2.2. ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi ukrainaSi

October 11, 2017. http://thehill.com/businessalobbying/361557facebookwillletusersseerussiancontenttheyveinteractedwith 37. Datishvili Sophie. Viral photo with hash tag #TurkeyIsOurAnamy is

Fake. Journalismania. April 16, 2018. http://journalismania.blogspot. com/2018/04/viralphotowithhashtag.html 38. Sputnik protests arrest of Turkish editor in Istanbul. The Arab Weekly. 01/03/2020. https://thearabweekly.com/sputnikprotestsarrestturkisheditoristanbul 39. Sputnik ends operations in Estonia. ERR. 01.01.2020. https://news. err.ee/1019231/sputnikendsoperationsinestonia 40. David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S. and Allies Blame Russia for

Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York Times. Feb.20, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/georgiacyberattackrussia.html

2.2.ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi ukrainaSi

oleqsandra cexanovska, gvanca abdalaZe

ukrainaSi ruseTis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sxvadasxva tipis sakomunikacio saSualebebiT vrceldeba. basri propagandis kvali gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia rusulenovan media-mauwyeblobaSi, ruseTis mediasTan dakavSirebul ukrainul media-saSualebebSi da socialur mediaSi. ukrainaSi ruseTis basri zemoqmedebis ukeT gasaazreblad, mniSvnelovania ukrainis media-sivrcis mokle analizi. `evraziis monitoris~ da sxva kvlevebis mixedviT, ukrainelebis 99 %flobs rusuli enas, rac noyier niadags qmnis ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyenebisTvis. sxvadasxva kvlevebis Tanaxmad, ukrainis mosaxleobis

74%sTvis informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod kvlav televizia rCeba, Tumca adgilobrivi telemauwyeblobis mimarT ndoba dabalia. 2019 wlis sociologiuri gamokiTxvebiT, ukrainis mosaxleobis 5%dan-13 %mde dRemde iyenebs rusul sainformacio wyaroebs informaciis misaRebad. es maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRali iyo 2014 wels, yirimis, doneckis da luhanskis regionebis okupaciamde. yirimis omis wina periodis (2014 w.) monacemebiT, mosaxleobis 45,4 % ar endoboda ukrainul televiziebs. es maCvenebeli ukrainis aRmosavleT nawilSi (donbasSi) 68,3%s aRwevda. aRniSnul monacemebs Tu davakavSirebT mediawignierebis dabal xarisxTan ukrainaSi, cxadi gaxdeba ruseTis dezinformacia-propagandis mimarT mowyvladi mosaxleobis raodenoba. 1 ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac media-sivrce umetesad centralizebulad imarTeba, ukrainaSi media horizontalurad fragmentirebulia. media-saSualebebs floben oligarqebi sakuTari politikuri Tu klanuri interesebis popularizaciisTvis.maTi garkveuli nawili cnobilia Tavisi kavSirebiT ruseTis mTavrobasTan. magaliTad, gacxadebuli prorusuli opoziciuri dajgufebis – `ukrainuli arCevanis~ lideris viqtor medvedCukis saxeli dakavSirebulia 3 ukrainul mediasaSualebasTan: erovnuli tele-media `ZIK~ ; kerZo telekompania `ukraina 112~ (112 Ukraine); onlain sainformacio saagento `niuzona~ (NEWSONE). medvedCuki vladimer putinis piradi megobaria (dakavSirebuli naTel-mironobiT) da aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegeba ukrainis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas. dasaxelebuli media-saSualebebi aqtiurad ewevian medvedCukis ideebis propagandas da ruseTis

