996, p. 4.

2 Розенберг Г.С., Черникова С.А., Краснощеков Г.П., Крылов Ю.М., Гелашвили Д.Б. Мифы и реальность устойчивого развития // Проблемы прогнозирования, №2, 2000, ст. 5.

3 iseve, rogorc rio-de-Janeiros 1992 wlis konferencia, es konferenciac unda gamxdariyo msoflios didi saxelmwifoebis mTavrobaTa Sekrebad, magram es ase ar moxda. sabWoTa kavSirma mas boikoti gamoucxada gaugebari mizezebis gamo.

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raluri ansambleaze 1980 wels (`konservaciis globluri strategia’’).1 mdgradi ganviTarebis gansazRvreba moxsenebis teqstSi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `mdgradi ganviTareba _ es iseTi ganviTarebaa, romelic saSualebas aZlevs amJamindel Taobas daikmayofilos Tavisi moTxovnilebebi da amave dros ar miayenos ziani momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebs”2. ekologiuri usafrTxoebis misaRwevad (maT Soris grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis raodenobisa da xarisxis SenarCunebiT), mdgradi ganviTareba gulisxmobs erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimalur da optimalur ganawilebas, romelic miRebuli unda iyos arsebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, ukve miRweuli ekonomikuri zrdiT. amisaTvis saWiroa resursebis mobilizacia, romelTa nawili miemarTeba specifikur ekonomikur sferoebSi, maT Soris bunebis dacviTi seqtorisaTvis. mxolod ganviTarebul ekonomikaSi xdeba SesaZlebeli ekologiuri seqtoris ganviTareba, sadac mogeba resursmomxmarebeli dargebidan resursdamzogvel dargebSi unda gadanawildes. mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis adekvaturi da naTeli Sinaarsia asaxuli v. lafertis gansazRvrebaSi: `mdgradi ganviTareba _ normatiuli koncefciaa, romelic axorcielebs cxovrebis pirobebis regulirebas. es regulireba xorcieldeba egreTwodebuli ganviTarebis oTxi principis safuZvelze: • `ganviTarebis principi-1” (mdgradi ganviTareba mowodebulia daakmayofilos adamianTa ZiriTadi saWiroebebi da yvela macxovreblis cxovrebis done); • `ganviTarebis principi-2” (planetis mTliani mosaxelobis cxovrebis Tanabari doneebi); 1

Seqmnili bunebis SenarCunebis (konservaciis) msoflio kavSiris, veluri bunebis msoflio fondis da UNEP-is (United Nations Environmental Program) mier.

2 The World Commission on Environment and Development, "The Brundtland Commission", Our Common Future, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 43.

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• `mdgradobis principi-1” (rac miiRweva bunebrivi resursebis frTxili gamoyenebiT, amowurvis, biomravalferovnebis, bunebis regeneraciuli unaris rRvevis gareSe); • `mdgradobis principi-2” (amJamindel Taobis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofleba momavali Taobebis moTxovnilebaTa zianis miyenebis gareSe, igive cxovrebis donis pirobebSi)”1. saboloo jamSi, yvela CamoTvlili ayalibebs erTian princips, romelic safuZvlad udevs mTels am Teorias _ es aris `garemo plius ganviTareba.”

v. lafertis mdgradi ganviTarebis oTxi principi

sqema 1 zemoTCamoTvlili yvela principi Tanasworia, Tumca centraluri adgili maT Soris ukavia `mdgradobis princips _ 1 da 2”. mdgradi ganviTarebis `filosofia” efuZneba Tanasworobas (RaribTa uflebebi, `TaobaTaSorisi” eTika), SorsmWvretelobas (windaxedulobis principi) da sistemur mid1

W.M. Lafferty The politics of sustainable development: global norms for national implementation // Environmental politics, Volume 5, #2, 1996, p. 7.

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gomas (ekonomikuri, socialuri da garemosdacviTi faqtorebis urTierTkavSiris gageba). me-XX saukunis II naxevarSi samecniero-teqnikurma progresma erTis mxriv, gaaZliera sazogadoebis sawarmoo, teqnologiuri, saomari potenciali, meores mxriv, aiZula sazogadoeba alaparakebuliyo globalur problemebsa da safrTxeebze. samecniero sazogadoebriobis SiSma globaluri ganadgurebis Taobaze asaxva hpova a. einSteinis, b. raselisa da sxva mecnierebis cnobil manifestSi, romelis 1955 wels gamoqveynda. SemdgomSi gamoqveynda ssrk-s mecnierebaTa akademiis mier n. moiseevis xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebuli maTematikuri modeli, romelic aRwerda sazogadoebasa da cocxal da aracocxal bunebaSi mimdinare procesebs da iwinaswarmetyvela e.w. `atomuri zamTari”. kacobriobis daRupvis realurma safrTxem, kerZod jer `atomuri”, xolo Semdeg energetikuli da ekologiuri Cixebis gaCenam katalizatoris roli Seasrula da globaluri problematikis kvlevebi erTdroulad ramodenime mimarTulebiT warmarTa. sistemuri dinamikis principebsa da globalur modelebze `samyaro-1” da `samyaro-2”-ze dayrdnobiT j. foresterma da d. medouzma gaaanalizes 5 cvladis urTierTkavSiri. es cvladebia: kapitaldabandebebi, mosaxleoba, sursaTi, bunebrivi resursebi, garemos dabinZureba. Seiqmna modeli `samyaro-3”. maTematikuri meTodebiT modelirebam cxadyo, rom arsebuli urTierTqmedebis tendenciis SenarCuneba da ganviTarebis faqtorebis zrda, msoflio sazogadoebriobas ukve XXI saukunis I naxevarSi globalur resursul katastrofamde miiyvans. am katastrofis Tavidan acilebas SevZlebT mxolod `nulovani zrdis” reJimze gadasvliT. globalizaciis pirobebSi, mdgradi ganviTarebis problema msoflios yvela qveynis saerTo problemad iqca. riT

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izomeba mdgradoba? mecnierebi sxvadasxva tipis kriteriumebs asaxeleben, magaliTad:1 • ekonomikuri _ wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba (NPV)2; • socialuri _ genderuli analizi; • garemosdacviTi _ garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba (gzS); strategiuli garemosdacviTi Sefaseba; dRes-dReobiT msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da regionebSi adgilobrivi mdgradi ganviTarebis programebs sul ufro xSirad amuSaveben; samTavrobo moxsenebebSic xSirad imeoreben imas, rom qveyana iswrafvis mdgradi ganviTarebisaken. sazogadoeba am dros fiqrobs, rom es dakavSirebulia ekologiasTan. sinamdvileSi marTlac swored ekologiidan daiwyo yvelaferi, rodesac `romis klubma” aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT SeSfoTeba gamoTqva. magram yvela ekologiuri problema Tanamedrove msoflios sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis problemebSi aisaxeba. dasavleTis qveynebis gagebiT mdgradi ganviTareba _ es aris ekologiurad sufTa warmoeba moxmarebis donis mudmivi zrdis SenarCunebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Tumca ufro metad mniSvnelovania am sakiTxis sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri gageba. saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlSi aRniSnulia: ` 3. yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi. yvela valdebulia gaufrTxildes bunebriv da kulturul garemos.

4. adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelsayofad, sazogadoebis ekologiuri da ekonomikuri interesebis Sesabamisad, axlandeli da momavali Taobebis in-

1

z. lomTaZe, mdgradi ganviTareba, safrTxeebi da SesaZleblobebi, 7/18/2006.

2 wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba (Net Present Value – NPV) warmoadgens proeqtTan dakavSirebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi fuladi nakadebis dRevandeli Rirebulebebis (PV) jams.

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teresebis gaTvaliswinebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs garemos dacvasa da racionalur bunebaTsargeblobas.”1 problemis axsnisaTvis mniSvnelovania kavSirebis axsna mdgrad ganviTarebasa da moxmarebis dones Soris. mdgrad ganviTarebaze gadasasvlelad RonisZiebebi unda gatardes saxelmwifos doneze da ufro metic, msoflio doneze. mdgradoba da usafrTxoeba mocemuli sistemis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia. maTi dapirispireba ar SeiZleba, TiToeuli maTgani mocemul sistemas Taviseburad axasiaTebs. pasiur sistemaSi mdgradi ganviTareba gulisxmobs: • `stabilur ganviTarebas” (Sustainable Development); • krizisebis ararsebobas an maT minimalur rodenobas; • elementTa `saarsebo garemos” SedarebiT mudmivobas. rac ufro mdgradia mocemuli sistema, misi struqtura, calkeuli elementebis urTierTdabalanseba, miT ufro maRalia da usafrTxo misi xarisxi. sistemis elementebs Soris propociebisa da kavSirebis darRveva iwvevs mis destabilizacias da uCvenebs sistemis gadasvlas usafrTxo mdgomareobidan safrTxeSi, daSlis realur SesaZleblobas. maSasadame, mdgradoba usafrTxoebis safuZvelia, misi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. zemoT naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTareba gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas momavali TaobebisaTvis zianis miuyeneblad, struqturuli dabalansebis safuZvlze. saqarTvelos usafrTxo ganviTareba moicavs aramarto mis mdgrad ganviTarebas, erovnuli interesebis dacvas, aramed agreTve xelisuflebis institutebis mzadyofnasa da unars, Seqmnas erovnuli interesebis realizaciisa da dac-

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saqarTvelos konstitucia (miRebulia 1995 wlis 24 agvistos), Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani. http://www.constcourt.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=19&info_id=73

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vis sazogadoebis socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobisa da ganviTarebis meqanizmi.1 agraruli seqtori rogorc msoflio ekonomikis, aseve saqarTvelos ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi sferoa. soflis meurneobis wili msoflio ekonomikaSi 50%-s, Sida dasaqmebis 20%-s, xolo ganviTarebadi ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebSi _ dasaqmebis 90% Seadgens. es unikaluri, biologiur procesebze mWidrod damokidebuli warmoebaa, romlis ganviTarebas aramarto ekonomikuri, aramed tradiciuli da erovnuli mniSvnelobac aqvs. amJamad TviT `soflis meurneobis~ cnebas zogjer ufro farTod ganmartaven, vidre es adre iyo. mis Sesatyvisad mecnierebi xSirad xmaroben termins _ `agraruli seqtori”.

Cven SevecdebiT zogierTi Camoyalibebuli cnebebisa da terminebis xelaxla gaazrebas. istoriulad, soflis meurneobis qveS sakuTriv mxolod miwisa da pirutyvis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli warmoeba igulisxmeba. amJamad sasoflo dasaxlebebSi sakmaod rTuli infrastruqtura arsebobs Tavisi eleqtroqselebiT, gzebiT, komunaluri momsaxurebis obieqtebiT da a.S. Cveni azriT, `soflis meurneobis” qveS aseve unda igulisxmebodes yvela is meurneoba, romelic sasoflo teritoriebze funqcionirebs. im warmoebas ki, romelic miwisa da pirutyvis gamoyenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, mizanSewonilia `agraruli” vuwodoT (laT. Agrarius _ miwis, miwasTan dakavSirebuli). es naklebad Cveuli terminia, magram misi arsi ufro adekvaturi gaxlavT. `sasoflo dasaxleba~, ufro marTebuli iqneba mivusadagoT yvelafer imas, rac soflis mcxovreblebTanaa dakavSirebuli da ara marto maT saqmianobasTan miwaze da pirutyvis gamoyenebiT. vinaidan ucxour literaturaSi mecnierebi da praqtikosebi `mdgradi soflis 1

T. basilia, a. silagaZe, T. CikvaiZe _ postsocialisturi transformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 463.

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meurneobis”, `soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis” cnebebs iyeneben, amitom kvlevaSic Cvenc am cnebas viyenebT. radgan sameurneo subieqtTa erTobliobis mdgradi ganviTarebis qveS maT ekonomikur da teqnikur ganviTarebas vgulisxmobT, amitom `soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis~ sityvaTSeTanxmeba Tavis TavSi moicavs `sasoflo teritoriebis mdgrad ganviTarebasac”, romelSic umniSvnelovanesia socialuri sakiTxebis prioritetuloba. Cvens qveyanaSi, mraval sasoflo teritoriaze dasaqmebisa da soflis mosaxleobis Semosavlebis problema yvelaze aqtualuri rCeba. amitomac saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobisa da sasoflo teritoriebis mdgrad ganviTarebas upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tu saqme exeba TviT dargs, sferos, misi ganviTarebis tendenciebs warmoebis, menejmentis, marketingisa da finansuri analizis kuTxiT, igi SesaZloa Seicvalos terminiT: `agraruli meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba” soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis qveS SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc mdgradoba ekonomikuri da teqnikuri ganviTarebis, warmoebis zrdis, misi efeqtianobis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve rogorc mdgradoba dabalansebuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (gamomdinare bunebriv-resursuli SesaZleblobaTa poziciebidan). sasoflo teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTareba sxvadasxva poziciebidan ganixileba. erT SemTxvevaSi, upiratesad ekologiuri aspeqtebi ganixileba, xolo meoreSi _ upiratesad socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi. msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi moxda sasoflo teritoriebis ganviTarebis problematikis ori Semdegi mimarTulebiT dajgufeba: • mdgradi ganviTarebis (Sustainable Development) problemebi, aSkara ekologiuri mimarTulebiT, Sesabamisad terminisa _ `gamZle~ (`Sustainable“); • sasoflo ganviTarebis (Rural Development) problemebi, romelic dakavSirebulia socialur mimarTulebasTan da sasoflo adgilis ganviTarebis kompleqsurobasTan, Sesabamisad terminisa ,,sasoflo~. (`Rural“) 13

am problematikidan pirveli mimarTuleba moicavs soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis cnebas. zogadad ki, mdgradobis cneba sasoflo teritoriebis ganviTarebis mTeli problematikis momcvelia. amasTan, kompleqsuri (mravaldargobrivi) ganviTarebis problematika mdgradi ganviTarebis problematikis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba da Tavis TavSi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, bunebis mowyobis, kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebis da sxva problematikas moicavs. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba ki, Tavis mxriv, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis da soflis macxovrebelTa cxovrebis donis problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu romeli problemebia yvelaze aqtualuri, romelTa gadaWris gareSec ver movaxerxebT mdgrad ganviTarebaze gadasvlas. unda gamoiyos sasoflo teritoriebis ganviTarebis specifikur problemaTa jgufi, romlebic samwuxarod ver poulobdnen Tavis gadawyvetas arsebul samecniero mimarTulebaTa da praqtikul qmedebaTa farglebSi. am problemaTagan ZiriTadia: • TviTganviTarebis safuZvelze sasoflo teritoriebis ganviTarebis organizacia da dagegmareba; • TviTmmarTvelobis procesebSi soflis sazogadoebis aqtiuri Cabma; • agraruli warmoebis diversifikacia, sasoflo teritoriebze saqmianobis alternatiuli saxeobebis daCqarebuli ganviTareba; • sasoflo (da ara marto sasoflo-sameurneo) sakonsultacio saqmianobis ganviTareba; • sasoflo teritoriebis marketingi da sxv. saqarTveloSi sasoflo teritoriebis ganviTarebis pirobebi da SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxvagvaria. niadagur-klimaturi da ekonomikur-geografiuli potencialis mixedviT sasoflo teritoriebis tipologizaciis gareSe amis gakeTeba warmoudgenelia. unda ganisazRvros: 14

• bunebrivad romel teritoriebze Camoyalibdeba efeqtiani agraruli warmoeba; • romel teritoriebs aqvT potenciali warmoebis alternatiuli saxeobebisa da adamianTa sxva samewarmeo moRvaweobisaTvis (magaliTad, rekreaciuli zonebis saxiT); • romel teritoriebzea saWiro cxovrebis da adamianTa garkveuli, Tundac naklebad efeqtiani saqmianobis mxardaWera politikuri an sxva strategiuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, kerZod, teritoriaze kontrolis SenarCunebis mizniT; CamoTvlili problemebis gadasaWrelad aucilebelia axali mravalaspeqtiani samecniero mimarTulebis da Sesabamisi disciplinebis Camoyalibeba, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, sakonsultacio samsaxurebisa da mecnierebisTvis kadrebis momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sakiTxTa gadaWra.

1.2 soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciuroba

da mdgradi soflis meurneobis principebi soflis meurneoba warmoadgens erovnuli ekonomikis mniSvnelovan dargs. soflis meurneobis dargs rigi Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs: 1. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi funqcionireben fermeruli meurneobebi, Tumca bazarze SesaZlebelia iyos msxvili sawarmoc, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia seqtoris monopolizeba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, SedarebiT wvril soflis meurneobis sawarmoebs bazarze zemoqmedebis mizniT ar SeuZliaT Camoayalibon raime jgufebi. aseve, calkeul fermers ar SeuZlia warmoebis iseTi moculobis miRweva, romelic mas saSualebas miscemda mniSvnelovani zegavlena moexdina sabazro fasebze. soflis meurneobis produqciis bazarze yovelTvis bevri gamyidvelia imisaTvis, rom romeli15

me maTganma mniSvnelovnad Secvalos fasi, rac ar unda didi raodenobis produqti awarmoos. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, miuxedavad soflis meurneobis bazarze saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani Carevisa, dargSi Sesvla da dargidan gasvla sakmaod Tavisufalia. ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi arsebobs sakmaod kargad momuSave sasoflo-sameurneo miwis bazari, farTod aris danergili misi arenda, arsebobs ipoTekuri krediti, romelic aiolebs fermis SeZenas. yvelaferi es ki niSnavs imas, rom soflis meurneobaSi warmoebis Seqmnis nebismier msurvels saSualeba aqvs miiRos ZiriTadi resursebi da piriqiT, yoveli fermeri, romelsac aqvs arasakmarisi mogeba Tavisi meurneobidan, SeuZlia gayidos is raime iuridiuli, institucionaluri da ekonomikuri SezRudvis gareSe. amrigad, agrarul seqtorSi arsebobs srulyofili konkurenciis ZiriTadi piroba: 1. bazarze didi raodenobiT gamyidvelebis arseboba, romlebic gavlenas ver axdenen sabazro fasebze, radganac ar aqvT miwodebis didi moculoba; 2. gamyidvelebis Tavisufleba bazarze SesvlaSi da bazris datovebaSi. e.i. soflis meurneoba es aris dargi xasiaTdeba srulyofili konkurenciis bazris struqturiT, rac ekonomikis sxva dargebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi mtkiceba safuZvliania im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme ganviTarebul qveynebs exeba, sadac srulyofili bazari arsebobs. ganviTarebad qveynebSi es ase ar aris. aq sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis bazarze gamyidvelTa raodenoba ufro metia, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. es imiT aixsneba, rom soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili maRalia (40-45%). miwis bazrisa da produqciis warmoebisa da resursebis gamoyenebis ganuviTarebloba aZnelebs da SeuZlebelsac ki xdis bazarze Sesvlas da bazridan gasvlas; garda amisa, ganviTarebad qveynebSi srulyofil konkurencias gzas uRobavs susti da araTanabrad ganviTarebuli sabazro infrastruqtura, mwarmoeblebisaTvis fasebis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmiuwvdomloba da 16

rogorc Sedegi, Suamavlebis mier fermerebze zemoqmedebis SesaZlebloba; 2. soflis meurneobis meore mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba aris miwis gamoyeneba, romelic aramarto bazisia, aramed warmoebis saSualeba. soflis meurneobaSi miwis, rogorc resursis umniSvnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa niadagis nayofiereba, romelic xSirad araerTgvarovania. teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebasTan erTad soflis meurneobis warmoebis damokidebuleba miwasTan dakavSirebiT TandaTanobiT Semcirda, ganviTarda maRalintensiuri teqnologiebi mefrinveleobaSi, meTesleobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, miwa kvlav rCeba ZiriTad warmoebis saSualebad soflis meurneobaSi. miwa, iseve rogorc yvela resursi, SezRudulia da es Tviseba warmoSobs miwis rentis fenomens.

3. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba mkveTradaa damokidebuli garemo pirobebze. maRali agraruli kulturis mqone qveynebSic ki, sadac gamoiyeneba maRalintensiuri teqnologiebi soflis meurneobaSi, agraruli warmoebis Sedegebi Zveleburad ganuWvreteli rCeba. gvalva, wyaldidoba, mavneblebi, mcenareTa da cxovelTa masobrivi daavadebebi agrarul seqtors kapitalis CadebisaTvis SedarebiT maRalriskian sferod aqcevs.

4. soflis meurneobis produqciis diversifikaciis SesaZlebloba metad SezRudulia. ueWvelia, rom teqnikuri progresi am dargSi uzrunvelyofs mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebis sul ufro srulyofilad kultivirebuli saxeebisa da jiSebis gamoyenebas. magram seleqciuri saqmianoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia axali saxeobis mcenareebisa da cxovelebis sawarmoo Tvisebebis srulyofisken: avadobis, mavneblebis, bunebis arasasurveli gavlenis Semcirebisaken, produqtiulobis da teqnologiurobis zrdisaken, maT Soris meqanizebuli da xSirad avtomatizirebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. magram seleqcionerebis mier srulyofili xorbali an stafilo misi samomxmareblo TvisebebiT igive rCeba 17

da momxmareblebisaTvis am produqtebis sargeblianobis gazrda Znelia. am TvalsazrisiT, soflis meurneobis produqciis mwarmoeblebi sxva seqtorebis mwarmoeblebisagan gansxvavebiT, SezRudulebi arian produqciis fasebis awevaSi. Sedegad agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze fasebis pariteti soflis meurneobis produqtze ar icvleba agraruli seqtoris sasargeblod. aSS-is agraruli seqtoris magaliTze XX saukunis manZilze SeiZleba davakvirdeT, rom fasebi fermerebis produqtze CamorCeboda fasebis zrdas im warmoebis saSualebebze, romlebsac fermerebi yidulobdnen.

5. soflis meurneobis produqtze da sursaTze moTxovna specifikuria da aqvs rigi Taviseburebebi. kvebis produqtebi da sasoflo sameurneo produqcia, maTi damzadebisaTvis saWiro nedleuli, miekuTvneba pirveladi aucileblobis produqts, amitom maTze moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba rogorc wesi, 1-ze naklebia, anu araelastikuria. momxmareblebi yiduloben sursaTis ZiriTad saxeobebs maTze fasebis gadidebisa da Semcirebis miuxedavad da praqtikulad ucvleli moculobiT. daaxloebiT gaangariSebulia, rom sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze elastikurobis koeficienti industriul qveynebSi saSualod Seadgens 0,20 _ 0,25, e.i. imisaTvis, rom gaizardos produqciis gasaReba 10%-iT, fermerma fasebi unda Seamciros 40-50%-iT. moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba purze Seadgens 0,15%-s, xorcze – 0,64%-s, kvercxze – 0,32%-s. kvebis produqtebis mxolod Zalian cota raodenobas aqvs elastikuri moTxovna fasebis mixedviT. Sedegad, fasebis Semcireba agrosasursaTo seqtorSi ar kompensirdeba gasaRebis gadidebiT da iwvevs amonagebis Semcirebas. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mosaxleoba sursaTze Tavisi Semosavlis arcTu ise did nawils xarjavs. es garemoeba aseve ganapirobebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze da sursaTze moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis Semcirebas. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, misi wevrebis keTildReobis zrdis Sedegad 18

ojaxis Semosavlis wili, romelic modioda kvebaze, ganuxrelad mcirdeba, Sesabamisad ecema moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sasursaTo produqtebze. e.i. moTxovnis dabali safaso elastikuroba da misi klebadoba aris sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis da sursaTze moTxovnis erT-erTi Tavisebureba.

6. moTxovna soflis meurneobis da sasursaTo produqciaze araelastikuria Semosavlis mixedviTac. didi xania SemCneulia, rom cxovrebis dabali donis pirobebSi, rodesac kvebaze ojaxis Semosavlis ZiriTadi nawili ixarjeba, ojaxis mier yovel damatebiT gamomuSavebul TanxiT ojaxi cdilobs, upirveles yovlisa, daikmayofilos misi moTxovna sursaTze. rodesac gamokvebis problema aRar aris upirvelesi, maSin damatebiT gamomuSavebuli Tanxa gamoiyeneba sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad. amitom Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad kvebis produqtebze da Sesabamisad, soflis meurneobis produqtebze moTxovna araproporciulad izrdeba.

7. sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze dabali elastikuroba warmoSobs e.w. grZelvadian fermerul problemas. TavisTavad, moTxovnis dabali elastikuroba jer kidev ar aris ekonomikis seqtorisaTvis problema, Tu miwodeba ar izrdeba anda umniSvnelod izrdeba. magram saqme imaSia, rom bolo saukunis manZilze agrarulma seqtorma umniSvnelovanesi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlena ganicada: cxenis Zala Seicvala meqanikuri ZaliT, moxda fermebis eleqtrifikacia, mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebam da qimiuri saSualebebiT mcenareTa dacvam SesaZlebeli gaxada mosavlis mniSvnelovnad gazrda, miRweulia progresi cxovelTa da mcenareTa seleqciaSi. mkveTrad gaizarda agraruli Sromis mwarmoebluroba _ Tu gasuli saukuneSi amerikeli fermeri kvebavda 4 adamians, dReisaTvis es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 100 adamiania. amrigad, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis miwodebam swrafi zrda daiwyo. rogorc aRvniSneT, soflis meurneoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba garemos, aminds, mcenareTa da cxovelTa avadobis gavrcelebas da a.S. sasoflo-sameurneo mwarmoeblebis mier produqciis fizikuri moculoba kontrols ar eqvemdebareba 19

absolutur gamosaxulebaSi. meore mxriv, milionobiT mcire, qveynis teritoriaze ganfenil mwarmoeblebs praqtikulad ar SeuZliaT molaparakeba warmoebis erTiani kontrolisaTvis sabazro koniunqturis regulirebis mizniT. Sedegad wliuri agraruli warmoebis meryeoba Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleba. magram safaso elastikuroba soflis meurneobis produqtebze dabalia, es ki imas niSnavs, rom mcire cvlilebas moTxovnaSi Tan sdevs fasebis mniSvnelovani cvlileba.

8. soflis meurneoba maRalkonkurentuli dargia. bazris kanonebis ZaliT Semosavlebis Semcirebis paralelurad unda moxdes fermerebis gadadineba am dargidan saqmianobis sxva, ufro momgebia sferoSi. Tumca praqtikaSi es ase ar xdeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseTi doniT ara, rogoradac mcirdeba fermerTa Semosavlebi. pirvel rigSi, gansxvavebiT ekonomikis sxva dargebisagan, soflis meurneoba _ es aris ara marto warmoebis sfero, aramed cxovrebis sferoc. msoflioSi Zalian bevri adamiania dakavebuli agraruli SromiT ara marto imitom, rom es maTi biznesia, aramed glexuri (fermeruli) cxovrebis wesiT igi masTanaa dakavSirebuli. Sedegad, dasaqmeba am seqtorSi ar reagirebs ekonomikis koniunqturaze iseTive tempiT, rogorc sxva dargebSi. maSasadame, agraruli Sromis mobiloba sakmaod dabalia. aqedan gamomdinareobs soflis cxovrebis wesisa da fermeris Tavisebureba. es gamoxatulia gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT cxovrebisa da Sromis wesTan, ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis am nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi konservatizmiT. meore mxriv, maSinac ki, rodesac fermeri tovebs fermas, misi miwa ar gamodis sasoflo-sameurneo brunvidan, aramed xvdeba sxva fermeris xelSi. amgvarad isini afarToeben Tavis meurneobas da xdeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis miwodebis SenarCuneba. mesame mxriv, soflis meurneobaSi danaxarjebis struqturaSi mudmivi danaxarjebi absoluturad aRemateba cvalebad danaxarjebs. SeiZleba Semcirdes msxvilfexa rqosani pi20

rutyvis suladoba rZeze moTxovnis Semcirebis sapasuxod, magram fermas mainc sWirdeba saeqspluatacio da remontis xarjebi. garda amisa, ganviTarebul qveynebSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis didi nawili ipoTekiTaa dakavebuli, e.i. fermerebi valdebulni arian gadaixadon garkveuli sargeblis ganakveTi miuxedavad warmoebis moculobisa. zustad aseve, Tu meurneobis gaZRola xdeba arendirebul miwaze, fermerma unda gadaixados sargeblis ganakveTi. saojaxo fermerul meurneobas ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamciros warmoebaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi, ramdenadac ZiriTadi samuSao Zala _ es misi ojaxia, romlis ganTavisuflebac SeuZlebelia bazris Secvlili koniunqturidan gamomdinare. Uufro metic, ekonomikuri krizisis periodebSi, rodesac Semosavlebis Semcireba xdeba, adgili aqvs soflis mosaxleobis qalaqebSi gadinebas. amrigad, resursebis mobiluroba soflis meurneobaSi grZelvadiani fermeruli problemebis gaRrmavebas iwvevs. soflis meurneobaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis dinamika, dargis mTlian produqtze gaangariSebiT mocemulia cxrilSi #1. sityvaTSeTanxmeba `soflis meurneoba� umetesad pozitiur datvirTvas atarebs. magaliTad, biologiuri, organuli, racionaluri, glexuri, mdgradi da sxv. xolo rig SemTxvevebSi negatiurs: produqtivisturi, qimizirebuli da sxv. terminebs Soris es gansxvavebebi naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu raoden mravalferovania Tanamedrove soflis meurneobebis modelebi. amasTanave am modelTa ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. termini _ soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciuroba aramarto axali termini, aramed azrovnebisa da moqmedebis stilic gaxda. es naTlad Cans sasoflo-sameurneo miznebiT bunebis gamoyenebis dros wamoWrili problemebis ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, kulturul-istoriuli aspeqtebis erToblivi analizis drosac. evrokavSiris meore evropul konferenciaze aRiniSna, rom sasoflo-sameurneo regionebis ganviTareba mxolod soflis meurneobas veRar daeyrdnoba. igi moiTxovs agrosamrewvelo seqtoris diversifikacias 21

soflis meurneobis mTliani produqtis saSualowliuri indeqsi da mTliani produqti erT dasaqmebulze soflis meurneobaSi 1989-2005 wlebSi. cxrili #1 soflis meurneobis mTliani produqti avstria avstralia belgia-luqsenburgi didi britaneTi germania saberZneTi dania irlandia espaneTi italia kanada niderlandebi norvegia portugalia aSS TurqeTi fineTi safrangeTi SvedeTi iaponia wyaro: OECD da

1

1,3 2.0 0,7 2,1 1,3 2,0 2,6 2,6 2,8 1,4 1,8 2,8 2,3 1,9 2,0 2,9 2,1 2,1 2,0 0,6

FAO monacemebi1

mTliani produqti erT dasaqmebulze soflis meurneobaSi 5,7 2,4 3,9 3,8 4,9 -6,2 6,0 7,9 5,0 2,2 4,7 5,3 1,8 2,3 2,8 5,9 5,9 4,7 4,6

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso organizacia (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-OECD), romelic Camoyalibda 1961 wels da axdens industriuli qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis koordinacias. misi wevrebis ricxvi 30-s Seadgens da masSi Sedis iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa aSS, kanada, iaponia, Ggermania, safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, samxreT korea da avstralia. gaeros sursaTis da soflis meurneobisa organizacia (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-FAO) dafuZnda 1945 wels da ganviTarebad qveynebs exmareba soflis meurneobis, metyeveobis da meTevzeobis meTodebis daxvewaSi.

