1.2. jozef nais rbili Zalis Teoria

3. moiZie informacia da ganmarte termini: „metanarativi“. 4. ganmarte fraza: „Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa“. 5. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „postmodernSi Zala obobis qselia, romelic aRwevs yvela tipis urTierTobaSi“? 6. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „konstruqtivizmSi Zala socialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa“? 7. rogor fiqrob, ra sxvaobaa saxelmwifos usafrTxoebasa da adamianebis usafrTxoebas Soris? 8. rogor fiqrob, rogor unda gavzomoT Zala? 9. imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebze unipolarul, bipolarul, multipolarul saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. 10. SearCie magaliTi (qeisi) da imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sxvadasxva paradigmis mixedviT.

1.2. jozef nais rbili Zalis Teoria

• rbili Zala (soft power), xisti Zala (hard power),

Wkviani Zala (smart power) • Zalis legitimacia da Zalis gamoyenebis konteqsti • rbili Zalis Teoriis axali kontributorebi – basri Zala (sharp power) • demokratiis dilema

termini `rbili Zala“ gamoigona da pirvelad gamoiyena amerikelma profesorma jozef naim1 1990 wels. cno

1 jozef semiuel nai umcrosi (d. 1937 w. 19 ianvars) – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis neoliberalizmis skolis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, harvardis universitetis emeretusi, harvardis jon ficjerald kenedis saxelobis marTvis skolis yofili dekani, harvardis universitetis mecnierebisa da saerTaSoriso

bil diskursSi amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis Sesaxeb, naim daasabuTa, rom aSS uZlieresi saxelmwifoa ara mxolod Tavisi samxedro da ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT, aramed kidev erTi kriteriumiT – „moxibvlis ZaliT“, rasac „rbili Zala“ uwoda.1 sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT (romlebic aSS hegemoniis dasasruls sxvadasxva argumentebiT winaswarmetyveleben), nai saerTaSoriso asparezze aSS zegavlenis dasustebas aSS `rbili Zalis~ SemcirebasTan akavSirebs da dRemde aqtiurad msjelobs am sakiTxze Tavis statiebsa da monografiebSi. demokratiuli partiis ideologiis mxardamWeri nai am process respublikuri partiis mmarTvelobis sisusted aRiqvams. is aqtiurad akritikebda jorj buSis mmarTvelobas da akritikebs trampis administracias, baraq obamas ki mouwodebda gamoesworebina respublikelebis daSvebuli Secdomebi. momdevno wlebSi naim gaagrZela msjeloba `rbili Zalis~ Sesaxeb da rbili Zalis idea srulyofil Teoriad aqcia. Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebi (samxedro agresia, muqara, mosyidva, TanamSromloba...) daajgufa da komponentebad daSala: rbili Zala (Soft Power), xisti Zala (Hard Power), Wkviani Zala (Smart Power).2

urTierTobebis centris yofili xelmZRvaneli. amasTan iyo praqtikosi politikosic, 1970iani ww. miwuruls xelmZRvanelobda aSS saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sabWos birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis jgufs, prezident bil klintonis administraciaSi iyo aSS Tavdacvis mdivnis TanaSemwe saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT, xelmZRvanelobda aSS saxelmwifo dazvervis sab

Wos (1993/94). jozef nai saxeldeba rogorc msoflios erTerTi yvelaze gavleniani mecnieri da politikosi. aris sxvadasxva saxelmwifo da sapatio jildoebis mflobeli. 1 momdevno wlebSi naim calke monografia miuZRvna `post-amerikuli samyaros~ Temas: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Is the American Century Over?

Polity. 2015 2 rbili, xisti da Wkviani Zalis maxasiaTeblebze nais msjeloba mocemulia ZiriTadad or monografiaSi: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power.