1 https://detector.media/doc/images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Media_Feb2019_v2.pdf Survey by KIIS for Detector of media , March 2018

basri mesijebis gavrcelebas. am sami media-saSualebis jamuri reitingi ki 50 %s aWarbebs (20.9%; 14.6%; 14.4%). ukrainis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli media `1+1~ dakavSirebulia oligarq igor kolomoiskisTan. medvedCukisgan gansxvavebiT, misi politikuri programa ar aris Riad prorusuli. Tumca kolomoiski medias iyenebs sakuTari politikuri miznebisTvis da politikur oponentebTan sabrZolvelad xSirad imeorebs ruseTis basri Zalis argumentebs. ruseTis media-sivrcis centralizacia amartivebs ruseTis basri propagandis koordinirebul gamoyenebas. ukrainis media-sivrcis decentralizacia ki (rac xels unda uwyobdes qveynis demokratizaciis process) ukrainaSi qmnis erTgvar qaoss da zrdis erovnuli media-saSualebebis mimarT mosaxleobis undoblobas. arsebuli mdgomareoba noyier niadags qmnis media-sivrceSi (Sesabamisad, sazogadoebaSi) ruseTis propagandis gasavrceleblad. ukrainis media-kvlevebis centris Tanaxmad, ruseTis basri Zalis mier gavrcelebul mesijebSi gamoyenebulia dezinformaciis da propagandis gavrcelebis yvela SesaZlo teqnika: manipulacia kontentze, manipulacia konteqstze, gamogonili konteqsti, gamogonili faqtebi, sruli feiqebi... propagandistuli narativebi SesaZloa dajgufdes Semdegnairad: ukrainaSi mimdinareobs samoqalaqo omi (da ara okupacia ruseTis mxridan); ukraina – arSemdgari saxelmwifoa, romelic Tavs ver arTmevs Sida politikur problemebs; ruseTi exmareba omSi gaxveuli regionebis mosaxleobas gadarCenasa da TviTgamorkvevaSi; ukraina dasavleTis marionetia (aSS, evrokavSiri...); faSistebi da radikalebi angreven ukrainas; ukrainis mosaxleobaSi

gaRvivda rusofobia; ukrainis mosaxleobas mouwodeben marTlmadideblobasTan brZolisken da sxv. narativis TiToeuli jgufi Tavis mxriv moicavs urTierTdakavSirebul mesijebs, romelic cvalebadia droisa da konteqstis mixedviT. magaliTad, termini `rusofobia~ ruseTis mediam da rusma politikosebma daamkvidres 2014 wlis samxedro kampaniis Semdeg kremlis agresiaze dasavluri kritikis sapasuxod. narativi Sedgeba Semdegi dominanturi mesijebisgan: ukraina awarmoebs `binZur TamaSs~ ruseTis winaaRmdeg (rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT); ukraina Slis saerTo warsuls da istorias ruseTTan; ukraineli radikalebi Tavs esxmian yvelafers, rac rusulia (maT Soris, rusul kulturas); ukraina daadga media-cenzuris gzas (ukrainaSi ruseTis arxebis da socialuri mediis dablokva ganxilulia ara rogorc dezinformaciisgan Tavdacvis gadawyvetileba, aramed, rogorc cenzuris damkvidreba da sazogadoebaSi antirusuli ganwyobis Seqmnis mcdeloba); ukraina qmnis anti-rusuli ganaTlebis sistemas. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis mier dezinformaciis gavrcelebis procesSi aRiniSneba propagandis adaptaciis unari – mesijebi da iarliyebi cvalebadia situaciis mixedviT, morgebulia politikur konteqsts da qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs. magaliTad, 2019 wlis aprilSi ukrainaSi ZalaSi Sevida enis kanoni romelic icavs ukrainuli enis, rogorc konstituciiT gansazRvruli saxelmwifo enis statuss. kanonis mixedviT, saxelmwifo moxeleebs da servisis sferos warmomadgenlebs (medicinis muSakebi da sxv.) moeTxovebaT ukrainul enazec SeZlon saqmis warmoeba. kanonis srulad amoqmedebisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia 3 wliani periodi kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlidan. gardamaval periodSi saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs ufaso ukrainuli kursebis funqcionirebas.

