TeoriaSi

1.1.Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi

• ra aris Zala? ra gansxvavebaa Zalasa da

Zalauflebas Soris? • Zalis gageba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

TeoriebSi • rogor icvleba Zalis gageba drosa da sivrceSi? • rogor gavzomoT Zala? Zalis axali ganzomilebebi

Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erT-erTi mTavari ideaa Tukididedan moyolebuli dRemde. imisTvis, rom ukeT gaviazroT jozef nais Teoriuli wvlili ZalasTan mimarTebaSi, gavakeToT mokle mimoxilva rogor aris `Zala~ ganmartebuli da aRqmuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sxvadasxva Teoriasa da praqtikaSi. inglisuri termini Power Tavis TavSi moicavs Zalasac da Zalauflebasac. oqsfordis inglisuri enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, Zala da Zalaufleba (power) gulisxmobs adamianebis an movlenebis marTvis unars. 1 maqs veberisTvis Zala niSnavs unars sakuTari survili Tu survilebi Tavs moaxvio sxvas (sxvebs) maTi Tanxmobis Tu winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad. misive azriT, yvela tipis sazogadoeba efuZneba Zalas (Zalauflebas).2 robert da

1 Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ definition/english/power_1?q=power 2 Stefano Guzzini. Max Weber’s Power. in: Max Weber and International Relations. Edited by Richard Ned Lebow. Cambridge University Press. 2017. p. 97-118

lis cnobili definiciis mixedviT, rodesac A aiZulebs B-s gaakeTos is, ris gakeTebasac B sxva SemTxvevaSi ar ecdeboda, es aris Zalis gamovlineba. 1 devid bolduini Zalas komponentebad yofs – Zala, rogorc saxelmwifo Zliereba da Zala, rogorc potenciuri TanamSromloba. Sesabamisad, Zala SesaZloa gulisxmobdes Tavs moxveul Zalauflebas an sasurvel Zalauflebas. 2 endriu heivudi aqcents akeTebs Zalis definiciaze saerTaSoriso politikaSi da Zalas ganmartavs, rogorc saxelmwifoebis da supranacionaluri organizaciebis SesaZleblobas gaataros sakuTari interesebi sxva aqtorebis TanxmobiT an maTi Tanxmobis gareSe. 3 sxvadasxva ganmartebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia SevTanxmdeT Zalis martiv definiciaze – Zala SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc resursebis, aqtorebis, movlenebisa da Sedegebis kontroli, risi miRwevac SesaZlebelia Tavs moxveuli ZalauflebiT an nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobiT. Zala da Zalaufleba politikuri cxovrebis safuZvelia, rogorc saxelmwifos Sida politikur asparezze, aseve sagareo politikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis warmoebis procesSi.

Zalis sxvadasxva gagebas emyareba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis klasikuri Tu neo-Teoriebi da Sesabamisad, meqanizmebis, miznebisa Tu Sedegebis ganmartebasac sxvadasxvagvarad axdens.

4

1 Robert A.Dahl. The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science. v.2. Issue 3. 1957. p. 201-215 2 David A.Baldwin. Power and International Relations. A conceptual approach.

Princeton University Press. 2016. p. 1-10 3 Andrew Heywood. Global Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. p. 1718. 4 Zalis koncefciis mimoxilva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sxvadasxva skolebTan da avtorebTan mimarTebiT ix. bibliografiaSi miTiTebul monografiebSi.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis liberaluri skola (politikuri idealizmi) sruliad SesaZleblad miiCnevs omis (rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobis saukunovani instrumentis) Canacvlebas koleqtiuri usafrTxoebiT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dasamyareblad realur SesaZleblobad miiCneva, radgan mSvidoba erTaderT racionalur qmedebad ganixileba rogorc individisTvis, aseve saxelmwifoebisTvis. racionalizmi, saerTo interesebis gamoZebna da calkeuli agresiis saerTo ZalisxmeviT aRmofxvra politikuri idealizmis Teoriebis safuZvelia. aq Zala aRiqmeba TanamSromlobad, xolo TanamSromlobis instrumentebad miCneulia diplomatia, Tavisufali vaWroba da politikuri morali. diplomatia ar unda iyos faruli da aqtiurad iyenebdes saxalxo diplomatiis SesaZleblobebs, xolo politikuri morali ganixileba Zalaze dafuZnebul racionalur qmedebad da saxelmwifoTa (gansakuTrebiT, did saxelmwifoTa) valdebulebad. klasikuri realizmi (Tukidide, makiaveli...) da aseve omTaSoris periodSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis realisturi skola saerTaSoriso politikas ZalauflebisTvis dausrulebel brZolad miiCnevs. liberalizmis pirveli mxurvale kritikosi, eduard qari TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso politikas warmosaxviT realobas da utopias uwodebs. qarisTvis Zala zegavlenis Tavs moxvevis da omSi gamarjvebis unaria, xolo saerTaSoriso politikuri wesrigi omSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis (`kmayofili Zalebis~) wesrigi, romelic stabiluria axal omebSi gamovlenil axali gamarjvebulebis gamoCenamde. qarisTvis, iseve rogorc realizmis sxva avtorebisTvis, konfliqti individebs, jgufebs Tu saxelmwifoebs Soris gardauvali realobaa.