xist ZalaSi moiazreba yvela tipis agresia (muqara, ekonomikuri zegavlena, mosyidva) da mas naim `stafilos da wkeplis~ (carrots and sticks) politika uwoda1, rac Cveni azriT, kargad cnobili `maTraxis da Taflakveris~ politikis msgavsia. rbili Zala dakavSirebulia TanamSromlobis survilTan, romlis safuZveli A-s mier B-s dayoliebaa da ara iZuleba. rbili Zala aris unari, moaxdino sxvisi arCevanis formireba xisti meTodebis gareSe. rbili Zalis mizani ar aris zegavlena, romelic xisti ZaliT ufro efeqturad miiRweva. rbili Zala arc mxolod darwmunebis unaria – is ufro metia, vidre darwmuneba argumentebiT. rbili Zala moxibvlis Zalaa da misi iaraRi TanamSromlobis survilia tankis an fulis nacvlad. rbili Zala hgavs qorwinebas, romelic efuZneba urTierTobis ormxriv survils da ormxriv sargebels... 2 `rbili Zala hgavs cekvas, sadac partnioris yola aucilebelia~... 3 `rbili Zalis gamoyeneba TiTqos nakleb sariskoa, vidre ekonomikuri da samxedro meqanizmebis, magram rTulia misi gamoyeneba, martivia dakargva da ZviradRirebulia aRdgena~. 4 rbili an xisti Zalis gamoyenebis efeqturobisTvis naim aqcenti gaakeTa iseT klasikur ideaze, rogoricaa legitimacia da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa axal cvlads – konteqsts.

5

The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. avtori Tavis argumentebs sxvadasxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT imeorebs sxva statiebsa da sajaro gamosvlebSi. 1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 5 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 20-24; 81-109. 3 ibid. p. 84 4 ibid. p. 83 5 ibid. p. 20-24; 81-109. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in

World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 5-18

legitimacia rbili Zalis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. Tu B aqtors sjera, rom A aqtoris qmedebebi legitimuria, is TanamSromlobas ganixilavs racionalurad da Sedegi miiRweva A aqtoris mier ganxorcielebuli iZulebis Tu mosyidvis gareSe. rbili Zalis efeqturobisTvis aucilebelia instituciebi. britaneTma XIX s-Si da aSS-ma XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sakuTari Rirebulebebis gavrceleba saerTaSoriso wesebisa da efeqturi instituciebis SeqmniT moaxerxes. 1 nais msjeloba kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom rbili ZaliT moqmedeba sistemurobas da profesionalizms moiTxovs. rbili Zalis SeqmnaSi SesaZloa saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs daexmaron. nais mixedviT, am konteqstSi saintereso magaliTia kanadis da aSS-is TanamSromloba. kanada monawileobs aSS-is mier inicirebul zogierT saerTaSoriso operaciaSi, rac legitimurobas matebs aSS qmedebebs, sanacvlod ki iRebs aSS-ze zemoqmedebis garkveul meqanizmebs.

2 `rbili Zalis Sedegi SesaZloa aRmoCndes nulovanic (zerosum) da urTierTmomgebianic (positivesum). rbili Zala Zalauflebaa sxvebTan erTad, nacvlad sxvebze Zalauflebisa.

~3 rbili da xisti Zalis gazomvisa da miRebuli Sedegebis Sefasebis procesSi aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT konteqsti. Tu gvinda gavaanalizoT rogor axdens A zegavlenas B-ze C Sedegis misaRebad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT A da B aqtorebis preferenciebi, mzaoba da interesTa Tanxvedra an Seusabamoba. Tu Zalas gavzomavT mxolod imis mixedviT, rogor Seicvala aqtoris qmedeba da ar

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 10 2 ibid. p.10 3 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.90

gaviTvaliswinebT sxva cvladebs, ar SevafasebT sawyis poziciebsa da konteqsts, analizi arasrulyofili iqneba. Zala icvleba konteqstis cvlilebasTan erTad da amitomac Zala yovelTvis izomeba konteqstSi. konteqstis analizis gareSe yvinCilasaviT gvegoneba, rom diliT mze Cvens yivils amohyavs. `Zala ar aris konvertirebadi valuta. rac imarjvebs erT TamaSSi, usargebloa sxvagan. erTi SexedviT martivad Tvladi resursebic ki damokidebulia konteqstze. navTobi ar iTvleboda mniSvnelovan resursad industriul eramde. urani ki birTvuli iaraRis gamogonebamde...