ukrainaSi enis axal kanonze diskusiis dawyebisTanave gamoCnda terminebi: `enis inspeqtorebi~, `enis inkvizicia~... miuxedavad imisa, rom enis kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs raime sanqciebs (da miT umetes, ar akontrolebs sakomunikacio saSualebebs da ar uwevs diskriminacias umciresobebis enebs) rusulma propagandam miaRwia mizans – SeaSina rusulenovani mosaxleoba. ukrainis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam, ukrainis teritoriaze daebloka zogierTi rusuli media-saSualeba da socialuri qseli qveynis usafrTxoebis interesidan gamomdinare, ruseTis da prorusuli mediis gansakuTrebuli gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. gaCnda axali mesijebi: `Tavisufali sityvis~ CaxSoba, media-cenzura... am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda medvedCukis politikuri moZraoba da masTan dakavSirebuli mediasaSualebebi. dRes ukrainaSi dablokilia ruseTis 70-ze meti mediasaSualeba, 450 kompania da 1200 persona. maT Soris, ruseTis tele-arxebi, veb-gverdebi da socialuri qselebi (https://www.kaspersky.com; https://mail.ru;https://vk.com; https:// ok.ru da sxv.) media-saSualebebis umetesoba daibloka 2014 wels, yirimis omis dawyebis Semdeg. 2014-dan 2017 wlamde sia gafarTovda. (gadawyvetileba miiRo ukrainis erovnulma usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sabWom, ZalaSi Sevida prezidentis specialuri dekretiT (№ 133/2017) da aRasrula ukrainis tele-radio mauwyeblobis sabWom). konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mier ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis (tomosis gadacema) periodSi gaCnda sruliad axali narativi, romelmac male dominanturi adgili daikava ruseTis sainformacio omSi – `brZola marTlmadideblobasTan~. ruseTis media-sivrceSi daiwyo erTgvari kampania `antitomosi~. ruseTis sainformacio saSualebaTa mier gavr

celebuli narativebi gaimeores medvedCukis telearxebma da sxva ukrainulma mediebma. sainformacio omis warmoebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs `feiqebis~ (yalbi informacia) fenomens. feiqis erT-erTi mTavari mizania Seqmnas iseTi ambavi, romelic martivad moaxdens qveynis Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisemociur manipulirebas. yalbi narativis erT-erTi TvalsaCino nimuSia `jvarcmuli biWunas~ ambavi, romelic Tavdapirvelad ruseTis pirvelma arxma gaavrcela. propagandistuli narativis mixedviT, slavianskidan (doneckis olqi) devnilebma `gamoaaSkaraves~ Tavzardamcemi ambavi: ukrainis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis (AFU) jariskacebma jvarze gaakres 3 wlis adgilobrivi macxovrebeli biWuna. rasakvirvelia, aRniSnuli feiqis mizani iyo nebismieri socialuri jgufisTvis yvelaze mgrZnobiare TemiT (bavSvebze Zaladoba) manipulireba da ukrainis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis diskreditacia da demonizeba. dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi udaod gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia internet-medias da socialur qselebs. maTi nawili Riad aris dakavSirebuli ruseTTan an ruseTis dafinansebiTaa Seqmnili, meore nawils ki e. w. `janq eqaunTebi~ warmoadgens. internetTan dakavSirebuli mediis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdeba botebis da trolebis Temac.

Riad prorusuli an ruseTis mier mxardaWerili wyaroebis amocnoba martivia ritorikiT da jgufebis administratorebis lokaciis gansazRvriT. sakiTxi ufro rTuli da kompleqsuria im gverdebis mimarT, romlebic Seqmnilia ukrainaSi, magram farulad imarTeba ruseTidan da awarmoebs partizanul saqmianobas qveynis teritoriaze. am tipis gverdebis gamoaSkaravebaSi didi wvlili Seitana Tavad feisbuqis mier Catarebul