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rogorc SigniT, aseve gareTac. amave dros, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos misi rekreaciuli funqciebi. soflis meurneobis e.w. `evropuli modelis� dacva evropuli Tanamegobrobis erT-erTi prioritetul misiad rCeba. es modeli diferencirebulia seqtorebis, regionebisa da fermebis mixedviT. igi asaxavs evropuli sazogadoebis specifikur istorias, kulturas, mis arCevans da centralur koncefciad soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebasTan Serwymuli mravalfunqciuroba gvevlineba. konkurentunarian warmoebasTan erTad am modelma unda uzrunvelyos adgilobrivi landSaftebis da momaragebis lokaluri qselebis SenarCuneba. soflis meurneoba civilizaciis nawilia: produqcia, tradiciebi, ojaxuri fermebi, kulturuli landSaftebi _ yvelaferi es masTan mWidro kavSiriSia. evropis soflis meurneobaSi ekologiuri darRvevebi (landSaftis fragmentacia, biotipebis gaqroba, miwaTmowyobis radikaluri Secvla) ewinaaRmdegeba kulturis Zireul faseulobebs. aqedan gamomdinare biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba evropuli kulturis sakiTxia1. evropuli agraruli politika radikalurad icvleba globaluri ekonomikis gavlenis gaZlierebasa da evrokavSiris gafarToebasTan erTad. mTavari momenti aris is, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi produqtis deficiti misma siWarbem Secvala, xolo garemos da cxovrebis komfortuli pirobebis SenarCuneba prioritetul sakiTxad iqca. mravalfunqciurobis koncefcia am problemebs win swevs da maT sasoflosameurneo produqtebis warmoebis problemis gverdiT ayenebs gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca arsebuli miwis resursebis gamoyenebis scenarebis Sefasebis sakiTxi dgeba. ekologiis kuTxiT, soflis meurneoba nawilobrivad SeiZleba Canacvldes bunebrivi ekosistemebis restavraciiT. es SeiZleba ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli gaxdes garkveul 1

Dorian G., Defending the European Rural and Agricultural Model at the WTO. 2001. p.7 www.rural-europe.aeidl.be

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pirobebSi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi soflis meurneobas dotaciuri xasiaTi aqvs da minimaluri wvlili Seaqvs ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTlian Sida produqtSi. barieri SeiZleba gaxdes socialuri da kulturul-istoriuli faseulobebi, romlebic SenarCunebas soflis meurneobis tradiciul models unda umadlodnen. sofeli ara marto simbolo, aramed adamianis mravalsaukunovani moRvaweobis produqtia. evropaSi pirveladi landSaftebi mxolod Zalian SezRudul teritoriebze SenarCunda. 1990 wlebis dasawyisSi am problemis mimarT interesi sagrZnoblad gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac gatarda reforma: `evrokavSiris erTiani sasoflo-sameurneo politika� (The EU Common Agricultural Policy - CAP). am periodSi oficialur doneze gadaidga pirveli nabijebi, raTa momxdariyo produqtivizmis ideebisgan gamijvna da soflis meurneobis ekologiuri funqciis damkvidreba. XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis swored am safuZvelze moxda mravalfunqciurobis koncefciisa da soflis meurneobis evropuli modelis Camoyalibeba. mravalfunqciurobis koncefciis Sesabamisad gamoyofen 4 ZiriTad nawils: 1. sofeli, rogor sacxovrebeli garemo; 2.soflis sawarmoo funqciebi; 3. garemos dacva; 4.kulturul-socialuri aspeqtebi. soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciurobis koncefciisa da soflis meurneobis evropuli modelis Camoyalibeba CAP-s ukavSirdeba. evropis organuli fermeruli gaerTianebis zogadi miznebi da SemoTavazebebi ganxilulia dokumetSi, romelic ganviTarda organuli soflis meurneobis saerTaSoriso federaciis _ IFOAM-is (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements)1 evropis regionaluri jgufSi. misi mTavari mizania ekologiurad mdgradi soflis 1

organuli soflis meurneobis moZraobis saerTaSoriso federacia, romelSic 700-ze meti organizacia gawevrianebuli 96 qveyanaSi.

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meurneobis produqciis sistemis danergva mTel msoflioSi, raTa yvela qveynis mosaxleoba momaragdes usafrTxo, janmrTeli sakvebiTa da wyliT. A am sistemebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia: • daeyrdnos umTavresad adgilobriv, ganaxlebad resursebs; • efeqturad gamoiyenos biologiuri procesebis potenciali; • SeinarCunos niadagis biologiuri aqtivoba da nayofiereba; • maqsiamlurad gadaamuSavos mcenareebi da organuli nivTierebebi, sakvebis narCenebis CaTvliT; • ar gamoiyenos arabunebrivi naerTebi da ar ganaxorcielos arabunebrivi procesebi; • warmoebis sistemaSi, aseve soflis meurneobis teritoriebze SeinarCunos biologiuri mravalferovneba; • gazardos cxovelebi ekologiurad sufTa garemoSi, swori dietiT. es kriteriumebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas sxvadasxva gzebiT. magram es SesaZlebeli iqneba maSin, roca ekologiuri mdgradobis principebi gavlenas iqonieben warmoebis sistemis relevantur socialur, ekonomikur da politikur faqtorebze. es moiTxovs: • fermerebi uzrunvelyofili iyvenen warmoebisaTvis saWiro pirobebiT, rogorciaa miwis, wylisa da genetikuri resursebis gamoyeneba; • normaluri ekonomikuri pirobebi, romelic fermerobidan adekvatur Semosavals uzrunvelyofs; • adgilobrivi da regionaluri warmoeba prioritetuli unda iyos agrarul politikaSi; • tradiciuli fermerobis sistemebi iyos daculi da aRiarebuli rogorc codnis mniSvnelovani wyaro; • sakvebis mwarmoeblisTvis mTavari motivacia ar unda iyos fuli.

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sqema 2 mdgradoba, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar warmoadgens formalur dadgenilebas, romelic agronomiuli qmedebebiTaa gansazRvruli. is aseve xSirad moiTxovs fundamenturstruqturul da socialur-ekonomikur cvlilebebs. organuli fermerobis moZraobas ar aqvs pretenzia mdgradobis am ZiriTadi principebis eqskluziur saavtoro uflebebze. piriqiT Tvlian, rom es principebi unda miiRos da ganaxorcielos yvelam. vercerTi fermeruli sistema ver uaryofs am principebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, risi naTeli magaliTic gaxlavT evropis soflis meurneobis problemebi. organuli fermeroba mowinave da yvelaze kargad ganviTarebuli midgomaa mdgradi soflis meurneobisaTvis. mzardi momxmareblebisa da maTi mudmivi mxardaWeris wyalobiT daarsda sertificirebuli organuli seqtori, anu sistemis modeli maRali mdgradobis moTxovnebiT. organuli soflis meurneoba gaxda inovaciebisa Semomtani mTeli soflis meurneobis seqtorisaTvis.

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bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, evropis soflis meurneoba daaxasiaTes, rogorc aramgradi resursebis mqone da garemos damabinZurebeli es gamowveulia Warbi raodenobis warmoebiT, rac Zveli industriuli sistemebis bralia.1. dResdReobiT, mTavar mizans warmoadgens zedmeti warmoebis SezRudva, teqnikuri progresis araswori gamoyenebiT miRebuli negatiuri Sedegebis aRmofxvra, rogoricaa soflis mosaxleobis Semcireba, garemos dabinZureba da janmrTelobisaTvis mavne sakvebi. ar arsebobs aranairi dasabuTebuli argumenti imisa, riTac raodenobrivi zrda CAP-is umTavres miznad darCeboda. evropa sakmarisze meti raodenobis sakvebs awarmoebs.

CAP-is axali wesdebebi miznad isaxavs mwarmoeblurobis gazrdis motivaciis Semcirebas, axali miznebi ki fokusirebulia xarisxze. maT Soris yvelaze fundamentaluria: 1. ekologiuri mdgradoba. arsebobs ekologiuri limitebi, romelTa mixedviT soflis meurneoba unda ganviTardes.

2. ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgradoba. saWiroa Seiqmnas ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebi ekologiurad mdgradi soflis meurneobis mxardasaWerad. magram `veranairi gziT ver Seicvleba ekologiuri limitebi, ekonomikuri da socialuri survilebidan gamomdinare�2. amsterdamis konvenciis mixedviT, mdgradi ganviTareba evropis umTavres mizanadaa aRiarebuli. CAP-ma momaval miznad unda daisaxos mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba. rogorc organuli soflis meurneobis moZraobis saerTaSoriso federaciis _ IFOAM-is evrokavSiris regionuli jgufis xedvaSia naTqvami, `Cven ki movlenebs odnav win vuswrebT da vambobT, rom CAP-is upirvelesi mizani, mwarmeob-

1

A Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Europe, Position paper on CAP review and reform, IFOAM EU Regional Group April 2002. p. 2 2 A Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Europe, Position paper on CAP review and reform, IFOAM EU Regional Group, April 2002. p. 5-6

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lurobis nacvlad, unda gaxdes mgradoba”1. dokumentSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom radgan soflis meurneoba mravalfunqciuria, CAP-ma mdgradobasTan erTad sxva Tvisebebis Camoyalibebac unda daisaxos miznad, kerZod: • sakvebis usafrTxoeba. CAP-ma unda uzrunvelyos sakvebis usafrTxoeba ara marto evropis moqalaqeebisaTvis, aramed ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvisac.

• produqtis xarisxi. Pproduqtis xarisxs didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos, unda iyos janmrTelobisTvis usafrTxo. sakvebis usafrTxoeba ar aris sakmarisi, produqti unda iyos adamianis janmrTelobisTvis sasargeblo.

• gamWvirvaleoba. momxmarebels sruli ufleba aqvs icodes informacia produqtis Semadgenlobisa da warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

• biomravalferovneba. soflis meurneoba tradiciulad Semoqmedia. es tradicia unda SenarCundes da ganviTardes.

• eTikuri xarisxi. warmoebis yvela aspeqti, rogoricaa cxovelebis movla, daqiravebuli personalis samuSao pirobebi, eTikur normebs ar unda gascdes.

• soflis ganviTareba. CAP-ma unda uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri sicocxlisunarianoba evropis yvela kuTxeSi. • windaxeduloba. windaxeduloba iqnes gamoCenili teqnologiuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisas. amasTan erTad, ZalaSi unda darCes CAP-is Zveli miznebi.

• fermebis Semosavali. soflis meurneobiT mcxovreb sazogadoebas cxovrebis normaluri pirobebi unda hqondes.

• sursaTis fasi. racionaluri fasi momxmarebisa da gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTaTvis.

• stabiluri bazari. stabiluri fasebis damyareba.

1

A Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Europe, Position paper on CAP review and reform, IFOAM EU Regional Group, April 2002. p. 6

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mdgradi soflis meurneobis miznebi da faqtorebi

sqema 3 rogorc bolo wlebis publikaciaTa analizi gvaCvenebs, mecnier ekonomistebi cdiloben sabazro ekonomikur pirobebSi mdgradobis sakiTxebi ganixilon warmoebis poziciiT. mdgradobas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs soflis meurneobaSi. agrosasursaTo seqtoris mdgomareoba, misi efeqtianoba da mdgradoba qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxrebisa da sasursaTo damoukideblobis ganmsazRvrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, agroproduqciis warmoebis mdgradobaze gaZlierebuli kontroli aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic agrarul politikas ganixilaven, rogorc prioritetulsa da strategiuls. magram dRes-dReobiT mecnierebi, politikosebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro xSirad saubroben mdgradi soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb. problemis mniSvnelobaze isic metyvelebs, rom am sakiTxze mravali samecniero naSromia Seqmnili.

29

XIX saukuneSi, evropaSi gaCnda Teoria `mdgradi glexuri meurneobis” Sesaxeb. am Teoriis fuZemdeblebi (k. klavki, g. gexti, l. brentalo) icavden mcire sasoflo meurneobis upiratesobas msxvilTan SedarebiT. mogvianebiT, soflis meurneobis industrnalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, am Teoriam transformacia ganicada `saojaxo (fermeruli) meurneobis mdgradobis” Seswavlis mimarTulebiT, romlis momxreebma (p. samuelsoni, g. nikhauzi, g. pribe) Seiswavles maRalmeqanizebuli warmoebis mdgradoba daqiravebuli Sromis _ saojaxo fermis gamoyenebiT. rigi mecnierebi mdgradobas sasoflo kulturebis mosavlianobis cvalebadobis Semcirebas ukavSireben (v.m. obuxovi, a.f. fortunatovi, n.s.Cetverikovi). es azri jer kidev XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda. mdgradobis moTxovnebs organuli (biologiuri) soflis meurneoba pasuxobs, sadac xdeba organuli (bio) produqtebis warmoeba. igi unda iyos adgilobriv fermerul, socialur, geografiul da klimatur faqtorebze morgebuli. mdgrad soflis meurneobas mecnierebi sxvadasxva terminebiT gansazRvraven _ organuli, biologiuri, ekologiuri da isini, rogorc sinonimebi ise ixmareba. termini `organuli” pirvelad gamoiyena l. nortburma wignSi: `Sexede miwas”1. termini `organuli soflis meurneoba” cnobili gaxda mxolod XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. 1997 wels organul soflis meurneobas mecnierma mark lipsonma uwoda `organika” anu `o-sityva”. man am dargs sakmaod problemuri iarliki miakera2.

1

Northbourne L., Look to the Land. Basis Books, London. 1940. p. 23 Lipson, M. Searching for the ‘O–Word’: An Analysis of the USDA Current Research Information System (CRIS) for Pertinence to Organic Farming. Organic Farming Research Foundation, Santa Cruz. 1997. pp.5-6.

2

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termini `organuli soflis meurneoba” ganimarta saerTaSoriso standartSi ,,Codex Alimentarius GL32”1. aq aRniSnulia, rom: `organuli saflis meurneoba holistikuri warmoebis menejmentis sistemaa, romelic axdens da xels uwyobs ekosistemis sijansaRes, biomravalferovnebas, biologiur ciklebsa da niadagis biologiur aqtiobas. amis ganxorcieleba xdeba agronomiuli, biologiuri da meqanikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, sinTeTikuri masalebis CanacvlebiT, raTa yvela specifikuri funqcia sistemis SigniT ganxorcieldes2.

SemdgomSi es termini gafarTovda da amjerad is moicavs organuli da biodinamikuri produqtebis miwodebis mTlian jaWvs, dawyebuli warmoebis faqtorebiT, masalebiT da nedleuliT, damTavrebuli saboloo saxis mza produqciiT. igi aseve moicavs ara marto fermerul warmoebas, aramed mis kulturul da socialur aspeqtebsac. zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, rom `organuli moZraobis” magivrad, dRes-dReobiT ufro misRebia vixmaroT termini _ `organuli industria”3. organuli soflis meurneobis mzardi socialuri da politikuri roli gvkarnaxobs, rom igi ufro metia, vidre `organuli industria”. cxrilSi #2 Sedarebulia soflis meurneobis ori modeli – fermeroba, rogorc industriuli sawarmo da fermeroba, rogorc biologiuri sistema. termini `konvenciuri soflis meurneoba” aRniSnavs dominantur, industriul, standartul soflis meurneobas, fermerul saqmianobas, rac mTels msoflioSi gamoiyeneba.

1

The Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labeling and Marketing of Organically Producer Foods GL 32 – 1999, Rev. 1- 2001, p.4.

2 FAO 1999. Organic Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Accessed 26/2/99. http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/COAG/COAG15/X0075E.htm 3 Cornish, P., Stewart, T., Certification – case studies with Australian market gardeners. In: Thompson, R. (ed.) Cultivating Communities. Proceedings of the 14th IFOAM Organic World Congress. Victoria, Canada, Ottawa Canadian Organic Growers,. 21 to 28 August, 2002, p. 222.

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rogorc wesi, konvenciuri soflis meurneoba ar awesebs SezRudvebs gamoyenebul masalebsa da teqnikaze imis garda, rac kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. garkveulwilad konvenciuri da organuli soflis meurneobebi erTmaneTs avsebs. soflis meurneobis industriuli da biologiuri modelebis Sedareba cxrili #2 konvenciuri (industriuli) modeli

organuli (biologiuri) modeli

energiatevadi wrfivi procesi ferma rogorc sawarmo warmoebis gayofa gamxoloebuli warmoeba monokultura

informaciatevadi cikluri procesi ferma rogorc ekosistema warmoebis integracia mravalgvari warmoeba mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mravalferovneba maRali Rirebulebis produqtebi mravaljeradad gamoyenebadi mowyobilobebi aqtiuri marketingi

dabali Rirebulebis produqtebi erTjeradi gamoyenebis mowyobiloba pasiuri marketingi

unda aRiniSnos, rom termini ,,konvenciuri� moicavs menejeruli strategiebis did sxvadasxvaobas. magaliTad, konvenciuri marcvleulis mwarmoebeli SeiZleba iyenebdes mineralur sasuqs, amave dros xmarobdes saqonlis nakels da Tavs aridebdes pesticidebis gamoyenebas. organuli soflis meurneoba moicavs mTel sistemas dawyebuli ganawilebidan (distribuciis qselidan) damTavrebuli agrosamrewvelo gavlenis monitoringiT1. ekonomikuri mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa arCeul iqnas momgebiani warmoeba. ekonomikuri mdgradoba didadaa damokidebuli sawarmos arCevanze, finansur dagegmva1

Carruthers, G. and Tinning, G. 2003. Where, and how, do monitoring and sustainability indicators fit into environmental management systems? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43(3): pp. 317–318.

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ze, marketingze, riskebis menejmentsa da saerTod, karg menejmentze. metad mniSvnelovania socialuri mdgradoba. socialuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis magaliTebia: Sesyidvebis ganxorcieleba adgilobrivi momwodeblebisagan, adgilobriv momxmareblebTan kavSirebis Zieba, momxmarebelze orientirebuli gadawyvetilebebis Zieba warmoebaSi da menejmentSi. socialuri mdgradoba amave dros moicavs fermaSi mcxovrebi da momuSave adamianebis cxovrebis xarisxs. masSi Sedis komunikaciis kargi xarisxi, ndobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis arseboba1. mdgrad fermerobaze gadasvlis procesSi yvelaze didi problema aris is, Tu rogor unda moergos ekonomikuri momgebianobis, socialuri gaumjobesebis da ekologiuri gajansaRebis principebi Tems, fermas da finansur procesebs. menejeruli koncefciebi, romelic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT am miznebis misaRwevad, aris Semdegi: • niadagis dafarva mcenareTa monacvleobiT; • miwis damuSavebis konservaciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba; • kultivirebis mravalferovneba; • marcvleulis brunva; • damcavi nargavebisa da mwvane sasuqis gamoyeneba. amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba mokled CamovayaliboT mdgradi soflis meurneobis principebi. mdgradi soflis meurneoba erTdroulad pasuxobs ekonomikur, bunebrivi garemos da socialur miznebs. radgan am miznebis gadafarva xdeba, maTi marTva erTdroulad xorcieldeba. ekonomikuri mdgradoba saWiroebs momgebiani warmoebis wesis arCevas da srulyofil, yovelmxriv finansur dagegmvas. socialuri mdgradoba saWiroebs, rom fuli brunavdes adgilobriv ekonomikaSi. garemos mdgradoba gulisxmobs ekosistemis oTxi procesis (energiis nakadebis, wylisa da 1

Burleson, Wayne and Connie Burleson, Rut Buster: A Visual Goal Setting Book, Sloping Acre Publishing Company, Absarokee, Montana, 1994. p.45.

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mineraluri ciklis da sicocxlisunariani ekosistemis dinamikis) karg mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebas. miwis gamoyenebis strategiebi, romelic mimarTulia mdgradi ganviTarebisaken moicavs: • mcenareTa monacvleobas wlis ganmavlobaSi; • moxvnis Tavidan acilebas; • biomravalferovnebis gazrdas yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia; • damcavi nargavebis gamoyenebas; • nakelis farTod gamoyenebas; • memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis integrirebas; • mogebis dagegmvas; • gamargvlis, qimiuri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis gamoyenebis minimumamde dayvanas; • saWiro masalis adgilobrivad SeZenas; • adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebas da cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebas. grZelvadian periodSi, agraruli politika sruliad Seicvleba imgvarad, rom organuli warmoeba zedmeti specifiuri stimulebis daxmarebis gareSe sakmaod konkurentunariani gaxdeba.

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1.3 mdgradi soflis meurneobis Camoyalibebis strategiebi da modelebi bunebasTan dapirispirebam, mis mimarT momxmareblurma damokidebulebam mZime da damafiqrebeli Sedegebi moutana Cvens civilizacias. ganviTarebasTan erTad, sazogadoebas sul ufro meti bunebrivi resursebi sWirdeba, maTi maragi ki mcirdeba. cxadia, bunebaze adamianis zemoqmedeba gardauvalia, magram es ar unda iyos mxolod gamoyenebiTi, vinaidan bunebis kanonebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saqmianoba, saboloo jamSi, savalalo Sedegebis momtania. dRes ekonomikur-ekologiuri procesebi msoflio masStabiT erTmaneTTan urTierTkavSirSia. garemos dabinZureba dedamiwis erT regionSi aucileblad moaxdens gavlenas sxva regionze ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. amJamad rTulia soflis meurneobaSi pirvelyofili bunebrivi mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze saubari - ekologebis pozicia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ar Seqmnan dabinZurebis damatebiTi wyaroebi. bunebisadmi frTxili, zomieri midgoma organuli (biologiuri) meurneobis koncefcias udevs safuZvlad (saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad biologiuri, organuli, ekologiuri sinonimuri terminebia). es koncefcia gulisxmobs, adamianebis mier bunebrivi resursebis imgvarad gamoyenebas, romelic dedamiwaze sicocxles ar daazianebs. organuli moZraoba globalur soflis meurneobaSi warmogvidgeba, rogorc mravalprofiliani niSa seqtori. aseve sainteresoa ganvixiloT tendenciebi, romlebmac Tanamedrove organul soflis meurneobaze didi gavlena moaxdina. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT organuli soflis meurneobis miznebi da praqtikuli Sedegebi, aseve aqve ganvixilavT misi ZiriTadi principebis evolucias.

XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qimiuri da mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebas soflis meurneobaSi qimiuri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis, agreTve sasoflo-same35

urneo teqnikisa da teqnologiebis aqtiuri danergva mohyva, ramac erTgvari revolucia moaxdina agrarul dargSi: gaizarda mosavlianoba, Semcirda xeliT Sroma, Sesabamisad Semcirda produqciis TviTRirebulebac. am periodSi yuradReba ar eqceoda agrobiomravalferovnebas, miwisqveSa wylebis menejments, niadagis sijansaRes, ramac eWvqveS daayena SeuCerebeuli da mudmivi warmoebis idea. es faqti cnobilia egreTwodebuli `mwvane revoluciis” saxeliT. `mwvane revolucias” safuZveli daedo 1943 wels meqsikis mTavrobis sasoflo-sameurneo programiT da rokfeleris fondis mier. am programiT udides warmatebas miaRwia norman borlougma, romelmac gamoiyvana xorblis mravalnairi maRalefeqturi jiSebi, ris safuZvelzec meqsikam mTlianad uzrunvelyo sakuTari Tavi xorbliT da misi eqsporti daiwyo. qveyanaSi 15 wlis manZilze mosavlianoba 3-jer gaizarda. borlougis miRwevebi gamoyenebul iqna kolumbiis, indoeTis, pakistanis seleqciur samuSaoebSi da 1970 wels man nobelis premia miiRo. `mwvane revoluciam’’ dedamiwis mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis gamokvebis saSualeba Seqmna, gaaujobesa cxovrebis xarisxi. magram amave dros, mineraluri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis farTod gavrcelebam wamoWra ekologiuri xasiaTis problemebi. miwaTmoqmedebis intensifikaciam daarRvia niadagis xarisxi, ramac gamoiwvia damlaSeba da gaudabnoeba, mZime metalebiT dabinZureba da garemos ekologiuri mdgomareobis degradacia. indoeTsa da sxva ganviTarebad qveynebSi Tavdapirvelad soflis meurneobis dawyebiTi stadia ar ayenebda zians garemos. mecxoveleoba da mcenareebis moyvana ekologiuri aspeqtebis dacviT mimdinareobda. miwis damuSaveba mxolod bunebrivi sasuqiT xdeboda. axlandeli meurneobisgan gansxvavebiT, didi raodenobiT mosavali ar modioda, magram ekologiurad sufTa produqtebi iqmneboda.

36

me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi germanelma iustus von LieaRmoaCina, rom mcenareebi ikvebebian haeridan miRebuli azotiTa da naxSiroJangiT iseve, rogorc niadagidan miRebuli mineralebiT. man gamoigona azotze damzadebuli sasuqi. daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg, miulerma gamoscada axali Semadgenloba, diqlor-difenil-triqlormeTilmeTani (ddt) romelic, misi azriT, `idealuri iaraRi� aRmoCnda mwerebTan sabrZolvelad. germanelma qimikosma oTmar zeidlerma2 es Semadgenloba pirvelad 1874 wels SeimuSava. amis Semdeg misgan warmoebuli iqna sxvadasxva qimiuri inseqticidi, romlebic mzaddeboda azotis, fosforisa da kaliumisagan. am qimiuri saSualebebis Tavdapirveli warmateba sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. rodesac gairkva, rom maTi moxmareba did zians ayenebs niadags, garemo ukve sagrZnoblad iyo dabinZurebuli. msoflioSi cnobilia faqti, rodesac niadagis qimiuri damuSavebisas gamoyenebuli ddt aRmoCenil iqna antarqtidaSi cxovelebs Soris, romlebic aTaseuli kilometris daSorebiT cxovrobdnen am qimikatis gamoyenebis adgilidan3. soflis meurneobis produqciaze momxmareblis moTxovnilebis gazrdis fonze, sursaTiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis problemis amgvari gadaWra namdvili sensacia iyo. magram, rogorc xSirad xdeba, droTa ganmavlobaSi gaCnda problemebi: pirvel rigSi praqtikosma glexebma da Semdeg mecnierebma SeniSnes, rom mosavlianobis matebasTan erTad, mavnebelTa da daavadebebis ricxovnobam, mcenareTa gamZleobam qimiuri preparatebis mimarT imata. maTTan brZolisaTvis saWiro xdeboda qimiuri preparatebis asortimentisa da dozebis gazrda. garda amisa, qimiuri sasuqebis gamoyenebiT gamoifita niadagi da misi nayofierebis aRdgena qimiuri sasuqebis ufro intensiur gamoyenebas iTxovda. mecnierebma da glexebma gaacnobieres, rom soflis meurneoba sul ufro damokidebuli xdeboda qimiur industriaze. bigma1

1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmar_Zeidler 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution 2

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soflis meurneobis ganviTarebiT gamowveulma garemos dazianebam saWiro gaxada efeqturi da myari zomebis miReba. mecnierebma daadgines, rom mdgradi soflis meurneobis strategiebsa da modelebs ekologiuri sayrdeni gansazRvravs. XX saukunis dasawyisSi biologiuri soflis meurneobis koncefcias safuZveli Cauyara Sveicarielma mecnierma hans miulerma, romelmac meuRlesTan erTad SeimuSava bio-organuli miwaTmoqmedebis safuZvlebi. amosavali principi iyo glexis TviTSegnebis amaRleba, glexuri meurneobis damoukideblobisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis miRweva, rac gulisxmobda: • soflis meurneobis qimiur mrewvelobaze damokidebulebisgan ganTavisuflebas - qimiuri sasuqebisa da sxva saSualebebis gamoyenebis SezRudvas, mcenareTa dacvisa da niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebisaTvis sakuTari meurneobis resursebis maqsimalur gamoyenebas; • produqciis gasaRebaSi damoukideblobis miRwevas _ produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebiT sakuTari bazris mopovebas im momxmarebelze gaTvliT, romelic dainteresebulia saRi sakvebiTa da sufTa garemoTi. qimiuri mrewvelobis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli problemebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi jer kidev ar iyo bolomde gamokveTili da Seswavlili. Tumca, biologiuri meurneobis fuZemdeblebma sworad Seafases konvenciuri soflis meurneobis mosalodneli Sedegebi da gansazRvres biologiuri soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi principebi: 1. Caketili ciklis uzrunvelyofa. ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, gulisxmobs Tavis Sekavebas qimiuri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis, agreTve, konvenciuri saTesle masalisa da saqonlis sakvebis SeZenisagan; ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Caketili wrebrunva meurneobis resursebis aqtiuri gamoyenebiT amcirebs fermeris danaxarjebs da meurneoba naklebad damokidebuli xdeba qimiur mrewvelobaze; 2. niadagis nayofierebis amaRleba sakuTari resursebiT. mecnierebic da gamocdilebac adasturebs, rom niadagis 38

nayofierebas, mcenaris zrdasa da adamianis janmrTelobas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs; 3. bunebrivi resursebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba. biologiuri soflis meurneobis koncefciis mixedviT, bunebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba gulisxmobs ara marto damabinZurebeli zemoqmedebis Tavidan acilebas, aramed bunebrivi resursebis imgvarad xarjvas, rom ar dairRves bunebrivi balansi. magaliTad, saZovrebis eqspluataciisas aucilebelia morigeobiTi Zovebis principis dacva; 4. bunebriv kanonzomierebaTa gaTvaliswineba da gamoyeneba. es biologiuri soflis meurneobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani principia. praqtikuli miznebis garda (mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mavneblebisa da daavadebebisagan dacva), biomeurneobaSi stabiluri garemos SenarCuneba da jiSTa mravalferovneba, bunebrivi kanonzomierebebisa da regulirebis meqanizmebis gaTvaliswineba, xels uwyobs bunebis dacvasa da gadaSenebis piras myofi adgilobrivi jiSebis SenarCunebas; 5. maRalxarisxovani sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba _ biomeurneobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania. garemos saerTo dabinZurebis arsebul fonze, niadagSi yovelTvis arsebobs mavne nivTierebebis narCeni raodenobeba _ pesticidebis, sasuqebis an nebismieri sinTezuri nivTierebebis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebic bolomde ar daiSala da SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva formiT arsebobdes niadagSi, mcenareSi an saboloo produqtSi. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan biomeurneobaSi ar gamoiyeneba mineraluri sasuqebi da mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebi, saboloo produqciaSi ar unda iyos narCeni raodenobebi. biomeurneobis ideam Sveicariis Semdeg mxardamWerebi sxva qveynebSic moipova. Tavdapirvelad germaniaSi, Semdeg ki msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Seiqmna organizaciebi, maT Soris fermerTa gaerTianebebi, romelTa misia biologiuri miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba iyo. Tavdapirvelad biomeurneobis ideas msoflios yvela qveyanaSi garkveuli undoblobiT uyurebdnen, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda: 39

sqema 4 biomeurneobis mowyobisa da biomeTodebis arasakmarisi codna, dabalkvalificiuri da mcire raodenobis sakonsultacio samsaxurebi, arasaTanado mxardaWera saxelmwifos mxridan, bioproduqciis bazris neli tempiT ganviTareba da sxv.

Tanamedrove etapze konvenciuri soflis meurneobis uaryofiTi gavlena meurneobasa da garemoze cxadia. misi Sedegia is, rom: • qimiuri pesticidebisa (sinTezuri nivTierebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad) da mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebam daaziana niadagis struqtura da daeca misi bunebrivi nayofiereba; • qimiuri herbicidebisa (sinTezuri nivTierebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sarevelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad) da mineraluri sasuqebis gardaqmnis produqtebma daarRvies niadagis cocxali organizmebis kvebiTi reJimi, Seamcires maTi ricxovnoba, dairRva organul nivTierebaTa balansi, rac Tavis mxriv uaryofiTad aisaxeba mcenaris srulfasovan kvebaze; • mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT dairRva ekologiur wonasworoba, ramac gavlena moaxdina 40

arasamizne organizmebzec. magaliTad, qimiuri preparatebis gamoyenebis Sedegad iRupebian iseTi sokoebic, romlebic Tavis mxriv mavneblebs asnebovneben da xels uSlian maT masiur gamravlebas. qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT fermeri ebrZvis ara mxolod konkretul mavnebels, aramed Tavisdauneburad zogierT sasargeblo mwersac, romelic Tavis mxriv sxva mavneblis bunebrivi mteria - Sesabamisad, erTi mavneblis gavrcelebis problema ixsneba, magram xdeba sxva mavneblis ricxovnobis zrdis stimulireba; • qimiuri pesticidis gamoyeneba garkveuli drois manZilze amcirebs daavadebaTa da mavnebelTa ricxovnobas, magram igi gavlenas ver axdens populaciis TviTaRdgenis unarze, ufro metic - ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi mavnebeli gamoimuSavebs gamZleobas konkretuli preparatis mimarT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi vrceldeba sruliad axali daavadebac.

Sesabamisad, saWiro xdeba pesticidis dozis gazrda an Secvla ufro Zliermoqmedi pesticidiT - amdenad, fermeri mudmivad damokidebuli xdeba qimiur mrewvelobaze; • garemos datvirTvam qimiuri sasuqebiTa da pesticidebiT daarRvia bunebrivi kvebiTi jaWvi, am nivTierebaTa myari metabolitebi (nivTierebis daSlis da gardaqmnis Sualeduri produqtebi) aRmoCnda sasmel wyalSi, haerSi, bunebriv wyalsacavebSi, Cairecxa niadagis Rrma fenebSi, moxvda arasamizne organizmebSi da saboloo jamSi saxezea garemos globaluri dabinZureba; • sakvebi produqtebis xarisxi da gemovnebiTi Tvisebebi gauaresda. hormonuli preparatebis narCeni raodenobebi napovnia xorcsa da rZis produqtebSi. bostneulSi, xilSi da sxva produqtebSi _ nitratebi; • adamianebis janmrTelobas safrTxe Seeqmna rogorc uxarisxo sakvebi produqtebis mxridan, ise muSaobis dros qimiur nivTierebebTan mWidro kontaqtis gamo; • safrTxe Seeqmna soflad arsebul socialur struqturebs - dairRva soflis tradiciuli yofa da sofeli agroindustriis nawili xdeba.