realizmSi Zala gaigivebulia saxelmwifoebis unarTan sakuTari interesebis dasacavad sxva saxelmwifoebs Tavs moaxvios sakuTari survilebi da zegavlena. racionalur qmedebad miiCneva Zalis floba, misi maqsimizacia da ara moralis kategoriebiT politikis warmoeba. realizmSi saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli brZolaa Zalauflebis mosapoveblad (hobsiseuli `yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg~), saerTaSoriso sistema ki anarqiuli. saerTaSoriso anarqia ganpirobebulia msoflio mTavrobis ararsebobiT, saxelmwifoTa mier srulyofili informaciis flobis SeuZleblobiT, didi da patara saxelmwifoebis asimetriuli SesaZleblobebiT. realizmi aqcents akeTebs adamianis Zaladobriv bunebasa da politikis warmoebis procesSi politikur liderTa rolze. is Zalas aigivebs samxedro resursTan. nai Segvaxsenebs, rom adreuli realistebi gvTavazobdnen msjelobas Zalis sxvadasxva ganzomilebaze, rac SemdgomSi sxva Teoretikosebma daiviwyes. magaliTad, eduard qaris azriT, Zala SesaZloa daiyos samxedro Zalad, ekonomikur Zalad da Cvens azrebze gabatonebul Zalauflebad (propaganda), Tumca, samxedro Zalaufleba yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia saerTaSoriso politikaSi omis wamowyebis mudmivi safrTxis gamo. 1 morgenTau ZalaSi gulisxmobs, rogorc materialur, aseve aramaterialur resursebs da aRwers saxelmwifoTa Soris brZolis sam ZiriTad models: Zalis SenarCuneba (status quo), Zalauflebis gazrda (revizionizmi, imperializmi), Zalauflebis demonstrireba (prestiJi). morgenTausTvis saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli brZolaa status-qvo da revizionist Zalebs Soris. TiToeuli saxelmwifos mcdeloba daicvas sakuTari interesebi gavlenas axdens sxva saxelmwifoTa qmedebaze.

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.82

gansxvavebuli aqcentebia dasmuli jon merSaimeris TavdasxmiT realizmSi. misi azriT, saerTaSoriso anarqiis daZlevis erTaderTi gza globaluri hegemoniis damyarebaa. es realurad SeuZlebelia, magram didi saxelmwifoebi mas mainc mieswrafvian. Sesabamisad, yvela didi qveyana revizionistia da awarmoebs eqspansionistur politikas. 1 klasikuri liberalizmis da realizmis Teoriebis Sedarebisas unda aRiniSnos, rom am orma msoflmxedvelobam moaxdina erTurTis sisusteTa identificireba da mxileba, riTic xeli Seuwyo neo-Teoriebis Seqmnas da ufro srulyofil analizs. skot burCilis azriT, realizmma liberaluri utopiis gulubryviloba Seaswora da amxila politikuri utopizmi privilegirebulTa da ZlevamosilTa interesebis gatarebaSi. Tumca utopianizmis arseboba aucilebelia realizmis `unayofobis~ saCveneblad. utopizmi uaryofs altruizmis iluzorul xasiaTs da kargad warmoaCens realizmis sisusteebs: realizmi verafers gvTavazobs ZalauflebisTvis gamudmebuli brZolis garda, rac SeuZlebels xdis nebismieri saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mSeneblobas. liberalur TeoriebSi (idealistebi, utopistebi) Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa da zians ayenebs saxelmwifoTa grZelvadian interesebs.2 neoliberalizmi (liberaluri institucionalizmi) iziarebs realizmis zogierT postulats (saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiuloba; saerTaSoriso sistemaSi saxelmwifos roli), Tumca ar iziarebs mudmivi omis da Za

1 brus jentlesoni. amerikis sagareo politika. ilias saxelmwifo universiteti. Tb. 2015. gv. 252-254. 2 Scott Burchill. Liberalism. in.: Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak,

Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian ReusSmit and Jacqui True. Theories of International Relations. Third edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. p.5583

ladobis Sesaxeb realistebis pesimizms da SesaZleblad miaCnia saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromloba. neoliberaluri Teoriebis mixedviT demokratiuli mTavrobebis Seqmna (demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria), ekonomikuri globalizacia (kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoria), saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso instituciebi daZlevs usafrTxoebis dilemas, rasac realizmi mudmiv saSiSroebad ganixilavs. qeneT uolciseuli neorealizmi iziarebs realizmis ZiriTad ideebs, Tumca struqturuli realizmi ar iziarebs rwmenas, rom ZalauflebisTvis brZola adamianuri bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia da mas xsnis saerTaSoriso politikis anarqiuli bunebiT. qeneT uolcis azriT, saerTaSoriso politikis instrumentebia ara mxolod Zala da brZola, aseve kompromisic. morgenTausgan gansxvavebiT, uolcisTvis saxelmwifos mTavari interesi ar aris Zalis maqsimizacia, aramed usafrTxoebis maqsimizacia. robert gilpinis azriT, realizmis eqstremizmze zegavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso sistemaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri cvlilebebi, maT Soris samxedro Zalis mudam mzardi Rirebuleba, warmoebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul ekonomikad transformacia, sazogadoebis socialur saWiroebebze gazrdili danaxarjebi da sxv. neorealisturi Teoriebi aqcents akeTebs saerTaSoriso sistemis mzard gavlenaze Zalasa da Zalauflebis mopovebaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso politikaSi da asaxelebs Zalis transformaciis mizezebs. neorealisturma Teoriebmac, realisturi skolis msgavsad, ver SemogvTavaza Zalis gazomvis kriteriumebi. konstruqtivizmSi Zala (iseve, rogorc sxva yvela idea) socialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa, xolo konfliqti struqturuli krizisi da struqturuli cvlilebis SesaZlebloba.

marqsistebis da neomarqsistebisTvis Zala, iseve rogorc politikis sxva yvela aspeqti dakavSirebulia klasobriv dapirispirebasTan. klasikuri marqsistebisgan gansxvavebiT, axali Taobis marqsistebi (aseve daqvemdebarebis Teoretikosebi da anarqistebi) ufro metad interesdebian saerTaSoriso politikiTa da Tavisufali vaWrobiT, Tumca mdidrebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi, mdidari saxelmwifoebis da transnacionaluri sazogadoebebis) Raribebis ekonomikuri Cagvra kvlav mTavari Temaa. postmodernizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi civi omis dasasruls gamoCnda. sxva yvela winamorbedi Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, postmodernizmi ar aRiarebs erT simarTles da ebrZvis metanarativebs. realizmis msgavsad, Zala fundamenturi koncefciaa postmodernizmSic, magram saxezea mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. realistebisTvis Zala warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifoebis mflobelobaSi akumulirebul iaraRs. Zala TvalsaCinoa da zedapirze tivtivebs, Zala xilulia (bombebi, fuli Tu institutebi). postmodernSi Zala obobis qselia, romelic yvela tipis urTierTobaSi aRwevs.

Zala yovlismomcvelia realizmSic da postmodernizmSic: is saSualebacaa, mizanic da Sedegic. Tumca, sxvaoba mniSvnelovania: realizmi fokusirebulia saxelmwifos gadarCenasa da usafrTxoebaze. postmodernistebisTvis mniSvnelovania individebi, xalxi da maTi usafrTxoeba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvela Teoriuli skola (realistebi, liberalebi, marqsistebi, konstruqtivistebi, struqturalistebi, daqvemdebarebis Teoretikosebi, postmodernistebi, globalistebi, feministebi...) saerTaSoriso politikis safuZvlad Zalas ganixilavs. Tumca Zalis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli diskursi ver gvTavazobs srulyofil pasuxs kiTxvebze: ra aris Zala? rogor gavzomoT Zala? aRniSnul kiTxve