ma gamoZiebam, romlis mixedviT dadasturda sxvadasxva ukrainuli gverdebis da eqaunTebis kavSirebi moskovsa da peterburgSi ganTavsebul organizaciebTan. maT Soris, putinis partniorisa da cnobili rusi oligarqis evgeni prigoJinis peterburgSi ganTavsebul internetis kvlevebis saagentosTan, romlis saxelTan bevri saerTaSoriso skandalia dakavSirebuli. partizanul vebgverdebze ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia lokalur ambebsa da yoveldRiur yofiT faqtebze ukrainis regionebis mosaxleobis ndobis mosapoveblad. gasarTobi ambebisa da lokaluri niusebis gverdiT, drodadro Cndeba politikurad aqtiuri kontenti an vrceldeba dezinformacia arasando wyaroebidan (maT Soris, dumpsteris gamoyenebiT). amasTan, msgavsi gverdebi moipoveben momxmarebelTa personalur monacemebs onlain testebis, qvizebis da sxva msgavsi cnobili saSualebebiT. (2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCevnebis magaliTma daadastura, rom personaluri monacemebis bazebi efeqturad gamoiyeneba saarCevno periodebSi samizne jgufebis Sesaqmnelad da maTze zegavlenis gansaxorcieleblad). calkea aRsaniSnavi `janq~ veb-gverdebis gamoyeneba kremlis dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad. iqmneba msgavsi gverdebis mTeli ekosistema, sadac vrceldeba bulvaruli informacia da sruli feiqebi. samwuxaroa, rom am tipis gverdebis vizitorTa raodenoba 50 mln. aRwevs yovelTviurad. informaciis gaaqtiureba xdeba socialuri qselebiT gaziarebis meTodiT. internet-mediis masStabebi ver iqneboda aseTi STambeWdavi botebis da trolebis saqmianobis gareSe. maTi ZiriTadi funqciaa konkretuli mesijis gaaqtiurebis da cirkulaciis xelSewyoba. analitikuri kvlevebis organizacia `voqs ukrainam~ (VoxUkraine) 8 wlis manZilze 1369

trol-eqaunTis mier marTuli 774 957 TviTis identificireba moaxdina. kvlevis mixedviT, `trolebis qarxnis~ aqtiurobis piki emTxveva malaiziuri aviaxazebis MH17 reisis tragediis periods (2014 wlis ivlisi). narativis ZiriTadimesijebi pasuxismgeblobas ukrainas akisrebs ruseTis nacvlad. aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT, 6 200 heSTegiT gavrcelda sxvadasxva tipis SeTqmulebis Teoria da kompilaciuri `foto-mtkicebuleba~. am da sxva mraval SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia dezinformaciis efeqturi meTodi: mediis gajereba urTierTsawinaaRmdego mesijebiT. magaliTad, avia-katastrofis narativSi vrceldeboda sxvadasxva versiebi (ukrainis mTavrobam Camoagdo TviTmfrinavi mizanmimarTulad; ukrainis mTavrobam Camoagdo TviTmfrinavi SecdomiT, radgan putinis piradi jeti egona...); `mtkicebulebebis~ aRwerisas xdeboda sxvadasxva tipis iaraRis `identificireba~, SeTqmulebis Teoriebi xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi iyo... msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneboda skripalis saqmesTan dakavSirebiTac. ruseTis media avrcelebda urTierTgamomricxav aRwerebs Tavdasxmis saxis Tu damblis gamomwvevi sawamlavis saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT... SeTqmulebis TeoriaTa erTi versiis mixedviT, skripalis mkvleloba ganaxorciela didi britaneTis mTavrobam breqsiTis problemebidan yuradRebis sxva sakiTxze gadasatanad ... narativis `ukraina dasavleTis marionetia~ dasamkvidreblad xSirad xdeba xazgasma, rom ukraina iRebs mudmiv daxmarebas dasavleTisgan, rac `niSnavs~ rom iRebs samxedro daxmarebasac, rac `niSnavs~ rom dasavleTi xels uwyobs qveynis `samoqalaqo omSi~ CaTrevas da sazogadoebaSi `rusofobiis~ danergvas, ukrainis `partniori~ ruseTisgan CamoSorebas. mesijebis meore jgufis Tanaxmad, ukrainis mTavrobis imedi omSi gamar