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ekologiuri problemebidan gamomdinare, soflad arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gamwvavebaze mravali mecnieri amaxvilebs yuradRebas. CvenTvis metad saintereso aRmoCnda cnobili indoeli soflis meurneobis dargis mecnieris, monkombu sambasivan svaminatanis kvlevebi, romelic cnobilia rogorc `indoeTis mwvane revoluciis” da `maradmwvane revoluciis” avtori. igi am sakiTxs ase ganixilavs: `daCqarebuli tempiT wylis, miwisa da biosferos ganadgurebas mivyavarT ara mxolod siRaribemde, aramed aseve socialur da genderul usamarTlobamde. rodesac dabalSemosavliani fermerebi da meTevzeebi kargaven Taviani bunebrivi resursebis didi nawils, maT sxva gza aRar rCebaT da midian qalaqebSi, raTa ojaxebi gamokvebon”1. maT `garemos ltolvilebs” uwodeben. unda aRiniSnos, rom soflidan qalaqSi masobrivi gadasaxleba zrdis qalaqis mosaxleobas da iwyeba samoqalaqo problemebi. ekologiur degradacias mivyavarT ekonomikur problemebamde da Semdgom socialur dezintegraciamde” (sqema5).

2000 wlisTvis globaluri mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 6 miliards Seadgenda, xolo mecnierTa varaudiT 2025 wlisTvis 7,9 miliards miaRwevs2. yvelaze metad izrdeba anu CineTis, indoeTis da afrikis mosaxleoba. mecnieris mier wamoyenebuli `maradmwvane revoluciis” idea efuZneba ekonomikur, garemosa da socialur mdgradobas. mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelyofisTvis soflis meurneobis ganviTareba ekologiuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moxdes. soflis meurneoba ar unda gafarTovdes marJinalur miwebze, tyis teritoriebisa da ekosistemebis xarjze. `mwvane revolucia’’ unda gardaiqmnas `maradmwvane revoluciad’’, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba ekologiuri, genderuli da socialuri principebis samarTlianobaze.

1

Kesavan PC, Swaminathan MS., Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India, 2007, p 6.

2 www.un.org

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1.

agrowarmoebis ekologiuri safuZvlebis degradacia

4. a. urbanuli zrda da produqtiuli usafrTxoebis Semcireba b. fermeruli aqtivobis daqveiTeba da kvebis mrewvelobis Semcireba

2.. fermeruli ojaxebis urbanul regionebSi dasaqmebis zrda

2.1. mxolod axalgazrdebi toveben agrarul regions

3. socialuri disbalansi

2.2. mTeli ojaxi tovebs agrarul regions

sqema 5

svaminatanis mier Camoyalibebuli iqna mdgradi soflis meurneobis kvleviTi organizacia, romelmac ganaviTara e.w. `biosoflis paradigma� romelsac ori mTavari mizani aqvs:

mwvane da maradmwvane revoluciebis ZiriTadi principebi

M

mwvane revolucia

Sedegze orientirebuli da laboratoriul kvlevaze damyarebuli agrowarmoeba

Mmaradmwvane revolucia

bunebrivi resursebis erTian menejmentze damyarebuli mdgradi agrowarmoeba

sqema 6

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1. resursebis mdgradi menejmenti; 2. ekoteqnologiebis ganviTareba bunebis dasacavad, siRaribis aRmosafxvrelad, sakvebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis. mecnierma aRwera, Tu rogor mivyavarT biosoflebs mdgradi ekonomikis da soflis ganviTarebamde, sakvebis usafrTxoebamde, biosferos SenarCunebasa da gamoyenebamde. es SesaZlebeli xdeba am tipis soflebis teqnikuri resurscentrebiT, (rasac bio-centri ewodeba), mikrosesxebiT, romelTac ramdenime nacionaluri banki gascems da arsebuli bazrebis urTierTdakavSirebiT. svaminatanis kvlevebSi mdgradi soflis meurneoba dakavSirebulia ganviTarebadi qveynebis Raribi mosaxleobis sakvebis usafrTxoebasTan. garkveulwilad, es amarTlebs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, ekologiuri revolucia unda iyos ganxiluli rogorc soflis meurneobis revoluciisa da industriuli revoluciis Semgomi movlena. am ekologiurma revoluciam unda gadaarCinos kacobrioba da dedamiwa. yuradReba eqceva im faqts, rom warmoebis gazrdis da bazris mogebis sworxazovani midgoma mdgradi soflis meurnoebisTvis damRupvelia. bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi `mwvane revoluciiT” miRebuli gamocdileba amis kargi magaliTia. arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan `mwvane” da `maradmwvane revoluciis” kvleviTi meTodebi da ganviTareba. `mwvane revoluciis” dros, teqnologiebi emyareboda marcveulis kvlevas.

Mmiwa dabinZurebuli iyo mineraluri sasuqebiT da sruliad ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rasQsWirdeboda miwas sijansaRis SesanarCuneblad. specialuri drenaJis gareSe miwis uzomod morwyvam damlaSeba da gaudabnoeba gamoiwvia. Sedegad, warmoebidan ucabedi mogebis miRebis mizanma gaanadgura SesaZlo sargeblis miRebis samomavlo Sansi.

CineTSi bolo dros xSirad iyeneben termins `mwvane soflis meurneoba”. Ees aris kultivaciis sistema IPM-is, kompleqsuri kvebiTi danamatebisa da komleqsuri bunebrivi 44

menejmentis sistemebis daxmarebiT. `mwvane soflis meurneoba” ar gamoricxavs mineralebisa da qimiuri sasuqebis minimalur, magram aucilebel gamoyenebas. `TeTri soflis meurneoba” warmoadgens iseT sistemas, romelic iyenebs ZiriTadad mikroorganizmebs, kerZod sokos. misi koncefcia 1986 wels CineTSi Camoyalibda. es saxeli mas TeTrxalaTiani mecnierebisa da teqnikosebis gamo ewoda, romlebic atarebdnen maRalteqnologiur procesebs sakvebis pirdapir mikroorganizmebidan warmoebis mizniT. `maradmwvane revoluciisTvis” igi efuZvneba organul soflis meurneobas, eko-soflis meurneobas, mwvane soflis meurneobas, EMS soflis meurneobas, TeTri soflis meurneobas da `erTi Calis Reris revolucias”. iaponelma mecnierma, masanobu fukokam Tavis wignSi `erTi Calis Reros revolucia (`The One-Straw Revolution: Introduction to Natural Farming”), axsna bunebrivi fermerobis sistema. misi azriT, arsebobs 4 ZiriTadi principi1: 1. aranairi kultivacia; 2. araviTari qimiuri sasuqebi; 3. araviTari mocelva (sarevela mniSvnelovania miwis nayofierebis SesanarCuneblad, unda gakontroldes, magram ar moicelos); 4. mosavali ar unda iyos damokidebuli qimiur nivTierebebsa da momwamlav pesticidebze. avtoris azriT, dedamiwa Tesavs da TviT mcenaris fesvebis saSualebiT, mikroorganizmebis moqmedebiT, patara cxovelebis da Wiayelebis daxmarebiT uvlis mcenareebs. miwas Tu ar SevexebiT, is SeinarCunebs nayofierebas cxoveluri da mcenareuli cxovrebis bunebriv ciklTan urTierTqmedebiT. sarevela exmareba miwas nayofierebis SenarCunebasa da biologiuri kavSiris balansSi. Aamis gamo, sarevela unda iyos miwaSi, magram unda gakontroldes. am meTodiT fukokas 1

Fukuoka M., The one-straw revolution: Introduction to Natural Farming, India Press, 1992, p.182

45

mwvane da maradmwvane revoluciebis ganxorcielebis gzebi1 cxrili #3 Mmwvane revolucia:

Mmaradmwvane revolucia:

warmoebis gazrda, romelic mogebazea dafuZnebuli 1. cvlilebebi mcenaris struqturasa da mosavlis raodenobaSi. 2. fiziologiuri riTmis cvlileba, romelzec ar moqmedebs fotoperiodizmi.

3. produqti inaxeba didxans.

grZelvadiani warmoebis ganviTareba, ekologiuri zianis miyenebis gareSe 1. organuli soflis meurneoba: mosavlis moyvana yovelgvari qimiuri danamatebis gareSe. 2. mwvane soflis meurneoba: mosavlis moyvana parazitebis kontroliT (Pest Management), kompleqsuri sakvebi danamatebiT da kompleqsuri resursebis menejmentis sistemiT. 3. eko soflis meurneoba: dafuZnebuli wylis, miwisa da biosferos ekonomiaze, tradiciuli codnisa da ekologiuri sifrTxilis daxmarebiT. 4. EMS soflis meurneoba: efeqturi mikroorganizmebis gamoyeneba fermerul sistemaSi. 5. TeTri soflis meurneoba: soflis meurneobis sistema, romelic efuZneba Zlieri mikroorganizmebis gamoyenebas, kerZod ki sokos.

6. `erTi Calis Reros“ revolucia: fermerobis bunebrivi sistema, qimiuri sasuqebis, pesticidebisa da herbicidebis gareSe.

1 akrze 1650 funti brinjis erT-erTi saxeoba moyavda (daaxloebiT 3 tona 1 akrze, 7.4 tona heqtarze). samwuxarod, literaturaSi sxva damatebiTi informacia ar moipoveba. meore mxriv, `maradmwvane revolucia� ar gulisxmobs mxolod erTi an ori saxis marcvleulis moyvanas, aramed 1

Kesavan PC, Swaminathan MS., Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India, 2007, p 9.

46

racionaluri fermeruli sistemis midgomas, romelic daicavs miwas, wyals, biosferos da bunebrivi resursebis menejments. miwis movlas da wylis menejments didi yuradReba eTmoba. Sinauri cxovelebis fekaluri masebi afxvierebs miwas, marcveulis narCenebs ki cxovelebi miirTmeven. erTi an ori marcvleulis magivrad, SemoTavazebulia sxvadasxva marcvleuli, Teslebi, parkosnebi. mcire fermerebi, resursebis SezRudulobis pirobebSi, iZulebulni iqnebian ekonomiurad gamoiyenon resursebi, awarmoon miwisa da wylis menejmenti, racionaluri gamoyenon sasuqebi. bolo dros ganviTarebuli Tanamedrove informaciuli da komunikaciuri teqnologiebi yvelaze metad uWers mxars `maradmwvane revolucias~. svaminatanma detalurad daamuSava `mwvane revoluciis” `maradmwvane revoluciad” gardaqmisaTvis aucilebeli teqnologiebi, dagegmva da menejmenti. `mwvane revoluciis” Secdomaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom soflis meurneobis mwarmoeblurobis gazrdis mizniT gadadgmuli nabijebi unda iTvaliswinebdes niadagis, wylis, garemos mravalferovnebis, atmosferos, ganaxlebadi resursebis da a.S. dacvas. am miznisken gza aris soflis meurneobis sistema, romelSic gaerTianebulia warmoebis, bunebis mravalferovnebis da niadagis xarisxis SenarCunebisa da gaumjobesebis meTodebi. amitom Zlieri soflis meurneoba gaigivebulia mdgrad soflis meurneobasTan romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs soflebis mdgrad ganviTarebas. mdgradi soflis meurneobisaTvis inovaciebis Semomtani biowarmoeba gaxda. mas mecnierebi sxvadasxva terminiT gansazRvraven. magaliTad, germanul da frangulenovan qveynebSi gamoiyeneba termini `biologiuri” (Biologique, Biologische), inglisurenovan qveynebSi ixmareba termini _ `organu-

47

li” (Organic), espanurSi _ `ekologiuri” (Ecologico).1 saqarTvelom germanul-franguli modeli airCia da kanoniT daadgina terminebi `bioproduqti/biowarmoeba”. terminebi biologiuri, organuli, ekologiuri _ ixmareba rogorc sinonimebi; sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli terminologia, rac ganpirobebulia enis TaviseburebebiT, xolo sakiTxisadmi midgoma da Sesabamisi meTodebi yvela qveyanaSi msgavsia.2 Tanamedrove organuli soflis meurneobis fesvebi gadajaWvulia im soflis meurneobis dabadebasTan, romelsac Cven amJamad “industriul” soflis meurneobas vuwodebT. organuli soflis meurneoba iyo erTaderTi SesaZlo gza, sanam fermerebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar gaxdeboda sxvadasxva sasuqebi, biocidebi, medikamentebi, meqanizacia, romelic industriul soflis meurneobas axasiaTebs. am resursebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi fermerebs meti gamosavali arc hqondaT da biologiuri da ekologiuri sistemebis SigniT muSaobdnen. am perspeqtividan Tu SevxedavT, organuli soflis meurneoba ZiriTadi da wamyvenia, xolo koncenciur soflis meurneoba misgan mxolod gamoiyo. es gayofa me-19 saukuneSi moxda, rodesac aRmoaCines, rom mcenareebi nakelidan ara organuli nivTierebebis, aramed mineraluri marilebis aTvisebas axdenen. sie hemfri devim da jastus von liebigma saTave daudes am Teorias da gamoaqveynes TavianTi ideebi `sasoflo-sameurneo qimiis elementebi”3 da `organuli qimia da misi gamoyeneba soflis meurneobasa da fiziologiaSi.”4 maTi argumentebi iyo is, rom araorganulma mineralurma sasuqebma unda Caanacvlos nakeli, rac soflis meurneo1

jorjaZe m., SatberaSvili e., saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowarmoebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb”. zogadi mimoxilva. – Jurn. `agroinfo’’, #49 [18] aprili, 2008, gv. 42.

2 biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia “elkana”, broSura #1. 2004. gv. 3.

3 Davy, H.. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry. In a Course of Lectures for the Board of Agriculture. W. Bulwer, London. 1813.

4 von Liebig, J., Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. Taylor and Walton, London. 1840.

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bas samecniero relsebze gadaiyvans da amiT gaizrdeba misi mwarmoebluroba da efeqtianoba. sasoflo-sameurneo revolucia 1740-ian wlebSi daiwyo da masTan erTad gaCnda pirveli araorganuli sasuqis komerciuli warmoeba. ra Tqma unda rogorc yvela revolucias, masac ar Cauvlia Secdomebis gareSe da mxolod meore msoflio omis dawyebis periodSi moxda am praqtikis farTod gavrceleba1.

1924 wels `anTrofosofiis” damaarsebelma rudilf Steinerma waikiTxa leqcia soflis meurneobis sakiTxze, sadac man Camoayaliba biodinamikuri soflis meurneobis sawyisebi, romelic organuli soflis meurneobisagan principulad gansxvavdeba, radgan mas sulieri, mistiuri da astrologiuri aspeqtebi gaaCnia. man TiTqos iwinaswarmetyvela industriuli soflis meurneobis kritika da ganviTarebis axleburi gza dasaxa. pirveli organuli sertifikati da markirebis sistema `demetri” Seiqmna 1924 wels Steineris ZalisxmeviT.2 am dros cnobili mecnieri, robert mkkarisoni atarebda kvlevebs indoeTis mebrZolebs Soris. man yuradReba miaqcia imas, rom maT Soris faqtiurad ar arsebobda dasavleTSi Cveulebrivad qceuli daavadebebi. mecnierma amaSi dainaxa ara daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebis ararseboba, aramd is, rom am adamianebs ufro mZlavri sasicocxlo energia hqondaT da amis mizezad is janmrTeli sakvebi miiCnia, romliTac isini ikvebebodnen _ Zalian mcire raodenobiT xorciT, umetesad ki mcenareebiTa da marcvleuliT, romelTa moyvana nakeliT gamdidrebul mindvrebSi xdeboda. am mimarTulebiT muSaoba gaagrZela mkkeinma. igi dakvirvebas awarmoebda virTxebis or jgufze, romelTa erT nawils indoelTa sakvebs, 1

Grigg, D. English Agriculture: An Historical Perspective. Blackwell, Oxford. 1989.

Rundgren, G., History of organic certification and regulation. In: Rundgren, G. and Lockeretz, W. (eds) IFOAM Conference on Organic Guarantee Systems – Reader.International Harmonisation and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture.

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Tholey-Theley, Nuremberg, Germany. 17–19 February 2002, p. 5.

2

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meore jgufs ki ingliseli Raribi ojaxis racions awvdida. pirveli jgufi viTardeboda, xolo meore jgufs rigi daavadebebis garda negatiuri sociologiuri efeqtebic Tan erTvoda. aman mecnieri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom mniSvnelovania janmrTeli sakvebi moyvanil iqnas niadagze, romelic nakeliTa da sxva organuli bunebrivi sasuqiT mdidrdeba.

1920 wlebSi indoeTSi aseve moRvaweobda mecnieri sir albert hovardi. man daaarsa eqperimentuli soflis meurneobis sakvlevi instituti. igi didi yuradRebiT akvirdeboda indoeli glexebis muSaobas da ambobda, rom gacilebiT meti iswavla maTgan, vidre Tavisi mecnieruli eqsperimentebidan. hovardma SeimuSava mTeli rigi mcenareTa zrdis teqnologiebi da gamoikvlia, Tu rogor moqmedebda fermis cxovelebis janmrTelobaze is, Tu rogor moiyvanes furaJi. mecnieri darwmunda, rom mWidro kavSiri arsebobs niadagis sijansaResa da masze gazrdili mcenareebisa da cxovelebis janmrTelobas Soris, ramac ubiZga aeTvisebina is tradiciuli kompostis damzadebis wesebi, rasac indoeli glexebi iyenebdnen. es gamocdileba man Camoayaliba wignSi `soflis meurneobis narCeni produqtebi1� romlis meSveobiTac es codna yvela kontinentze gavrcelda. organuli pionerebis Semdgom talRaze gavlena iseTi mecnierebis naSromebma da publikaciebma moaxdina, rogorebic iyvnen hovardi, makkarisoni da Steineri. swored am meore talRis meSveobiT sicocxle STaebera organul moZraobas da Seiqmna pirveli asociaciebi: rodalis instituti aSS-Si, niadagi da janmrTeloba axal zelandiaSi da niadagis asociacia gaerTianebul samefoSi. pensilvaniaSi (aSS) rodalma organuli soflis meurneobis principebi praqtikaSi pirvelad 1930-iani wlebis bolos mosinja. igi male mixvda, rom niadagis bunebrivi sijansaRis gafrTxilebiTa da aRdgeniT adamianis janmrTelobas 1

Howard, A. 1931 The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus.

Oxford University Press, London.

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aumjobesebda. 1947 wels man daaarsa niadagisa da janmrTelobis fondi, romelsac mogvianebiT rodalis instituti daerqva. swored man gamoaqveyna mTeli rigi publikaciebi organuli fermerobisa da mebaReobis janmrTelobasTan kavSirze, romelSic naTlad Camoayaliba Tavisi filosofia: ,,janmrTeli niadagi udris janmrTel sakvebs da udris janmrTel adamianebs”. gaerTianebul samefoSi ev balfurma wamoiwyo `hoglis eqsperimenti” romlis saSualebiTac axdenda organuli da araorganuli warmoebis Sedarebas grZelvadian periodSi. man aseve dawera Zalian mniSvnelovani naSromi `cocxali suli”1, romelic nawilobriv `hoglis eqsperimentiT” iyo nakarnaxevi. igi iyo niadagis asociaciis pirveli wevri da damaarsebeli 1946 wels axal zelandiaSi. am asociaciaze adre Seiqmna `niadagisa da janmrTelobis asociacia”, romelic 1942 wels doqtorma gai Capmenma daaarsa.

SveicariaSi organuli moZraobis pionerebi hansi da maria miulerebi iyvnen. Steineris biodinamikuri soflis meurneobis swavlebani herr miuleris STagonebis wyaroc gaxda.

1950-ianebSi man SeimuSava ,,organul-biologiuri” fermerobis meTodi. hans peter ruSma, eqimma, mikrobiologma da miuleris megobarma mecnieruli safuZveli miuyena miuleris naSroms da gamoaqveyna Tavis naSromSi “niadagis fertiloba”2. es moZraoba metad formalizebuli gaxda 1970-ianebSi, rodesac `biolendis” savaWro niSnis, am droisTvis germaniaSi yvelaze umsxvilesi sertifikatis qveS gaerTianda3. iaponiaSi movlenebi am moZraobisgan damoukideblad viTardeboda. 1936 wels mokiCi okadam wamoiwyo `bunebrivi fermeroba”, romelic moicavda sulier da agronomiul aspeqtebs adamianTa modgmis gasaumjobeseblad. mas sakmao 1

Balfour, E. The Living Soil. Faber and Faber, London., 1943.

Rusch, H.P.. Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Heidelberg, 1964.

3 Haccius, M., Lünzer, I. Organic agriculture in Germany. In: Graf, S. and Willer, H.(eds) Organic Agriculture in Europe. Results of the Internet Project Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim. 2000. p. 109. www.organic–europe.net 2

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msgavseba hqonda Steineris biodinamikur principebTan da anTrofosofianTan. iaponiaSi aseve dafuZvnda sekai kiunsiu kios organizacia, romelic dResac agrZelebs ,,kunseis bunebrivi fermerobis” gaZRolas da propagandas. am mimdinareobis Sto, mokiCi okadas asociacia, daarsda 1980 wels da misi mizani iyo, rom mecnierulad daedasturebinaT Tavisi fermerobis meTodebis vargisianoba. daaxloebiT imave dros, rodesac okadam daaarsa Tavisi moZraoba, masanobu fukuokam gansxvavebuli midgoma gamoiCina bunebrivi fermerobis mimarT iaponiaSi. mas ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda mikrobiologisa da niadagis mecnierebis sferoebSi da wamoiwyo martivi soflis meurneobis praqtika, romelic cnobilia saxeliT: “fermeroba arafris gakeTebiT” (,,Do Nothing Farming”)1. okadas msgavsad fukuokas fermerul midgomas sulierebis safuZveli edo (Fukuoka, M. 1978. One Straw Revolution. Rodale Press, Emmaus). am moZraobam daamtkica, rom organuli fermeroba ara marto evropuli, aramed globaluri fenomenicaa.

1962 wels raCel garsonis mier `wynari gazafxulis” (Rachel Carson, ,,Silent Spring”) gamoqveyneba faqtobrivad Semobrunebis wertili iyo da SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom Tanamedrove organuli da garemos dacvis moZraobebi aq ideben saTaves. es cvlileba SeiZleba revoluciadac CavTvaloT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom organuli moZraoba meore msoflio omis Semdgomi daviwyebisagan garemos dacvis moZraobam gadaarCina. ,,wynarma gazafxulma” msoflios Tvali auxila im damangrevel Zalaze, rac pesticidebsa da sxva toqsinebs gaaCniaT globaluri garemos wonasworobis mimarT. am naSromma mTeli rigi argumentebi wamoayena industriuli fermerobis winaaRmdeg im argumentebis garda, rac tradiciul organul moZraobas gaaCnda.

1960-ian wlebSi, im dros, rodesac `wynari gazafxuli” gamoqveynda, mniSvnelovan socialuri cvlilebebs hqonda 1

Setboonsarng, S., Gilman, J. Alternative Agriculture in Thailand and Japan.

HORIZON Communications, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Accessed 6/9/00. 1999. www.solutions–site.org/cat11_sol85.htm

52

adgili. am periodSi mravali politikuri da filosofiuri azrebi Camoyalibda da problemebi wamoiWra, maT garSemo ki Zalian mwvave debatebi imarTeboda. bevri maTgani organuli moZraobis ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. amis magaliTad gamodgeba medousebis, randersis da behrensis naSromi `zrdis sazRvrebi”1, romelSic ganxilulia msoflio populaciisa da globaluri ekonomikis problemebi da dasmulia kiTxva: ra moxdeba, Tuki msoflio populaciiis zrda isev ukontrolo iqneba? ra SeiZleba gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom msoflio ekonomika gawvdes yvelas da amave dros dedamiwis fizikur SesaZleblobebs Seesabamebodes? kidev erTi naSromi, Sumaxeris `patara da mSvenieri: ekonomika romlisaTvisac adamianis interesebi mniSvnelovania”2 ufro metad radikaluri ideebiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. masSi gadmocemulia idea, rom upriania ekonomikur zrdaze vTqvaT uari da ekonomikis mTavar miznad sicocxlis xarisxi gamovacxadoT. 1970-ian wlebSi organuli soflis meurneoba ganviTarda `eko-soflis meurneobis” saxeliT, gaZlierda Sesabamisi organizaciebi, romlebic Ziridadad fermerebis sertificirebis procesze iyvnen fokusirebulni. Tumca es mainc soflis meurneobis da saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis miRma rCeboda. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove organul moZraobas, igi radikalurad gansxvavdeba misi pioneruli formebisagan. axla mis RerZs garemos mdgradoba warmoadgens, maSin rodesac pionerebis Sexedulebebi adamianis da niadagis janmrTelobas ar scildeboda. globaluri qselis formireba erT-erTi mTavari stadiaa, romlis Seqmnis Semdegac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom politikurma da socialurma moZraobebma simwifis asaks miaRwies.

1 Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. and Behrens, W.W. Limits to Growth. AReport for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind.

Universe Books, New York. 1972.

2 Schumacher E.F., Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered.

1974.

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organuli moZraobisaTvis es barieri gadailaxa 1972 wels organuli soflis meurneobis moZraobis saerTaSoriso federaciis _ IFOAM-is (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) SeqmnasTan erTad, romelic dRemde erTaderTi globaluri organuli arasamTavrobo organizaciaa. misi Seqmna da ganviTareba sakmaod rTuli iyo. igi gadaiqca erT-erT avtoritetul moZraobad, romlis azrsac sakmao pativs scemen rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve arasaxelmwifo organizaciebi. IFOAMis misiaa organuli moZraobis mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT warmarTva, gaerTianeba da daxmareba.12 organizaciis mTavari miznebia: • mTel msoflioSi organul soflis meurneobaze avtoritetuli informaciisa gavrceleba, am moZraobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da codnis urTierTgacvla; • saerTaSoriso politikur forumebze organuli moZraobis warmoCena; • organuli xarisxis saerTaSoriso garantad aRiareba; • saerTaSoriso standartebis dawesebiTa da sertificirebis proceduris SemuSavebis gziT organuli garantiebis sistemis Seqmna da sertifikatebis gamcemi wevri organizaciebisaTvis sertificirebis uflebebis gadacema; • organuli seqtoris monawileTa dafiqsireba.

1980-ian wlebSi organuli moZraobis naxtomisebri zrda aRiniSna. soflis meurneobis intensifikacia saxelmwifo erovnuli politikis erT-erT amocanad iqca. organuli sakvebi produqtebi SeTavazebul iqna rogorc alternativa da maRal socialur-ekonomikur jgufebSi igi sakmaod ,,moduric” gaxda. rogorc amerikeli profesori j. gutmani aRniSnavs, `namdvilad ironiis Semcvelia is faqti, rom organuli sakvebis yidva da

1

Woodward, L. and Vogtmann, H.. IFOAM’s organic principles. Ecology and Farming 36: 2004, p. 24.

2 Guthman, J. Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California.

University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000

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moxmareba socialuri statusis maCvenebeli gaxda, rac ewinaaRmdegeba organuli soflis meurneobis principebs�1. organuli soflis meurneoba globaluri xdeba. dasavleT evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis industriuli qveynebis miRma origanuli soflis meurneobis mkveTri zrda SeimCneoda 1980-ian wlebSi okeaniis qeynebSi, centralur da samxreT amerikaSi, aziasa da afrikaSi. bevr am regions sakuTriv Tavisi fermerobis sistemebi hqonda, romlebic SesaZloaA organul soflis meurneobas mivakuTvnoT. maT SesaZlebloba hqondaT daxmareba mieRoT saxelmwifosgan da organuli soflis meurneobis mxardamWeri gare daxmarebis fondebidan, aseve am mimarTulebis adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan. mniSvnelovania is, rom am dros msoflioSi ukve arsebobda am mimarTulebis adgilobrivi da regionaluri moZraobebi. cxrilSi #4 moyvanilia naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis fermerebisaTvis adaptirebis procesSi organuli soflis meurneobis xelSewyobi da Semaferxebeli faqtorebi. biologiur da ekologiur procesebze aqcentirebiT da adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebiT adgilobrivi vaWroba lokalur fermerul sistemebSi Zalian kargad ergeba organiul soflis meurneobas. centralur da samxreT amerikaSi organulma soflis meurneobam kargad moikida fexi. aRsaniSnavia argentinis organuli fermebi, romelTac dakavebuli farTobis mixedviT msoflioSi meore adgili ukavia. aseve aRsaniSnavia meqsikis fermebi, romlebic raodenobiT msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea2. samxreT da centralur amerikaSi aseTi fermebi umetesad eqsportze arian orientirebulni. magram iseTi socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobani, rogoricaa siRaribe da miwis gamofitva Taviseburad cvlian organuli soflis meurneobis danergvisa da adaptaciis process. argentinas

1

Guthman, J. Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California.

University of California Press, Berkeley., 2000.

2 Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective, Edited by Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji and John Reganold Published by CSIRO PUBLISHING, 2006, p.8.

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organul soflis meurneobaze gadasvlis stimulebi da xelSemSleli faqtorebi naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi1 cxrili #4 stimulebi Semaferxebeli faqtorebi _ mwvane revoluciis teqnologiebSi imedgacrueba _ mwvane revoluciis maRali Rirebuleba _ revoluciuri teqnologiebi _ organuli soflis meurneobis Tavsebadoba adgilobriv codnasTan _ garemos dacvis da ganviTarebis moZraobebis gavlena _ sabazro SesaZleblobebi

_ organuli soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb informaciis nakleboba _ ekonomikuri da politikuri mxardaWeris nakleboba _ intensiuri soflis meurneobis gatarebis mizniT presingis ganxorcieleba _ ucxouri organizaciebis mier dawesebuli sertificirebis maRali fasebi _ soflis regionebSi ganaTlebis dabali donis gamo aRicxvianobis mouwesrigebloba _ zogierT qveyanaSi savaWro liberalizaciis ararseboba, rac eqsportis gafarToebas xels uSlis

organuli warmoebisaTvis gankuTvnili aqvs 3 mln heqtari, xolo am miwis 74%-s organuli fermerebis 5% flobs.2 1980-ian wlebSi argentinis organulma moZraobam mkacri sertificirebis procesi danerga, Seqmna myari saeqsporto kavSirebi da mTavrobisgan sakmao daxmarebac miiRo. rac Seexeba biomravalferovnebas, argentinaSi sakmaod warmatebulad viTardeba genetikurad modificirebuli kulturebis moyvana, romelsac farTobis mixedviT, aSS-s Semdeg, meore adgili ukavia. igi 2003 wlisaTvis 10 mln heqtars,3 xolo 2005 wels _ 14.2 mln heqtars Seadgenda 1.

1

wyaro: Walaga, C. Organic agricultural trade: the state of the art in Africa. In: Lockeretz, W.and Geier, B. (eds) Quality and Communication for the Organic Market. Proceedings of the 6th IFOAM Trade Conference. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Tholey-Theley, Germany. 2000 2 Yussefi, M. Development and state of organic agriculture worldwide. In: Willer, H. and Yussefi, M. (eds) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2004. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Bonn. p. 13. 2004.

3 Coffman, B. Portrait of Global GMO Usage Update. Monsanto, Cambridge.

Accessed 3/10/02, 2001.

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argentinis msgavsad meqsikas eqsportze gaaqvs Tavisi organuli oriduqtis udidesi nawili. am produqtis 70%-s yava Seadgens2. fermebis mTliani raodenobidan mcire mewarmeebs aq 94% uWiravT, romelic 28 000 sertificirebul fermerul meurneobas iTvlis. garda amisa, aq mcire raodenobiT aris ereTwodebuli didi finkebi (mamulebi), sadac mohyavT kakao, Saqari da yava. adreuli biodinamiuri fermebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic pirvelad 1967 wels gamoCndnen da sertifikatebi miiRes yavis warmoebaSi, organuli soflis meurneoba 1980-ian wlebSi wamoiwia da 1990 wlebidan sakmao daxmarebas iRebs mTavrobisgan. amave dros is gavida ucxour, ZiriTadad aSS bazrebze. rac Seexeba kubas, 1990 wliebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris kolafsTan erTad man ZiriTadad dakarga rogorc bazari, aseve soflis meurneobis sferoSi subsidiebic. aman kubis soflis meurneoba aiZula, rom moeZia nedleulis gasaRebis alternatuli bazrebi3. kubam SeimuSava programa da daiwyo organuli soflis meurneobis ganviTareba da xelSewyoba. Seiqmna treiningebis da sertificirebis qselebi, moxda fermebis restruqturizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom kubas uari ar uTqvams ,,konvenciuri,� intensiuri tipis, Cveulebriv soflis meurneobaze, mainc, brinjis warmoebis daaxloebiT 65% da bostneulis 50% organuli wesiT iwarmoeba.

www.monsanto.co.uk/news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=6043 1 Human Genome Project Information., Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms.