~1 nais msjelobidan da mis mier moyvanili sxvadasxva magaliTebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom xisti Zala SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes damoukideblad, an rbil ZalasTan erTad an masTan monacvleobiT. rbil Zalas SesaZlebelia aZlierebdes xisti Zala (gansakuTrebiT misi ekonomikuri komponenti, radganac rbil Zalas sWirdeba resursebi). `rbili momxibvleloba~ SesaZleblia ganxorcieldes xisti Zalis daxmarebiT an xisti Zalis sruli gamoricxviT. rbili Zala SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT xisti Zalis danamatad an xisti Zalis alternativad. zogierTi aqtori rbili ZaliT aRwevs im masStabebs, rasac ver miaRwevda xisti Zalis gamoyenebiT. xisti Zalis sruli gamoricxviT ganxorcielebuli rbili momxibvlelobis magaliTia vatikani. rbilma da xistma Zalam SesaZlebelia erTmaneTi daazianos an xistma Zalam srulad gaanadguros rbili momxibvleloba. sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad dakarga rbili momxibvleloba aRmosavleT evropis okupaciisa da bru

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 3-4

taluri saSinao politikis gamo. eraySi oTx kvirianma omma 2003 wels (amerikuli xisti Zalis gamarjveba) didi ziani miayena amerikul rbil Zalas da Searyia amerikuli momxibvleloba im qveynebSic ki, romlebic mxars uWerdnen aSS-s terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 1 xist Zalasac aqvs momxibvleloba – uZlevelobis miTi. 2 mravali magaliTiT dasturdeba, rom sust aqtorebs `mitmasnebis~ survili uCndeba im aqtorebTan, romlebic Tavs `uZlevelad~ warmoaCenen da xisti (Tundac aralegitimuri) ZaliT cdiloben prestiJis ierarqiaSi dawinaurebas. aRniSnul konteqstSi udaod kargi magaliTia ruseTis politika postsabWoTa sivrceSi. rbili da xisti Zalebis gamoyenebis racionalurobasTan dakavSirebiT, nai xazs usvams rbili Zalis upiratesobas. misi azriT, TanamSromloba ufro efeqturi meqanizmia sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad, vidre iZuleba. TanamSromlobis safuZvelia RirebulebebiT moxibvla da dayolieba TanamSromlobis savaraudo sasikeTo SedegebiT. ideaTa bazarSi Cveni survilebi swored rbili Zalis mier formirdeba. xisti Zalis meqanizmebs mxolod mTavrobebi flobs. mTavrobis qmedebebi did zegavlenas axdens rbil Zalazec, magram rbili Zala ar aris mxolod mTavrobis sakuTreba. misi warmoeba saerTo saxalxo CarTulobas gulisxmobs, rac kidev ufro arTulebs rbili Zalis gamoyenebis teqnikas. 3 ra SeiZleba CavTvaloT rbili Zalis mTavar resursad an meqanizmad? nais mixedviT, ama Tu im qveynis rbili Za

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 14 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 86 3 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.1415

la sam resurszea damyarebuli: kultura (im adgilebSi, sadac is momxibvlelia); politikuri Rirebulebebi (Tu gaziarebulia sazRvrebs miRma); sagareo politika (Tu miCneulia legitimurad).1 kultura, romelic efuZneba universalur Rirebulebebs, advilad iqceva rbil Zalad. nais azriT, amgvari universaluri politikuri Rirebulebebia – demokratia, adamianis uflebebi, individualizmi... swored es Rirebulebebi gaxda mimzidveli bevri adamianisa da sazogadoebisTvis civi omis dros Tu mis Semdeg periodSi. universalurma Rirebulebebma aSS rbili Zalis generirebis mTavar instrumentad aqcia msoflioSi. kulturas bevri ganzomileba aqvs. literatura, xelovneba, ganaTleba – kulturaa elitebisTvis. kulturis zogierTi aspeqti universaluria, zogi nacionaluri, zogierTi ki socialuri klasebis da mcire jgufebis kuTvnileba. 2 nai erT-erTi mZlavr instrumentad ganaTlebas moiazrebs rbili momxibvlelobis Sesaqmnelad. cnobili faqtia, rom aSS-Si yovelwliurad asiaTasobiT ucxoeli studenti swavlobs da msoflios mraval politikur liders (maT Soris, moqmed da yofil saxelmwifo meTaurebs) amerikuli ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli da maTi umravlesoba moxiblulia amerikuli RirebulebebiT. gvinda daveTanxmoT nais ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis SefasebaSi, Tumca Sedegebi ver iqneba erTgvarovani sxvadasxva konteqstSi. sabWoTa kavSiri aseve cdilobda ucxoeli studentebis mozidvas. magaliTad, moskovSi funqcionirebda pa

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.84 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public

Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 11; 44-72. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.84

tris lumumbas saxelobis saerTaSoriso instituti ZiriTadad afrikidan Camosuli studentebisTvis. Tumca sabWoTa momxibvleloba afrikis kontinentze moklevadiani aRmoCnda. 1 aT welze metia saganmanaTleblo rbili Zalis gamoyeneba daiwyo CineTmac, sadac saerTaSoriso studentebis raodenobam bevrad gadaaWarba aSS-Si arsebul studentTa raodenobas, magram Sedegebi gansxvavebulia. sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is da CineTis saganmanaTleblo politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba erT sibrtyeSi SeuZlebelia. mTavar mizezad isev legitimacia, konteqsti da ganaTlebis universalur Rirebulebebze dafuZneba migvaCnia.

Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi arcTu umniSvneloa maskulturis roli. nais magaliTad mohyavs adamianis uflebaTa damcveli axalgazrda Cineli aqtivistis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba: `rodesac holivudur filmebSi vxedavT, rogor dadian rigiTi amerikelebi sasamarTloSi, davfiqrdiT imaze, rom sasamarTlo Cveni cxovrebis iseTive gardauvali nawilia, rogorc sxva movlenebi~. nais daskvniT, amgvari magaliTi imis mauwyebelia, rom holivudma SesaZlebelia ufro metad Seuwyos xeli adamianebis cnobierebis gazrdas universaluri Rirebulebebis mimarT, vidre amerikeli elCebis gamosvlam sasamarTlo reformebis mxardaWeris rekomendaciiT. 2

1 Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: Higher Education for a SovietThird World alliance, 196091. Journal of Global History. Vol. 14.

Issue 2. p. 281-300. Published online by Cambridge University Press on July 08, 2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journalofglobalhistory/article/lumumbauniversityinmoscowhighereducationforasovietthirdworldalliance196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/corereader 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.12

nais azriT, swored universaluri Rirebulebebis arsebobis Sedegia aSS rbili Zalis efeqturoba. nai imowmebs germaneli Jurnalistisa da mecnieris jozef jofis sityvebs, rom aSS rbili Zala aSS tankebze Sors midis (rac ar ganisazRvreba mxolod holivuduri produqciis, koka-kolas Tu big-makis moxmarebiT), xolo romis imperiis da sabWoTa kavSiris rbili Zala maT sazRvrebTan mTavrdeboda.

1 rbili Zalis meqanizmebia vaWroba, piradi kontaq

tebi, vizitebi.

2 CamoTvlili aspeqtebi saxalxo diplomatiis Semadgeneli nawilebia. politikis dokumentebsa Tu angariSebSi swored saxalxo diplomatia moixsenieba rbili Zalis gavrcelebis mTavar meqanizmad. saxalxo diplomatias da mis transformacias XXI saukuneSi Semdeg paragrafSi mimovixilavT, amjerad ki davubrundeT nais msjelobis logikas.

rbili Zalis resursebis efeqturoba fardobiTia da

konteqstSi unda davinaxoT da SevafasoT: tankiT ver iomeb Waobsa da junglebSi; rkinis da qvanaxSiris sabadoebi ver gagamdidrebs, Tu industria ar gaqvs; holivudis filmebma SesaZloa amerikuli cxovrebis wesi momxibvleli gaxados CineTsa Tu laTinur amerikaSi, magram ara saudis arabeTSi; koka-kolas daleva ver aiZulebs islamur qveynebs amerikis siyvaruls; franguli Rvino da yveli Tu giyvars, aucilebeli ar aris safrangeTiT iyo moxibluli... SesaZloa erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva jgufebs gansxvavebuli mimRebloba hqondeT universaluri Rirebulebebis mimarT, rac jgufebs Soris socialuri konfliqtis albaTobas warmoSobs... 3

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.11 2 ibid. p 13-14 3 ibid. p. 12

universaluri Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi, didi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben Seqmnan RirebulebiTi narativebi. narativi ver gamodgeba rbili Zalis meqanizmad, Tu sityvebi da simboloebi Seusabamoa realobasTan. moxibvlis mcdeloba SeiZleba gadaiqces antipatiad, Tu saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli `rbili qmedeba~ qedmaRluria an ormag standartebs eyrdnoba. `rbili Zalis narativi~ saWiroebs legitimurobas da misi aralegitimuroba xSirad pirdapir kavSirSia rbili Zalis gamavrceleblis Sida politikur problemebTan. nais mixedviT, XX saukunis rasizmis problemam sruliad araefeqturi gaxada amerikuli rbili Zala afrikis kontinentze, xolo sikvdiliT dasjisa da iaraRze susti kontrolis gamo aSS-s dResac akritikeben evropuli qveynebi. 1 mcireoden interpretacias Tu movaxdenT, erTi saxelmwifos rbili Zalis dasustebam an araefeqturobam SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos metoqe saxelmwifos rbili zegavlenis zrdas gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe. ssrk warmatebebi civi omis dasawyisSi swored am konteqstSi SegviZlia gaviazroT. afrikisa da aziis qveynebis mosaxiblad, sabWoTa kavSirma gamoiyena martivi narativi – marqsistul socialur Tanasworobasa da eTnikur kosmopolitizmze dafuZnebuli sabWoTa ideologia warmoaCina upiratesad `rasizmiT daavadebuli~ amerikisa da yofili kolonizatorebis (evropuli saxelmwifoebi) kapitalisturi uTanasworobis ideis winaaRmdeg. rogorc istoriam gvaCvena, Sedegi efeqturi aRmoCnda, Tumca ara grZelvadiani. ssrk narativi darCa narativad misi qmedebebis ormagi standartis gamo. rbili Zalis narativma SesaZloa sapirispiro Sedegic moitanos. nais mohyavs lumetis filmis magaliTi. 2

1 ibid. p. 13 2 ibid. p. 17

aSS diskreditaciis mizniT da ssrk sasamarTlo sistemis upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad, sabWoTa moqalaqeebs aCvenes sidnei lumetis `12 ganrisxebuli mamakaci~. Sedegi sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda – sabWoTa moqalaqe gaTviTcnobierda amerikuli samarTlis warmoebis specifikaSi (kerZod, nafic msajulTa instituti) da aRfrTovanda misiT. am konteqstSi sainteresoa cnobili sabWoTa mwerlebis, ilia ilfis da evgeni petrovis Txzulebis `erTsarTuliani amerikis~1 magaliTic. wigni daiwera sabWoTa mTavrobis dakveTiT aSS diskreditaciis mizniT, magram gamoqveynebisTanave aikrZala, vinaidan efeqti ganzraxulisgan sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda. rbili momxibvlelobis mTavar sirTuled swored is migvaCnia, rom SeuZlebelia misi Sedegebis zusti gaTvla da movlenebze sruli kontroli rbili Zalis gamavrcelebeli jgufis Tu saxelmwifos mxridan. rogori iqneba Semdegi nabiji: agresia (xisti Zala), rbili Zalis samiznis da/an meqanizmebis Secvla (rbili Zalis konteqstze morgeba) Tu sruliad axali tipis prioritetebis dasaxva (Wkviani Zala)? nais ganmartebiT Wkviani Zala arc xistia da arc rbili, is orivea da maTi komponentebis erTdroulad an monacvleobiT racionalurad gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. 2 `Zala da Zalaufleba arc kargia Tavisi arsiT da arc

cudi. is kalorias hgavs kvebis racionSi – meti ar

niSnavs ukeTess... ~3 Wkviani Zala „liberaluri realizmia“ – liberalizmis da realizmis erTgvari sinTezi. 4

Wkviani Zala strategiuli azrovnebis unaria: prioritetebis gansazRvra da konteqstze morgeba, survi

1 ilfi da petrovi. erTsarTuliani amerika. Tb. 2015. 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 3-24; 207-234 3 ibid. p. 207 4 ibid. p. 231

lebis da interesebis strategiuli ierarqiis Seqmna... procesis strategiulad dasagegmad pasuxi unda gavceT Semdeg SekiTxvebs: romel miznebs vaniWebT upiratesobas da ra tipis Sedegebis molodini gvaqvs? TamaSis romeli wesebi iqneba adeqvaturi ama Tu im miznis misaRwevad? ra tipis konsteqstSi iqneba gamarTlebuli Zalauflebis sxvebze Tavs moxveva da ra SemTxvevaSi ajobebs Zalauflebis sxvebisTvis ganawileba? Sedegze nulovani TamaSis wesi (zerosum game) gagviyvans Tu mogeba-mogeba (win-win game) strategia? ra resursebia xelmisawvdomi da ra konteqstSia SesaZlebeli maTi gamoyeneba? ra aris samizne sazogadoebis pozicia da preferencia? ra albaToba aqvs warmatebas?1

Cveni SejamebiT, Wkviani Zala gulisxmobs diplomatiis, Tavdacvis, mdgradi ganviTarebis da sxva msgavsi instrumentebis integrirebul gamoyenebas, kompleqsur da koordinirebul qmedebas konteqstis Sesabamisad. nais Teoriis mimarT Tavdapirveli skepsisis miuxedavad rbili Zalis Teorias bevri mimdevari, mimomxilveli da gamgrZelebeli gamouCnda bolo wlebSi. 2017 wels gamocemul rbili Zalis saxelmZRvaneloSi erT-erTma avtorma da saxelmZRvanelos redaqtorma naren Citim rbili da xisti Zala pasiur da aqtiur kategoriebad dahyo: mizanmimarTuli xisti an rbili zegavlena aqtiur kategoriad Seafasa, aramizanmimarTuli xisti an rbili zegavlena ki pasiurad. 2 amgvar dayofas rbili Zalis Teoriis diskursSi Semoaqvs axali aspeqtebi: rbili moxibvla SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis gamcemis Tu rbili Zalis mimRebis winaswar ganzraxulobis gareSec. rbili

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 208-209 2 Naren Chitty. Soft Power, Civic Virtue and World Politics. in: Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, edited by Naren Chitty, Li Ji, Gary D. Rawnsley, Craig

Hayden. Abingdon. Oxon. New York, 2017. p.26

Zalis mwarmoebeli mzad unda iyos gauTvaliswinebeli SedegebisTvis, man SesaZloa ver miaRwios mizans samizne jgufTan, magram ganxorcielebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegad `moxiblos~ sxva jgufi, romelic Tavdapirvel prioritets ar warmoadgenda. 2017 wels, qristofer uolkerma da jesika ludvigma rbili/xisti/Wkviani Zalebis kategorias miamates axali ganzomileba – basri Zala (Sharp Power). maTi ganmartebiT, iseTi avtoritaruli qveynebi, rogoric ruseTi da CineTia, rbil Zalas iyeneben sakuTari avtoritarizmis gasavrceleblad da zegavlenis gasazrdelad sxva qveynebSi, rac scildeba rbili Zalis naiseul definicias. 1 jozef nai gamoexmaura axali terminis Semqmnelebs da daeTanxma axali terminis validurobaSi. Tumca, misi azriT, basri Zala xisti Zalis qvesaxeobaa da ara calke kategoria. 2 ideebiT manipulacia da ideologizirebuli mesijebi politikuri procesebis Sesacvlelad civi omis droindeli cnobili teqnikaa. Tu basr ZalaSi vigulisxmebT mtruli miznebis ganxorcielebisTvis mizanmimarTul dezinformacias, es xist qmedebad unda Sefasdes da ara rbil zegavlenad. nais mohyavs magaliTi civi omis droindeli propagandidan. 1980-ian wlebSi sabWoTa uSiSroebam (КГБ) gaavrcela xmebi, rom Sidsis virusi aSS mTavrobam xelovnurad gamoiyvana laboratoriebSi da gaavrcela msoflioSi, rogorc biologiuri iaraRi. statia aRniSnuli informaciiT pirvelad daibeWda

1 Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power. How Authoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November 16, 2017.https:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/20171116/meaningsharppower 2 ruseTis da CineTis magaliTebis moxseniebisas, monografiaSi nai ruseTs xisti Zalis ganmaxorcieleblad miiCnevs, xolo CineTs `Wkviani Zalis~ Seqmnis msurvelad moiazrebs. msjelobis ZiriTadi argumentebi mimarTulia teqnologiebis ganviTarebaze. ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. XI; 36.

delis (indoeTi) adgilobriv gazeTSi da Semdeg mTeli msoflio moicva. 1 nai yuradRebas amaxvilebs basri Zalis gauvnebelyofis sirTuleebze da mas „demokratiul dilemas“2 adarebs. demokratiuli sistema Tu ecdeba informaciis SezRudvas da/an cenzuras sakuTari Rirebulebebis dasacavad, safrTxe daemuqreba demokratiis mTavar Rirebulebas – sityvis Tavisuflebas.

Cven viziarebT rbili Zalis Teoriis axali kontributorebis termins `basri Zala~, radgan ruseTis da CineTis mier zegavlenis moxdenis mcdeloba `rbili~ da `xisti~ meqanizmebis erTobliobaa da ara romelime erTi maTgani. saxelmZRvaneloSi termini `rbili Zala~ dasavlur instituciur qmedebebze dafuZnebul `moxibvlis Zalad~ ganixileba, xolo termini `basri Zala~ gamijnulia rbili Zalisgan da ruseTis da CineTis politikasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. vinaidan rogorc rbili, aseve xisti Zalis gavrceleba ori mxaris arsebobas moiazrebs, analizis simartivisTvis Semogvaqvs terminebi: `Zalis gamavrcelebeli~ da `Zalis mimRebi~.

sawyis etapze nais rbili Zalis Teorias mimdevarze meti kritikosi gamouCnda. skeptikosebi uars acxadebdnen nais analizi `Teoriis rangSi~ ganexilaT.

1 Nye Joseph S. Jr. How sharp power threatens soft power. The right and wrong ways to respond to authoritarian influence. Foreign Affairs, January 24, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/20180124/howsharppowerthreatenssoftpower 2 termini `demokratiuli dilema~ gamoiyenes wignis saTaurad artur lupiam da meTiu makkubinsma 1998 w. ix. Arthur Lupia, Mathew

D.McCubbins. The Democratic Dilemma. Can Citizens Learn What They Need To

Know? Cambridge University Press.1998.

kritikosebma ki Teoriis kritikis mniSvnelovani argumentebi Camoayalibes. maT Soris, erT konkretul qveyanaze (aSS) morgebuli Teoria ramdenad SesaZlebelia Seiracxos saerTaSoriso Teoriad da saintereso gaxdes sxva sazogadoebebisTvisac? aris Tu ara rbili Zalis

Teoria yvelasTvis gamosadegi?

kritikis sxva argumentebi mimarTuli iyo Tavad Teoriis Sinaarsze. zogierTi avtorisTvis nais msjeloba imeorebs neoliberalizmis ideebs da masSi sxarti metaforebis garda araferia siaxle. sxva avtorebis azriT, Teoria araakademiuria – moduri Teoria, romelic

zedmetad amartivebs saerTaSoriso politikis aRqmas.

`rbili Zala – ruseTs surs is, aSS kargavs mas, CineTi ver yidulobs sakmarisi raodenobiT~1 – aseTia erTi TeoriiT aRwerili saerTaSoriso politika. im mkvlevarebma, romlebmac met-naklebad sainteresod CaTvales nais msjeloba, xazi gausves Teoriis mTavar sisusteebs: sad gadis zRvari rbil, xistsa da Wkvi

an Zalas Soris? SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis warmoeba xisti Zalis gareSe? rogoria rbili Zalis gamoyenebis limiti? rogor gavzomoT rbili da xisti Zalebis maxasiaTeblebi da miRweuli Sedegebi?

kritikis zogierT arguments drom gasca pasuxi. nais terminebi swrafad damkvidrda rogorc TeoretikosTa, aseve praqtikos politikosTa leqsikaSi. dRes internetis saZiebo sistemebSi termin `rbili Zalis~ Cawera milionobiT Sedegs gvaZlevs. nais terminebs iyeneben akademiur kvlevebSi, organizaciebis angariSebSi, saerTaSoriso da lokalur konferenciebsa Tu forumebSi. aRniSnuli faqti abaTilebs kritikis argumentebs Teoriis validurobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca terminis

1 PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=yVjAjjrv14

mzardi gamoyeneba aCens axal problemebs – Teoriis improvizireba da terminebis zedeterminireba. dRes rbili Zala xSirad niSnavs yvelafers da gaugebari xdeba, konkretulad ras gulisxmobs is. magaliTad, naim rbili Zalis mTavar resursad mxolod sami ganzomileba daasaxela (kultura, politikuri Rirebulebebi, sagareo politika). yoveldRiuri gamoyenebis dros ki `rbili Zala~ saxelmwifoebrivi Zalis rbili instrumentebis sinonimad iqca. Tavad naic aRniSnavs, rom masobrivad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba rbili Zalis ideis mTavari azri da termini xSirad moiazrebs yvelafers, rac samxedro Zala ar aris. 1 naisTvis rbili da xisti Zala ar aris mxolod instrumenti, is ufro metad Sedegia. Zalis rbili meqanizmebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia xisti miznebisTvis da piriqiT. nais Teoriis mTavar sisusted kvlav rCeba analizis meTodologiis da gazomvadobis problema. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom raodenobrivi meTodebiT politikuri movlenebisa da ideebis gazomva zogadad iqca dRevandeli, kompleqsuri samyaros gamowvevad. saerTaSoriso akademiur wreebSi sul ufro xSirad keTdeba aqcenti meTodologiuri prioritetebis cvlilebis aucileblobaze, raodenobiTi kvlevebidan Tvisobrivi kvlevebisken. gazomvadobasTan dakavSirebiT, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos garkveuli winsvla am mimarTulebiTac. portlendma SeimuSava rbili Zalis gazomvis meTodologia da Seqmna specialuri platforma, sadac 2015 wlidan dawyebuli yoveli wlis bolos xdeba rbili Zalis indeqsebis angariSebis ganTavseba (sul 5 angariSi).2

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.81. 2 The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com

portlandis meTodologiis gacnoba da misi angariSebis SedarebiT WrilSi Seswavla-analizi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa rbili Zalis TematikiT dainteresebuli mkvlevarebisTvis. 2018 wlis monacemebiT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgendnen: didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, aSS da iaponia... CineTi da ruseTi 27e da 28e adgilebs inawilebdnen...1 2019 wlis indeqsis mixedviT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgenen: safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, germania, SvedeTi da aSS. ruseTis federacia mokrZalebul 30e adgils ikavebs, CineTi ki saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli. 2

bibliografia:

1. ilfi da petrovi. erTsarTuliani amerika. Tb. 2015 2. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004 3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011 4. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Is the American Century Over? Polity. 2015 5. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Responding to my critics and concluding thoughts. in: Soft Power and Us Foreign Policy. Theoretical and Contemporary perspectives. Edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox. Routledge. 2010 6. Nye Joseph S. Jr. How sharp power threatens soft power. The right and wrong ways to respond to authoritarian influence. Foreign Affairs, January 24, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/20180124/howsharppowerthreatenssoftpower 7. Hendrick W. Ohnesorge. Soft Power. The Forces of Attraction in International Relations. Springer. 2020 8. Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, edited by Naren Chitty, Li Ji,

Gary D. Rawnsley, Craig Hayden. Abingdon. Oxon. New York, 2017

1 The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland. https://softpower30.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/07/TheSoftPower30Report2018.pdf 2 The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland. https:// softpower30.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/10/TheSoftPower30Report20191.pdf

9. Colin S. Gray. Hard Power and Soft Power: The Utility of Military

Force as an Instrument of Policy in the 21st Century. SSI. 2011. https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/hardpowerandsoftpowertheutilityofmilitaryforceasaninstrumentofpolicyinthe21stcentury 10. Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: higher education for a SovietThird World alliance, 196091.Journal of Global

History. Vol. 14. Issue 2. pp. 281-300. Published online by Cambridge University Press on July 08, 2019. https://www.cambridge. org/core/journals/journalofglobalhistory/article/lumumbauniversityinmoscowhighereducationforasovietthirdworldalliance196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/corereader 11. Zachary Keck. The Hard Side of Soft Power. The Diplomat. July 24, 2013. https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/thehardsideofsoftpower/ 12. Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power.

How Authoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November 16, 2017.https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/20171116/ meaningsharppower 13. The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com 14. The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland. https://softpower30.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/10/TheSoftPower30Report20191.pdf 15. The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland. https://softpower30.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/07/TheSoftPower30Report2018.pdf 16. PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=yVjAjjrv14

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „rbili Zala iseve mravalgvarad iqna gagebuli da zedeterminebuli, rogorc bevri sxva sayovelTao termini.“ 2. ganmarte terminebi: rbili, xisti, Wkviani Zala. 3. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „rodesac vzomavT Zalas imis mixedviT, rogor Seicvala sxvebis moqmedeba, pirvel rigSi unda vicodeT maTi preferenciebis Sesaxeb“. 4. rogor fiqrob, ratom izomeba Zala yovelTvis konteqstSi?