jvebis Sesaxeb iluziaa, radgan ukraina verasodes miiRebs dasavleTisgan evro-struqturebSi gawevrianebis realur SeTavazebas Tu pirdapir samxedro daxmarebas... dezinformaciuli mesijebis urTierTsapirispiro Sinaarsi da gavrcelebis procesis qaoturoba ar aris SemTxveviTi an dezinformaciis gamavrcelebelTa mier daSvebuli Secdoma. aRniSnuli tendencia dezinformaciis gavrcelebis kargad gaazrebuli teqnikaa da misi mizania informaciuli qaosis Seqmna, sazogadoebis dabneva, ndobis dakargva yvela tipis informaciis mimarT (maT Soris, profesionaluri mediis mimarT, romelic internet-mediisgan gansxvavebiT eyrdnoba Jurnalistikis standartebs da eTikas)... sazogadoebis mxridan ndo

bis dakargva yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT asustebs kritikuli azrovnebis unars da zrdis sazogadoebis mimReblobas sagareo Carevebis mimarT.

dezinformaciis gavrcelebis mizani ara mxolod sazogadoebis demoralizacia, aramed realuri politikuri qmedebebisTvis safuZvlis Semzadebaa. ruseTis mier yirimis naxevarkunZulis aneqsiis garda yoveldRiurad izrdeba ukrainis saSinao politikaSi Carevis precedentebi ruseTis mxridan. magaliTad, ukrainaSi rusuli hibriduli omis mTavarma arqiteqtorma vladislav surkovma 2014-2015 wlebSi warmoadgina `novorosiis~ proeqti, romlis mixedviT, okupirebuli doneckis da luhanskis garda ruseTma unda gaakontrolos samxreT-aRmosavleT ukrainis sxva teritoriebic. ukrainis sxvadasxva regionebSi xdeba federalizmis ideis gaaqtiureba da ruseTis mxridan sxvadasxva tipis saprotesto moZraobebis Seqmna-waxaliseba. magaliTad, odesaSi separatistuli jgufi `porto-franko~ iTxovs odesisTvis specialuri ekonomikuri zonis statusis

miniWebas. zaporoJies saprotesto moZraoba `specialuri statusis~ ideas asabuTebs regionis mZime ekologiuri mdgomareobiT... moqmedebis sqemebi gansxvavebulia regionuli problemebis specifiurobis da istoriuli sentimentebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca msgavsia dezinformaciis gavrcelebis teqnika: media-sivrceSi trolebi da botebi avrceleben dakveTil statiebs, igegmeba Suamavali organizaciebis mier dafinansebuli demonstraciebi. sxva mraval negatiur SedegTan erTad, aRniSnuli procesi iwvevs tradiciuli mediis rolis Sesustebas da mis Cabmas sainformacio omSi – mediis pirdapiri valdebulebaa gaaSuqos sazogadoebaSi mimdinare yvela mniSvnelovani ambavi. Sedegad, media-sivrce gadaivso radikaluri jgufebis moTxovnebisa da demonstraciebis Sesaxeb informaciiT.

ratom aris ukrainis sazogadoeba aseTi mowyvladi

ruseTis dezinformaciis mimarT? rusuli enis gamoyenebis masStabi, rusulenovani sainformacio wyaroebis farTo gamoyeneba, sazogadoebis undobloba saxelmwifo institutebis Tu ukrainuli mediis mimarT – es mizezebis mcire CamonaTvalia... mowinaaRmdegis sainformacio Seteva dafuZnebulia sazogadoebis `aqilevsis quslis~ codnasa da analizze. ukrainulma sazogadoebam mowinaaRmdegeze ukeT unda gaicnobieros sakuTari sisusteebi. saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegi rom marTlac TvalSisacemi iyos, xolo sazogadoebis mxridan saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT ndoba maRali, narativi arSemdgari saxelmwifos Sesaxeb ver damkvidrdeboda ase swrafad. samwuxaroa, rom ruseTis sainformacio omis msxverplia axalgazrda Taobac. isini dezinformacias ZiriTadad socialuri mediebidan iReben.