Genome Programs of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, Oak Ridge.

Accessed 15/10/04., 2004. www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml 2 Tovar, L.G. and Cruz, M.A.G. 2004. Mexico. In: Willer, H. and Yussefi, M. (eds) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2004.

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Bonn. p. 138. 2004.

3 Kilcher, L., Organic agriculture in Cuba: The revolution goes green. Journal of Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics 102(2): p.187., 2001.

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aziaSi ganviTarebulia sxvadasxva sistemebi, romelic Tavsebadia organul soflis meurneobasTan1. Cv.w.aR-mde 1000-600 wlebSi indoeTSi mTeli rigi nawarmoebebi Seiqmna, romelSic detalurad iyo gadmocemuli soflis meurneobis principebi da praqtikebi. indigenuri meTodebi dResac cocxalia Tanamedrove indoeTSi da fermerebs exmareba organuli principebiT warmarTon TavianTi saqmianoba2. miuxedavad imisa, rom mdgrad soflis meurneobas Zalian didi xnis istoria aqvs CineTSi, me-20 saukunis fermeruli praqtikis Zireulma modernizaciam gamoiwvia is, rom tradiciuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis praqtika faqtiurad mitovebuli iqna da codna daikarga. mxolod gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi daiwyo CineTma kvlevebi da mdgradi soflis meurneobisaken svla. 1990 wels CineTi msoflio ekologiur bazarze gamoCnda pirveli produqtiT _ Cai. 1994 wels aq daarsda organuli sakvebi produqtebis ganviTarebis centri, xolo momdevno wels gamoqveynda nacionaluri organuli standartebi3. organuli soflis meurneoba mxolod ramodenime afrikul qveyanaSia ganviTarebuli. magaliTad, keniaSi amJamad afrikis organuli fermerebis yvelaze meti raodenobaa4. senegaliSi da burkina-fasoSi daarsda arasamTavrobo organiza-

1

Setboonsarng, S. Gilman, J. Alternative Agriculture in Thailand and Japan. HORIZON Communications, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Accessed 6/9/00. 1999. www.solutions–site.org/cat11_sol85.htm 2 Mahale, P., SorÊe, Y. National study: India. In: UNESCAP (ed.) Organic Agriculture and Rural Poverty Alleviation. Potential and Best Practices in Asia.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Bangkok. 2002. p. 77.

3 Zong, H. National study: China. In: UNESCAP (ed.) Organic Agriculture and Rural Poverty Alleviation. Potential and Best Practices in Asia. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Bangkok.

2002., p. 60.

4 Parrott, N. and Marsden, T. The Real Green Revolution. Organic and Agroecological Farming in the South. Greenpeace Environmental Trust, London., 2002.

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ciebi, romelTa ZalisxmeviTac moxda organuli fermerobis danergva.

1980-ian wlebSi mecnierebma didi daintereseba gamoiCines organuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis mimarT, maT Soris maTac, vinc maincdamaic ar emxroboda soflis meurneobis warmoebis alternatiul meTodebs. am sferoSi wina periodis samecniero bumma sabolood asaxva hpova nikolas lampkinis sakmaod seriozul naSromSi `organuli fermeroba,” romelic 1990 wels gamoqveynda.

1970-ian wlebSi dawyebuli tendenciebi 1980-ian wlebSi gaaqtiurda da 90-ian wlebsa da axal aTaswleulSi sakmaod ganviTarda _ moTxovna da miwodeba eqsponencialuri zrdis tendencias inarCunebda. mdgradi soflis meurneobis yovelwliuri zrda 20-30%-s Seadgenda. moxda misi formaluri, politikuri da sakanonmdeblo aRiareba. amas mohyva saxelmwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebebi saerTaSoriso organuli vaWrobis xelSewyobaSi, romelic ZiriTadad standartebis SesabamisobaSi moyvaniT gamoixateba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom eqsportiori qveynis sertificirebis standartebi unda Seesabamebodes importiori qveynis standartebs. mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli FAO-Si. sazogadoeba SeSfoTebulia sursaTis warmoebis sistemebiT, kvebis produqtebis xarisxiT. sul ufro xSirad modis informaciebi avstraliaSi, aziaSi ,,genuri inJineriiT’’ damzadebuli produqtebis Taobaze, romelic sazogadoebis yuradRebas ipyrobs. es garkveulwilad politikuri problemac ki xdeba. mecniereba gaxda is xelsawyo, romlis saSualebiTac demonstrirebas ukeTeben organuli soflis meurneobis upiratesobebs da im problemebs, romelebic industrul warmoebaSi arsebobs1. am sferoSi informaciaze didi moTxovna aRiniSneba.

1

Pretty, J.N., Brett, C., Gee, D., Hine, R.E., Mason, C.F., Morison, J.I.L., Raven, H., Rayment, M.D. and van der Bijl, G., An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture. Agricultural Systems 65(2): 2000, p.123.

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1990-ian wlebis bolos gavrcelda azri imis Taobaze, rom organuli soflis meurneoba intensiuri soflis meurneobis kvals daadga da kargavs im upiratesobebs, rac mas unda hqonoda. es gamoixateba imaSi, rom organuli produqtebis wili, romelic did supermarketebSi iyideba, Zalian gaizarda. aseve gaizarda gadazidvis manZili, raTa dakmayofildes is qveynebi, sadac organuli warmoeba aqtiurad ar viTardeba. am problemis gadaWris mcdelobas warmoadgenda aSS-Si da did britaneTSi sasoflo-sameurneo bazrebis gaxsna, sadac moxda maTi restruqturizacia da mxolod adgilobrivad warmoebuli produqti iyideba1. saqarTvelos dRevandel realobaSi sakiTxi ase dgas: ra midgomebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli, raTa soflis meurneobaSi davnergoT rogorc ekologiuri, ise socialuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli sistema? aseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi biologiur soflis meurneobas SeuZlia. 2007 wlis 1 marts miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowarmoebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.” es kanoni awesrigebs saqarTveloSi biologiuri meurneobis mowyobas, marTvas, bioproduqciis warmoebas, gadamuSavebas, realizacias, agreTve masTan dakavSirebul sxva urTierTobebs. kanonis Sesabamisad, mdgradi (organuli) soflis meurneobis cnebis magivrad Cven vsargeblobT biologiuri soflis meurneobis cnebiT. kanonSi gamoyenebulia terminebi Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: a) biologiuri meurneoba – sasoflo-sameurneo operaciebis mowesrigebuli sistema, romelic moicavs meurneobis dagegmvis, marTvis da produqciis warmoebis meTodebs da romelic xels uwyobs cocxali organizmebisa da garemos iseT urTierTdamokidebulebas, rodesac SenarCunebulia bunebrivi wonasworoba. „biologiuri meurneobis“ sinonimebia „ekologiuri meurneoba“, „organuli meurneoba“; 1

Vanzetti, D. and Wynen, E. Does it make sense to buy locally produced organic products? In: Hall, D. and Moffitt, J. (eds) Economics of Pesticides, Sustainable Food Production and Organic Food Markets. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2002., p. 199.

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b) „bioproduqcia“ (an sityvaTa nebismieri kombinacia, romelSic gamoyenebulia „eko“, „bio“, „organuli“) – produqcia, romlis warmoebis da Semdgomi gadamuSavebis, Senaxvis, transportirebis, SefuTvis, etiketirebisa da realizaciis wesebi Seesabameba biowarmoebis standartis moTxovnebs da romlis etiketze arsebobs am Sesabamisobis damadasturebeli niSani da warwera. biowarmoebis Sesabamisi standartebisa da misi moTxovnebis Sesaxeb Cven mogvianebiT visaubrebT. am kanonis miznebia: a) saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba biologiuri meurneobis seqtoris CamoyalibebiT; b)niadagis nayofierebis aRdgenisa da gaumjobesebis xelSewyoba arasinTezuri sistemebisa da bunebrivi sasuqebis gamoyenebiT; g) bioproduqciis warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da realizaciis wesebis dadgena; d) biowarmoebis, misi sertificirebisa da monitoringis principebis Camoyalibeba; e) mcenareTa da cxovelTa mavneblebisa da daavadebebis winaaRmdeg biologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebis stimulireba; v) saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad sertificirebuli da etiketirebuli bioproduqciis arsebul saerTaSoriso an/da saqarTveloSi moqmed standartebTan Sesabamisobis miRweva; z) bioproduqciis bazris ganviTareba; T) bioproduqciis warmoebis gziT adgilobrivi kvebis mrewvelobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da misi eqsportis stimulireba; i) biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba rogorc kulturul, ise bunebriv landSaftebSi. am kanoniT gansazRvrulia Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebi: a) soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebisas garemos dabinZurebis Tavidan acileba da ekosistemebis wonasworobis SenarCuneba; 61

b) niadagis nayofierebis amaRleba; g) soflis meurneobis mdgradobisa da garemos genetikuri mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis xelSewyoba, rac gulisxmobs kulturuli da veluri mcenareebis, aseve Sinauri da gareuli cxovelebis sasicocxlo pirobebis SenarCunebas; d) cxovelebisaTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT bunebriv ganviTarebas; e) bioproduqciis warmoebisas ganaxlebadi resursebis gamoyeneba. biologiuri meurneobis ZiriTadi miznebia: 1. miwis, wylis resursebis swori gamoyeneba; warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis procesSi ganaxlebadi resursebis farTod gamoyeneba; 2. bioagrowarmoebis procesSi bunebrivi sistemebisa da ciklebis harmoniuli urTierTzemoqmedeba, agro da bunebrivi biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba, warmoebis mdgradi sistemebis gamoyeneba, mcenareTa da cxovelTa garemos SenarCuneba; 3. memcenareobasa da mecxoveleobas Soris harmoniuli wonasworobis miRweva; cxovelebisaTvis iseTi saarsebo pirobebis Seqmna, rogoric Seesabameba maT bunebriv instinqtebs; 4. maRali sakvebi Rirebulebis mqone produqtis warmoeba; socialurad, ekonomikurad da ekologiurad gamarTlebuli warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da distribuciis erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba; 5. garemos dabinZurebis Semcireba; adgilobrivi codnisa da tradiciuli sasoflo-sameurneo sistemebis danergva, biomeurneobaSi momuSaveebisaTvis jansaRi garemosa da Sromis adekvaturi anazRaurebis miReba. mecnierebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad svamen kiTxvas: pasuxobs Tu ara biologiuri meurneoba mdgradobis problemas? imisaTvis, rom biologiuri meurneoba mdgradobis moTxovnebs pasuxobdes, igi morgebuli unda iyos adgilobriv fermerul, socialur, geografiul da klimatur faqtoreb62

ze. biologiuri meurneobis evropuli forma, gansakuTrebiT misi amJamindeli bazrisken orientirebuli stili, SeiZleba sulac ar iyos saukeTeso sistema sxva qveynebisaTvis. biologiuri meurneobis principebi yovel konkretul adgilmdebareobas unda ergebodes, magaliTisaTvis yovelTvis arsebobs iseTi adgili, sadac garkveuli kulturis mosavlis moyvana SeuZlebelia mdgradobis principebis dacviT arsebuli biologiuri meTodebis farglebSi. OECD-is moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom rac ufro metad cnobili xdeba biologiuri meurneobis ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri safuZvlebis mzardi rolis Sesaxeb da farTovdeba urTierTTanamSromloba am sferoSi, SesaZlebelia xdeba racionaluri gadawyvetilebebis miReba biologiuri meurneobis limitebsa (SezRudvebsa) da perspeqtivebze. aseve SesaZlebelia warmatebis miRwevis zogadi principebis identificireba1. evropaSi gavrcelebuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis principebi, sadac faqtiurad pirvelad hpova am mimarTulebam ganviTareba, saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze misaRebia. bevr qveyanaSi, biologiur meurneobas sakmao wili ukavia sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis mTlian warmoebaSi. igi xSirad xorcieldeba `pirdapir momxmarebelTan� sabazro niSis povniT an produqtis fermaSive gadamuSavebis organizebiT. adgilobriv socialur da agronomiul pirobebze adaptirebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mdgradi fermerobis strategiebis ganxorcieleba. aman ki mTel msoflioSi mdgradi da momgebiani organuli warmoebebis gaCenas Seuwyo xeli da uCvena, rom organuli soflis meurneobas SesaZloa wamyvani roli ekavos2. konvenciuri soflis meurneobis uaryofiTi gavlenis Tundac zedapiruli analizi seriozuli argumentaciaa biologiuri soflis meurneobis ideis sasargeblod, magram biomeurneobaze gadasvlis praqtikam aCvena, rom es procesi 1

OECD, Organic Agriculture Sustainability, Markets and Policies. Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris. 2003. p. 5.

2 Stokstad, E. Organic farms reap many benefits. Science 296: 1589, 2002, p. 8;

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glexisa da momxmareblis fsiqologiis, msoflmxedvelobis Secvlas, samyarosadmi damokidebulebis gadaxedvasac moiTxovs _ arCevani unda gakeTdes dRevandel garantirebul keTildReobasa da xvalindel, SesaZlebelia gaurkvevel, magram momxiblav perspeqtivas Soris. mravali eqsperti Tvlida, rom biomeurneobis upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisia glexis darwmuneba aseTi meurneobis mowyobis teqnikur SesaZleblobasa da momgebianobaSi, risTvisac mTavar argumentad biomeurneobis nakleb danaxarjebsa da specifikur bazarze bioproduqciis maRal fass asaxelebdnen. amasTan, gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba, rom biomeurneoba mxolod mcire da saSualo glexuri meurneobebisaTvisaa misaRebi da eWviT uyurebdnen biomeurneobebis kooperirebis sakiTxs. SemdgomSi msoflioSi mimdinare integraciis procesebma da biomeurneobebis gamocdilebam aRniSnuli mosazrebebis gadaxedvis aucilebloba moiTxova. dRis wesrigSi dadga biologiuri produqciis gadamuSavebis, marketingisa da biofermerTa kooperirebis sakiTxebi. praqtikam aCvena, rom bioproduqciis warmoeba did farTobebze SesaZlebelia da kooperirebis fonze sakmaod momgebianicaa. aqedan gamomdinare, biomeurneobis koncefciam ufro farTo datvirTva miiRo: mis farglebSi moeqca iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa agro da biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba, gadamamuSavebeli saqmianoba, bioproduqciis marketingi, socialuri samarTlianobisa da adamianTa uflebebis dacva, soflis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da sxv. Sesabamisad gafarTovda biomeurneobis miznebic _ man, garemosa da adamianTa janmrTelobis dacvis garda, ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebac moicva. evrogaerTianebaSi biologiuri soflis meurneobis zrdisa da ganviTarebis mizniT evrokomisiam 2004 wlis ivnisSi miiRo `evropis samoqmedo gegma organuli sursaTisa da soflis meurneobisaTvis� _ samoqmedo dokumenti, romelic 21 saprogramo punqtisagan Sedgeba. samoqmedo gegma Se64

muSavebulia evropaSi biologiuri soflis meurneobis seqtoris zrdisa da aseT produqtebze momxmareblis moTxovnilebis gafarToebis sapasuxod. termini `organuli soflis meurneoba” rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, ganimarta saerTaSoriso kvebiT standartebiT (`Codex Alimentarius”), magram SemdgomSi es termini gafarTovda da amjerad is moicavs organuli da biodinamikuri produqtebis miwodebis mTlian jaWvs, dawyebuli warmoebis faqtorebiT, masalebiT da nedleuliT, damTavrebuli saboloo saxis mza produqciiT. igi aseve moicavs ara marto fermerul warmoebas, aramed mis kulturul da socialur aspeqtebsac. biologiuri meurneoba msoflio soflis meurneobis warmoebis mxolod mcire nawilia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, globaluri socio-ekonomikuri sistemis da misi dominanturi kulturuli faseulobebis kidev ufro mcire nawilia.

Sesabamisad biologiuri meurneobis SesaZlebloba, rom SesamCnevi gavlena iqonios magaliTad saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze, samuSao Zalasa da agroqimiur politikaze, sakmaod SezRudulia. organuli programis ganviTarebas Tu gadavxedavT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom miuxedavad swrafi zrdisa, misi ganviTareba msoflio bazrisa da politikis mier koreqtirdeba1. saqarTveloSi biomeurneobis ideis propaganda da biomeurneobebis Camoyalibeba 1994 wlidan daiwyo saqarTvelos mwvaneTa partiis mier dafuZnebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciis, biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas” xelSewyobiT. `elkanas” Seqmnis mizani iyo saqarTveloSi socialurad da ekonomikurad mdgradi, biologiuri glexuri meurneobis ganviTareba, romelic qveyanaSi Camoayalibebda ekologiurad sufTa produqtebis warmoebis tradicias. igi xels uwyobs wevr glexebs biomeurneobis CamoyalibebaSi, kooperi1

Norse, D., Tschirley, J. Agriculture and the environment: changing pressures, solutions and trade-offs. In: Bruinsma, J. (ed.) World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. Earthscan Publications and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, London. 2003. p. 335-336.

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rebis, mcire samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyebisa da bioproduqciis gasaRebis procesSi. amasTan asociacia zrunavs saqarTveloSi agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvasa da mdgrad gamoyenebaze. `elkana� 1996 wlidan IFOAM-is wevria.

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Tavi II. saqarTvlos soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis faqtorebi da prioritetebi 2.1 soflis meurneobis mdgrad

ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebis

identifikacia

saqarTvelos soflis meurnobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi da momavlis perspeqtivebi didad aris gansazRvruli ganvlil wlebSi mimdinare reformebis xasiaTiT da Sesrulebis xarisxiT. amitom SevecdebiT mokled mimovixiloT ganvlili wlebis dargSi mimdinare movlenebi da gavaanalizoT statistikuri informacia.

2003 wels soflis meurneobis seqtori xasiaTdeboda 7 procentiani zrdis maCvenebliT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo metnaklebad xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebiT da soflis meurneobis seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli struqturuli reformebiT (miwis privatizacia da miwis bazris Camoyalibebis procesis dawyeba). soflis meurneobasa da kvebis produqtebis damuSavebaze modioda mTliani Sida produqtis 20%. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebs daaxloebiT 3 milioni heqtari ekava. am wels saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsportma evrokavSirSi daaxloebiT 25-26 milioni evro Seadgina. ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqoneli iyo Rvino, Txili da mineraluri wylebi. privatizebuli miwis nakveTebis saSualo zoma 0,22 heqtars Seadgenda.

2003 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT aRiniSneboda soflis meurneobis yvela ZiriTadi produqciis warmoebis zrda. kerZod, miRebuli iqna marcvleulis, xorbleulis, simindis, mzesumziris, kartofilis, bostneulis, xilis, Cais, citrusebis da yurZnis kulturebis gazrdili mosavali. 2003 wels gazrdili produqtiuloba aRiniSna aseve mecxoveleobis dargebSic (xorcis, rZisa da kvercxis warmoeba). miuxedavad soflis meurneobis seqtorSi miRweuli garkveuli progresisa, am wels dafiqsirda mTeli rigi 67

problemebi. soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli Sromis nayofiereba gacilebiT dabali iyo (daaxloebiT 4-jer), vidre ekonomikis sxva seqtorebSi. saojaxo meurneobebis umravlesoba Zalian mcire da xeliT Sromaze iyo damokidebuli. dargSi gamoyenebuli iyo moZvelebuli teqnika; Rrmavdeboda miwis nayofierebis klebis problema; did problemebs qmnida moZvelebuli sarwyavi da sadrenaJo sistemebi. am problemaTa gadawyveta ki xelsayrel pirobebs Seqmnida seqtorSi investiciebis mosazidad. seqtoris samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis mTavrobis samoqmedo politikis erT-erTi mTavar mimarTulebad, arsebuli problemebis mogvarebasTan erTad, iqca saSinao bazris dacva kontrabanduli da falsificirebuli saqonlisagan. miwis reformis ganxorcielebis Sedegad 2003 wlisaTvis privatizebul iqna saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 25 procenti da ijariT gaica daaxloebiT 30 procenti. am periodSi qveyanaSi mTliani muSaxelis 30 procenti dasaqmebuli iyo soflis meurneobaSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom soflis meurneobaSi didi iyo TviTdasaqmebis wili, romelic mxolod saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofda. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2003 wlis 15 oqtombris sxdomaze ganixiles sakiTxi „adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb”. saqarTvelos soflis meurnoebis saministros daevala `sasursaTo uvneblobis” kodeqsis proeqtis SemuSaveba da mTavrobisTvis wardgena. kanonis mizani iyo momxmarebelTa janmrTelobis da ekonomikuri interesebis dacva. kanonis regulirebis sferos warmoadgenda: • bazarze gatanili sakvebis uvneblobis moTxovnebi; • sakvebis uvneblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT erTiani saxelmwifo kontroli; • riskis analizze damyarebuli politikis ganxorcieleba; • sakvebTan dakavSirebuli riskis Taobaze mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblis informireba; 68

kanonproeqti parlamentma 2005 wlis ivnisSi ganixila da pirveli mosmeniT miiRo. 2004 wels uaryofiTi zrdis tempi dafiqsirda soflis meurneobis sferoSi. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis saerTo farTobma 3025.8 aTasi ha Seadgina, aqedan saxnavi – 26,5%, mravalwliani nargavebi – 8,7%, saTibi _ 4,8%, xolo saZovari _ 59,4%. am wels soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli iyo 970 aTasi kaci, rac mTlianad erovnul ekonomikaSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis 54,4%-s Seadgenda1.

2004 wlis ianvarSi dasrulda evrokomisiis soflis meurneobis generaluri direqtoratis warmomadgenlebsa da saqarTvelos mxareTa Soris molaparakebebi, romlis Sedegadac dasrulda evrokavSiris mier qarTuli Rvinis oficialuri cnobis procesi. Sedegad, Rvinis qarTvel mewarmeebs SesaZlebloba miecaT evrokavSiris bazarze Rvinis eqsporti SeuzRudavi raodenobiT ganexorcielebinaT. qarTvel mewarmeebs eqsportis ganxorcielebisas unda waredginaT VII sertifikati. igi aris mesame qveyanaSi gacemuli dokumenti, sadac detaluradaa daxasiaTebuli esa Tu is Rvino, romelic gankuTvnilia evrokavSiris bazarze Sesatanad. 2004 wels Rvinis registrirebulma eqsportma 48 milion aSS dolars miaRwia.

2004 wels aSS-s mTavrobis mier `aTaswleulis gamowvevis programis” farglebSi, saqarTvelo 17 qveyanas Soris daxmarebis mimRebad dasaxelda. qarTuli mxaris winadadebiT dagegmili iyo finansuri daxmarebis (200 milion aSS dolarze meti) gamoyeneba regionuli infrastruqturis (gzebi da energo seqtori) da strategiuli seqtorebis _ soflis meurnebisa da turizmis reabilitaciisaTvis. 2004 wels pirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma Seadgina 499,1 milioni aSS dolari (maT Soris 43,4 milioni aSS dolari reinves1

saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi, kvartaluri mimoxilva, 2004 weli, #3, www.geplac.org

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tirebuli Semosavlebis saxiT) 337,6 milion aSS dolarTan SedarebiT 2003 wels.

2005 wels 2004 welTan SedarebiT marcvlovani da parkosani kulturebis warmoeba 30,4 aTasi toniT (anu 4,5 procentiT) gaizarda, xorblis _ 4,4 aTasi toniT (anu 2,4 procentiT), simindis _ 16,2 aTasi toniT (anu 3,9 procentiT), parkosani kulturebis _ 5,9 aTasi toniT (anu 35,5 procentiT), bostneulis _ 6,6 aTasi toniT (anu 1,6 procentiT), xilis _ 70,0 aTasi toniT (anu 43,8 procentiT), citrusis _ 84,3 aTasi toniT (anu 3,2-jer), yurZnis _ 70,0 aTasi toniT (anu 38,9 procentiT); Semcirda mzesumziris warmoeba 3,9 aTasi toniT (anu 17,5 procentiT), kartofilis _ 28,4 aTasi toniT (anu 6,8 procentiT), baRCeulis _ 4,0 aTasi toniT (anu 3,7 procentiT); Cais warmoeba gasuli wlis doneze darCa da Seadgina 20,0 aTasi tona1. 2005 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, saSemodgomod moxnuli iyo 130,8 aTasi heqtari. saSemodgomo kulturebi daTesili iqna 99,2 aTas heqtarze, rac moxnuli farTobis 75,8 procents Seadgenda.

2005 wlis pirvel naxevarSi miwis reformis ganxorcielebis Sedegad saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 25 procenti privatizebuli iqna da daaxloebiT 30 procenti ijariT iqna gacemuli.

2005 wlisTvis, sxva proeqtebs Soris, soflis meurneobis saministro, msoflio bankTan erTad, axorcielebda melioraciuli sistemis sareabilitacio proeqts. mosalodneli iyo, rom mokle vadaSi gaizrdeboda am proeqtSi kerZo mesakuTreTa (fermerTa) monawileoba da maT mier am mimarTulebiT gaRebuli investiciebi moimatebda. soflis meurneobis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi aspeqti teqnologiurad modernizebuli, maRalefeqturi da energoekonomiuri sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis Semoyvana gax1 statistikuri publikacia: statistikuri biuleteni, 2005, www.stsistics.ge

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da. am mimarTulebiT kerZo investiciebis mosazidad mTavroba daiwyo sawarmoo saSualebebze lizingis meqanizmis amoqmedebis xelSewyoba. qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis xelisSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 2004 wlis 30 noembers saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros mier, evrokavSiris daxmarebiT Rvinis xarisxis kontrolis sagamocdo laboratoriis gaxsna. germaniis teqnikuri daxmarebis sazogadoebam (GTZ) laboratoriis dasamontaJeblad da uaxlesi aparaturiT aRWurvisaTvis 1,4 milioni evro gaiRo, xolo saqarTvelos mxaris Tanadafinansebam damatebiT 400 aTasi lari Seadgina. evrokavSiris specialur organoebSi akreditirebis gavlis Semdeg laboratorias qarTuli Rvinis mwarmoeblebze sertifikatis gacemis SesaZlebloba mieca.

2005 wels qveyanaSi daiwyo meTesleobis programis ganxorcieleba. biujetidan gamoyofili 600 aTasi lari aTvisebul iqna miwaTmoqmedebis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis mier. am wels warmoebuli iyo 460 tona maRalreproduqciuli kartofili (`marabeli�), 187,5 tona simindis jiSebisa da hibridebis Tesli. saqarTveloSi pirvelad daiwyo uviruso kartofilis Teslis warmoeba da pirveladi meTesleoba. gaizarda kerZo seqtoris roli meTesleobis sferoSi, gaCndnen maRalxarisxiani Teslis mwarmoebeli fermerebi. sakiTxis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare gadawyda sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis meTesleobis programis dafinanseba 6,5 milioni lariT. aRniSnuli Tanxis aTviseba unda momxdariyo kerZo seqtoris mier, unda gamxorcielebuliyo maRalreproduqciuli TesliT qveynis etapobrivi uzrunvelyofa, rac saSualebas miscemda miwaTmosargebleebs mkveTrad gaezardaT mosavlianoba damatebiTi danaxarjebis gareSe. amave wels ganxorcielda SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (SIDA) proeqti `saqarTveloSi rZisa da merZeveobis seqtoris mxardaWera� kaxeTis regionSi. proeqti 71

iTvaliswinebda merZeveobis mxardaWeris kompleqsur RonisZiebebs, kerZod: • fermerTa kooperirebis xelSewyobas; • rZisa da rZis nawarmis marketingis ganviTarebaSi mxardaWeras; • Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo (sasursaTo uvneblobis CaTvliT) bazis daxvewas. iaponiis mTavroba saqarTveloSi grantis saxiT 1998 wlidan anxorcielebda sasursaTo warmoebis zrdis programas (2KR), romelic iTvaliswinebda qveynis manqana-traqtorTa parkis ganaxlebas da teqnikur gadaiaraRebas. misi mimdinareobis periodSi iaponiis mxaris mier Semotanilia 1480 erTeuli sasoflo sameurneo teqnika. 2005 wels Seiqmna 12 agrosainJinro serviscentri.

2005 wels daiwyo soflis ganviTarebis proeqtis ganxorcieleba. proeqtis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi kerZo da konkurentunariani soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba-gadamuSaveba. proeqtis xangrZlivoba 4 wliT ganisazRvra. proeqtis erT-erT yvelaze did komponents dakrediteba warmoadgenda. komerciuli bankebisaTvis sasesxo resursebis 10 wlis vadiT gadacemiT soflis meurneobis seqtorSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo saSualo da grZelvadiani sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinanseba.

2006 wels sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebs sasoflo meurneobaTa saerTo raodenobaSi 0.13 procenti ekava. cxrili #6 gviCvenebs sasoflo meurneobebis raodenobas 2006 da 2007 wlebSi. 2006 wlidan Seiqmna soflis meurneobis saministros saqveuwyebo organo `sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis erTiani erovnuli samsaxuri. dainerga Tanamedrove laboratoriuli sistema, gamoiyo 57 mln aSS dolari, romelic unda moxmareboda erovnuli referentuli laboratoriis, sami epidemiologiuri monitoringisa da 8 savele sadguris mowyobas. 2006 wels saxelmwifo biujeti72

dan 4 mln lari daixarjeba saSiSi infeqciuri daavadebebis sawinaaRmdego profilaqtikuri vaqcinaciasaTvis. dasaqmebulTa wili saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi1 cxrili #5 weli

Ddasaqmebulia, sul (aTasi kaci)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1839,3 1877,7 1839,2 1814,5 1783,3 1744,6 1747,3 1704,0

maTgan soflis meurneobaSi, aTasi kaci 957,5 989,9 988,4 995,6 962,4 947,8 966,4 910,0

wili mTlian dasaqmebaSi, % 52,1 52,7 51,0 54,9 54,0 54,3 55,3 53,4

sasoflo meurneobebi saqarTveloSi 2006-2007 wlebSi2 cxrili #6 saqarTvelo maT Soris: aWaris ar imereTi samegrelo da zemo svaneTi guria raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi Sida qarTli mcxeTa-mTianeTi kaxeTi qvemo qarTli samcxe-javaxeTi

2006 802

2007 800

52 176 107 40 32 79 39 124 104 49

52 176 108 40 32 79 39 124 102 48

saqarTvelos regionebis 24-saaTianma uwyvetma eleqtromomaragebam stimuli misca qveyanaSi gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo1

wyaro: saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2007, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, statistikuri krebuli, http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=95&plang=2 2 iqve

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ebis amoqmedebas. 2004-2006 wlebSi saqarTveloSi amoqmedebuli soflis meurneobis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT mocemulia danarTSi #8. meRvineobis sferos Zireuli reforma 2005 wlidan daiwyo. am wlis monacemebiT gaSenebuli iyo 60.5 aTasi heqtari venaxi da 146 Rvinis qarxana funqcionirebda, romelTagan 2005-2006 wlebSi Seiqmna 30 sawarmo. axali sawarmoebis mSeneblobam pirdapiri gavlena moaxdina venaxebis farTobebis zrdaze da bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 5000 heqtarze meti axali venaxi gaSenda. es procesi intensiurad grZeldeboda 2007 welsac. soflis meurnoebis saministros mier Seswavlili iqna 7 adgilwarmoSobis mikrozona, romelic Sesabamisad registrirebuli saerTaSoriso inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis organizaciaSi (WIPO). venaxebis sruli pasportizacia 2007 wels dasrulda, ris Sedegadac dadgindeba Tvrameti mikrozonis zusti sazRvrebi. qarTuli Rvinis popularizaciis mizniT, mTavrobam axali bazrebis mosapoveblad daafinansa sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi. 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi q. londonSi `vinopolis”-is sagamofeno darbazSi warmodgenili iqna saqarTvelos mevenaxeobameRvineobis eqspozicia-gamofena-degustacia. bolo wlebidan, saqarTveloSi daiwyo mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso proeqtebis gamxorcieleba, romlebic orientirebuli iyo gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze: • soflis meurneobis proqti (RDP - msoflio banki, 2006-2009 wlebi, biujeti 34,7 mln dolari). proeqtis miznia sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba /gadamuSaveba/ realizaciis mTliani sistemis xelSewyobas, soflad finansuri institutebis gaZlierebas.

• aTaswleulis gamowvevis proeqtis “Millennium Challenge”-is erTerT msxvil komponents swored sawarmoTa ganviTareba warmoadgenda, romlis mixedviTac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo regionaluri ganviTarebis fondis saqmianoba (32.5 mln dolari). dasaxul iqna mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis 74

grZelvadiani sarisko kapitalisa da teqnikuri daxmarebis uzrunvelyofa. amavdroulad, komponentiT gaTvaliswinebuli iqna teqnikuri daxmarebisa da grantebis (15.0 mln dolari) SeTavazeba im fermerebisa da agrobiznesis warmomadgenelTaTvis, romlebic Sida bazrebs amaragebdnen. sul am periodSi saerTaSoriso proeqtebidan da biujetidan soflis meurneobaSi 320 milion larze meti iqna investirebuli.