bze pasuxis gacemis yvela mcdeloba axal da axal SekiTxvebs aCens. klasikur da kritikul Teoriebze dayrdnobiT mixeil barnets da reimond diuvals Zala or ganzomilebamde dahyavs: 1. erT aqtors SeuZlia samxedro an ekonomikuri meqanizmebiT meore aqtoris pirdapiri kontroli. 2. aqtori axorcielebs arapirdapir kontrols sxva aqtorebze. maT Soris, zemoqmedebs struqturiT, romelic TanxvedraSia aqtoris interesebTan da uzrunvelyofs mas sxva aqtorebze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebiT.1 praqtikosi politikosebisTvis Zalis mraval ganzomilebaSi warmodgena zedmetad Teoriuli da bundovania. praqtikaSi Zalas xSirad ganmartaven rogorc unaris da resursis flobas. qveyana flobs Zalas, Tu mas gaaCnia didi teritoria, mosaxleobis didi raodenoba, bunebrivi resursebi, ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, samxedro Zala da socialuri stabiluroba. Zalis amgvari ganmarteba amartivebs gavzomoT Zala da viwinaswarmetyveloT Sedegebi. 2 politikuri realoba gacilebiT rTuli da kompleqsuria vidre statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze saSualo maCveneblebis gamoyvana. esa Tu is globaluri movlena xSirad Tavdayira ayenebs Teoriebs da praqtikaSi damkvidrebul qcevis wesebs. magaliTad, civi omis dasrulebam realizmis skolis xedvebis krizisi gamoiwvia. 198991 wlis movlenebi aranairad ar Tavsdeboda maT warmodgenebSi saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis Sesaxeb (saxelmwifo interesebis prioriteti, samxedro da teritoriuli usafrTxoeba...). realizmis skolis prognoziT,

1 Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in International Politics. International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2005. p. 3975 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p.3

bipolaruli samyaro unda dasrulebuliyo erTi superZalis mier meoris damarcxebiT an dausrulebel brZolaSi orives dasustebiT. kritikuli Teoriebi, romlebic komunistur samyaros kapitalizmis realur alternativad ganixilavda (ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da moqalaqeebis socialuri usafrTxoebis arakapitalisturi modeli), ganacvifra 90iani wlebis masobrivma antikomunisturma gamosvlebma da movlenebi istoriis ukusvlad Seafases. civi omis dasrulebam optimizmis safuZveli misca liberalebs. gaCnda iluzia, rom saerTaSoriso politikis warmmarTveli samxedro Zalis nacvlad gaxdeboda politikuri morali, Rirebulebebi da TanamSromlobis survili, vaWrobis ormxrivi sargebeli ki gadawonida saxelmwifoTa mxridan urTierT agresiis survils. fukuiamam civi omis dasruleba `istoriis dasasrulad~ gamoacxada. misi azriT, samyaroSi dasrulda ideologiuri dapirispireba da momavalSi yvela saxelmwifo gamarjvebuli ideologiis (Tavisufal vaWrobasa da adamianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli liberalizmis) modelis mixedviT ganviTardeboda. liberalur optimizms wyali gadaasxa civi omis Semdeg ganviTarebulma movlenebma da msoflio politikis axalma gamowvevebma – maT Soris semiuel hanTingTonis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebma civilizaciurma konfliqtma da misgan gamomdinare terorizmma. post-bipolarul samyaroSi dadga Zalis ideis axleburad gaazrebis da axal ganzomilebebze aqcentis gakeTebis aucilebloba. swored amgvari mcdelobaa jozef nais `rbili Zalis Teoria~. nais metaforuli ganmartebiT, `Zala aminds hgavs – yvela damokidebulia masze, magram cotas Tu SeuZlia misi ganWvreta. rogorc fermerebi da meteorologebi cdiloben iwinaswarmetyve

lon amindi, aseve politikuri liderebi da eqspertebi cdiloben aRweron da iwinaswarmetyvelon cvlilebebi ZalasTan mimarTebaSi. Zala hgavs siyvaruls – ufro iolia gamoscado, vidre aRwero an gazomo~. 1

bibliografia:

1. keneT n. uolci. adamiani, saxelmwifo da omi. jisiai. 2003 2. frensis fukuiama. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani. Tb. 1999 3. brus jentlesoni. amerikis sagareo politika. ilias saxelmwifo universiteti. Tb. 2015 4. David A. Baldwin. Power and International Relations: A Conceptual Approach. Princeton University Press. 2016 5. Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in International Politics.

International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2005 6. Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian ReusSmit and Jacqui True. Theories of International Relations. third edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005 7. Andrew Heywood. Global Politics. palgrave macmillan. 2011 8. Max Weber and International Relations. Edited by Richard Ned Lebow.

Cambridge University Press. 2017 9. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics.

Public Affairs. NY. 2004 10. Power in World Politics. Edited by Felix Berenskoetter and M.J.Williams.

Routledge. 2007 11. Power, Order and Change in World Politics. Edited by G. John Ikenberry.

Cambridge University Press 2014

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. rogor gesmis termini: „status qvo“ da „revizionisti“ saxelmwifoebi? 2. moiZie informacia da ganmarte termini: „usafrTxoebis dilema”.

1 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 1