saintereso simptomia, rom ukrainis berZnulkaTolikuri mosaxleoba naklebad eqceva dezinformaciuli zegavlenis qveS radgan rusul eklesias ar aqvs berZnulkaTolikur eklesiaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. es faqti kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da moskovis patriarqatis SemadgenlobaSi myofi ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavad aris CarTuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi. religiuri institutebis politizireba da sainformacio omisTvis gamoyeneba ruseTis sainformacio omis erT-erTi yvelaze mZime aspeqtia.

ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos ruseTis sainformacio omis mTavar miznad ukrainaSi da ukrainis winaaRmdeg?

ukrainaSi mimdinare ruseTis sainformacio omis samizne ar aris mxolod ukrainis mTavroba da ukrainis sazogadoeba. dezinformacia mimarTulia ukrainis megobari qveynebis, sruliad saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis da aseve, rusuli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. narativis Seqmnis procesSi mniSvnelovania pozitiuri da negatiuri mesijebis Tanafardoba. ukrainis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dezinformaciuli mesijebis 90% negatiuria da siZulvilis enis, emociurad datvirTuli mesijebis erTgvar kombinacias warmoadgens. am xerxiT martivad gadaifareba informaciis alogikuroba da Seusabamobebi narativis detalebs Soris.

ruseTis basri Zalis mTavari mizania samizne jgufis (ukrainis sazogadoebis) dehumanizacia sxvaTa TvalSida dasavleTis darwmuneba kievisTvis mxarda

Weris SewyvetaSi; `moraluri argumentebis~ SeqmnaruseTis agresiuli politikis gasamarTleblad rogorc rusul, aseve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi; rusul sazogadoebaSi politikuri dividendebis mopoveba da Sida politikuri mxardaWeris zrda.

ra SeiZleba gakeTdes ruseTis sainformacio omis winaaRmdeg?

upirveles yovlisa, unda gaimijnos Jurnalistika da propaganda. propagandistul da dezinformaciaze dafuZnebul media saSualebebs unda SeezRudoT mediisTvis gankuTvnili privilegiebi. ukrainaSi ruseTis tele-arxebis da socialuri qselebis (В контакте; Одноклассники) dablokva dasavleTSi bevrma eqspertma sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad aRiqva. SesaZloa, mediis dablokva ar aris idealuri gadawyvetileba, magram aucilebeli zomaa ukrainis erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis mimdinare omis pirobebSi. sociologiuri kvlevebi adasturebs, rom im respodentTa umetesoba, vinc 2014 wels ruseTTan SeerTebas dauWira mxari, informaciis misaRebad ruseTis sainformacio saSualebebs iyenebda. rusuli socialuri media ki ara mxolod avrcelebda dezinformaciul narativs, aramed xels uwyobda sazogadoebis gaTiSvas da konfliqtebis provocirebas sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris. ukrainaSi dafuZnebuli da ruseTidan marTuli gverdebis mizani aseve destabilizaciis xelSewyoba iyo. amasTan, msgavsi gverdebi personalur informacias agrovebda ukrainis moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb da gadascemda ruseTis uSiSroebis federalur samsaxurs. rusuli socialuri qselis `В контакте~ damaarsebelma da xelmZRvanelma pavel durovma Tanamdeboba datova ruseTis mier ukrainaSi ganxorcielebuli aneqsiis Semdeg. misi gancxadebiT, ruseTis uSiSroebis federaluri samsaxuri iTxovda socialur platformaze dayrdnobiT miewodebina evromaidnis momxreTa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa Sesaxeb piradi informacia. es informacia gamoiyenes sainformacio SturmisTvis. kerZod, saprotesto aqciebis CasaSlelad damamcirebeli da muqaris Semcveli me