2005 wels miRebul iqna kanoni `saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb”. 2007 wels kanonSi Sevida mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac miwaTmosargebleebs miecaT SesaZlebloba SeRavaTiani pirobebiT mieRoT sakuTrebaSi miwa, gamoeyenebinaT is kreditis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad. am periodSi qveyanaSi 3 milion heqtarze meti sasoflo-sameurneo miwa iyo, aqedan: • saxnavi _ 800 aTasi heqtari; • mravalwliani nargavebiT dakavebuli _ 265 aTasi heqtari; • saZovari _ 1795 aTasi heqtari; • saTibi _ 143 aTasi heqtari; saqarTvelos kanoniT `saqarTvelos 2007 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros sistemis saqveuwyebo dawesebulebebisa da saxelmwifo RonisZiebebis, miznobrivi programebis, mmarTvelobiTi aparatis SenaxvisTvis damtkicebuli iyo sabiujeto saxsrebis - 33620,0 aTasi lari, ucxoeTidan miRebuli dafinansebis wyaroebiT da grantebiT ganxorcielebul investiciur proeqtebSi Tanadafinansebis xarjebi - 1160,0 aTasi lari. sul saxelwifo biujetis saxsrebi Seadgens 34780,0 aTas lars, kreditebi da grantebi 13200,0 aTas lars. soflis meurneobis sferosTvis gamoyofili asignebebis moculoba Seadgenda 47980,0 aTas lars. qmediTi RonisZiebebi agrobiomravalferovnebis, sasursaTo usafrTxoebisa da agraruli seqtoris mdgradi da 75

usafrTxo ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT gulisxmobs ekonomikuri meqanizmisa da saTanado berketebis amoqmedebiT soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis iseTi damxmare sistemebisa da garemos Seqmnas, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis ekologiurad sufTa, ekonomikurad momgebiani da saerTaSoriso bazarze aRiarebuli produqciis warmoebas. am ideis gonivruli da efeqtiani realizeba SesaZlebelia agro-sasursaTo seqtoris ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi mdgradi politikis SemuSavebiT da erovnuli prioritetebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebiT, rac uzrunvelyofs garemos, momxmarebelTa, fermerTa da agromwarmoebelTa dacvas da xels Seuwyobs am ukanasknelTa stabilur da momgebian saqmianobas. ganviTarebisken mimarTuli strategiuli zomebi, qmedebebi da sakanonmdeblo normebi droisaTvis Sesaferisi unda iyos. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi dRes arsebuli viTareba ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT: warmoebis sferoSi: • erovnuli ekonomikis daaxloebiT 15% pirdapir damokidebulia soflis meurneobis seqtorze, xolo multiplikatoris efeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa es ricxvi 30%ze meti iyos; • 1990 wlidan sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis seqtorSi gamoSvebis mTliani realuri Rirebuleba mniSvnelovanad Semcirda, xolo 2000 wlidan dRemde ar aRiniSneba misi arsebiTi zrda; • bolo wlebSi SeimCneva mecxoveleobis produqciis warmoebis neli, magram stabiluri zrda; • saSualo mosavlianoba potenciuri SesaZleblobis mxolod 1/3-s Seadgens; • saqarTvelos saxnav-saTesi farTobebis daaxloebiT 1/3 ar gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi. vaWrobis sferoSi: • aRiniSneba sasoflo-sameurneo eqsportis realuri Rirebulebis arsebiTi zrda; 76

• sursaTisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis importi 52%-iT sWarbobs eqsports; dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis sferoSi: • umuSevrobis done qveyanaSi 13 procents Seadgens (es daaxloebiT 450 aTasi kacia) da Semcirebis tendenciiT ar xasiaTdeba. arasruli dasaqmebis done kidev ufro maRalia.

• bolo monacemebiT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 53,4 procenti. igive maCvenebli 1990 wels mxolod 25 procents Seadgenda1.

SedarebisaTvis, dasavleTis qveynebSi soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba wliTi-wlobiT mcirdeba.

• sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili ojaxuri meurneobebis fulad SemosavlebSi 2007 wlis monacemebiT 7,8 procents Seadgens. moxmarebis sferoSi: • momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis 60 procentze meti sursaTze ixarjeba. SedarebisTvis, dasavleTis qveynebSi es maCvenebeli 15-20 procents ar aRemateba; • mosaxleobis 50 procentze meti dRiurad 2100 kaloriaze naklebs moixmars. kaloriebis moxmarebis msoflio sasursaTo programis mier rekomendirebuli dRiuri norma 2100 kalorias Seadgens; • mosaxleobis 25 procentze meti dRiurad 1600 kaloriaze naklebs moixmars, rac mniSvnelovnad naklebia msoflio sasursaTo programiT rekomendebul minimumze; sasoflo-sameurneo kapitalis sferoSi: • agro-sasursaTo seqtorSi kapitalis utilizaciis dRes arsebuli done savaraudod 600 milion lars aWarbebs; • seqtoris sruli potencialiT amoqmedebisaTvis aucilebeli kapitalis moculoba 2 miliard lars Seadgens, rac 1

saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2007, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, statistikuri krebuli, http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=95&plang=2

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imas niSnavs, rom sadReisod arsebuli kapitalis deficiti TiTqmis 1.5 miliard lars utoldeba. dargis ganviTarebisaTvis prioritetad miCneuli unda iqnas infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba, romlis ganviTarebac agrobiznesisTvis xelsayreli iqneba. es aris: - saimedo da gamarTulad funqcionirebadi sakredito kavSirebi da asociaciebi, seqtorze orientirebuli komerciuli bankebi; - ganviTarebuli miwis bazari; - ganviTarebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba; - sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikisa da teqnologiuri xazebisTvis lizinguri momsaxurebis danergva; - efeqturi sadazRvevo sistema. momaval aTwleulSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis warmatebuli ganviTareba didadaa damokidebuli sagareo faqtorebze. aqedan yvelaze mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da demografiuli sakiTxebi, social-politikuri faqtorebi da samomxmareblo da sacalo gayidvis tendenciebia. es yvelaferi erTad asaxavs potenciuri adgilobrivi da saeqsporto bazrebis SesaZleblobebsa da riskebs. soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebaze moqmed faqtorTa Soris mniSvnelovania demofrafiuli faqtori. saqarTvelos dRevandel demografiul mdgomareobas sami ZiriTadi faqtori gansazRvravs: 1. grZeldeba qveynis mosaxleobis kleba; 2. mimdinareobs mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi daberebis procesi; 3. mosaxleobis bunebrivi zrda TiTqmis nulis tolia. savaraudod, pirveli faqtori danarCeni oriTaa ganpirobebuli. qveynis mosaxleobis Semcireba, umeteswilad, axalgazrda da Suaxnis muSaxelis dakargvam gamoiwvia. Tavidan amis mizezi afxazeTis konfliqti iyo, Semdeg ki qveynidan mosaxleobis ucxoeTSi ukeTesi ekonomikuri pirobebis saZebnelad gasvla.

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demografiuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebi savaraudod mniSvnelovan zegavlenas moaxdens sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis seqtorze. soflis meurneobas problemebi eqmneba, roca fermaSi mxolod asakovani mosaxleoba rCeba. saqarTveloSi aseTi viTareba ar Seiqmneba am seqtorSi arsebuli arasruli dasaqmebisa da fermebis gamsxvilebis aucileblobis gamo. amdenad, am demografiuli da ekonomikuri sakiTxebis mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba ara samuSao Zalas, aramed fermerTa produqtebis fasebs, romelTac moTxovna, bazrebis mdebareoba da sidide gansazRvravs. samwuxarod ď€ soflis meurneoba, rogorc ekonomikis umsxvilesi komponenti da saSualovadian periodSi mdgradi ganviTarebis savaraudod didi potencialis mqone seqtori, yvelaze naklebad finansdeba rogorc saxelmwifos, ise kerZo seqtoris mier. soflis meurneobis SedarebiT mZime mdgomareoba moulodneli ar unda iyos. aqamde aravis gamouCenia didi Zalixmeva am seqtoris sruli potencialiT amoqmedebis xelisSemSleli problemebis aRmosafxvrelad. uaxloes warsulSic ki, roca mTavrobis Semosavlebi da donorTa daxmareba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, mTavrobis biujetidan soflis meurneobisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi, seqtoris moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlav minimalur doneze rCeboda. dRevandel dRemde am seqtorSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebi ufro metad mTavrobis xarjebisa da Carevis minimizaciisken iyo mimarTuli, vidre misi produqtiulobis zrdaze. sxva RonisZiebebi, sairigacio sistemis reabilitaciis msgavsad, mxolod nawilobrivaa dasrulebuli, an mxolod saSualo da grZelvadian periodSi gamoiRebs mniSvnelovan ekonomikur Sedegebs. sxva iniciativebi marTalia produqtiulobis zrdazea orientirebuli, magram imdenad mcire masStabis an eqsperimentuli xasiaTisaa, rom maTi dadebiTi efeqtebi minimaluria. samwuxarod mosalodneli ar aris, rom seqtoris mdgomareoba uaxloes momavalSi arsebiTad gaumjobesdeba. amJamad soflis meurneobis umTavresi amocana saSualo da 79

grZelvadian periodSi mniSvnelovani zrdis misaRwevad aucilebeli safuZvlebis momzadebaa.

2.2 konkurentunariani agroseqtoris

mdgradi ganviTarebis prioritetebi sasursaTo seqtoris ganviTareba saqarTvelos erTiani socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani da principuli sakiTxia. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba arakonkurentunariania, xolo fermeruli meurneobebis Semosavali _ Zalian dabali. soflis meurneobis mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTareba uaRresad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis. agrarul politikaSi mTavari roli kerZo seqtors eniWeba da igi agraruli politikis amomaval princips warmoadgens. saqarTvelos agraruli politikis mizani xelsayreli biznes garemos Seqmna da kerZo investiciebis waxalisebis uzrunvelyofa unda iyos. saqarTvelos mravalferovani klimaturi zonebi da mdidari bunebrivi resursebi soflis meurneobis da agrobiznesis seqtorebis samomavlo ganviTarebis potencials warmoadgens. produqciis mzardi raodenobisa da xarisxis fonze, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis produqcia ukeTes konkurencias gauwevs importirebul sursaTs, riTac soflis Raribi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done gaumjobesdeba. agrobiznesis problemaTa Soris mniSvnelovania teqnologiis, gadamuSavebis, marketinigis, marTvis unar-Cvevebis da kreditebis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxebi. agraruli politikis prioritets saqarTvelos moqalaqeTaTvis bazarze xelmisawvdomi da uvnebeli sursaTis miwodeba warmoadgens. pirveladi da gadamamuSavebeli agraruli warmoebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, agraruli seqtoris saWiro infrastruqturiT uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, romelsac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces.

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mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, rom saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis warmoeba realurad arasodes yofila bazarze orientirebuli. amdenad, potenciurad momgebiani saeqsporto produqciis sawarmoeblad dResdReobiT arsebuli sawarmoo danadgarebi da aRWurviloba araefeqtiani da moZvelebulia. konkurentunariani gadamuSavebuli produqciis gatana saerTaSoriso bazarze, rogoricaa wvenebi, koncentratebi da sxva, modernizebul gadamamuSavebel cikls moiTxovs. saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani roli akisria gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis mdgrad ganviTarebaSi, rac upirvelesad mdgomareobs pirveladi warmoebis saTanado infrastuqturis (xarisxiani nergebi, mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebi da sxva) ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSi da komerciul warmatebas ganapirobebs. gadamamuSavebel warmoebaSi saerTaSoriso standartebis SemoReba da saqonlis SefuTvis da transportirebis sakiTxebis mowesrigeba qarTvel mewarmeebs saerTaSoriso bazarze Sesvlas gauadvilebs. msgavsi sawarmoebis amoqmedeba komerciuli TvalsazrisiT amarTlebs mcire agraruli meurneobebis (magaliTad mcire kerZo xexilis baRebis) arsebobas. marketingi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis eqsportisaTvis Semdgom mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. soflis meurneobis seqtori saWiroebs axal midgomebs, raTa gamovlenil iqnes qarTuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazrebi. marketingulma strategiam unda gansazRvros bazrebis is niSa, sadac arsebobs qarTuli produqciis ganTavsebis realuri SesaZlebloba. saxelmwofom unda uzrunvelyos myari SesaZleblobebi da garantiebi soflis meurneobis seqtorSi investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, soflis meurneobis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi, mTavrobis roli swored strategiis CamoyalibebaSi mdgomareobs. aRniSnuli strategia unda moicavdes gadamamuSavebeli warmoebis xarisxis standartis SemoRebas, pirveladi warmoebisaTvis konkurentunariani garemos Seqmnas, brendis da marketinguli strategiis Camoyalibebas, serTificirebisa da regulirebis saWiroebis Sefasebas.

81

koniakis spirti, mwvanili, Txili, mandarini, vaSli, xurma, Cai, dafnis foToli da sxv. 2006-2007 wlebSi sasoflo-sameuneo produqciis eqsporti ukrainaSi daaxloebiT 80%-iT gaizarda. axalma qarTulma saeqsporto saqonelma _ qarTulma mwvanilma ukrainis bazris 70% ukve daikava. ukarainis da dsT-s sxva qveynebis garda, qarTuli mwvanili ukve gavida poloneTsa da germaniaSi. uaxloes momavalSi ki qarTuli mwvanili holandiaSic gaigzavneba1. gasuli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Txilis warmoebam saerTaSoriso bazrebze arsebul mzard moTxovnaze reagireba moaxdina. sabazro meqanizmebma, investiciebis zrdasTan erTad, advili gaxada saerTaSoriso bazarze konkurentunariani dargis warmoqmna da misi ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba ganapiroba. 2005-2006 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Txilis mosavali 16,4 aTasi tonidan 23,3 aTasi tonamde gaizarda. 2007 wels wina welTan SedarebiT Txilisa da sxva kaklovnebis eqsporti 11 mln aSS dolariT gaizarda da 65 122 mln dolari Seadgina. saerTaSoriso bazarze am wels Txilis fasi 7 aSS dolars Seadgenda, xolo evropaSi moxaluli Txilis fasi _ daaxloebiT 9 aSS dolars. 2007 wlis monacemebiT nedleuls mosaxleobisagan 4-6 larad ibarebdnen. eqsportiorebi acxadebdnen, rom fasma kritikul zRvars miaRwia da Tu kidev moimata, Txilis eqsporti ukve ararentabeluri gaxdeboda. Txili da sxva kaklovnebi umsxvilesi saqsporto saqonelTa pirvel aTeulSi Sedis da saqarTvelos msoflio bazris 5-7% uWiravs. adgilobrivi produqciis 80% eqsportze ucxoeTSi ukrainis, germaniis, Sveicariis, poloneTisa da CexeTis bazrebze gadis. bolo wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelodan eqsporti gaizarda somxeTSi _ 58%-iT, germaniaSi _ 65%-iT, belgiaSi _ 40%-iT, belorusiaSi _ 28%-iT. yazaxeTSi _ 46%-iT. 2007 wels saqarTvelos mTlian importSi soflis meurneobis produqciis importis wili 14,6%-s Seadgenda. ro1

Jurnali `agroinfo�, #3 [17], marti, 2008, gv. 2

83

2007 wels soflis meurneobis sferoSi, saqarTvelos savaWro urTierTobebi 91 qveyanasTan hqonda. qarTuli produqcia eqsportze msoflios 63 qveyanaSi gavida, xolo importi 85 qveynidan ganxorcielda. agrosasursaTo seqtorSi saqarTvelos dadebiTi savaWro balansi hqonda 17 qveyanasTan. am qveynebSi ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqonelia: Txili, citrusi, ualkoholo gaziani sasmelebi, wiTeli da TeTri Rvinoebi, spirtiani sasmelebi, dafnis foToli, sunelebi, Cai da mineraluri wylebi.

2007 wels soflis meurneobis produqciis eqsportiimportis savaWro saldo uaryofiTi iyo da 488 mln aSS dolars Seadgenda. mTlian eqsportSi agrosasursaTo produqciis eqsportis wili 22%-ia. amave wels agrosasursaTo produqciis eqsportma 274 mln aSS dolari Seadgina (diagrama 1), xolo importma 762 mln aSS dolari (diagrama 2).

400 350

340

300

274 225

250 200 150 100 50 0 2005 weli

2006 weli

2007 weli

diagrama 1. saqarTvelodan agrosamrewvelo produqciis eqsportis dinamika 2005-2007 wlebSi (mln aSS dolari)

agrosasursaTo produqciis eqsportis mixedviT, umsxvilesi savaWro partnioria ukraina (28%), sadac ZiriTadad gadis TeTri da wiTeli Rvinoebi, mineraluri wylebi, 82

gorc diagrama 2-dan Cans, ukanaskneli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi agrosasursaTo produqciis importi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda da 2007 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT 28,4%, xolo 2005 welTan SedarebiT 75%-iT gaizarda.

2007 wels ruseTi kvlav inarCunebda pirvel adgils da agro-sasursaTo importSi 25%-s Seadgenda, meore adgilze iyo ukraina _ 17,6%-iT, mesame adgils TurqeTi ikavebda, romlis wilad 9,04% modioda. ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi aseve iyvnen yazaxeTi, brazilia, germania, azerbaijani, safrangeTi da belorusia. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis arasaeqsporto seqtoris zrda mniSvnelovania importis Canacvlebis da siRaribis daZlevis TvalsazrisiT. es seqtori agreTve mniSvnelovania qarTuli soflis meurneobis unikaluri agraruli mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis mxriv. swored amitom, arasaeqsporto, magram tradiciuli agraruli dargebis (magaliTad, memarcvleoba, mecxoveleoba da a.S.) SenarCuneba sabolood dadebiT socialur efeqts gamowvevs da soflad sursaTis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs.

900 762

800 700

594

600 500

434

400 300 200 100 0 2005 weli

2006 weli

2007 weli

diagrama 2. saqarTveloSi agrosamrewvelo produqciis importis dinamika 2005-2007 wlebSi (mln aSS dolari)

damuSavebuli miwis mcire moculobis, CamorCenili agararuli teqnologiebis da sawarmoo saSualebebis maRali danaxarjebis pirobebSi, garkveul agrarul dargebs dabali 84

konkurentunarianoba da saeqsporto Rirebuleba gaaCniaT. amdenad, arasaeqsporto dargebis konkurentunarianobis asamaRleblad erTaderTi gza am seqtoris produqtiulobis zrdaSi mdgomareobs. arasaeqsporto saqonlis produqtiulobis gazrdisTvis unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi: srulyofili saTesle jiSebis aTviseba saTesle meurneobis mowyobilobebis gaumjobesebis gziT (mag. xorbali, qeri, simindi); marketinguli meqanizmebis gaumjobesebis mxardaWera; 6% 6%

3% 3%

4% 4%

Tevzi gayinuli Tevzi gayinuli

5% 5%

8% 8%

mcenareuli zeTi mcenareuli zeTi xorci da sakvebi subproduqtebi xorci da sakvebi subproduqtebi Tambaqo Tambaqo Sokoladi da kakaos Se3mcveli mzaSokoladi sakvebi produqtebi da kakaos Se3mcveli

5,10% mza sakvebi produqtebi 5,10%puri comeluli, sakonditro

puri comeluli, sakonditro nawarmi rZenawarmi da naRebi Sesqelebuli rZe da naRebi Sesqelebuli

5% 5% 18% 18%

2% 2%

2% 2%

xorbali da meslini xorbali da meslini lerwmis an Warxlis Saqari lerwmis an Warxlis Saqari xorblis an xorbal-Wvavis fqvili xorblis an xorbal-Wvavis fqvili

diagrama 3. umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebi agrosasursaTo produqciis importSi 2007 wels (mln aSS dolari)

mecxoveleoba warmoadgens momdevno mniSvnelovan dargs importis Canacvlebis TvalsazrisiT (mag. rZis produqtebi). am dargisTvis realuri SesaZleblobebi arsebobs, raTa daakmayofilos adgilobrivi moTxovna. amdenad, jiSebis gaumjobeseba da xelovnuri ganayofierebis danergva soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. amave dros 85

unda aRiniSnos, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi mecxoveleobis bizness garkveulwilad saeqsporto potencialic gaaCnia. qarTul Cais amJamad ZiriTadad mcire zomis 18 ojaxuri sawarmo amuSavebs. plantaciebs ki 30 aTasi heqtaris farTobi ukavia, saidanac SedarebiT maRali xarisxis am droisaTvis mxolod naxevaria. Cais arsebuli plantaciebis aRricxva da Sida bazarze importis qarTuli produqciiT Canacvlebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs guriaSi, samegreleSo, imereTsa da aWaraSi Cais Tanamedrove fabrikebis mSeneblobis gziT, rosTvisac saWiro investiciebi SesaZloa mTavrobis grZelvadiani sesxiT dafinansdes. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba saukeTeso bunebrivklimaturi pirobebis mqonea. magram rogorc TviT konkurenciaSi, aseve konkurentunarianobaSi adgilmdebareobis roli TiTqmis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs misi Semcirebis tendencia. Cveni bazari gajerebulia importuli, xSirad dabalxarisxiasni da janmrTelobisaTvis mavne sakvebi produqtebiT. qveyanas ar gaaCnia ZiriTadi sakvebi produqtebis (marcvleuli, xorci, rze, cximi) warmoebis strategiuli minimaluri done. konkurentunariani agroseqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis erT-erT pirobad klasterebis Camoyalibeba migvaCnia. maikl porteris nacionaluri, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi konkurentunarianobis TeoriaSi wamyvani roli swored klasterebs eTmoba1. klasteri aris geografiuli niSniT koncentrirebuli, urTierTdakavSirebuli kompaniebis, specializebuli mimwodeblebis, Sesabamisi dargebis firmebis jgufebi, gansazRvrul sferoebSi konkurenti, magram maT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli da erToblivad momuSave organizaciebi (mag: universitetebi, standartizaciis saagentoebi, savaWro organizaciebi). klasterebi damaxasiaTebelia praqtikulad yvela nacionalur, regionul da qalaqis ekonomikisTvis,

1

Майкл Портер, Конкуренция, М.: «Вильямс», 2006. c. 608.

86

gansakuTrebiT kargad ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifoebSi. ekonomikaSi ara dargebisa da firmebis izolirebuli forma, aramed klasterebis upiratesoba aSkaraa. klasterebi eqsportis gazrdasa da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvaSi mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgenen. agroseqtorSi klasterebis ganviTarebis faqtorebi moceulia sqemaze 7.

sqema 7 metad mniSvnelovania klasterebis ganviTareba soflis meurneobis kuTxiT. misi geografiuli masStabebi SeiZleba meryeobdes erTi qalaqidan an regionidan qveynamde an SeiZleba rig mezobel qveynebamdec ki. klasterebi umetes SemTxvevebSi moicaven mza produqtis kompaniebs an momsaxure (servisul) kompaniebs, warmoebis, specializebuli faqtorebis, komponentebis, manqanebis da aseve momsaxurebaTa mimwodeblebs, safinanso institutebs, firmebs Sesabamis dargebSi. 87

klasterebi SeiniSneba rogorc msxvil, ise viwro sferoebSi, biznesis lokalur saxeebSi, rogorebicaa sarestorno saqme, avtomobilebiT vaWroba, antikvaruli maRaziebis qseli. gansakuTrebiT kargad miesadageba igi soflis meurneobas da misi qvedargebis ganviTarebas, turistul biznesTan erTad.

sqema 8 msoflio bazarze qarTul produqts industriuli agrowarmeobis dabalfsian, xSir SemTxvevaSi subsidirebul produqciasTan uwevs konkurencia. saqarTvelos nayofieri miwa da kargi klimaturi pirobebi xelsayrelia maRalxarisxiani sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis farTo asortimentis warmoebisaTvis, maT Soris yurZenis, Txilis (miwis Txili, nuSi, kakali da wabli), Cais, citrusebisa da sxvadasxva xilis warmoebisaTvis.

88

sqema 9 saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqcia yovelTvis gamoirCeoda maRali xarisxiTa da saukeTeso gemovnuri TvisebebiT: Tumca rTuli landSafturi reliefis, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis mkveTri fragmentaciisa da rigi sxva mizezebis gamo qarTul sasoflo-sameurneo produqcias Zalze gauWirdeba fasebiT konkurencia gauwios sxva qveynebis masobrivi warmoebis sasoflo-sameurneo poduqtebs. saqarTvelos mxolod xarisxiani, gansakuTrebuli produqciiT SeuZlia msoflio bazarze sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba. maRalxarisxiani sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis bazrebs Soris prioriteti bioproduqtebis bazars eniWeba. msoflioSi bioproduqciis bazarze arsebuli moTxovna jer kidev aWarbebs miwodebas. amasTan, sasursaTo seqtorSi es erTaderTi bazaria, romelic swrfad izrdeba – biowarmoebis zrdam bolo 10 wlis manZilze 200%-ze meti Seadgina, xolo 5 wlis manZilze – 50%-ze meti1. es tendencia ufro 1

m. jorjaZe, e.SatberaSvili, saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowarmoebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” zogadi mimoxilva, Jurnali agroinfo, #49 [18] aprili, 2008. gv. 6

89

metad mas Semdeg gamovlinda, rac konvenciuri soflis meurneobis bazari faqtobriv stagnacias ganicdis. evropeli eqspertebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTul bioproduqcias evropis bazrebze gasvlis kargi SesaZlebloba aqvs. es SeiZleba iyos Semdegi produqtebi: samkurnalo da aromatuli mcenareebi, Rvino, Tafli, bostneuli, xili, CiTilebi, Ciri, kakali, wvenebi, egzotikuri saweblebi, marcvleuli da parkosani kulturebi, Cai, saneleblebi, eTerzeTebi da sxv. boiwarmoebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis sasargeblod SegviZlia ramodenime argumentis moyvana, kerZod: aRsaniSnavia is, rom saqarTveloSi biowarmeobaze gadasvla garkveulwilad ufro iafi dajdeba, vidre intensiuri meurneobis operireba bazarze. saqarTvelos saTib-saZovrebze umniSvnelo mineraluri sasuqebi Sedioda, amitom ar aris saWiro mineraluri sasuqebis uaryofiTi efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad movicadoT sul mcire 10 weli. saqarTvelos meurneobaSi amJamadac naklebad iyeneben qimiur pesticidebsa da sasuqebs, amitom konversiis (biomeTodebze gadasvlis periodi) SeiZleba or wlamde Semcirdes, rac nakleb danaxarjebTan da sirTuleebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. im pirobebSi, rodesac intensiuri warmoebis meurneobebi srulad moiSala, meurneobebis umetesoba araefeqtiania, xolo mosavlianoba dabali. biomeTodebis gamoyeneba da mdgradi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis sistemebis danergva zrdis mosavlianobas da ZiriTadi safrTxe – produqciis raodenobis Semcireba, romelic intensiuri warmoebis meurneobebs biowarmeobaze gadasvlisas emuqreba, saqarTveloSi minimumamdea Semcirebuli. biowarmoebaSi xeliT Sromis wili gacilebiT metia, vidre intensiur meurneobaSi, rac Sesabamisad bioproduqciis faszec aisaxeba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseTi xarjebis wili gansakuTrebiT maRalia. saqarTveloSi muSaxeli SedarebiT iafia da meqanizaciis dabali donis gamo konvenciur warmoebaSic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba. amitom es faqtori produqciis TviTRirebulebaze gansakuTrebul gavlenas ver moaxdens.

90

bioproduqciis maRal xarisxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc saeqsporto, ise Sida bazrisaTvis. garda biowarmeobis standartebisa, fermerul da gadamamauSavebel warmoebaSi xarisxis misaRwevad aucilebelia sanimuSo sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikisa da xarisxis marTvis efeqtiani sistemebis danergvis stimulireba (mwarmoebelTa informireba da swavleba) da kontroli, ris aucilebl winapirobasac `sursaTis uvneblobis da xarisxis Sesaxeb”, aseve `mcenareTa dacvisa” da `veterinriis Sesaxeb” kanonebisa da Sesabamisi kanonqvemdebare aqtebis realuri amoqmedeba da sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis samsaxuris efeqtiani amuSaveba warmoadgens. biowarmeobis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi ukve Seqmnili aqvs sastarto pirobebi. saxelmwifos mxridan swori agraruli politikis gatarebisa da biowarmoebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis pirobebSi, bioseqtors imis potenciali aqvs, rom mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanos saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. biowarmeoba, rogorc xarisxze orientirebuli, mzardi da perspeqtiuli sasoflo-sameurneo sistema, samomavlod saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis erT-erTi strategiuli prioriteti unda iyos. saqarTvelom Tavis sityva unda Tqvas globalur masStabebSi da pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, evropis masStabiT. unda Camoyalibdes institucionaluri sistemebi, romlebic awarmoebs saqarTvelosTvis maRali gemovnebiTi Tvisebebis mqone produqcias da gaxdis eqsportis sagnad.

2.3 mdgradi soflis

meurneobis globaluri bazrebi da regulaciebi saqarTvelo kulturul mcenareTa mravalferovnebis warmoSobis erT-erTi centria. samwuxarod, im tradiciuli kulturebis jiSebis umravlesoba, romlebic saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli glexebis mier iqmneboda, amJamad gadaSenebis 91

piras imyofeba. kulturul mcenareTa adgilobrivi jiSebi kargad eguebian arsebul garemo pirobebs. maT didi ekonomikuri potenciali aqvT da es maT unikalurobasa da mravalferovnebaSi devs. migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi tradiciuli kulturebis aRdgena-gavrceleba, ekologiurad sufTa produqciaze moTxovnis zrdasa da ekoturizmis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mcire da saSualo meurneobebis mdgradobis saukeTeso perspeqtivas qmnis. dargis reformis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba unda iyos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, fermerTa gaerTienebebis Seqmna da gamsxvileba, ekologiurad sufTa da sxva sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis eqsportze orientaciis da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis da soflis meurneobis sxvdasxva dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. agraruli mravalferovnebis dacva pirvel rigSi, biologiuri meurneobebis ganviTarebiT aris SesaZlebeli, romlis Sedegadac moxdeba adgilobrivi kulturebis saxeobebisa da jiSebis farTo gamoyenebis xelSewyoba. aq warmoebuli produqcia konkurencias ver gauwevs did qveynebs iafi produqciis warmoebiT. Cveni soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis winapiroba aq warmoebuli produqciis unikaluroba da maRali xarisxi unda gaxdes. am mxriv bioproduqcias didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, ramdenadac jerjerobiT msoflioSi biobazari erTaderT niSad rCeba, sadac moTxovna miwodebas aWarbebs. migvaCnia, rom ganviTarebuli biomeurneobebis, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikis saukeTeso formis damkvidreba saxelmwifoSi aramarto jansaRi sursaTis, jansaRi garemosa da momavali Taobebis sawindaria, aramed mas mzardi ekonomikuri potenciali moepoveba. organuli produqtebis yvelaze didi moxmareba mdidar qveynebSi aRiniSneba. globaluri organuli bazari daaxloebiT 25 miliardi aSS dolaris Rirebulebisaa, romlis naxevari CrdiloeT amerikaze modis, daxloebiT naxevari ki _ evropul qveynebze. mxolod 3% nawildeba danarCen qveyneb92

ze1. tradiciuli organuli produqtebi aris marcvleuli, xili, bostneuli, xorci da rZis produqtebi, magram moTxovna iseT produqtebze rogoricaa Rvino, yava da Saqari aseve izrdeba. bioproduqciis bazari msoflioSi sakmaod ganviTarebulia. biologiuri soflis meurneobis seqtori amJamad 120ze met qveyanaSi viTardeba. avstriasa, Sveciasa da SveicariaSi biologiuri soflis meurneoba mTliani sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriis 10%-s Seadgens, avstriis mTianeTSi ki 50%-s. germaniaSi daaxloebiT 10 aTasi biomeurneobaa, italiaSi - 60 aTasi, avstriaSi 20 aTasi. iseT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa egvipte, 1000-mde adamiani biodinamiuri meTodiT miRebul produqcias awvdis daaxloebiT 7000 farmacevtul da 3000 Cveulebriv maRazias; ugandaSi 7000 meurneoba organul bambas awarmoebs, meqsikaSi ki daaxloebiT 10 000 mcire meurneoba - organul yavas. momxmareblis mzardi moTxovna gamoikveTa iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa argentina, poloneTi, iaponia, avstralia. avstraliaSi 1,7 mln. ha miwis farTobi, sadac awarmoeben bioproduqcias, sertificirebulia. bolo monacemebiT dasavleT evropaSi bioproduqcia mTliani sasursaTo produqciis 1-2%-s Seadgens. bioproduqciis realizeba ukve supermarketebis qseliTac xdeba. mag., daniaSi sertificirebuli bioproduqciis 70% supermarketebSi iyideba, germaniaSi 3000-4000 maRazia bioproduqciiT vaWrobs. es, ra Tqma unda, momxmareblis mzardi moTxovnilebiTaa ganpirobebuli. bazarze biologiuri produqciis aRiarebis TvalsaCino magaliTia bavSvTa kvebis produqtebis damamzadebeli kompaniebis saqmianoba. bavSvTa kvebis produqtebis damamzadebeli germaniis wamyvani kompaniebi, romelTa kapitaldabandeba weliwadSi daaxloebiT 140 mln aSS dolaria, nedleuls mxolod sertificirebuli biomeurneobebidan iReben.

1

Organic Agriculture, Background iformmation, http://www.mukwano-ustralia.org/organic_agriculture

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bolo wlebSi bioproduqciis msoflio bazari mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis. Tu adre bioproduqcia mxolod elitarul momxmarebelze iyo gaTvlili, dRes ukve gaCnda am produqciiT rigiTi momxmareblis dainteresebis tendencia, gaizarda konkurenciac. Tu Tavdapirvelad bioproduqciis ZiriTad momwodeblebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi iTvlebodnen da isini akontrolebdnen bazars, dRes afrikis, laTinuri amerikisa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi seriozul ganacxads akeTeben biobazarze da warmatebebsac aRweven. amasTan, mniSvnelovnad amaRlda bioproduqciis xarisxi da gamkacrda standartis moTxovnebic.

organul menejments daqvemdebarebuli farTobebi kontinentebis mixedviT

afrika; 3%

Crdilo amerika; 4% azia; 13%

avstralia; 39%

laTinuri amerika; 20%

evropa; 21%

diagrama 4

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bioproduqciis saerTaSoriso bazris ganviTarebis procesSi moxda misi seqtorebad dayofa: dReisaTvis biobazari praqtikulad moicavs saqonlis mTel speqtrs, kerZod, sakveb produqtebTan erTad, biobazarze gamoCnda sarecxi saSualebebi, kosmetika (romelic didi popularobiT sargeblobs), tansacmeli da sxv. biobazris avtoritetuli analitikosebi varaudoben, rom bioproduqciiT vaWrobis moculoba momdevno 10 wlis manZilze gaizrdeba da 100 mldr. dolars miaRwevs. zrdis wilis didi nawili aSS-sa da iaponiaze eqneba. biobazris zrdis perspeqtivebs adasturebs is faqtic, rom iseTi korporaciebi, rogioricaa NESTLE da UNILEVER ukve Sevidnen biobazarze. dRevandel terminologiaSi terminebi ekoproduqtebi da bioproduqtebi erTnairi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. orive maTgani gulisxmobs ekologiuri anu biomeurneobiebis Seqmnas. biowarmoeba gacilebiT rTulia, vidre Cveulebrivi produqciis warmoeba: biomeurneobaze gadasvlisaTvis fermers sami weli mainc sWirdeba - swored am droSi xdeba niadagidan adre Setanili qimiuri sasuqebisa da sxva qimiuri metabolitebis gamodevna. amasTan, biowarmoeba gulisxmobs warmoebis yvela etapze xarisxis gacilebiT mkacr kontrols. sertifikatis misaRebad biomewarmes gacilebiT mkacri moTxovnebis Sesruleba uwevs, vidre Cveulebrivi produqciis mwarmoebels. bazarze bioproduqciiT vaWroba regulirdeba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT. aRniSnuli kanonebi moicavs standarts, romlis mixedviTac unda moxdes produqciis warmoeba da aRwerilia RonisZiebebi, rimlebic dasaSvebia biomeurneobaSi. amasTan ikrZaleba `bio�, `eko� da a.S. statusis gamoyeneba serTificirebis gareSe. dReisaTvis mdgradi soflis meurneobis sferoSi CarTuli fermerebis raodenoba, biomeurneobebis farTobi da bioproduqciis bazari yovelwliurad izrdeba. msoflioSi ekologiuri warmoebisa da eqspertizis sferoSi wamyvani adgili ukavia aSS-s, iaponias da dasavleT evropis qveynebs.

95

diagrama 5

diagrama 6 eqspertebis SefasebiT ekoproduqciis bazari erT-erTi swrafad mzardi da dinamikuria. specialistebi varaudoben, rom 96

XXI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflioSi warmoebuli produqciisa da teqnologiebis 40% ekologiuri iqneba. ekomeurneobebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi wamyvani evropuli qveyna aris avstria. avstriis mosaxleobis 4,2% dakavebulia soflis meurneobaSi. mcire ekologiuri meurneobebis (ojaxuri fermebis tipis) raodenoba dReisaTvis 19 aTass aRwevs da moicavs daaxloebiT 298 aTas heqtar farTobs, rac avstriis sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis 11,6%-s da fermebis saerTo raodenobis 9,2%-s Seadgens. avstriis fermerTa asociaciebis monacemebiT sertificirebuli ekofermebis 2/3 orientirebulia mecxovelebaze, xolo 1/3 _ memcenareobaze. avstriaSi ekomeurneobebis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo samma ZiriTadma faqtorma: federalurma subsidiebma, garemosdacviTma programam da mecxoveleobis fermebis ganviTarebisTvis erTob xelsayrelma pirobebma1. daxmarebis programis amuSaveba seriozuli stimuli aRmoCnda avstriis fermerebisaTvis _ 10 wlis manZilze (1990-2000) ekofermebis raodenoba 12-jer gaizarda2. ekoproduqciiT Sida sabiTumo vaWrobis wliuri moculoba 218 milion evros aRwevs, rac qveynis bazris moculobis 3%-s Seadgens. ekoproduqtebis 50% Cveulebrivi savaWro qselSi iyideba, 13% - specializebul maRaziebSi, 10% - sazogadoebrivi kvebis qselSi (restornebi, sastumroebi, sakonditroebi, skolebi), xolo 7 %-s - TviTon fermerebi yidian bazrobebze. avstriaSi amJamad funqcionirebs 7 makontrolirebeli organo. maT Soris wamyvani adgili ukavia ABG (Austria Bio 1

`avstriis nacionaluri daxmarebis programa bunebrivi sasicocxlo pirobebis damcveli eqstensiuri fermerobis gasaviTareblad~ _ OePUL, romelic 1995 wlidan amoqmedda. avstriis ekofermebis 95% am programis farglebSi iRebs subsidiebs. programis realizacia xorcieldeba evrogaerTianebis fondidan (50 %), federaluri (30%) da adgilobrivi (20%) wyaroebidan.

2 dundua T., ekologiuri soflis meurneoba avstriaSi, biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas� broSura `biomeurne�, #2 (13) 2006, gv. 4

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Garantie). ekofermis TiToeuli inspeqtireba daaxloebiT 110130 evro jdeba. saxelmwifos mxridan ekofermebis xelSewyobis programas Tan axlda ekoproduqciis farTo sareklamo-sainformacio kampania. arsebuli situacia ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT: • Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza; • saxelmwifos mxridan seriozuli xelSewyoba (saxelmwifo dotacia, SeRavaTebis sistema ekofermerebisaTvis); • ekoproduqciis gasaRebis meqanizmebis arseboba; • momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblebis ekologiuri cnobierebis maRali done da sxv. evropaSi bioproduqciis bumia. evropis momxmareblis aseT ganwyobaze miuTiTebs is faqtic, rom SveicariaSi daixura `makdonaldis~ qseli da evropaSi gaZlierda Fast Foodis (swrafi kvebis) alternativa – Slow Food-is (neli kvebis) qseli. misi slogania: rogor produqtebs gTavazobT Slow Food-i? gemriels+sufTa+patiosani=mdgradi, xarisxiani produqtebi1. evropaSi bioproduqtebis popularoba sareklamo bazris gajerebulobamac gamoiwvia – sareklamo informaciis siuxvem iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom momxmarebeli TiTqmis uyuradRebod tovebs ama Tu im cnobil brends, mas mxolod is ainteresebs, aris Tu ara etiketze warwera `bio~. eqspertebis SefasebiT ekoproduqciis bazari erT-erTi swrafad mzardi da dinamikuria. specialistebi varaudoben, rom XXI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflioSi warmoebuli produqciisa da teqnologiebis 40% ekologiuri iqneba. bioproduqtebis erT-erTi udidesi mimwodebelis, Cinuri bazris gafarToveba adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso arealze Cineli fermerebisTvis qmnis imis saSualebas, rom awarmoon ufro metad mdgardi sasoflo sameurneo produqti. Cineli momxmareblebi upirateobas aniWebdnen mwvane sakvebs da mzad arian maRali fasi gadaixadon. DSedegad Cinuri bazrebi gajer1

www.slowfoodfoundation.com

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da organuli sakvebiT. CineTSi organuli sakvebis warmoebas da eqportze gatanas sakaod didi potenciali aqvs1. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi biobazris ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs, jer Cven Sors varT evropuli modelisagan. magram TbilisSi, ukve SeimCneva momxmarebelTa fenis Camoyalibeba, romelic jansaRi kvebis momxrea da mzad aris gansxvavebuli fasi gadaixados. aRsaniSnavia pozitiuri cvlileba saxelmwifos agraruli politikis sferoSic. qveyanaSi bioproduqciis warmoebisaTvis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis pirveli nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia. saqarTveloSi biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanam” SeimuSava bioagrowarmoebis standartebi da safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi da samxreT kavkasiaSi sertificirebis samsaxuris Seqmnas. 2004 wlisaTvis asociaciaSi gawevrianebuli iyo 240-mde biomeurne. biomeurneobebis saerTo farTobi 1000 ha-s Seadgenda, rac saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis 0,09%-s warmoadgens. ,,elkanas” wevrebis mier warmoebul bioproduqcias sakuTari momxmarebelic hyavs, magram biobazari, mTeli Tavisi infrastruqturiT, praqtikulad ar arsebobs. biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia ,,elkanam” muSaoba daiwyo agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvisa da mdgradi gamoyenebis sakiTxebze. am mizniT 1998 wels ,,elkanam” daafuZna agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvis sazogadoeba ,,dika”, romlis ZalisxmeviT ,,elkanas” wevr fermerTa meurneobebSi (sxvadasxva dros 170-ze met fermerTan) iTeseba xorblis, qeris. Romis, fetvis, ospis, cercvis, muxudos da sxva adgilobrivi jiSebi. amasTan Seiqmna kulturuli mcenareebis nimuSebis sacavi. 2004 wlisaTvis ,,elkanas” sacavSi kulturuli mcenareebis 300-mde nimuSia daculi. amave wels ,,elkanas” xelSewyobiT samcxe-javaxeTSi daiwyo proeqtis _ ,,saqarTvelos agrobiomravalferovnebis 1

Richard Sanders, A Market Road to Sustainable Agriculture? Ecological Agriculture, Green Food and Organic Agriculture in China, Development and Change 37(1): 201–226 (2006). Institute of Social Studies 2006.

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aRdgena, konservacia da mdgradi gamoyeneba” ganxorcieleba. proeqtis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saTesle da sargavi masalis Segroveba koleqciebSi dacvisa da Semdgomi gamravlebis mizniT; specialuri programebis SemuSaveba adgilobriv mcenareTa genetikuri resursebis gamravlebiT dakavebul fermerTaTvis; mwarmoebelTa adgilobrivi asociaciebis Camoyalibeba; adgilobriv kulturul mcenareTa gamokvlevis safuZvelze strategiuli niSa-produqtebis SerCeva da axali produqtebis popularizacia. `elkana” erT-erTi warmatebuli organizaciaa, romelic 2009 wlis Tebervlis monacemebiT aerTianebs biomeurneobebs: _ axalcixeSi _ 196 wevrs („farezi“); dargebis mixedviT (axalcixis garda) elkanas wevri fermerebis raodenoba qvedaregebis mixedviT Seadens: _ mebostneobaSi _ 43 wevri (farezis garda); _ mefutkreobaSi _ 66 wevri; _ meRvineobaSi _ 94 wevri; _ mecxoveleobaSi _ 99 wevri; _ mexileobaSi _ 172 wevri; bioproduqtebis mwarmoebeli aqtiuri regionebia kaxeTi, samegrelo, guria. `elkana”aseve aerTianebs 5 saeparqio da 3 samonastro meurneobebs1.

2007 wlis 1 oqtombers ZalaSi Sesulma saqarTvelos kanonma `biologiuri agrowarmoebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” samarTlebrivi safuZveli Seuqmna msoflioSi soflis meurneobis erT-erT yvelaze mzard sistemis _ biowarmoebis ganviTarebas. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kanonis Tanaxmad biosertifikatis armqone piris mier etiketze iseTi warweris gakeTeba (sityvTa da SesityvebaTa nebismieri kombinacia, sadac gansazRvrebad iqneba `eko”, `bio”, `organuli da sxv), romelic momxmareblebs afiqrebinebs, rom produqcia warmoebulia biowarmeobis standartebis Sesabamisad, kvalificirdeba rogorc falsifikacia da kanoniT isjeba. samwuxarod, adgilobrivi sasursaTo indus1

monacemebi aRebulia boilogiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanaSi”

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triis lobirebis Sedegad, kanonis gardamaval debulebebSi Sevida cvlileba, romlis mixedviTac am wesis gavrceleba 2012 wlis 31 dekembramde SeCerebulia im mwarmoeblebis mimarT, romlebic kanonis amoqmedebis droisaTvis msgavsi niSandebis produqcias awvdidnen saqarTvelos bazars. saeqsporto produqciaze es SeRavaTi ar gavrceldeba. cxadia, es debuleba arajansaR konkurencias uwyobs xels, amkvidrebs ormag standartebs da mwarmoeblebs saSualebas uqmnis momxmarebeli SecdomaSi Seiyvanon. `bioproduqtis� sinonimebis etiketebze datanebis akrZalva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Sida bazarze samomxmareblo kulturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. qarTvel momxmarebels ufleba aqvs icodes, ra xarisxis produqts moixmars. msgavsi precendenti msoflioSi araerTia. evropaSi biowarmeobis Sesaxeb regulaciis SemoRebisas, sayovelTaod cnobili konpania `danonis� lobirebiT regulaciis analogiuri muxlis amoqmedeba 5 wliT gadaido. kompania `beRelis~ ZalisxmeviT, romlis mizania bioproduqciis bazris Camoyalibeba da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi da aseve zrunva qarTuli bioproduqciis evropis bazarze damkvidrebisaTvis, `elkanas~ wevri biofermerebis produqcia ukve iyideba Tbilisis sxvadasxva supermarketSi da specializebul maRraziebSi, Tumca maTi ricxvi mcirea. biowarmoebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis aucilebloba am sferoSi arsebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemiTaa ganpirobebuli. saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistema Sedgeba saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo standartebisa da regulaciebisagan, romleTagan saerTaSoriso standartebi yvelaze zogadia, xolo saxelmwifo _ SedarebiT konkretuli da ufro mkacri. aseve arsebobs kerZo standartebi, romlebic kidev ufro mkacria da amave dros, Seesabameba rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise Sesabamis saxelmwifo standarts.

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sqema 9

dReisaTvis msoflios mravali qveynisaTvis organuli meurneoba soflis meurneobis prioritetul seqtorad iqca. biomeurneobebis ganviTareba-gafarToebas sufTa sakvebze momxmareblis moTxovnilebis mateba ganapirobebs. magram momxmarebeli Txoulobs produqciis sandoobis garantiebs - igi ixdis gansxvavebul fass bioproduqciaSi da surs, rom falsifikaciisagan daculi iyos. am process aregulirebs sertificirebis programa, romelic standartebisagan (wesebi), inspeqciisa (Semowmeba) da uSualod sertificirebisagan Sedgeba. sertificirebis programis ganxorcieleba xdeba damoukidebeli setificirebis organoebis mier. adgilobrivi standartebis SemuSavebisas calkeuli qveyana Tu regioni xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso normebiTa da wesebiT, magram es standartebi SesaZloa saerTaSorisoze mkacric iyos, vinaidan saerTaSoriso standartSi mocemulia bioagrowarmoebis ZiriTadi principebi da is minimaluri moTxovnebi, romelTa dacva savaldebuloa bioproduqciis warmoebisa da misi aRiarebisaTvis. adgilobrivi, erovnuli an regionuli standartebis SemuSaveba ki, qveynis an regionis geografiuli mdebareobis, socilur-ekonomikuri mdgoma102

reobis, kulturuli faseulobebis, eqsportis strategiis, garemos dabinZurebisa da sxva mravali faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba. sertificirebis organo gascems sertifikats, romelic garantias iZleva, rom konkretul meurneobaSi (an sawarmoSi) produqciis moyvanis, gadamuSavebisa da Senaxvis dros ar gamouyenebiaT akrZaluli nivTierebebi da meurneobis mowyobis, marTvis principebi Seesabameba standartebis moTxovnebs. swored aseTi tipis sertifikati aZlevs uflebas meurnes gayidos Tavisi produqcia, rogorc bioproduqcia da mas momxmarebelTa ndobis mopovebaSi exmareba. calke sakiTxia TviT sertificirebis organos aRiarebis sakiTxi. damoukidebel da kompetetentur organod aRiarebisaTvis saWiroa imis dadastureba (akreditacia), rom sertificirebis organo icavs standartebs, misi struqtura da samuSao procedurebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs da igi kvalificiurad da obieqturad atarebs sertificirebas. sertificirebis organos akreditacia xdeba adgilobriv (erovnul an regionul) an saerTaSoriso doneze.

Cveni qveynisaTvis bioproduqciis sertificirebis ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva gza arsebobs: • saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone sertificirebis organosTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba, rodesac xdeba am organos mier SerCeuli inspeqtoris mier konkretuli meurneobis inspeqtireba, Semdeg ki daskvna warudgindeba sertificirebis organos, romlis safuZvelzec sertificirebis organo gascems sertifikats; • e.w. Tana-sertificirebis sistemis gamoyeneba, rodesac adgilobrivi sertificirebis organo atarebs meurneobis inspeqcias, amzadebs daskvnas, xolo gadawyvetilebas sertifikatis gacemaze miiRebs saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mqone sertificirebis organo; • adgilobrivi damoukidebeli sertificirebis organos Seqmna, romelic aRiarebul iqneba rogorc adgilobriv, aseve 103

saerTaSoriso doneze da damoukideblad Caatarebs sertificirebis yvela proceduras. kompetentur organod aRiarebisaTvis sertificirebis organo unda akmayofilebdes saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs (EN45011 an ISO-665). am moTxovnebiT gansazRvrulia: rogori unda iyos sertificirebis organos organizaciuli struqtura, ra procedurebi unda Caataros da ra dokumentacias unda flobdes, rogor unda uzrunvelyos am organom xarisxis kontroli, rogor unda Catardes inspeqcia, ra tipis sertifikatebi SeuZlia gasces da sxv. sertificirebis organos adgilobrivi akreditaciisaTvis, aucilebelia qveyanaSi Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis arseboba da standartebisa da sertificirebis sistemis harmonizacia saerTaSoriso moTxovnebTan; amis Semdeg SesaZlebelia diplomatiuri gzebiT mesameuli qveynebis siaSi moxvedra.

Tu qveyanaSi ar arsebobs Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza, saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebisaTvis sertificirebis organos SeuZlia mimarTos saerTaSoriso akreditaciis organos, magaliTad IFOAM-s, evrogaerTianebas da saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi miiRos akreditacia. am gziT saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopoveba sertificirebis organos weliwadSi minimum 8000 evro ujdeba, xolo adgilobriv akrditacias wlebi sWirdeba. arsebobs sxva gzac bioproduqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis _ partnioruli urTierTobebis damyareba saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone sertificirebis organoebTan da misi avtoritetiT sargebloba. organuli standartebi ar aris statikuri da ucvleli. sertificirebis standartebis gadaxedva da Secvla ramodenime weliwadSi erTxel xdeba. mdgradi soflis meurneobis erTiani qseli (The Sustainable Agriculture Network) koordinacias uwevs am mimarTulebiT msoflioSi mdgradi soflis meurneobis standartebze muSaobas da yovel sam weliwadSi erTxel axdens maT gadaxedvas. standartebis bolo versia miRebul iqna 2008 104

wlis TebervalSi. 2005 wels mdgradi soflis meurneobis qselma miiRo standartebis saboloo versia, ris Semdegac maTi ricxvi erTiT gazarda, nacvlad cxrisa gaxda aTi. axali punqti moicavs sayovelTao usafrTxoebas da janmrTelobas. Ees punqti gamoeyo mSromelTaTvis samarTliani da saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmnis punqts. sabolood standartebi moicavs Semdeg aT punqts:1 1. socialuri da bunebrivi garemos marTvis sistema; 2. eko sistemis konservacia; 3. veluri bunebis dacva; 4. wylis konservacia; 5. samarTliani da saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmna mSromelTaTvis; 6. sayovelTao janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba; 7. saTemo gaerTianebebis urTerTobebi; 8. mosavlis integrirebuli marTva; 9. niadagis menejmenti da konservacia; 10. integrirebuli narCenebis menejmenti; saqarTvelos kanoni `biologiuri agrowarmeobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” bioagrowarmeobis mxolod ZiriTad principebs gansazRvravs, xolo ufro detaluri regulaciebi mocemulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo standartSi `bioproduqciis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi da warmoebis wesebi” (sst 68:2007). kanoni `bioloiuri agrowarmeobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” saerTaSoriso standartis _ Codex Alimentarius GL 32-isa2 da evrokaSiris Sesabamisi regulaciis (EEC #2092/91) principebis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavda. Codex Alimentarius-is” komisiis mier dadgenili GL 32-iT moTxovnebi iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifo standartis SemuSavebis drosac.

1

Sustainable Agriculture Standard, Sustainable Agriculture Network, February 2008.

2 The Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labeling and Marketing of Organically Producer Foods (GL 32 – 1999, Rev. 1- 2001).

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uaxloes momavalSi damtkicdeba `bioproduqciis warmoebisas nebadarTuli nivTierebebis nusxa”. eqsportis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom es nusxa zedmiwevniT Seesabamebodes GL 32-is moTxovnebs. daSvebuli nivTierebebis gansazRvrisas, sasurvelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyos agreTve strategiuli saeqsporto bazrebis _ evrokavSirisa da aSS-is regulaciebis moTxovnebic, romlebic zogierT SemTxvevaSi ufro mkacria (gansakuTrebit EEC #2092/91, vidre GL 32-isa). warmoebis biostandartebTan Sesabamisoba sagangebod akreditebulma, damoukidebelma sertificirebis organom unda daadasturos. am mizniT asociacia `elkanas” iniciativiTa da Sveicariis ganviTarebis saagentos (SDC) da EPER/HEKS-is (Sveicaria) finansuri mxardaWeriT saqarTveloSi dafuZnda da funqcionirebs biosertificirebis organo _ Sps `kavkasserti”. analogiuri sertificirebis organoebi dafuZnda somxeTsa da azerbaijanSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi dafuZnebuli sertificirebis organoebs saerTo biostandarti da erTiani xarisxis marTvis sistema aqvT da saerTaSoriso bazrebze erTiani niSniT _ `grin kaukasus” (Green Caucasus) apireben gasvlas. dReisaTvis somxeTsa da saqarTvelos sertificirebis organoebs ukve miRebuli aqvT germanuli akreditaciis organos, DAP-is saerTaSoriso akreditacia. savaraudod, am niSnis mqone, anu saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis mixedviT sertificirebuli pirveli qarTuli bioproduqcia bazarze 2008 wels ukve gamoCndeba. miuxedavad am optimizmisa migvaCnia, rom es procesebi ar iqneba martivi da mosalodnelia seriozuli barierebic. mdgradi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom warmoebis mTeli jaWvi (mindvridan _ momxmareblamde) garkveul principebs Seesabamebodes. kanonma moicva rogorc pirveladi warmoeba, ise gadamuSaveba, SefuTva, Senaxva, transportireba, sertificireba, etiketireba, realizacia da importi. qveyanaSi aseve moqmedebs saqarTvelos saxel106

mwifo standarti `bioproduqciis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi da warmoebis wesebi”, sadac mocemulia detaluri regulaciebi. amrigad, biowarmeoba moicavs moqmedebaTa mTel jaWvs da am jaWvis TiToeuli rgoli garkveul CarCoebSia moqceuli. SezRudvebi ekologiuri, kulturuli da moraluri principebidan gamomdinareobs. xarisxi bioproduqtis aucilebeli niSania da sasurvelia, warmoebisas biostandartTan erTad gamoiyenebodes iseTi standartebic, rogoricaa GAP, HACCP an ISO 800. amis gamo sertificirebis dros mowmdeba swored warmoebis procesi da xdeba warmoebis sertificireba, rac gvaZlevs imis garantias, rom warmoebis am sistemiT miRebuli produqti namdvilad `bioproduqtia” da ara ubralod `usafrTxo” produqti. bioproduqciis maRal xarisxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc saeqsporto, ise Sida bazrisaTvis. xarisxis misaRwevad fermerul da gadamamauSavebel warmoebaSi, garda biowarmeobis standartebisa, aucilebelia sanimuSo sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikisa da xarisxis marTvis efeqtiani sistemebis danergvis stimulireba (mwarmoebelTa informireba/swavleba) da kontroli, ris aucilebel winapirobasac `sursaTis uvneblobis da xarisxis Sesaxeb”, aseve `mcenareTa dacvisa” da `veterinriis Sesaxeb” kanonebisa da Sesabamisi kanonqvemdebare aqtebis realuri amoqmedeba da sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis samsaxuris efeqturi amuSveba warmoadgens.

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Tavi III. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi

3.1 bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba da gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna bioproduqtebis msoflio bazari 2005 wels 25 miliard dolarad iyo Sefasebuli.1 bioproduqtebis fasi qveynis Sida bazarze, Cveulebriv produqciaze saSualod 25-30%-iT metia. Tumca zogierTi produqti (xorcis nawarmi, mcenareuli zeTi) ufro Zviricaa - Cveulebrivze 50%-iT. xSirad organulad moyvanili sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis Sesyidvis Semaferxebel faqtorad saxeldeba maRali fasebi da misi gavrcelebis arxebis deficiti.2 magnusonis da sxvaTa mixedviT3 “Cvevis” koncefcia nawilobriv xsnis imas, Tu ratom aris ase mcirericxovani organuli sakvebi produqtebis regularuli myidveli, miuxedavad maTi dadebiTi damokidebulebisa. kvlevebi, romlebic exeba bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebisa da gemovnebis Seswavlas iSviaTia, magram aseTi kvlevebi arsebobs4. kvlevis Sedegebi amtkicebs, rom momxmareblebs dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT biopro1

Yussefi, M. (2004), “Development and state of organic agriculture word-wide”, in Wilier, H. and Yussefi, M. (Eds), The World of Organic Agriculture 2004, Statistics and Emerging Trends, 6th ed., International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Adelaide.

2 O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002; Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002; Magnusson et al., 2001; Gil et al., 2000; Gendall et al., 1999; Pearson, 2001 3 Magnusson, M.K., Arvola, A., Koivisto Hursti, U.K., Aberg, L. and Sjoden, P.O. (2001), “Attitudes towards organic foods among Swedish consumers”, British Food Journal, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 209-226.

4 Stefanic et al., 2001; Squires et al., 2001; Gil et al., 2000; Magnusson et al., 2001; Chinnici et al., 2002; Harper and Makatouni, 2002; Gendall et al., 1999; Pearson, 2001; Conner, 2004; among others.

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duqtebisadmi. es produqtebi iTvleba rogorc ufro jansaRi, saRi, vidre Cveulebrivi alternatiuli produqtebi da swored es aris yidvis Sesaxeb momxmarebelTa gadawyvetilebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani mizezi.1 mecnierebma daadgines, rom sursaTis Sesyidvis dros yvelaze mniSvnelovani kriteriumi aris: gemo, produqtis sijansaRe, vargisianobis vada da produqtis xarisxobrivi aspeqtebi. am sferSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan metad sainteresoa magnusonisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi2. gamokiTxva Catarda evrokavSiris qveynebSi (EU),3 ramac aCvena, rom sakvebis SerCevisas yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebi aris xarisxi/axali produqti, gemo, jansaRi dieturi maxasiaTeblebi, fasi, ojaxuri preferenciebi da Cvevebi4. vondelma da bugem5 aCvenes, rom gemo, produqtis siaxle, Sesaxedaoba da sakvebi Rirebuleba arsebiTia xilisa da bostneulis arCevis dros. verbekma6 moaxdina demonstrireba, rom belgiaSi axali xorcisTvis xuTi mniSvnelovani kriteriumi moqmedebs – siaxle, xarisxi, gemo, samkurnalo Tvisebebi da hormonebisagan Tavisufleba.

1 Chinnici, 2002; Harper, Makatouni, 2002; O’Donovan, McCarthy, 2002; Hill, Lynchehaun, 2002; Hutchins, Greenhalgh, 1995; Beharrel, MacFie, 1991; Pearson, 2001.

2 Magnusson, M.K., Arvola, A., Koivisto Hursti, U.K., Aberg, L. and Sjoden, P.O. (2001), “Attitudes towards organic foods among Swedish consumers”, British Food Journal, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 209-226.

3 Lennernas, M., Fjellstrom, C., Becker, W., Giachetti, I., Schmitt, A., Remaut de Winter, A.M. and Kearney, M. (1997), “Influences on food choice perceived to be important by nationally representative samples of adults in the European Union”, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. S8-S15.

4 Lennernas, M., Fjellstrom, C., Becker, W., Giachetti, I., Schmitt, A., Remaut de Winter, A.M. and Kearney, M. (1997), “Influences on food choice perceived to be important by nationally representative samples of adults in the European Union”, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 51 No. 2, gv. S8-S15.

5 Wandel, M. and Bugge, A. (1997), “Environmental concern in consumer evaluation of food quality”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 8 No. 10, pp. 19-26.

6 Verbeke, W. (2001), “Beliefs, attitude and behaviour towards fresh meat revisited after the Belgian dioxin crisis”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 12 No. 8, pp.

489-498.

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yvela kvlevis Sedegebi amtkicebs, rom momxmareblebs dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT bioproduqtebisadmi.1 bioproduqtebis mwarmoebelTaTvis gansakuTrebiT SemzRudveli faqtoria maRali danaxarjebis done (gansakuTrebiT SromiTi), arasakmarisi nou-hau da Cveulebrividan organul soflis meurneobaze gadasvlis sirTule (biowarmeobaze gadasvla saqarTveloSi ufro iafi dajdeba, vidre intensiuri meurneobis awyoba, vinaidan dRes-dReobiT saqarTveloSi naklebad iyeneben qimiur pesticidebsa da sasuqebs. amitom konversiis periodi Seileba or wlamde Semcirdes da nakleb sirTuleebTan iyos dakavSirebuli). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom bioproduqtebi sezonuri xasiaTisaa da misi gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba, asortimenti da fasi sezonebis mixedviT SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos.2 yvela es faqtori arTulebs marketings da bioproduqtebze sacalo fasebis dadgena Znelia3.

TbilisSi bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebis SeswavlisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis miRebis mizniT Cvens mier Catarda kvleva. kvlevis gziT SevecadeT gamogvevlina, Tu ra etapzea saqarTveloSi bioproduqtebis bazaris ganviTareba, dagvedgina aris Tu ara sakmarisad gaTviTcnobierebuli momxmarebeli bioproduqtebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi _ TbilisSi bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi informaciis miRebSi mdgomareobda. Cven SevZeliT gamogvevlina, Tu ra etapzea saqarTveloSi bioproduq1 Chinnici et al., 2002; Harper and Makatouni, 2002; O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002; Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002; Hutchins and Greenhalgh, 1995; Beharrel and MacFie, 1991; Pearson, 2001.

2 Squires, L., Juric, B. and Cornwell, B.T. (2001), “Level of market development and intensity of organic food consumption: cross-cultural study of Danish and New Zealand consumers”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 392-409.

3 Gil, J.M., Gracia, A. and Sanchez, M. (2000), “Market segmentation and willingness to pay for organic products in Spain”, The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 207-226.

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tebis bazaris ganviTareba, SevecadeT dagvedgina aris Tu ara sakmarisad gaTviTcnobierebuli momxmarebeli bioproduqtebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis procesSi Cven veyrdnobodiT aprobirebul meTodologias. pirispir gamokiTxviT Cvens mier Sedgenil kiTxvarze pasuxi gasca 170 momxmarebelma. Seswavlil iqna bioproduqtebisadmi maTi damokidebuleba, yidvis sixSire, miwodebis sakmarisoba da dakmayofileba, Sexedulebebi. yvela statistikuri kvleva Catarda SPSS paketis gamoyenebiT. kvlevis sirTule mdgomareobda sakvlevi jgufis mravalferovnebaSi da respodentTa SerCeva-dajgufebaSi. kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris preferenciebis mkveTri sxvadasxvaoba, amitom Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis saWiroa momxmareblebTa dajgufeba garkveul jgufebad, raTa Sedegadac dadgindes, Tu romeli segmentebia ufro metad mgrZnobiare bioproduqtis marketingisaTvis. kvlevis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi saerTo warmodgenas gviqmnis TbilisSi bioproduqtebTan momxmarebelTa damokidebulebisa da Sesyidvis qcevisa Sesaxeb. kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas marketinguli qmedebis samomavlo dagegmisaTvis. axla ki SevecadoT detalurad davaxasiaToT kvlevis procesi da miRebuli Sedegebi: Cvens xelT arsebuli informaciis mixedviT dRemde ar yofila aranairi kvleva, romelic exeba organuli produqtebis moxmarebas saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi. amitom metad saintereso iyo TbilisSi organul sakveb produqtebze momxmareblebelTa Sexedulebisa da midgomebis Sesaxeb informaciis da garkvuli codnis miReba. kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas organuli produqtebis marketinguli dagegmvis, samizne segmentebis identificirebisaTvis, Sesabamisi gavrcelebis arxebisa da bioproduqtebis winsvlisaTvis (fromouSenisaTvis). gamokiTxva Catarebul iqna sam etapad. pirvel etapze (2006 wlis 29-30 dekemberi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos dedaqa111

laqi) Catarda pirispir gamokiTxva winasaaxalwlo bazrobaze, sadac warmodgenili iyo qarTuli soflebis sxvadasxva saxis produqtebi, iseTebi rogoricaa: Rvino, arayi, yveli, Tafli, nigozi, xorcis produqtebi, Ciri, CurCxela da sxv. gamokiTxva Sesrulda SemTxveviTi SerCevis meTodiT bazrobis 60 vizitorisaTvis, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodnen asakiT, sqesiT, ganaTlebiTa da socialuri fenisadmi mikuTvnebiT. interviuebi aRebul iqna mxolod im momxmareblebisgan, romlebmac isurves monawileoba mieRoT am gamokiTxvaSi. meore etapze (2007 wlis 28-30 dekemberi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi) gamokiTxva Catarda pirveli gamokiTxvis analogiuri anketebiT da igive proceduriT. meore gamokiTxvaSi sul 70 respodenti gamoikiTxa. mesame etapze (2008 weli) gamokiTxva Catarda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis TanamSromlebTan da studentebTan. misi xangrZlivoba TiToeul respodentTan daaxloebiT 5-7 wuTis Seadgenda. sul gamokiTxuli iqna 40 respodenti, maT Soris 20 studenti da 20 TanamSromeli.

Cvens mier Sedgenili kiTxvari (ix. danarTi #18) Sedgeboda 25 kiTxvisgan, romlebic kiTxvebis ramodenime jgufad iyo dayofili. aRsaniSnavia is, rom kiTxvarSi nacvlad terminisa `bioproduqti,� Cven gamoviyeneT termini `ekologiurad sufTa sakebi produqtebi� (miuxedavad am aspeqtSi misi aramarTebulobisa), radgan migvaCnia, rom sazogadoebis farTo fenebisaTvis es ukanaskneli ufro gasagebi da nacnobia. kiTxvebis umetesoba Sedgeboda sami savaraudo pasuxisagan, xolo zogi Seicavda pasuxis ramdenime variants. ori kiTxva iyo Ria tipis. bioproduqtebis ramodenime atributi (Tavisebureba) Sefasebuli iqna 5 baliani sistemiT, sadac 1 Seesabameboda TaviseburebaTa dabal dones, xolo 5 Seesabameboda TaviseburebaTa maRal dones. atributebi izomeboda subieqturi da raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT. is moicavda: samkurnalo 112

Tvisebebs, gemos, moxmarebis vadas, fass, xarisxs da Sesaxedaobas. anketis bolo nawili exeboda respodentebis socioekonomikur maxasiaTeblebs. sxvadasxva demografiuli Taviseburebebs Soris, rogoricaa sqesi, asaki, ganaTleba da Semosavlebi, respodentebs ekiTxebodnen Tu sad gaizardnen, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo gansxvavebis moZebna soflis da qalaqis mosaxleobis midgomebs Soris. sakvlev jgufSi SerCeul iqna 110 qali da 60 mamakaci. respondentebis saSualo asaki 36 weli iyo. gamokiTxulTa 70% iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebiT. daaxloebiT 25% _ arasruli umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, 5% _ saSualo an profesiuli ganaTlebiT. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 4% cxovrobda eqvsi da meti wevrisgan Semdgar ojaxSi, 13% _ xuTi da meti, daaxloebiT 35% _ oTxi, 27%-ze cota meti sami, 16% _ ori, xolo 5% _ erTi wevrisagan Semdgar ojaxSi cxovrobda. respondentTa 14%-s ar hyavda bavSvebi, 35%-s hyavda 1-dan 7 wlamde asakis, 27%-s _ 8-dan 14 wlamde asakis, xolo 24%-s _ 14 welze da meti asakis bavSvebi. ojaxis umetesobisaTvis (38%) saSualo Tviuri Semosavali Seadgenda 1000-dan 2000 lars. 2%-s hqonda 100 larze naklebi Semosavali, 12%-s _ 100-dan 500 laramde, xolo 28%-s 500-dan 1000 laramde Semosavali. mxolod 20%-s hqonda 2000 larze meti Semosavali. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 57% izrdeboda soflad, xolo 43% _ qalaqad; qalaqSi mcxovrebTa 74% aseve sofelSi izrdeboda. maTgan mxolod 30% Cadioda sofelSi regularulad. respondentebs pirvel rigSi vekiTxebodiT, arian Tu ara bioproduqtebis momxmareblebi. 45%-ma am kiTxvaze dadebiTad upasuxa. respondentTa umetesobas (89%) sjera, rom gansxvaveba biologiur da Cveulebriv produqtebs Soris arsebobs, 8% eWvobs, 3% naklebad aris darwmunebuli. Semdgom analizSi 113

CavrTeT mxolod iseTi respondentebi, romlebmac aRniSnes, rom am gansxvavebas xedaven. respondentebis daaxloebiT 10% adasturebs, rom bioproduqtebs yidulobs yoveldRe, 25% _ kviraSi ramdenjerme, 41% _ TveSi ramdenjerme, xolo 24% saerTod ar yidulobs, an yidulobs Zalian iSviaTad. gamokiTxulTa 22% kmayofilia adgilobrivi warmoebis bioprodutebiT, 27% _ ar aris kmayofili, xolo 51% naklebadaa kmayofili. kvlevebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom demografiuli maxasaTeblebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs gansxvaveba samomxmareblo qcevaSi1. mecnierebi aseve Tvlian, rom qalebs ufro aqvT midrekileba bioproduqtebis yidvisadmi, vidre mamakacebs.2 amasve adasturebs Cveni gamokiTxvac – qalebis daaxloebiT 65% da kacebis daaxloebiT 35% yidulobs bioproduqtebs. gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan Cans, rom ganaTlebuli adamianebi, ufro xSirad yiduloben bioproduqtebs, vidre sxva momxmareblebi. aRmoCnda, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone respondentebis 85% bioproduqtebs yidulobs ufro xSirad, vidre arasruli da saSualo (profesiuli) ganaTlebis mqoneni. respondentebis daaxloebiTY 23% aRniSnavs, rom maT bioproduqtebi uSualod mwarmoeblebisagan iyides. yvelaze xSirad nayidi bioproduqtebidan dasaxelda xili da bostneuli (25%). gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba yvelaze xSirad moixmars rZis produqtebs (24%), Tafls (20%), Rvinos (22%), Cais (9%) (naxazi #6).

1

Radman M., Consumer consumption and perception of organic products in Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, 2005, p. 5-6.

2 Davies, A., Titterington, A. and Cochrane, C. (1995), “Who buys organic food? A profile of the purchasers of organic food in Northern Ireland”, British Food Journal, Vol. 97 No. 10, p. 17-23.

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diagrama 7.

TbilisSi xSirad moxmarebuli bioproduqtebi

aseve, qalaqis macxovreblebi (daaxloebiT 38%) bioproduqtebs yiduloben ufro xSirad, vidre soflis mosaxleoba (24%). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom respondentTa is nawili, romelic izrdeboda sofelsa an raionul centrSi, magram amJamad cxovrobs TbilisSi, ufro metad afasebs bioproduqtebs, vidre qalaqSi gazrdili mosaxleoba. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qalaqSi gazrdili mosaxleobis ufro meti nawili aris bioproduqtebis momxmarebeli, vidre soflis mosaxleoba. gamokvleviT aseve dadginda, rom sxva socialur-demografiuli Taviseburebebi bioproduqtebis yidvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis sixSireze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas ar axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi Sedegebi miRebul iqna sicilieli,1 xorvati1 da irlandieli mecnierebis mier biopro-

1

Chinnici, G., D’Amico, M. and Pecorino, B. (2002), “A multivariate statistical analysis on the consumers of organic products”, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 Nos. 3/4/5, p. 187-199.

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duqtebis (organuli sakvebi produqtebis) momxmareblebis Sesaxeb kvleviT. 2 bevri momxmarebeli ver asaxelebda im adgilebs, sadac SeiZleba Sesabamisi produqtebis yidva. gamokiTxulTa 81% ar icnobs arcerT qarTul firmas, romelic awarmoebs bioproduqtebs. savaraudod, momxmareblebi bioproduqtebad Tvlian im produqtebs, romelic nayidia uSualod mwarmoeblebisagan (fermerebisagan, glexebisagan). Cveni kvlevis Sedegad Cans, rom Tbiliseli momxmarebeli kargad ar aris informirebuli biowarmoebis Sesaxeb. bioproduqtebis momxmarebelTa maRali maCveneblis kidev erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos sakvlevi jgufis specifikuroba. SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom winasaaxalwlo soflis produqtebis bazris momxmareblebi ufro metad arian dainteresebuli bioproduqtebis SeZeniT, vidre saSualo statistikuri momxmarebeli, radganac Tbiliseli momxmareblebi yovelTvis elodebian, rom winasaaxalwlo bazrobaze gamotanili iqneba saRi, saojaxo fermeruli produqtebi. metad saintereso gamodga momxmarebelTa gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnisa da yidvis Sesaxeb miRebuli savaraudo samomavlo gadawyvetilebebis kvleva. respondentebis 89% Tvlis, rom bioproduqtebis fasebi maRalia, mxolod 11%-s miaCnia, rom es fasebi xelmisawvdomia. anketis mixedviT, respondentebs vTxovdiT aseve mieTiTebinaT Cveulebriv sakveb produtebTan SedarebiT, surT Tu ara bioproduqtebSi gadaixadon ufro maRali fasi da ra aris is Tanxa, romelsac isini damatebiT gadaixdian. respodentTagan 14%-ma uari ganacxada damatebiTi Tanxis gadaxdaze; 21% Tvlis, rom naklebad eqneba SesaZlebloba gadaixados damatebiTi Tanxa, xolo momxmarebelTa umetesoba (65%) 1 Radman M., Consumer consumption and perception of organic products in Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing, University of Zagreb, Croatia, 2005, p. 7-8.

2 O’Donovan, P. and McCarthy, M. (2002), “Irish consumer preference for organic meat”, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 Nos. 3/4/5, p. 353.

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survils gamoTqvams gadaixados damatebiTi Tanxa, romelic 10%-s Seadgens. respondentTagan 9% gadaixdida damatebiT 50%-mde da mxolod 7% gamoTqvams survils bioproduqtebisaTvis damatebiT gadaixados 100% (ix. diagrama 8). aRsaniSnavia is, rom Cveni kvlevis Sedegebi emTxveva msoflioSi analogiuri kvlevebis Sedegebs.1 respondentebis 78% da meti acxadebs, rom SedarebiT dabali fasebis SemTxvevaSi, isini ufro xSirad da didi odenobiT bioproduqtebs iyiddnen. respondentebis 16%-ze naklebi ar ganixilavs fass, rogorc SemzRudvel faqtors. respodentTa 67% fiqrobs, rom momavalSi ufro xSirad iyidis bioproduqtebs. mxolod 28% Tvlis, rom bioproduqtebs SeiZens bavSvebisTvis mainc. mxolod 5%-s miaCnia, rom albaT ar iyidis bioproduqtebs momavalSi.

diagrama 8. momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba bioproduqtebis fasTan 1

Stefanic, I., Stefanic, E. and Haas, R. (2001), “What the consumer really wants: organic food market in Croatia”, Die Bodenkultur, Vol. 52 No. 4, p.. 323-328.

Hutchins, R.K. and Greenhalgh, L.A. (1995), “Organic confusion: sustaining competitive advantage”, Nutrition & Food Science, Vol. 95 No. 6, p. 11-14.

Radman M., Consumer consumption and perception of organic products in Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, 2005. p. 9-10.

117

unda aRiniSnos, rom bioproduqtebis samomavlo Sesyidvis mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali albaToba aRniSnuli iqna umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone momxmarebelTa Soris.

65%

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

14%

21%

10% 0% ar mzadaa ar SeuZlia gadaixdis gadaixados gadaxda diagrama 9. bioproduqtebis mimarT momxmarebelTa gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna

kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom respondentebi bioproduqtebs ganixilaven jansaRi da kargi xarisxis produqtad.

Tumca isini aseve Tvlian, rom AaseTi produqtebi sakmaod Zviria. momxmareblebi am produqtebis naklad miiCneven misi Senaxvis mokle vadas. aseve ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen produqtis garegnuli ieriT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWeben bioproduqtebs da Tvlian, rom is aris maRali xarisxis da ufro gemrieli; aseve ufrosi asakis momxmareblebi ufro erTgulni arian bioproduqtebisadmi, vidre axalgzrdebi. momxmarebelTa bioproduqtebis miwodebiT uzrunvelyofis done damokidebulia sqesze, yidvis sixSireze da Sesyidvis samomavlo savaraudo gadawyvetilebaze _ bioproduq118

tisaTvis gadaixados damatebiTi fasi. bioproduqtebis miwodebiT respondentebis kmayofilebis gamosakvlevad Cven gamoviyeneT xuTbaliani Sefasebis sistema, sadac 5 bali aRniSnavs Zalian kargs, xolo 1 – Zalian cuds. rogorc aRmoCnda, respondentTa didi raodenoba, arc Tu ise kargad icnobs bioproduqtebis miwodebas TbilisSi. miwodebiT kmayofilia respodentebis mxolod 28%, romlebic mas afaseben, rogorc `kargs”, xolo 5 % _ rogorc `Zalian kargs”. respodentTa 21% miwodebis kmayofilebis dones afasebs `damakmayofileblad”, 27% _ `cudad”, xolo 19% _ `Zalian cudad”. kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi ufro kamyofilni arian bioproduqtebis arsebuli miwodebiT, vidre kacebi. sursaTis usafrTxoebisa da kanonmdeblobisadmi damokidebulebis Seswavlis dros respondentTa 42%-ma aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos ara aqvs sursaTis xarisxis Sesabamisi standartebi. mxolod 9% fiqrobs, rom es standartebi kargad aris gansazRvruli. respondentebis 49%-s warmodgena ara aqvT saqarTveloSi sursaTis standartebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs momxmarebelebis arasakmaris ndobas sursaTis standartebis mimarT, magram yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavia kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb qarTveli momxmareblebis araadekvaturi codna. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom bioproduqtebs qarTveli momxmarebeli miiCnevs rogorc jansaR, kargi xarisxisa da gemos produqtebad. Tumca es produqtebi miCneulia rogorc sakmaod Zviri da arc Tu ise kargi Sesaxedaobis. momxmareblebi kargad ar icnoben bioproduqtebis mimwodeblebs bazarze. momxmarebelTa umetsobas aqvs sakmaod dadebiTi damokidebuleba bioproduqtebisadmi da acxadeben mzadyofnas, gadaixadon momatebuli fasi aRniSnul produqtebSi. kvlevam gviCvena, rom respondentTa umravlesobas ar smenia biowarmoebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc umetesoba Tavs aridebda gamokiTxvas. amitom, momxmarebelTa am kuTxiT informirebuloba da ganaTleba unda iqces erT-erT upirveles 119

miznad bioproduqtis mwarmoebelTaTvis. mniSvnelovani amocanaa is, rom momxmarebeli gaxdes ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli, Tu ra aris bioproduqti, rogor unda moxdes misi diferencireba bazarze. saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi, gamofenebi da sxva aqtivobebi unda imarTebodes arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da biomwarmoebelTa organizaciebis mier. bioproduqtebis reklamirebas, gansakuTrebiT SesaZlo sadistribucio arxebSi, didi yuradReba unda daeTmos. am kvlevis SezRudvaa is, rom igi Semoifargla saqarTvelos erTi regioniT _ Tbilisi. damatebiT kvlevebs unda daeqvemdebaros saqarTvelos sxva regionebic. seriozuli konkurenciis miuxedavad, qarTul bioproduqcias saerTaSoriso bazarze Rirseuli adgilis dakaveba SeuZlia. saerTaSoriso bazarze gasasvlelad bioproduqciis seqtoris arCeva yvelaze perspeqtiuli da saimedo gzaa. es erTaderTi seqtoria, sadac moTxovna jerjerobiT Warbobs miwodebas. aRniSnul process xels uSlida saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sertifikatis arqona, SesafuTi masalis xelmiuwvdomloba, cudi lojistika da sxva faqtorebi.

3.2 soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba da agraruli politikis prioritetebi saqarTvelos agraruli politikis strategia mimarTuli unda iyos Semdegi miznebis miRwevisken: • saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo potencialis srulad aTviseba da produqciis konkurentunarianobisa da xarisxis gazrda; • qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, adgilobrivi produqciiT importis Canacvleba; • sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze qveynis saeqsporto potencialis zrda, tradiciul da axal bazrebze poziciebis gaZliereba; 120

• soflad Semosavlebis gazrda da eqsportze orientirebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba. miznebis misaRwevad dargis ZiriTadi amocanebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: • tradiciuli bazris dabruneba da gasaRebis axali bazris mopoveba; • sasoflo-sameurneo infrastruqturis reabilitacia; • sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis ganaxleba da agrosainJinro centrebis Seqmna; • meTesleobis sistemis ganviTareba; • sursaTis uvneblobis infrastruqturis srulyofa; • gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis xelSewyoba; • mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis dargis reforma; • sasoflo-sameurneo miwis bazris ganviTareba; • fermerTa kooperaciuli sawarmoebis ganviTareba; • iafi da grZelvadiani kreditebis sistemis Camoyalibeba; • produqtiulobisa da mosavlianobis zrdisaTvis sakonsultacio qselis Seqmna; • Sida bazris dacva falsificirebuli, kontrabanduli da dempinguri produqciisgan; • mcenareTa da cxovelTa unikaluri jiSebis dacva, tradiciuli dargebis aRorZineba da ganviTareba; saqarTvelos Tanmimdevruli integracia evro-atlantikur sivrceSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis sagareo da saSinao politikis mTavari prioritetia. evrokavSirTan daaxloeba da integracia qveynis istoriul-kulturuli da ekonomikuri amocanaa. am etapze aucilebelia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evropul kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizacia, evropuli standartebisa da normebis danergvis xelSewyoba, evrokavSirTan savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba da evropul iniciativebSi aqtiuri monawileoba. saqarTvelos agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi orientirebi unda moicavdes: 121

• agraruli, gadamuSavebeli seqtoris, turizmis, infrastuqturis da maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebisTvis pirobebis uzrunvelyofas; • garemos dacviTi maRali standartebis danergvas da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas; miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokavSirSi ukve Camoyalibda saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika, ganviTarda saerTo Tavdacvis politika, SemuSavda saerTo evropuli armiis ganviTarebis gegma da dainiSna saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli, evrokavSiri mainc rCeba ekonomikur gaerTianebad da ekonomikuri maCveneblebi umTavresi kriteriumia, riTac fasdeba kandidati qveynebis vargisianoba kavSirSi gasaerTianeblad. am kriteriumebis dakmayofilebamde ki saqarTvelos jer kidev bevri aklia. soflis meurnebis dargSi ZiriTad problemas evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli standartebis adaptacia warmoadgens. es normebi da standartebi TiTqmis yvela saxis produqciaze vrceldeba. gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi kandidat saxelmwifoebSi unda aikrZalos nebismieri saxis produqciis daSveba bazarze, romlebic ar Seesabamebian janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT SemoRebul normebsa da standartebs. aseve mkacrad aris reglamentirebuli produqciis warmoebis (maT Soris sasuqisa da cxovelebis sakvebis gamoyenebis), laboratoriuli analizis, sertificirebis wesebi. molaparakebebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia qveynebisaTvis kvotebis daweseba evrokavSiris erTian bazarze vaWrobisas. am mimarTulebiT, saqarTvelos win elodeba rTuli molaparakebebi mis potenciur konkurentebTan iseTi tradiciuli saxis nawarmis garSemo, rogoricaa Rvino, xilis wvenebi, cirusebi da sxv. evrokavSiris qveynebi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis mxardasaWerad 1957 wlidan axorcieleben erTian agrarul politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli qveyenebi msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevrebi arian da aRiareben Tavisufali savaWro ekonomikis principebs, isini agrarul seq122

torSi atareben sakmaod mkacr proteqcionistul politikas, romlis saSualebasac, garkveul farglebSi, Tavad vaWrobis msoflio organizacia iZleva. evrokavSiris agraruli warmoeba mxolod nawilobriv efuZneba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis proncipebs. am qveynebSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis warmoeba, gadamuSaveba da vaWroba erTiani agraruli politikiT regulirdeba. dReisaTvis evrokavSiris biujetis 50%-ze meti agraruli politikis ganxorcielebaze ixarjeba. evrokavSiris erTiani agraruli politika gansazRvravs da aregulirebs agroseqtoris oTx sferos: soflis meurneobis bazars da produqtebis fasebs, mis struqturas, socialur sferosa da landSafts. bazari da produqtebis fasebi, aseve lanSaftis movla regulirdeba evrokavSiris doneze, xolo soflis meurneobis struqturasa da socialur sferos individualurad aregulireben kavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi briuselis SeTanxmebebiT. evrokavSiris erTiani agraruli politikis miznebis misaRwevad sxvadasxva instrumentebi da RonisZiebebia SemuSavebulia. bazris regulirebisa da fasTa politikis kuTxiT mniSvnelovania sabaJo gadasaxadebi, saeqsporto subsidiebi, importuli sursaTis raodenobis SezRudva, minimalur saxelmwifo fasebi, subsidiebi, fuladi premiebi, agrarul-politikuri instrumentebi.

Tu SevadarebT evrokavSiris qveynebisa da msoflioSi sursaTis mTavari eqsportiori qveynebis (aSS, kanada, brazilia, argentina, avstralia, axali zelandia, ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi, CineTi) soflis meurneobebs davinaxavT, rom evropis soflis meurneoba xasiaTdeba mcire meurneobebiT, Sromis maRali anazRaurebiTa da meqanizaciis zedmetad maRali doniT. yovelive amis gamo evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi warmoebuli sakvebi produqtebis fasebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, aRemateba msoflio bazris fasebs da Sesabamisad, arakonkurentunariania ufro iafi, importuli sursaTis mimarT. sakuTari agraruli bazris dasacavad evrokavSirma Semotanil pro123

duqtebze sabaJo gadasaxadebi daawesa. sabaJo tarifebis sidide SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an cvalebadi. maTi daniSnulebaa gaaZviros ufro iafi importuli sursaTi da amiT daicvas sakuTari agrobazari gare konkurentebisagan. garda amisa, cvalebadi sabaJo tarifebiT xdeba msoflioSi warmoebuli produqtebis meryevi fasebis stabilizacia. es, Tavis mxriv, icavs Sida agrobazars fasTa cvalebadobebisagan da sursaTis fasebis stabilizacias uzrunvelyofs. evrogaerTianebaSi zogierTi saxis produqtis miwodeba masze moTxovnas aRemateba, Sesabamisad adgili aqvs Warbwarmoebas. amitom aucilebeli xdeba am Warbi sursaTis gatana da sazRvargareT gayidva. magram msoflio bazris fasebTan SedarebiT, Sida bazarze fasebi ufro maRalia da maT gasasaReblad aucilebelia fasebis Semcireba. dabali fasebis gamo fermerebis Semosavlebis Semcirebis aRmosafxvrelad da zaralis minimizaciisaTvis, evrogaerTianeba awesebs saeqsporto subsidiebs. fermeri evrokavSiris agraruli biujetidan kompensaciis saxiT iRebs fasdaklebis sididis Tanxas poduqtis yovel tonaze. saeqsporto subsidiebi did tvirTad awveba evrokavSiris mTlian ekonomikas, aferxebs Raribi qveynebis agraruli bazrebis ganviTarebas da amitom bolo dros ufro iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. evrokavSiri Sida da gare bazrebze arsebuli situaciebis Sesabamisad iyenebs sursaTis fasebis pirdapiri regulirebis (sabaJo gadasaxadi), iribi regulirebis (importuli sursaTis raodenobis SezRudva), nawilobrivi SezRudvis (importis kvotireba, roca produqtis importis mxolod gansazRvruli raodenobaa dasaSvebi) da sruli SezRudvis (importis akrZalva) instrumentebs, rac xels uwyobs sakuTari produqciis fasebis stabilizacias. evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba agraruli bazris regulirebaSi pirdapir intervencias axdens da sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis mraval saxeobaze dawesebuli aqvs garantirebuli, minimaluri fasebi (fasebis qveda zRva124

ri). maTi sidide produqtebis TviTRirebulebis farglebSi meryeobs. produqtis sabazro fasis saxelmwifos mier dadgenil minimalur fasamde (anu TviTRirebulebamde) Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo TviTon Seisyidis produqts Semcirebul fasad. faqtiurad, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili minimaluri fasiT xelovnurad xdeba sabazro fasis qveda donis dafiqsireba, anu fasis vardniT mosalodneli zaralis Tavidan acileba. minimaluri fasebi dawesebulia evrokavSirSi warmoebuli sakvebi produqtebis saxeobebis 70%-ze. am produqtebs miekuTvneba marcvleuli, Saqari, rZis produqtebi, xorci, xilis, bostneulisa da Rvinis zogierTi saxeobebi. agraruli seqtoris xelSewyobis mizniT, evrokavSiris mier dawesebulia subsidiebi – fuladi daxmarebebi. subsidia SeiZleba gaices sasoflo-sameurmneo produqtebze, warmoebis saSualebebis SeZenasa da sursaTis momxmarebelze. subsidiis gacema sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze gulisxmobs fermerebisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdas Sida sabazro fasze dabal fasSi produqtis gayidvis gamo. warmoebis saSualebebis subsidias ekuTvnis magaliTad, fermerebisTvis SeRavaTiani kreditis daweseba, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu komerciuli kreditis wliuri saprocento ganakveTia 5%, maSin fermeri ixdis 3%-s, xolo danarCen 2%-s faravs saxelmwifo (sabanko angariSze fulis CaricxviT). sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis SeZenisas misi Rirebulebis 20-30% aseve saxelmwifo subsidiebis meSveobiT finansdeba. fermerebisTvis dawesebulia agreTve dizelis sawvavis SeRavaTiani fasebi. sabazro fasTan SedarebiT, fermers dizelis sawvavis SeZena Tavisi teqnikisTvis daaxloebiT 38%-iT iafad SeuZlia. rac Seexeba momxmareblebis subsidiebs, isini gaicema ara uSualod momxmareblebze, aramed sursaTiT movaWreebze, riTac sursaTiT Sesyidva-gayidvis dros misi Semdgomi gaZvi125

rebis Tavidan acileba xdeba. aseTi RonisZiebebiT ki sabolood mogebuli momxmarebeli rCeba. evropaSi damkvidrebul e.w. socialur sabazro ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo cdilobs sagadasaxado da premialuri sistemis meSveobiT dasaqmebuli pirebis Semosavlebs Soris sxvaoba Seamciros. radgan ekonomikis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT soflis meurneoba dabalrentabeluri dargia, evrogaerTianebas fermerebisTvis dawesebuli aqvs fuladi premiebi. isini gaicema sasoflo-sameurneo miwis farTobis an pirutyvis suladobis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tu fermers mohyavs xorbali, is yovel 1 ha saxnav miwaze saxelmwifosagan weliwadSi daaxloebiT 340 evros iRebs, an Tu fermeri asuqebs mozvrebs da yidis saqonlis xorcs, is yovel sul mozverze weliwadSi daaxloebiT 200 evros iRebs. premirebis sidide sawarmoo proceszea damokidebuli (rZis, xorcis, marcvleulis da a.S. warmoeba) da igi isea dadgenili, rom fermeris warmoeba uzaralo iyos. premiebi fermerebisTvis warmoadgens erTgvarovan kompensacias zaralis gamo. soflis meurneobis wamgebiani warmoebis mTavari mizezia is, rom msoflioSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze fasebi gacilebiT nela izrdeba, vidre warmoebis saSualebebze, ris gamoc Semosavlebi xarjebze naklebia. premiebis miRebis aucilebel wina pirobas warmoadgens is, rom fermeri valdebulia, yovelwliurad daasvenos Tavis mflobelobaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwis farTobis minimum 15%. evrogaerTianeba TandaTan arbilebs produqtebis fasebis xelovnuri gamyarebis instrumentebs (sabaJo gadasaxadebi, minimaluri saxelmwifo fasebi da a.S.) da sanacvlod, zrdis premirebis sidides. aman TandaTan unda aRmofxras produqtebis Warbwarmoebis uaryofiTi movlenebi da evrokavSiris bazris fasebi msoflio bazrebis fasebs dauaxlovos. ekonomikaSi porteqcionistuli politikis gatarebis avkargianobis Sesaxeb dResac ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelovani azri. am politikis gatarebas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve 126

uaryofiTi mxareebi. aRsaniSnavia is, rom dRes msoflios bevri ganviTarebuli qveyana agrarul sferoSi proteqcionistul politikas atarebs, xolo zogma qveyanam amgvari midgomebi met-naklebad Searbila. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic Tavisufali bazrebis ganviTarebis momxred gvevlineba, sakuTari bazris seqtoris dasacavad xSirad ar erideba yvelaze mkacri agrarul-politikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebas _ TviT produqtebis importis akrZalvis CaTvliT. amis magaliTia aSS-is mier bolo wlebSi argentinuli Taflis importis akrZalva im mizeziT, rom TiTqos argentinuli Tafli ar Seesabameboda moTxovnil xarisxs.

Tumca, sinamdvileSi am akrZalvis mizezi ucxouri Taflis konkurenciisagan sakuTari Taflis warmoebis dacva iyo. daaxloebiT msgavs faqts hqonda adgili bolo wlebSi, roca evrokavSirma, pesticidebis aRmoCenis sababiT, akrZala ufro iafi Cinuri Taflis importi. aRsaniSnavia, rom manamde, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, evropaSi imave xarisxis Cinuri Tafli iyideboda da maSin masSi pesticidebi aravis aRmouCenia. am SemTxvevaSic realuri mizezi sakuTari Taflis bazris dacva iyo1. agroseqtoris proteqcionizmis kargi magaliTia TurqeTis agraruli politika. TurqeTis saxelmwifo sakuTari fermerebisagan yovelwliurad garantirebul fasebSi axorcielebs miliard dolarze meti Rirebulebis sakvebi produqtebis Sesyidvas, raTa maTi Semosavlebis stabiluroba uzrunvelyos. amisaTvis, TurqeTis saxelmwifos xSirad sagareo valis aRebac uxdeba. garda amisa, TurqeTi atarebs kidev sxva agrarul-politikur RonisZiebebs, romlebic gacilebiT ufro mkacria, vidre zemoT ganxiluli evrokavSiris agrarul-politikuri instrumentebi. saqarTvelos agraruli seqtori Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis principebs efuZvneba. Tavisufali sabazro ekono1

g. gavaSeliSvili, evrokavSiris agraruli politika da saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, Jurnali `agroinfo�, 2007 #14, gv. 8.

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mika brwyinvale modelia, magram igi gamarTlebulia maSin, roca yvela konkurenti mis principebs aRiarebs. sinamdvileSi, Cveni konkurenti qveynebi xelovnurad, prioritetul mdgomareobaSi ayeneben sakuTar sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebas. Sedegad, qarTveli fermerebi araTanabar konkurentul pirobebSi imyofebian ucxoel fermerebTan SedarebiT. Tu qarTulma saxelmwifom soflis meurneobas nawilobriv mainc ar Seuwyo xeli misi sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia yovelTvis arakonkurentunariani iqneba da aseTi problemebi, rogorebic aris produqtebis fasebis Semcireba da gasaRebis sirTuleebi, kvlavac gagrZeldeba. Sedegad, dazaralebul fermerebs ar eqnebaT saarsebo Semosavlebi, sakmarisi kapitali inovaciebisTvis, raTa awarmoon xarisxiani produqtebi da SeuZlebeli gaxdeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis uwyveti warmoeba. amis naTeli dadasturebaa is, rom saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTwliani kulturebis naTesi farTobebi da arebuli mosavali TiTqmis ganaxevrda. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos agraruli seqtoris proteqcionistuli politika aucilebelia. Cveni bazari gajerebulia importuli, xSirad dabalxarisxiasni da janmrTelobisaTvios mavne sakvebi produqtebiT. qveyanas ar gaaCnia ZiriTadi sakvebi produqtebis (marcvleuli, xorci, rze, cximi) warmoebis strategiuli minimaluri done, rac mtrul garemocvaSi myofi saqarTvelosTvis metad mniSvnelovania. importuli produqtebi xSirad subsidirebulia, anu xelovnurad gaiafebulia sakuTari saxelmwifoebis mier da isini advilad uweven konkurencias qarTul produqtebs. imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis xelSewyoba ar xdeba da agraruli bazari daucvelia iafi importuli produqtebisagan, Cveni fermerebi cdiloben rac SeiZleba iafad, anu miwisa da garemos xarjze awarmoon produqcia. yuradReba ar eqceva saTib-saZovrebis menejments, savargulebis nayofierebis SenarCunebis RonisZiebebs da a.S. Sedegad, adgili aqvs Cveni niadagebis forsirebul gamofit128

vasa da erozias. gansakuTrebiT es exeba 12 gradusze meti daxrilobis mqone ferdobebs1. aseTi ferdobebi saqarTvelos teritoriis umetes nawils Seadgens. niadagebis eroziisa da gaudabnoebis samwuxaro magaliTebi mravladaa qarTl-kaxeTisa da mesxeTis mSral adgilebSi. saerTaSoriso agrarul bazrebze masobrivi warmoebis, dabalxarisxiani, qimiuri danamatebiT gajerebuli sakvebi produqtebi dominirebs. isini SedarebiT iafia da Raribi qveynebisTvis aris gankuTvnili. naturaluri, maRalxarisxiani produqtebi saerTaSoriso bazrebze sakmaod maRal fasad iyideba da maTi raodenobac SezRudulia, radgan TviT maRalganviTarebuli qveynebic ki ver axerxeben aRniSnuli produqtebiT sakuTari mosaxleobis dakmayofilebas. ganviTarebul qveynebs SemuSavebuli aqvs agraruli seqtoris xelSemwyobi politika da am mxriv arc saqarTvelo unda iyos gamonaklisi. es procesi sakmaod male unda daiwyos. proteqcionistuli agraruli politikis grZelvadian periodSi gatareba araefeqtiania, mas uaryofiTi Sedegebi aqvs: dargis ganviTarebis garkveuli doniT miRwevis Semdeg xdeba warmoebis konkurentunarianobis daqveiTeba da sakvebis gaZvireba, riTac saboloo jamSi momxmreblebi dazaraldeba. magram sawyis etapze aucilebelia saxelmwofosagan dargis mxardaWera, rac aucileblad unda moxdes dargis garkveul donemde gasaviTareblad, sanam Cveni produqcia konkurentunariani ar gaxdeba. gadawyvetilebebis miReba arsebuli situaciis Seswavlisa da erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moxdes. am gzas gadis dRes evropa, TurqeTi, bralizia, argentina da kidev mravali sxva qveyana. arsebuli sakiTxebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos agraruli politika orientirebuli unda iyos Semdeg RonisZiebebze: 1

g. gavaSeliSvili, evrokavSiris agraruli politika da saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, Jurnali `agroinfo�, 2007 #14, gv. 9.

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1. soflad infrastuqturis ganviTareba; 2. miwis resursebis menejmenti; 3. irigacia. saqarTvelos mTavrobis sami prioritetuli miznebis _ ekonomikuri zrda, samoqalaqo wesrigi da siRaribis daZleva _ misaRwevad agro-sasursaTo seqtoris adekvaturad ganviTarebas udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. swored am prioritetebis Sesabamisad iqna gansazRvruli da dasmuli qvemoT mocemuli miznebi da amocanebi momdevno aTi wlisaTvis. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis prioritetebi unda ganisazRvros Semdegi dargobrivi da sasaqonlo jgufebis mixedviT: 1) mebaReobis, bostneuli kulturebi da specifikuri kulturebi; maRali Rirebulebis kulturebs, rogoricaa, xili, bostneuli, Txili, yurZeni da sxva specifikuri kulturebi, udidesi potenciali gaaCnia. maT SeuZliaT arsebiTi wvlilis Setana saqarTvelos dasaqmebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saerTo erovnuli miznebis miRwevaSi da Sesabamisad, soflis meurneobis politikis SemuSavebisas prioritetad unda iqces.

2) mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis seqtoris ganviTarebis mxardaWera, iniciativebis xelSewyoba, daxmareba da ganxorcieleba, kerZod: • saeqsporto bazrebis diverisfikacia da axali bazrebis ganviTareba geografiuli da adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis, registraciisa da damkvidrebis programis ganxorcielebis dasrulebiT; • mkacri zomebisa da programebis SemuSaveba qarTuli Rvinis brendebis, xarisxis da sasaqonlo saxis gayalbebisa da falsificirebisgan dasacavad rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT; • saxelmwifo-kerZo seqtoris TanamSromlobiT Sesabamisi organos Camoyalibeba qarTuli meRvineobis produqciis 130

ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad da globalur bazarze mis dasacavad; • dargis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis Secvla da ganaxleba; • Rvinis mwarmoeblebis konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebis, partniorTa wris gafarToebisa da sakredito resursebis mozidvis mizniT saTanado kvlevis warmoeba; • adgilobrivi jiSebis SenarCuneba da maT Soris komerciulad sicocxlisunariani saxeobebis identificireba; • meRvineobis damxmare da masTan asocirebuli axali warmoebisa da momsaxurebis (tara, dasaZvelebeli muxis kasrebi, xarisxiani etiketebi) ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis Seswavla da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis daxmarebis gaweva; 3) Cais seqtorSi Tanmimdevruli da kompleqsuri programis ganxorcieleba, romelic unda moicavdes Semdeg RonisZiebebs: • dabalxarisxiani Cais warmoebis moculobis zrdis nacvlad xarisxis gaumjobesebasa da sabazro niSis srulyofaze aqcentis gadatana; • Cais ganviTarebis programis ganxorcieleba, romelsac menejments sabanko seqtori gauwevs. programis farglebSi daxmarebis miznobrivi mimRebebi is sawarmoebi iqnebian, romlebsac eqnebaT sakuTari pirveladi warmoeba, an kavSiri pirvelad warmoebasTan da TavianTi qmedebebi gamyarebuli eqnebaT Tanmimdevruli biznes-gegmebiT, sakuTrebisa da marTvis racionaluri struqturebiTa da saimedo energomomaragebis wyaroebiT; • Cais farTobebis inventarizaciis ganxorcieleba, ris safuZvelzec unda SemuSavdes strategia im farTobebisaTvis, romelzec mizanSewonili iqneba Cais kulturis moyvana, farTobebisTvis, romelzec SesaZlebelia alternatiuli kulturebis gaSeneba da farTobebisTvis, sadac Cais kulturas perspeqtiva ara aqvs; 131

• Cais alternatiuli kulturebis SesaZleblobebis kvleva calkeul farTobebze; • partniorTa wris gafarToeba da Cais fabrikebisTvis sakredito programebis SemuSaveba.

4) mecxoveleobis seqtoris ZiriTadi produqtebiT TviTuzrunvelyofis misaRwevad aucilebelia saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli daxmareba. rigi sakiTxebisa, rac dakavSirebulia sazogadoebriv janmrTelobasa da mdgradobasTan, moiTxovs saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. saWiroa mecxoveleobisa da mecxoveleobis produqtebis importisa da eqsportis gaTanabreba da am wonasworobis SenarCuneba, risTvisac unda gatardes Semdegi RonisZiebebi: • mTeli qveynis masStabiT gaumjobesdes srulyofili da efeqtiani prevenciuli RonisZiebebi, romlebic gamiznulia frinvelisa da pirutyvis ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis; • pirutyvis daavadebis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi SemuSavdes da ganxorcieldes monitoringis, reagirebis, ganadgurebisa da zaralis sakompensacio strategiebi; • ganxorcieldes cxovelebis vaqcinaciisa da samkurnalo praqtikis monitoringi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sakiTxebis gasaTvaliswineblad; • ganviTardes saxelmwifos mier inspeqtirebuli rZis produqtebisa da xorcis warmoebis, cxovelebis dakvlis, distribuciisa da gayidvis sistema; • uzrunvelyofil iqnas dafinansebis SesaZleblobebi sanitaruli sasaklaoebisaTvis; • mecxoveleobis dargSi gagrZeldes programebi mcire mewarmeTa dasaxmareblad da msxvili merZeveobis fermebisa da cxovelTa sakvebi bagebis mosawyobad; • SemuSavdes da ganxorcieldes saZovrebis mdgradobis monitoringisa da dacvis strategia; • daxmareba gaewios cxovelTa sakvebis adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas; 132

5) xilis, bostneulis, Txilisa da specifikuri kulturebis Semotanis, ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xelSewyoba; 6) Zlieri sabazro potencialis mqone kulturebis gamovlena da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, (magaliTad, mwvanili, kenkra, vaSli, citrusi, eTerzeTovani kulturebi); 7) axali jiSebis Semotanis procesis gaumjobeseba seleqcionerTa uflebebis dacvis, gadasaxadebis harmonizebis, mosakreblebis gauqmebisa da registraciis procesis gamartivebis gziT; 8) im saerTaSoriso xarisxisa da standartebis miReba da gamoyeneba, romelic xels Seuwyobs qarTuli mebaReobisa da bostneuli produqciis konkurentunarianobis gazrdas; 9) saeqsporto biowarmoebis sakanonmdeblo bazis, serTificirebisa da xelSewyobis struqturebis Semdgomi ganviTareba; 10) Tesleulis, sargavi masalisa da nergebis xarisxobrivi Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa; 11) mravalwlovani xexilis baRebisa da venaxebis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro finansuri produqtebis ganviTareba; 12) calkeul wlebSi mosalodneli Warbi mosavlis gamoyenebisa da marketingis alternatiuli strategiebis SemuSaveba; 13) transportirebis arxebis gaumjobeseba malfuWadi saeqsporto xilisa da bostneulisaTvis; 14) irigaciisa da drenaJis momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa im farTobebze, romelic perspeqtiulia mebaReobisa da bostneuli kulturebis da specifikuri kulturebis gaSenebis rentabelobis TvalsazrisiT; 15) damfasoeblebisa da gadamamuSaveblebisTvis partniorTa wris gafarToeba da sakredito programebis uzrunvelyofaSi daxmareba. rac Seexeba mindvris kulturebs, marcvleuli da zeTovani kulturebis warmoebaSi TviTuzrunvelyofis miRweva SesaZlebelia ar warmoadgendes umniSvnelovanes prioritets 133

am kulturebis dabali momgebianobis, mcire Sromatevadobis, saWiro miwis didi farTobisa da saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis gamo. Tumca, am kulturebsac sWirdebaT garkveuli sabaziso daxmareba, radgan isini mcire fermerebisa da glexebisaTvis kvlav inarCuneben TavianT mniSvnelobas kvebiTi Rirebulebis gamo. aseve maRali Rirebulebis kulturebis gaSenebamde SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes gardamaval an alternatiul kulturad. umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia saSualo mosavlianobis gazrda da safuraJe kulturebiT TviTuzrunvelyofis donis SenarCuneba. amisTvis saWiroa: • sertificirebuli Teslis xarisxobrivi Sesabamisobis uzrunvelsayofad Sesabamisi kanonebisa da maregulirebeli aqtebis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba; • elituri da sertificirebuli Teslis warmoebis, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikisa da aRWurvilobis SesaZenad misaRebi saprocento ganakveTis dafinansebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaqmnelad sabanko seqtoris mier Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatareba; • jiSebis SerCevis, kultivaciis, sasuqebis Setanis da sxva kvlevebis Catareba mindvris kulturebisTvis da miRebuli informaciis fermerTaTvis miwodebis uzrunvelyofa; • dabegvris struqturis harmonizeba importirebul da adgilobrivi warmoebis marcvleul, lobiosa da zeTovan kulturebs Soris; • alaos qeris, rogorc importis Canacvlebis SesaZleblobis mqone kulutris SesaZleblobebisa da potencialis gamokvleva; • zeTovani kulturebis gadamuSavebis problemis gadaWra; • marcvleuli kulturebis miwodebis wyaroebis diversificireba; safinaso-sakredito urTierTobebis mowesrigeba unda iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg RonisZiebebs: • pirdapiri finansuri subsidiebi Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli; 134

• grantebi upirveles unda moxmardes axali, perspeqtiuli teqnologiebis Semotanas, danergvasa da aTvisebas da ara ukve cnobili warmoebis saSualebebis SeZenas; • grantebis alternativa SeiZleba iyos sawesdebo kapitalSi monawileoba, roca axlad Seqmnil sawarmosTvis procentebis gadaxda didi tvirTi SeiZleba aRmoCndes. fermerTa daxmarebisaTvis unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi: • fermerebisaTvis daxmareba unda iyos fokusirebuli da ganawilebuli prioritetebis Sesabamisad, radgan SeuZlebelia TiToeuli fermerisaTvis individualuri daxmarebis paketis SemuSaveba; • fermerebs unda hqondeT sakmarisi informacia da Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZlebloba arsebuli mdgomareobisa da teqnologiebis Sesaxeb. dReisaTvis mTavaria qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis strategiis agebis gansazRvris iseTi konceptualuri politika, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos: • agrobiznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; • soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba; • produqciis xarisxze, agraruli resursebis gamoyenebaze, jiSTa gamocdasa da dacvaze, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze saxelmwifo kontrolis gaZliereba; • fitosanitaruli da veterinaluri samsaxurebis aRdgena; • etapobrivad SemuSavebuli sqemis mixedviT sasoflosameurneo infrastruqturis, maT Soris, irigaciisa da drenaJis sistemebis, saTave nagebobebis, magistraluri da gamanawilebeli arxebis, satumbi sadgurebis reabilitacia. saqarTveloSi SemuSavebuli agraruli politika SesabamisaobaSi unda iyos 2000-2006 wlebSi evrogaerTianebis mier miRebul reformaTa paketTan, romelSic gansakuTrebuli yuradReba usafrTxo sakvebs, ekologias da soflis meurne135

obis mdgradobas eqceva. Cvens mier damuSavebuli iqna saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis modeli, romelic efuZvneba soflis meurneobis mravalfunqionirebis koncefcias da biowarmoebis ganviTarebas.

soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis modeli

sqema 10 reformam unda SeZlos saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis produqciis konkurentunarianobis gazrda, gaamartivos soflis meurneobis kanonmdeblobis gamartiveba, stabiluri gaxados soflis meurneobis danaxarjebi. biowarmeoba, rogorc xarisxze orientirebuli, mdgradi, mzardi da perspeqtiuli sasoflo-sameurneo sistema, samomavlod saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis erT-erTi strategiuli prioriteti unda gaxdes.

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metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia saqarTveloSi bioproduqtebis bazris ganviTareba da am sakiTxSi momxmarebelTa gaTviTcnobierebis donis amaRleba. aseve mniSvnelovani sakiTxia proteqcionistuli politikis gatarebis aucilebloba saqarTvelos mdgradi soflis meurneobis garkveul donemde gansaviTareblad.

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gamoyenebuli literatura

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4.basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialisturi transformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze, Tbilisi, 2001 5.blesiCi m., evrokavSiris sasursaTo politika da kanonmdebloba. Tb., 2005.

6.biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia “elkana”, broSura #1. 2004.

7.gavaSeliSvili g., evrokavSiris agraruli politika da saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, Jurnali agroinfo, 2007 #14.

8.giorgaZe h. saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis ekonomikuri problemebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi. #2, Tb., 2001 9.koRuaSvili p. qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri orientirebi Tavsebadi unda iyos, saqarTvelos ekonomika, 2006 w. #4 10. koRuaSvili p. sasusraTo produqciis usafrTxoebis kontrolis erovnuli sistemebi, saqarTvelos ekonomika, 2006 w. #4.

11. koRuaSvili p. saqarTvelos sasursaTo uSiSroeba: realoba da prognozebi. gamom. `kolori~, Tb., 2004.

12. koRuaSvili p. sasursaTo produqciis usafrTxoeba kontrolis regulirebis meqanizmebi. Jurn. ,,socialuri ekonomika’’, 2003, #1, gv. 148_154.

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13. maRraZe g., genmodificirebuli organizmebi – mokled teqnologiisa da misi naklovanebebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraoba, dedamiwis megobrebi – saqarTvelo, Tb., 2006, gv. 6.

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25. vin sargeblobs genmodificirebuli mcenareebisagan? monsanto da mis mier marTuli genmodificirebuli mcenareebis revolucia _ saintereso faqtebi. saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraoba, dedamiwis megobrebi – saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 2006 weli, http://www.ncsa.ge 26. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani. http://www.constcourt.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_i d=19&info_id=73 27. saqarTvelos SesaZleblobaTa gaZlierebis saWiroebebis TviTSefaseba globaluri garemos dacvis mizniT, biomravalferovnebis dacvis, klimatis cvlilebisa da gaudabnoebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi SesaZleblobebis gaZlierebis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma, proeqti NCSA, UNDP, GEP http://www.ncsa.ge 28. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ministris brZaneba N2-277 2005 wlis 25 noemberi q. Tbilisi ,,niadagis eroziisagan dacvis kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa rekomendaciis” damtkicebis Sesaxeb www.cenn.org 29. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ministris brZaneba N2-244 2005 wlis 19 oqtomberi q. Tbilisi, ,,niadagis nayofierebis donis gansazRvris” da `niadagis konservaciisa da nayofierebis monitorigis debulebebis” damtkicebis Sesaxeb http://www.maf.ge/kanonmdebloba/brdzanebebi 30. Баутин В.М., Козлов В.В., Устойчивое развития сельских территорий: сущность, термины и понятия, M.,2004 31. Гвишиани Д. «Пределы роста- первый доклад римскому клубу» , www.reports.ru 32. Дюрр Ш., Под маркой «Эко» , Журнал «Агробизнес» No 7 (июль) 2005 http://www.agro-business.ru 33. Ладонина Н, Панъевропейская Конференция министров "Сельское хозяйство и биоразнообразие: к интегрированию биологического и ландшафтного разнообразия для устойчивого сельского хозяйства в Европе" http//: www.nature.coe.int 34. Портер М., Конкуренция., Москва 2004.

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d a n a r T i

karaqi

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xorci

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0,26

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-0,29

0,31

0,08

0,17

0,42

0,48

0,32

0,25

didi britaneTi

-0,19

0,00

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0,20

0,18

0,00

0,09

saberZneTi

-0,26

0,70

0,40

0,20

0,30

0,59

0,60

0,28

dania

-0,32

0,00

-0,10

-0,30

0,30

0,19

0,30

0,15

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0,50

0,33

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danarTi #1. kvebis produqtebze moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT

wyaro: FAO-s monacemebi, 2004.

149

danarTi #2. erT dasaqmebulze mSp-s saSualowliuri indeqsi 1977-1987 soflis meurneoba avstria 5,0 avstralia -belgia 3,9 didi britaneTi 6,0 germania 6,9 saberZneTi 3,6 dania 6,1 irlandia 4,0 espaneTi 5,4 italia 7,8 kanada 4,8 luqsenburgi 4,7 niderlandebi 6,4 norvegia 2,3 portugalia 5,2 aSS 5,5 TurqeTi 2,5 fineTi 3,9 safrangeTi 6,5 SvedeTi 5,6 iaponia -wyaro: OECD da FAO monacemebi

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1998-2004 soflis meurneoba 6,6 3,3 5,7 -5,2 2,2 5,4 -6,5 5,0 2,5 6,6 -4,4 -2,7 2,1 2,9 5,0 5,3 3,4 4,4

danarTi #3. biomravalferovnebaze moqmedi meTodebis CamonaTvali efeqturobis mixedviT

150

sxva seqtorebi 5,8 2,5 2,9 -2,7 1,6 1,7 -3,4 1,8 1,0 1,5 -1,7 3,8 0,3 2,7 2,3 2,6 1,3 3,0

danarTi #4. soflis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2007 wlis dasawyisisaTvis

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1999

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2005

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danarTi #5. erTwliani kulturebis sagazafxulo naTesi farTobi aTasi heqtari kulturebi sagazafxulo xorbali sagazafxulo qeri Svria simindi lobio mzesumzira soia kartofili bostneuli baRCeuli kulturebi pirutyvis sakvebi kulturebi danarCeni kulturebi sul sagazafxulo naTesi

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2008 weli (winaswari)

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151

danarTi #6. erTwliani kulturebis saSemodgomo naTesi farTobi aTasi heqtari

saSemodgomo xorbali saSemodgomo qeri sul saSemodgomo naTesi

2007 wlis mosavlisaTvis 43.0 12.0 55.0

2008 wlis mosavlisaTvis (winaswari) 37.8 7.2 45.0

danarTi #7. pirutyvisa da frinvelis suladoba

(aTasi suli)

2007 wlis 1 aprilis dgomareobiT msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi maT Soris furi da furkameCi Rori cxvari da Txa frinveli, aTasi frTa

1169.8 574.7 361.7 1,049.9 5216.6

2008 wlis 1 aprilis mdgomareobiT 1163.2 560.6 76.1 881.3 5822.4

danarTi #8.

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qarxnis profili

aWara

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guria

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samegrelo

152

SeZenilia 4 TevzsaWeri gemi 8 Txilis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo 4 Cais fabrika Tevzis fqvilis da swrafgayinvis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo foTSi

simZlavre 300 tona (24 saaTi) 500 kg. (24 saaTi) 50 aTasi tona citrusi, 20 aTasi tona xili (weliwadSi) 0.5 tona (24 saaTi) 0.5 (24 saaTi) eqspluataciaSi Seva 2006 wlis dekemberSi 10 tona (24 saaTi) 150 tona (24 saaTi) 50 tona (24 saaTi) 24 tona (24 saaTi) 2006 wlis noemberSi 600 tona Tevzs gadamuSaveba

imereTi

Sida qarTli

mcxeTamTianeTi

sakonservo qarxana asobiT sasaTbure meurneoba Terjolis rZis gadamamuSavebeli kombinati Cais fabrika sakonservo qarxana, S.p.s. “qarTuli produqti agara”

kaxeTi

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kombinirebuli sakvebis sawarmo, “forte” nataxtris ludis qarxana xilbostneulis samacivro kompleqsi

100 tona (24 saaTi)

xilis naturaluri wvenebis sawarmo qvemoqarTli

(24 saaTSi) 120 tona gayinva 3500 tona (weliwadSi) 1500 tona (weliwadSi) 7 tona rZe (24 saaTi)

kombinirebul sakvebis mwarmoebeli qarxana marneulSi mefrinveleobis Tanamedrove kompleqsi, sofel gamarjvebaSi, S.p.s “mefrinveleobis fabrika” pomidvris gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo marcvalgadamamuSavebeli sawarmo kaWreTis wisqvilkombinati mzesumziris zeTis mwarmoebeli qarxana dedofliswyaroSi yurZnis koncentratis da naturaluri wvenis mwarmoebeli qarxana gurjaanSi ninowminda, rZis gadamamuSavebeli qarxana, sof. arlovka aspinZa, xorcis miReba-damzadebis sawarmo

10 aTasi tona (weliwadSi)

400 aTasi tona weliwadSi eqspluataciaSi Seva 2006 wlisn bolos. 30 aTasi tona weliwadSi Sendeba 65 tona (24 saaTi) 1200 aTasi tona (weliwadSi)

Sendeba 30 tona (24 saaTi) 150 tona (24 saaTi) 25 tona (24 saaTi) eqspluataciaSi Seva 2006 wlis rTvelis sezomamde 50 aTasi tona (weliwadSi) eqspluataciaSi Seva 2006 wlis bolos, 30-35 tona rZe (24 saaTi) 5-6 tona (24 saaTi)

153

danarTi #9. saqarTvelos erTwliani kulturebis potenciali sul Rirebuleba (aSS $)

kultura

farTobi (ha)

mosavali (tona)

1 t fasi (aSS $)

xorbali simindi mzesumzira qeri kartofili bostneuli parkosani kulturebi sxvadasxva sul

100 000 200 000 37 000 50 000 40 400 44 300 9 600

350 000 1 000 000 74 000 150 000 1 000 000 1 107 000 14 400

160 120 250 150 150 100 1000

56 000 000 120 000 000 18 500 000 22 500 000 150 000 000 110 700 000 14 400 000

10 000

25 000

150

3 700 000 516 400 000

danarTi #10. saqarTvelos mravalwliani kulturebis potenciali

kultura venaxi Cai citrusi xili sul, maT Soris: Teslovani kulturebi kurkovani kulturebi kaklovani kulturebi subtropikuli sul

154

farTobi (ha) 110 000 20 000 15 000 100 000 29 000 30 000 40 000 1 000

mosavali (tona)

1t fasi (aSS $)

605 000 80 000 150 000 760 000 580 000 360 000 80 000 20 000

300 70 150 300 100 150 1500 300

sul Rirebuleba (aSS $) 181 000 000 5 600 000 22 500 000 238 000 000 58 000 000 54 000 000 120 000 000 6 000 000 447 100 000

danarTi #11. mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoeba 2007 wlis I kvartali xorci _ sul aT. tona rZe, aT. tona kvercxi, mln cali

19.5 126.2 80.8

2008 wlis I kvartali 11.7 112.5 115.9

danarTi #12. gamokiTxulTa suladobrivi struqtura

155

gamokiTxulTa

danarTi @#13. struqtura sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT 57%

60% 43%

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

qalaqi

sofeli

danarTi @#14. gamokiTxulTa struqtura ganaTlebis donis mixedviT 5%

25% umaRlesi ganaTlebiT

arasruli umaRlesi ganaTlebiT saSualo da prof. ganaTleba

70%

156

danarTi @#15.

OECD qveynebSi soflis meurneobis wili mSp-Si da soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa wili mis mTlian raodenobaSi

wyaro: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

danarTi 16. sursaTis importis saqarTveloSi 2004-2005 wlebSi produqti xorbali puris fqvili kartofili brinji Saqari xorci (frinvelis garda) frinvelis xorci Tevzi (dakonservebulis CaTvliT) Sesqelebuli rZe, kefiri, iogurti Sesqelebuli rZe, rZis

385.9 223.3 1.5 10.6 220.3 7.6 16.0 9.2

2005 aTasi tona 319.4 203.3 5.1 8 301 7.1 18.6 14.8

2005 wels faqtiur moxmarebaSi importis wili (%) 74

1.6

2.3

90*

9.8

8.7

100*

2004 aTasi tona

1.2 100 100 12.4 55.5 76.4

157

fxvnili karaqi kvercxi mcenareuli zeTi margarini bostneuli

4.6 6.9 24.5 9.7 11.0

5.4 5.4 29.5 11.2 18.4

90 40 90 100 10

xili

13.0

12.2

5

danarTi 17. sursaTis eqsporti saqarTveloSi 2004-2005 wlebSi produqti

158

2004 aTasi tona

2005 aTasi tona

xorbali Saqari Tevzi (dakonservebulis CaTvliT) mcenareuli zeTi

112.9 85.7 3.3

36.7 91.6 16.3

0.8

0.3

bostneuli xili mineraluri wylebi ualkoholo sasmelebi

1.2 22.6 74.9 40.9

1.5 47.6 119.5 66.0

ludi Rvino spirtiani sasmelebi Cai

0.1 23.4 4.0 4.5

0.2 41.6 5.6 5.0

danarTi #18 momxmareblis mier biologiuri produqtebis moxmareba da cnobadoba saqarTveloSi kiTxvari 1. xarT Tu ara biologiurad sufTa produqtis momxmarebeli? diax ara 2. ramdenad xSirad moixmarT biologiurad sufTa produqtebs? yovel dRe

kviraSi ramdenjerme

TveSi ramdenjerme

saerTod ara

3. realurad arsebobs Tu ara gansxvaveba, biologiur da Cveulebriv produqtebs Soris? diax

ara

naklebad

4. xarT Tu ara kmayofili adgilobrivi warmoebis biologiurad sufTa produqtebiT? diax

ara

naklebad

5. biologiurad sufTa produqtebis miwodeba TbilisSi 1 - Zalian cudi, 2 – cudi, 3 - damakmayofilebeli, 4 – kargi, 5 – Zalian kargi a) rogoria bazarze biologiurad sufTa produqtebis mimwodebiT Tqveni kmayofilebis done?

1 2 3 4 5 b) ramdenad kargad icnobT biologiuri produqtebis mimwodeblebs TbilisSi? 1 2 3 4 5 ] 6. yvelaze xSirad nayidi biologiurad sufTa produqtebi? xili da bostneuli

xorci da xorcis produqtebi

159

rZe da rZis produqtebi Rvino da sxva alkoholuri sasmelebi sxva -----------------------------------

7. produqciis yidvisas, pirvel rigSi, yuradRebas aqcevT: fass

xarisxs

orives

8. iciT Tu ara, riT gansxvavdeba biologiurad sufTa produqti igive saxis Cveulebrivi produqtisgan diax

ara

naklebad 9. endobiT saqarTveloSi damzadebul da markirebul biologiurad sufTa produqtebs? diax

ara

naklebad

10. rogoria biologiurad sufTa produqtebis fasebi? maRalia

xelmisawvdomia

11. gaqvT Tu ara biologiurad sufTa produqtebze damatebiTi fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna? diax

ara

naklebad

12. rogoria biologiurad sufTa produqtebis atrubutebi? (moxazeT) 1 - Zalian cudi, 2 – cudi, 3 - damakmayofilebeli, 4 – kargi, 5 – Zalian kargi

160

samkurnalo Tvisebebi gemo moxmarebis vada fasi xarisxi Sesaxedaoba

1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5

13. ra aris is Tanxa, romelsac Tqven damatebiT gadaixdidiT? 10%-ze naklebi 10%

20%

50%

70%

100%

100%-ze meti

14 rogoria biologiuri produqtebis miwodebiT Tqveni dakmayofileba? xSirad xvdebiT? diax

ara

15. rogoria Tqveni samomavlo gadawyvetileba biologiurad sufTad moyvanili sakvebi produqtebis yidvis Sesaxeb?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16. rogoria Tqveni damokidebuleba biologiurad sufTa sakvebi produqtebis usafrTxoebasTan? ramdenad icavs kanonmdebloba momxmareblebs am sakiTxSi? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17. asaki:

18-30

18. sqesi:

mdedrobiTi

31-45

46-60 60-ze meti

mamrobiTi 161

19. sad gaizardeT?

soflad

qalaqad

20. sad cxovrobT amJamad? soflad 21. xSirad dadixarT sofelSi? xSirad iSviaTad 22. ganaTleba: saSualo skola 23. suladoba ojaxSi: xuTi da metsuliani oTx suliani samsuliani wyvilebi marto

162

qalaqad

arasdros

sauniversiteto ganaTleba

24. gyavT Tu ara bavSvebi da ra asakis? ara

1-7 wlamde

8-14 wlamde

14 welze meti asakis

25. Tqveni Semosavlebi TveSi: 100 larze naklebi 100-500 laramde 500-1000 laramde 1000-2000 laramde 2000-ze meti

Sinaarsi winasityvaoba .................................................................................................. 3 Tavi I. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis

Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebi da principebi............................................................................... 5 1.1. globalizacia, soflis meurneoba da mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZvlebi ................................................................................. 5 1.2. soflis meurneobis mravalfunqciuroba da mdgradi soflis meurneobis principebi ............. 15 1.3. mdgradi soflis meurneobis Camoyalibebis strategiebi da modelebi.................................................... 35 Tavi II. saqarTvlos soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis faqtorebi da prioritetebi................ 67 2.1. soflis meurneobis mdgrad ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebis identifikacia ............................. 67 2.2. konkurentunariani agroseqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebis prioritetebi................................................. 80 2.3. mdgradi soflis meurneobis globaluri bazrebi da regulaciebi ....................................................... 91 Tavi III. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi ............................................ 108 3.1. bioproduqtebisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba da gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna ............ 108 3.2. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba da agraruli politikis prioritetebi ............................ 120 gamoyenebuli literatura .............................................................. 138 danarTi ..................................................................................................................... 149

163

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

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