sijebi egzavneboda ukrainis armiis samxedroebs da maTi ojaxis wevrebs. media kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebi kvlav unda gagrZeldes. Tumca safrTxiloa mtruli propagandisgan Tavdacva ar gadaiqces cenzurad da opoziciuri azris CasaxSob Sida politikur meqanizmad. cifruli revoluciis gamowvevebTan gamklaveba unda moxdes: gamWvirvale kanonmdeblobiT; lokaluri, mcire da damoukidebeli mediis waxalisebiT; „mediis deoligarqizaciiT“; pozitiuri, konstruqciuli, faqtebze dafuZnebuli narativebis gavrcelebiT, romliTac unda ganeitraldes dezinformaciis negatiuri, destruqciuli, faqtebis ugulebelyofaze dafuZnebuli narativi. cifruli revoluciis intensiurobis zrdasTan erTad, yoveldRiurad izrdeba axali unarebis flobis aucilebloba. mediawignieri Taobis aRzrdasa da mosaxleobisTvis faqt-Cekingis unarebis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti sityva unda Tqvas sajaro ganaTlebis sistemam.

bibliografia:

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Analysis of 755 000 tweets. https://voxukraine.org/longreads/twitterdatabase/indexen.html 2. Image of Ukraine on Russian TV – http://ucmc.org.ua/wp-content/ uploads/2018/02/Image-of-Ukraine-on-Russian-TV_ENG.pdf 3. “Russophobia” mentions 20012017https://miro.medium.com/ max/1920/1*Pk51VpS69_cshUmqPzuoXw.jpeg 4. PUTIN’S INFORMATION WARFARE IN UKRAINE: SOVIET ORIGINS OF

RUSSIA’S HYBRID WARFARE http://www.understandingwar.org/report/putinsinformationwarfareukrainesovietoriginsrussiashybridwarfare 5. The Gerasimov Doctrine. It’s Russia’s new chaos theory of political warfare. And it’s probably being used on you. By Molly K. Mckew.

September/October 2017 -https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/05/gerasimovdoctrinerussiaforeignpolicy215538 6. The Surkov Leaks The Inner Workings of Russia’s Hybrid War in Ukraine

Alya Shandra and Robert Seely. Occasional Paper Royal United Services

Institute for Defence and Security Studies. July 2019. – https://rusi. org/sites/default/files/201907_op_surkov_leaks_web_final.pdf 7. We’ve got bad newshttp://texty.org.ua/d/2018/mnews/eng/ 8. ДЖЕРЕЛА ІНФОРМАЦІЇ, МЕДІАГРАМОТНІСТЬ І РОСІЙСЬКА ПРО-

ПАГАНДА: РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ВСЕУКРАЇНСЬКОГО ОПИТУВАННЯ ГРО

МАДСЬКОЇ ДУМКИ АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ЗВІТhttps://detector.media/doc/ images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Media_Feb2019_v2.pdf 9. Дуров продал свою долю во «В контакте» изза конфликта в ФСБ https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/articles/2014/04/16/durovprodalsvoyudolyuvovkontakteizzakonfliktasfsb 10. Присоединиться к России в основном хотят те украинцы, кто смотрит российское телевидение, – опрос – https://ipress.ua/ru/news/prysoedynytsya_k_rossyy_v_osnovnom_ hotyat_te_ukrayntsi_kto_smotryt_rossyyskoe_televydenye__ opros_53761.html 11. Сколько украинцев смотрят российскую пропаганду: инфографика https://news.liga.net/society/news/skolko-ukraintsev-smotryat-rossiyskuyu-propagandu-infografika 12. СТАВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНЦІВ ДО ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ НА УКРАЇН

СЬКИХ ТЕЛЕКАНАЛАХHTTPS://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=rus&cat=repor ts&id=794&page=1 https://www.stopfake.org/en/kremlinwatchbriefingwhoisbehindthetop5russianchannels/ 13. Шойгу рассказал о российских войсках информационных операций -https://www.rbc.ru/politics/22/02/2017/58ad78cd9a794757f3c80ece 14. Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by

Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf