2.1. ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi

2.1.ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi

ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg gaaqtiurda ramdenime savaraudo mizezis gamo: xisti Zalis gamoyenebam (omi) Seamzada safuZveli basri meTodebis ufro martivad gamoyenebisTvis; basri Zalis gamoyeneba aucilebeli gaxda omis Sedegebis legitimaciisTvis; saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Sewyvetis da saqarTvelos mier dsT-s datovebis Semdeg diplomatia basri meqanizmebiT Canacvlda. saqarTveloSi ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebia sxvadasxva fondebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, kulturis centrebis Seqmna da dafinanseba; SerCeuli media saSualebebis da politikuri partiebis mxardaWera; populisturi dajgufebebis mxardaWera da saxalxo areulobebis waxaliseba; saxelmwifo institutebze ganxorcielebuli zewola; dezinformaciis da propagandis gavrceleba sxvadasxva media-saSualebebiT; kiber-Tavdasxmebi1 da sxv. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mwiria kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT. ruseTis basri Zalis

1 2008 wlis omis win ruseTis federaciis mier ganxorcielebuli kiberTavdasxva saqarTveloSi mravalgzis gaxda saerTaSoriso gansjis sagani. aRniSnul faqts ixseniebs jozef naic. (ix.

Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.p.139). 2019 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos serverebze ganxorcielebuli

Tavdasxmis ukan kvlav ruseTis federacia moiazreba saerTa

Soriso diskusiebSi (magaliTad, ix. David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S. and Allies Blame Russia for Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York

Times. Feb.20, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/ georgiacyberattackrussia.html) samwuxaro tendenciaa, rom kiberusafrTxoebis sakiTxebze ar mimdinareobs aqtiuri diskusia saqarTveloSi.

sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis kompleqsuri Seswavla Seusrulebeli amocanaa erTeuli mkvlevarebisTvis da farTo CarTulobas moiTxovs. kvlevas arTulebs oficialur dokumentebze SezRuduli wvdoma, xolo sadazvervo masalebze wvdomis SeuZlebloba.

Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gTavazobT ruseTis basri Zalis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentis – ruseTis dezinformaciisa da propagandis gavrcelebis mcireoden analizs. ruseTis dezinformaciisa da propagandis mesijebi garkveulwilad msgavsia sxvadasxva qveynebSi, Tumca yvela SemTxvevaSi SeimCneva mesijebis variacia lokaluri konteqstidan gamomdinare. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia propagandis konteqstTan adaptirebis unari, rac dafuZnebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo institutebis Tu qarTuli sazogadoebis RirebulebiTi sisusteebis codnasa da analizze. propagandis da dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad ruseTi media seqtorSi eyrdnoba rogorc adgilobriv, qarTul media-saSualebebs, aseve rusuli mediis filialebs saqarTveloSi (mag., sputniki) da socialur qselebs. ruseTis federaciis dezinformaciuli mesijebi saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia davyoT ramdenime jgufad: sabWoTa nostalgia; izolacionizmi globalizaciis safrTxeebTan gasamklaveblad; religiuri Temebi da erTmorwmuneoba; ultranacionalisturi argumentebi; antidasavluri da antiTurquli sentimentebi; qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSauleba; evroatlantikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi.. sabWoTa nostalgiis narativi aqcents akeTebs socialuri usafrTxoebisa da Tanasworobis sikeTeebze dRevandeli socialuri uTanasworobis sapirispirod. iqmneba miTebi `kargad daviwyebuli Zveli sikeTeebis~

Sesaxeb, rac gansakuTrebiT abnevs axalgazrda Taobas. socialuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis garda, sabWouri nostalgiis erT-erT mTavar Temad iqca stalinizmis reabilitacia, rac gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi aRmoCnda qarTuli sazogadoebis zogierTi jgufisTvis. sabWoTa totalitarizmi da represiebi cxaddeba miTad da dasavluri Zalebis mier SeTxzul dezinformaciad. am tipis narativebis martivad damkvidreba migviTiTebs rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis araerTgvarovan damokidebulebaze saxelmwifo interesebis mimarT (saxelmwifo suverenitetis pativiscema; saxelmwifo interesebis gaazreba; qarTveli eris identobis realuri safuZvlebis aRqma...), aseve instituciur problemebze da inteleqtualuri elitebis pasiurobaze. qarTulma samecniero sazogadoebam ver SeZlo sazogadoebisTvis kompleqsuri akademiuri kvlevebis SeTavazeba sabWoTa warsulis Sesaxeb (arsebuli naSromebi fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver axdens totalitarizmis srul gadafasebas); reformebis miuxedavad, ver moxerxda saganmanaTleblo sistemis sruli transformacia da axal Rirebulebebze dafuZneba (am SemTxvevaSic Sedegebi fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver cvlis saerTo suraTs); politikur elitebs ar eyoT sabWoTa warsulis gasamarTlebis Zala da gambedaoba (mag.: lustraciis kanoni, stalinis kultis dagmoba da sxva). antidasavluri propaganda xSirad eyrdnoba erTi SexedviT urTierTgamomricxav or mimarTulebas: dasavleTi moZaladea, Tavs gvaxvevs sakuTar mentalitets da safrTxes uqmnis erovnul identobas; dasavleTi zedmetad sustia imisTvis, rom dagvicvas realuri regionuli safrTxeebisgan (maT Soris omebisa da konfliqtebisgan). urTierTSeusabamoba ar aris SemTxveviTi da emsaxureba sazogadoebis dabnevas, sazogadoebaSi saerTo saxelm

wifoebrivi Rirebulebebis damkvidrebisTvis xelis SeSlas. antidasavluri narativebi aqtiurdeba reformebis Tu evrointegraciis procesis mniSvnelovani etapebis dros. magaliTad, vizaliberalizaciis ZalaSi Sesvlis wina periodSi aqcenti keTdeboda evrokavSiris qveynebTan uvizod mimosvlis `gardauval safrTxeebze~ (mag.: saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis masobrivi emigracia evropaSi, masobrivi migracia azia-afrikidan saqarTveloSi, `qarTvelobis dakargvis~ safrTxe evropaSi mogzaurobis dros, da sxva). dezinformaciuli wyaroebi mouwodebdnen sazogadoebas aqtiurobisken gadawyvetilebis gadavadebis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi antidasavluri narativebis martivad gavrceleba migviTiTebs rogorc sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli socialur-politikuri Rirebulebebis qaoturobaze, aseve saqarTvelos saxelmwifo institutebis sisusteze. saqarTveloSi politikur elitebs Soris ver Sedga RirebulebiTi Tanxmoba saxelmwifo interesebis Taobaze: ra aris saxelmwifos mTavari gamowvevebi, vin aris mteri da sad unda veZeboT perspeqtiva. institutebi ver uzrunvelyofen moqalaqeebis srulyofil informirebas ras niSnavs evrointegracia da ra konkretul sargebels moutans rigiT moqalaqes (amis dasturia yovelwliuri sociologiuri kvlevebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebic).

evroatlantikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi

aqcents akeTebs geopolitikaze, xazs usvams saqarTvelos evropul struqturebSi gawevrianebis SeuZleblobas, saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mTavar arealad gansazRvravs regions, regionaluri mSvidobis mTavar garantad ki ruseTs warmoaCens. globalizacia aseve warmoCenilia rogorc dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mxridan ganxorcielebuli vesternizaciis mcdeloba da erovnuli identobis dakargvis safrTxe, romelsac mxolod izolacionizmiT (politi

kuri, samxedro, kulturuli...) gavumklavdebiT. globalizaciis narativi imeorebs XX saukunis miwurulis anti-globalistebis pirveli Taobis ritorikas. sazogadoebaSi am narativis aqtualoba amxels sazogadoebis sisusteebs: digitalizaciis dabal dones, informaciis ar qonas cifruli revoluciisa da misi Tanmdevi Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb da sxv. ultra-nacionalisturi populizmi aRvivebs qsenofobias, homofobias, islamofobias, rasizms da seqsizms. am tipis mesijebi manipulirebs emociebiT da individs ayenebs `mcdari dilemis~ pirobebSi – arCevani saxelmwifo suverenitetsa da individis identobis SenarCunebas Soris. populisturi jgufebis mzardi raodenoba da zegavlena aCvenebs sazogadoebis uunarobas daskvnebis gamotanisas daeyrdnos faqtebs da statistikas, gamijnos emocia da realoba, Tavi aaridos siZulvilis eniT gajerebul emociur dapirispirebas... populisturi jgufebis momZlavreba ar aris mxolod qarTuli sazogadoebis problema, Tumca populisturi ideebis gavrcelebis masStabi qarTul sazogadoebaSi kidev erTi indikatoria ganaTlebis sistemis mouqnelobisa da arasistemuri xasiaTis dasafiqsireblad. religiuri Temebi Tavis mxriv ramdenime segmentad SegviZlia davyoT: marTlmadidebluri erTianoba ruseTTan (rogorc istoriulad aprobirebuli arCevani); sekularizmi, rogorc erovnuli identobis safrTxe; marTlmadidebloba rogorc qristianobis upiratesi mimdinareoba; msoflio masStabiT marTlmadideblobis dacvis aucilebloba; moaxloebuli meored mosvla (motivacia ar vizrunoT dReis problemebze); saswaulebis brmadmorwmuneoba da sxv. aRniSnuli narativebi dayofilia sxvadasxva mesijebad: eklesiis politikuri uflebebis zrdis aucileblo

ba; eSmakis niSnebis fanatikuri Zieba saxelmwifo simboloebsa Tu dokumentebSi; sxvadasxva tipis SiSebis danergva; religiuri moralis upiratesoba saero samarTalze da sxv. msgavsi mesijebis nawili gamokveTilad antisaxelmwifoebrivi ideis Semcvelia. magaliTad, 2008 wlis omis `codvebis gamosyidvis~ mcdelobad Sefaseba, an piradobis mowmobebis boikoti masSi `eSmakis niSnebis~ arsebobis sababiT. antiTurquli narativi aqcents akeTebs TurqeTidan momdinare safrTxeebze, istoriul mtrobasa da sentimentebze, TurqeTis mxridan ekonomikuri zegavlenis safrTxeebze, islamofobiaze, qsenofobiaze da sxv.

qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSaule

ba SedarebiT axali Temaa da e.w. `gavrilovis Ramis~ Semdeg gamoCnda. Tema aseve gaaqtiurda `rusuli kulturis centrebis~ saqarTveloSi Seqmnis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebis periodSi (rasac mohyva sazogadoebrivi diskusia Tanmdevi safrTxeebis Sesaxeb). ruseTis basri narativebi saqarTveloSi iyenebs propagandis da dezinformaciis yvela im SesaZlo teqnikas, rac Sesabamis paragrafebSia aRwerili. qarTuli sazogadoebis RirebulebiT Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos

SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis gansakuTrebuli popularoba da efeqturoba.

SeTqmulebis Teoriebi mravalmxrivi, mravalricxovani da xSirad sruliad fantastiuria (mag. miTebi masonTa loJis saswaulebrivi unarebis Sesaxeb; aSS uSiSroebis organoebis zebunebrivi unari daCipos yvela moqalaqe da gadaaqcios zombad...). mcdari dilemebi sagonebelSi agdebs inteleqtualur jgufebsac ki. mcdari dilemis magaliTad unda moviyvanoT miTi `yarsis xelSekrulebis~ Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT 2021 wels TurqeTi baTumis dapyrobas apirebs. miTis tiraJirebaSi akademiuri wreebic ki aRmoCndnen CarTulni.

vfiqrobT, am konkretul magaliTSi gansakuTrebul efeqts axdenda yarsis xelSekrulebis realuroba, xolo sakiTxisadmi emociurma damokidebulebam gadafara sruliad martivi WeSmariteba: amJamad ararsebul samarTlebriv subieqtebs Soris (ruseTis sabWoTa respublika, saqarTvelos ssr, osmaleTis imperia) dadebuli xelSekruleba (sadac erT-erTi muxli saqarTvelos ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi aWaris avtonomiis statuss exeba) ver ganxorcieldeba dRes, rodesac aRar arseboben xelSekrulebis xelmomweri subieqtebi (maT nacvlad: ruseTis federacia, TurqeTi, saqarTvelo). saqarTvelos sazRvrebi saerTaSorisod aRiarebulia, xolo TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi efuZneba 1992 wels miRebul CarCo-xelSekrulebas.

SeTqmulebis Teoriis udavo Sedevria lugaris laboratoriis miTi, romelic aSS senatis angariSSic ki moxvda. 1 riCard lugaris saxelobis laboratoria sargeblobs uryevi reputaciiT saerTaSoriso asparezze da erTaderTi maRalteqnologiuri centria regionSi, romlis arsebobamac SesaZlebeli gaxada sxvadasxva samedicino kvlevebis saqarTveloSi Catareba. miTis mixedviT, lugaris laboratoria qmnis da avrcelebs virusebs mosaxleobaSi. miTi zustad imeorebs sabWoTa uSiSroebis zemoT xsenebul miTs Sidsis Seqmna-gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. braldebis absurdulobis miuxedavad, miTi advilad gavrcelebadi aRmoCnda sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT sezonuri virusebis periodSi. rigiTi moqalaqis martiv SekiTxvaze, ra unda vqnaT Tu Tavad ar SegviZlia maRalteqnologiuri kvlevebis warmoeba, sxvis kvlevebs ki ar vendobiT, populisturi organizaciebi gvTavazo

1 Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for

U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018.p.80. https://www.foreign. senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf

ben `amomwurav pasuxs~: `locva gadagvarCens~, `Cvens winaprebs wamali ar hqondaT...~ saxelmwifo institutebis sisuste jandacvis sferoSi (gadamdebi daavadebebis prevencia da kontroli, kanonmdeblobis daxvewa, samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRleba da xelmisawvdomoba...) am SemTxvevaSic erT-erTi mTavari indikatoria.

SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis popularoba gansakuTrebiT kargad axdens qarTuli postsabWoTa sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani sisusteebis identificirebas: mediawignierebis da zogadad, wignierebis dabali done; saxelmwifo institutebisadmi undobloba; problemebis mogvarebaze pasuxismgeblobis aRebisTvis Tavis arideba da sxva. saqarTveloSi (iseve, rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi), internet media yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba dezinformaciis (da ara mxolod ruseTis mxridan) gasavrceleblad. Cveni dakvirvebiT, internetSi ruseTis propagandistuli mesijebi dayofilia Temebisa da samizne jgufebis mixedviT. rusi eqimebis saswaulebrivi unarebi kibo gankurnon sodiT; miTebi bananiT gavrcelebuli Sidsis, hepatitis da koronavirusebis Sesaxeb; RrublebSi gamosaxuli religiuri simboloebis fotomanipulaciebi; sizmrebze da horoskopebze dafuZnebuli winaswarmetyvelebebi da sxva gaTvlilia Sesabamisi wignierebis donis mosaxleobaze. sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri nawilisTvis gansxvavebuli `paketebi~ mzaddeba samecniero citatebiT daxunZluli `eqspertuli~ statiebis saxiT. saqarTveloSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi CarTulia sxvadasxva internet gamocemebi, gasarTobi portalebi da rasakvirvelia, socialuri media. socialuri mediis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, martivia sxvadasxva mesijis gavrceleba dadasturebis Tu wyaros miTiTebis

gareSe. mesijebis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad arian CarTuli trolebi da botebi informaciis gaaqtiurebis Tu diversifikaciis mizniT. trolingisTvis da sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenis mosaxdenad aseve gamoyenebulia socialuri qselebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli komentarebis sistema.

ra SeiZleba davasaxeloT ruseTis propagandistuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Taviseburebad saqarTveloSi?

upirveles yovlisa, ruseTis dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad qarTuli media-saSualebebis gamoyenebis masStabi. sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTis mixedviT, ruseTis propagandistuli mesijebis gasavrceleblad ZiriTadad ruseTis federaciis mier pirdapir kontrolirebadi media gamoiyeneba: rusuli satelevizio arxebi, inglisurenovani `Russia Today~, mravalenovani `sputniki~ da socialuri qselebi. postsabWoTa qveynebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti rusulenovan mediasa da socialur qselebze keTdeba, rusulenovani mosaxleobis da sxva erTguli jgufebis mobilizaciisTvis (romelTac ruseTis maRalCinosnebi `Tanamemamuleebs~ uwodeben). saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, ver xdeba `Russia Today~ -s gamoyeneba (sociologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, mosaxleobis mxolod 1% smenia mis Sesaxeb)1 . saqarTveloSi rusi/ rusulenovani mosaxleobis raodenoba mcirea da sxva postsabWoTa qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, politikurad yvelaze neitralur jgufs warmoadgens. aseve, Zalian umniSvneloa rusuli socialuri qselebis (`odnoklasniki~ da `v kontakte~) gamoyeneba da dabalia rusuli enis codnis donec, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda TaobaSi. ruseTis arxebis yurebadoba kvlav maRalia, Tumca ZiriTadad gasarTobi miznebisTvis. aseT konteqstSi icvleba

1 Public Attitudes in Georgia. NDI Georgia. December 2017.p.76 https://www.ndi. org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%202017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf

mizanic (samizne xdeba mTeli sazogadoeba) da meTodebic. qarTulenovani mediidan ruseTis propagandis gavrcelebaSi yvelaze aqtiurad CarTulia beWduri `yviTeli~ media da ramdenime tele-media saSualeba. socialuri qselebidan dezinformaciis gavrceleba ZiriTadad feisbuqiT xdeba. amerikuli feisbuqis dezinformaciis mTavar meqanizmad gamoyeneba konteqstis specifikidan gamomdinareobs. feisbuqis moxmarebis masStabi uprecedentoa saqarTveloSi da procentulad aWarbebs yvela sxva qveynis monacemebs. saqarTveloSi feisbuqi gamoyenebulia yvela SesaZlo miznisTvis: sakomunikaciod, biznesis warmoebisTvis, informaciis gansaTavseblad da misaRebad, saswavlo miznebisTvis... saqarTveloSi sajaro da kerZo organizaciebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi, media da politikuri liderebi feisbuqs iyeneben komunikaciis mTavar saSualebad. sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi ruseTis dezinformaciuli narativebi ar aris `rusuli~ – ar axdens rusuli kulturis, rusuli enis, rusuli cxovrebis wesis popularizacias. narativebi safuZvlad iyenebs populizmiT gajerebul `namdvil qarTul” an sabWoTa qarTul Rirebulebebs, istoriul sentimentebs da kulturul Taviseburebebs. koduri sityvebia: `patriotizmi~ `rwmena~... istoriuli da religiuri sentimentebiT

manipulacia sxva sazogadoebebSic erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa, Tumca saqarTveloSi dominantur mimarTulebad iqca.

ruseTis basri Zalis zemoqmedebis gansaxilvelad calke unda gamovyoT okupirebuli teritoriebis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis mravalgzis mcdelo

bis miuxedavad, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ver moxerxda saxalxo diplomatiis meqanizmebis amuSaveba, kontaqtebis damyareba da pirdapiri dialogi. 2008 wlis omis Semdeg Sewyda manamde arsebuli TanamSromlobis mwiri SesaZleblobebic da wvdoma SeezRudaT saerTaSoriso organizaciebsac. mavTulxlarTebiT gavlebuli `axali rkinis fardis~ sxvadasxva mxares mcxovrebma adamianebma bevri araferi ician erTmaneTis problemaTa Sesaxeb. erT-erTi media, romelic Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia rkinis fardis orive mxares aris kremlis mier dafuZnebuli `sputniki~. sputniki saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmodgenilia sami mauwyeblobiT: `sputnik gruzia~, `sputnik abxazia~, `sputnik osetia~. `sputnik gruzia~ veb-portalia, sadac informacia ganTavsebulia qarTul da rusul enebze. veb-gverdi Sedgeba ramdenime ganyofilebisgan: informacia, saqarTvelo, ruseTi, kavkasia, pozitivi, sporti, multimedia, analitika. `sputnik abxazia~ operirebs rusul da afxazur enebze. warmodgenilia ramdenime ganyofileba: afxazeTi, repatriacia, analitika, turizmi afxazeTSi, radio sputniki, multimedia, pres-centri. `sputnik osetia~ funqcionirebs rusul da osur enebze da dayofilia or nawilad – samxreT oseTi, CrdiloeT oseTi. qveganyofilebebi warmodgenilia Semdegi saTaurebiT: informacia, analitika, sporti, pres-centri, multimedia, radio sputniki. sputnikis vebgverdebis mxolod saTaurebis doneze ganxilvac ki gviqmnis naTel warmodgenas ruseTis interesebis Sesaxeb: sputniki ar aRiarebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebs, xolo samxreT oseTs da CrdiloeT oseTs erTian sivrced ganixilavs... sputniki qmnis iluzias, rom ssrk ar dangreula da qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi da sxva xalxebi kvlav Tanacxovroben erTiani rusuli sivrcis qveS.

vebgverdebis Sinaarsobriv ganxilvas Tu SevecdebiT, TvalSi mogvxvdeba garkveuli saerTo ideologiuri safuZvlebi samive gverdis SemTxvevaSi: saxelmwifos cneba da saxelmwifo patriotizmi Canacvlebulia eTnikuri jgufis kulturuli siamayiT; aqcenti keTdeba istoriul warsulze da ara momavalze; kulturuli izolacia ganixileba identobis SenarCunebis da arastabilur globalizebul samyaroSi gadarCenis mTavar meqanizmad... sputnikis vebgverdebis gasarTobi qve-gverdebi sagangebo ganxilvis sagania. magaliTad, horoskopebis nawili gvTavazobs tradiciul astrologiur kompilacias, magram prognozze pasuxismgebeli astrologi drogamoSvebiT avrcelebs `astrologiur gafrTxilebebs~ rusul sivrceSi dabrunebis sikeTeebis Sesaxeb an TurqeTis mxridan mosalodnel agresiaze planetaTa ganlagebis mixedviT... sputnikis gasarTobi nawilebi aseve uxvad iyenebs fsiqologiur testebs da on-lain qvizebs, rac kargi saSualebaa momxmarebelTa piradi informaciis Sesagroveblad. rac Seexeba sputnikis teqnikas, is Zalian hgavs propagandis 40/60 zemoT aRweril meTods. manipulacia SeimCneva ara imdenad informaciis SinaarsTan, aramed informaciis SerCevasTan mimarTebiT. informaciis nawili didwilad imeorebs sxva mediebSi gavrcelebul oficialur informacias da mxolod garkveuli periodulobiT gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi – ruseTis mier dafinansebuli organizaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis saqmianobis aRwera da popularizacia. vebgverdze propagandistuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi mesijebis siuxviT gamoirCeva informaciaze darTuli `eqspertuli~ analizi da komentarebi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom beWduri yviTeli mediisgan gansxvavebiT, sputniki met-naklebad inarCunebs `seriozuli mediis~ imijs.

sputnikis vebgverds ar hyavs bevri momxmarebeli saqarTveloSi, Tumca misi statiebis didi nawili vrceldeba da ziardeba socialuri mediiT rac arTulebs dezinformaciis mimRebi jgufebis raodenobriv daTvlas. Sesabamisad, sputnikis mesijebis sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebis masStabi didia miuxedavad imisa, rom sputniki ar saxeldeba popularul mediad sociologiuri kvlevebis dros.

rogoria ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi saqarTveloSi?

saqarTveloSi ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi erTis mxriv msgavsia dezinformaciis zogadi miznebisa (Rirebulebebis gabundovaneba da RirebulebiTi qaosi, tyuil-marTals Soris zRvaris waSla, yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT ndobis dakargva, saxelmwifo institutebis diskreditacia...), meores mxriv, SesaZloa gamovyoT konkretuli, lokaluri miznebi. magaliTad, antidasavluri propaganda miznad isaxavs ara mxolod dasavluri rbili Zalis diskreditacias, aramed prodasavluri politikuri Zalebis, arasamTavrobo seqtoris, liberaluri demokratiis da zogadad, modernizaciis ideis ganqiqebas. sxva postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT saqarTvelom miaRwia garkveul warmatebas dasavluri tipis instituciur reformebSi. Catarebuli reformebis mudmivi diskreditacia ganapirobebs momavali reformebis warumateblobas. basri Zalis mesijebi mimarTulia civilizaciuri progresis winaaRmdeg da mosaxleobas arwmunebs Suasaukuneobrivi, premodernuli cxovrebis upiratesobaSi. sabWoTa nostalgia xels uwyobs pirovnebis kultis aRorZinebas (`Zlieri xelis~ moTxovnileba), rac xels uSlis saqarTvelos suverenuli saxelmwifos ideis Camoyalibebas da mis evropul momavals. `globalizaciiT daSineba~

qarTul sazogadoebas ubiZgebs Tavi aaridos saerTaSoriso CarTulobasa da partniorebTan urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas. ultranacionalisturi populizmiT xdeba qarTuli nacionalizmis (romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi Seupovari brZoliT suverenitetis mosapoveblad ruseTis imperiis Tu sabWoTa periodSi) samiznis cvlileba da misi dasavleTis rbili Zalis winaaRmdeg mimarTva. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili miznis gaerTianebiT kidev erTxel gveqmneba warmodgena ruseTis mTavar miznebze saqarTveloSi: evrointegraciis procesis Sewyveta an gadavadeba; demokratizaciis procesis Cavardna; saqarTvelos arSemdgar saxelmwifod gadaqceva.

gansakuTrebul miznebs isaxavs antiTurquli mowo

debebi. termini – `TurqeTi okupantia~ damkvidrebiT xdeba rusuli okupaciis gadafarva an minimum ruseTis da TurqeTis gaigiveba. `istoriuli samarTlianobis~ aRdgenis Sesaxeb iluziebis SeqmniT xdeba saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos teritoriebis reintegraciisTvis brZolis xelis SeSla, da sxva.. ruseTis antiqarTuli dezinformaciis samizne ar aris mxolod qarTuli sazogadoeba. qarTuli saxelmwifos da qarTuli sazogadoebis simyifes ruseTi xSirad iyenebs saerTaSoriso asparezze (upirveles yovlisa, evrokavSiris qveynebis winaSe) imis warmosaCenad, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba `tomobrivia~ da ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs ar Seesabameba saqarTvelos evrointegracia. ruseTi `gulmowyaled Tanxmdeba~ Tavad aiRos pasuxismgebloba `tomobriv mezoblebze~, romlebic kanonis nacvlad adaTebs eyrdnobian, saxelmwifo institutebs ki `Tamadis institutiT~ anacvleben. 1

1 nais SefasebiT, 2008 wels ruseTma daipyro saqarTvelo, magram miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, ver moaxerxa xisti ZaliT miRweuli warmatebis rbili ZaliT legitimacia saerTaSoriso asparez

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, basri zegavlenis (Tu misi erTi komponentis – dezinformaciis gavrcelebis) Sedegebis gazomva rTulia. ra kriteriumebiT unda gavzomoT ruseTis basri Zalis zegavlena saqarTveloSi? ra unda CavTvaloT indikatorad?

CRRC, NDI da sxva sociologiuri kvleviTi centrebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, qveyanaSi evrointegraciis momxreTa ricxvi mzardia, Tumca imavdroulad izrdeba evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis, neitralitetis da ruseTTan urTierTobis normalizebis msurvelTa ricxvi. sxva statistikur monacemTagan aseve yuradsaRebia, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli okupacia aRar saxeldeba qveynis mTavar gamowvevad, xolo ruseTi da TurqeTi Tanabrad saxeldeba okupant qveynad. erT-erTi gamokiTxvis SedegebiT respodentTa 41-55 % (regionis mixedviT) miiCnevs, rom ruseTi aSS-ze Zlieri saxelmwifoa. 1 msgavsi monacemi didi albaTobiT gamoxatavs erTis mxriv ucodinarobas, meores mxriv ki basri Zalis gaaqtiurebis naTeli magaliTia da misi Sedegebis gazomvis indikatorad gamodgeba. basri Zalis zemoqmedebis indikatorad unda miviCnioT deklarirebulad prorusuli partiis `patriotTa aliansis~ saparlamento warmateba 2016 wels, rac sruliad axali realobaa damoukidebeli saqarTvelos istoriaSi. samomavlod mniSvnelovani indikatori iqneba am partiis reitingis cvlileba (zrda an kleba).

ze (ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.99). ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg regionis qveynebsa Tu saerTaSoriso asparezze calke kvlevis sagania. mniSvnelovania gakeTdes analizi, ra Seicvala am mimarTulebiT 2013 wlis Semdeg, rodesac gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda ruseTis dezinformaciuli manqana. 1 Public Attitudes in Georgia. NDI Georgia. December 2017.p.64 https://www.ndi. org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%202017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf

aseve basri zegavlenis Sedegad unda miviCnioT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris fobiebze dafuZnebuli konfliqtebis raodenobis zrda. aratolerantuloba umciresobebis mimarT arasdros yofila qarTuli identobis safuZveli. mniSvnelovania dezinformaciis mzardi gavlena axalgazrda Taobaze. Cvens mier sami wlis manZilze Catarebulma interviuebma studentur fokus-jgufebTan da aseve, sxva ufro masStaburma kvlevebmac aCvena, rom axalgazrdebs sjeraT dezinformaciuli gzavnilebis da ar floben informacias dezinformaciisa Tu propagandis meTodebis Sesaxeb. rusuli basri Zalis paralelurad, saqarTveloSi muSaobs aSS da evrokavSiris rbili Zalis meqanizmebi. Tumca zogierTi regioni (raionebi internetis da sxva media saSualebebis SezRuduli wvdomiT, saxelmwifo enis ar mcodne eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli raionebi, okupirebuli da misi mimdebare teritoriebi) umetesad basri Zalis gavrcelebis arealia. aq ver aRwevs verc qarTuli saxelmwifos oficialuri narativi (magaliTad, evrointegraciis saxelmwifo kursis Sesaxeb) da verc evrokavSiris rbili Zala, romelic ZiriTadad institutebis ganviTarebaze, reformebze, saganmanaTleblo programebzea orientirebuli. saxezea asimetriuli zegavlena ruseTis basri Zalis sasargeblod. qarTul sazogadoebaze dasavluri rbili da ruseTis basri Zalebis erToblivi zemoqmedeba iwvevs RirebulebaTa konfliqts da elitaTa Soris dapirispirebas. pozitiur mSvidobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis Seqmna SeuZlebeli xdeba awmyoSi da axlo momavalSi.

Cveni azriT, ruseTis basri zegavlenis Sesafaseblad mniSvnelovani indikatoria strategiuli proeqtebis mimarT sazogadoebis damokidebulebac. amis saukeTeso

magaliTia sazogadoebis gulgriloba anakliis proeqtis mimarT da misi warmoCena viwro jgufis politikur interesad nacvlad saerTo saxalxo da saxelmwifoebrivi interesisa.

ra SeiZleba dasaxeldes mTavar problemebad saqarTveloSi basri Zalis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi?

saqarTveloSi ar xdeba basri Zalis kompleqsuri analizi da basri zegavlenis ganxilva ZiriTadad dezinformaciuli faqtCekingiT Semoifargleba (am saqmianobiTac ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo seqtori da erTeuli mkvlevarebi arian dakavebuli). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis didi Zalisxmevis (ruseTidan dafinansebuli mediis identifikacia, gavrcelebuli miTebis faqtCekingi, treningebi mediawignierebis sakiTxebze Jurnalistebisa da axalgazrdebisTvis, erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso forumebi basri Zalis gamowvevebis Sesaxeb...) miuxedavad, Sedegi am mimarTulebiTac mokrZalebulia ramdenime mizezis gamo: 1. erTis mxriv, saxezea ruseTis basri Zalis Sedegi – demonizebulia arasamTavrobo seqtori, meores mxriv ki `gafrenil sityvas ver daewevi~ – konkretuli `feiqi~ ramdenime saaTSi axdens emociur zemoqmedebas, arasamTavroboTa angariSebSi mocemuli faqtCekingi ki dagvianebuli, kompleqsuri, da eqspertulia. Sesabamisad, rTulad wasakiTx-gasageb angariSebs cota hyavs mkiTxveli sazogadoebaSi. garda amisa, msgavsi organizaciebis resursi (rogorc finansuri, aseve adamianuri) SezRudulia. Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi arastabiluria. 2. mediawignierebis dabali done saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi da mTlianad sazogadoebaSi. 3. ruseTis basri Zalis Tu zogadad, Zalis difuziiT gamowveuli safrTxeebis arakompleqsuri da araakademiuri kvleva.

axlo momavalSi unda vivaraudoT ruseTis basri

Zalis intensivobis kleba Tu mateba? saerTaSoriso

gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom basri Zala intensiuri xdeba politikurad mniSvnelovan periodebSi. saarCevno periodis moaxloeba udavod unda ganvixiloT intensifikaciis safrTxed. garda sxva faqtorebisa, politikur brZolaSi Cabmuli partiebi ver uZleben cdunebas gamoiyenon ruseTis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sakuTari politikuri dividendebisTvis. 2019 wels feisbuqis gamoZiebis Sedegad saqarTvelosTan afilirebuli samasze meti dezinformaciuli feisbuq-gverdis dablokva da maTi kavSirebi politikur partiebTan am problemis naTeli magaliTia.

ra unda gakeTdes dezinformaciisgan sazogadoebis

dasacavad? sainformacio saSualebebis dablokva qmnis `demokratiul dilemas~ da amitomac mkacri media-regulaciebi arasasurvelad migvaCnia. Tumca aucilebelia garkveuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba am mimarTulebiT ise, rom safrTxis qveS ar dadges Tavad sityvis Tavisuflebis idea. ufro siRrmiseulad Tu vimsjelebT, gamosavali erTaderTia: postsabWoTa sazogadoebrivi mentalitetis cvlileba masobrivi da radikaluri reformebiT. amgvari masStaburi procesebisTvis arc politikuri elitebia mzad da arc sazogadoebis mimReblobaa maRali. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesis fundaments warmoadgens yvela politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi jgufis konsensusi Semdeg Temebze: ra aris saxelmwifos mTavari interesi? ra aris mTavari gamowveva? vin aris mteri? Zalis difuziaze dafuZnebul postmodernul

samyaroSi, sadac metanarativebi Caanacvla mravalTa narativebma da post-narativebma, mteri xSirad mesi

jia da ara jariskaci. unda Sedges Sida politikuri konsensusi saxelmwifos interesebTan mimarTebaSi. sazogadoebam unda gaiTavisos demokratiis martivi anabana: Sida politikurma dapirispirebam Tu momxreobam

ar unda daazaralos saxelmwifo interesi. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis fundamentur sakiTxebze sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba politikuri sistemis realuri Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxdeba.

bibliografia:

1. Abdaladze Gvantsa. ~Soft Insecurity” Russian Soft Power in Georgia.

PostSoviet Studies. Vol. 1. #1, 2019. SulkhanSaba Orbeliani University

Institute of PostSoviet Studies. 2. Javakhishvili Darejan Jana. ~The Soviet Legacy in Contemporary Georgia: A Psycho traumatological Perspective”. Journal of Identity Studies in the Caucasus and the Black sea Region, # 5. 2014. http://ojs.iliauni. edu.ge/index.php/identitystudies/article/view/196/130 3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.

angariSebi da vebgverdebi:

4. CRRCis monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdi. https://caucasusbarometer.org/ge 5. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. kvleva da angariSi. http://www. mdfgeorgia.ge/geo/research 6. antidasavluri propaganda. media monitoringis angariSi. 2016. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/ library/65/file/AntidasavluriGEOweb_(1).pdf 7. kremlis gavlenis indeqsi, 2017. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/geo/view_research/5 8. antidasavluri propaganda 2017. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. 2018. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/89/file/anti_ dasavluri_propaganda_2017__GEO.pdf 9. antidasavluri propaganda 2018. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. 2019. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/119/file/Anti-

West2018GEO.pdf 10. ruseTis xisti da rbili Zalis safrTxeebi saqarTvelo

Si. evropuli iniciativa -liberaluri akademia Tbilisi. 2016. http://www.eilat.ge/images/doc/politikis%20dokumenti.pdf 11. kremlis sainformacio omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg: propagandasTan brZolis saxelmwifo politikis aucilebloba. informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis instituti (IDFI). politikis dokumenti. 22 agvisto, 2016.

https://idfi.ge/public/upload/Meri/Russian%20Propaganda%20in%20

Georgia%20%20Policy%20Paper.PDF 12. andRulaZe ana. rusuli rbili Zala da strategiuli komunikacia. gamowvevebi da rekomendaciebi. samarTliani arCevnebisa da demokratiis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba (ISFED). politikis dokumenti. maisi, 2017. http://old.isfed.ge/ main/1220/geo 13. qarTuli neonacizmis anatomia. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelo. 17 maisi, 2018. https://www.transparency. ge/ge/blog/kartulineonacizmisanatomia 14. qarTuli marSi. miTebis deteqtori. https://www.mythdetector.ge/ka/profile/kartulimarshi 15. Library of NDI Georgia Public Opinion Research. NDI. 2019. https:// www.ndi.org/georgiapolls 16. Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results of December 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%20 2017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf 17. Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results of March 2018 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia https:// www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI_March_2018_Public%20Presentation_English_final.pdf 18. Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by

Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf 19. Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018. https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf 20. sputniki saqarTvelohttps://sputnikgeorgia.com 21. Sputnik Абхазия http://sputnikabkhazia.ru 22. SputnikОсетия http://sputnik-ossetia.ru 23. qarTuli marSi/Georgian March. https://www.facebook.com/QartuliMarshiGeorgianMarch 24. Русский Марш http://rmarsh.info

onlain publikaciebi:

25. kupataZe bondo. saqarTvelo da TurqeTi. yarsis xelSekruleba – istoriuli dokumenti Tu safrTxis Semcvleli

SeTanxmeba? saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli. 16 ianvari, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TE1EnQK_g8U 26. kupataZe bondo. diskusia stalinizmze. .niderlandebis instituti mravalpartiuli demokratiisTvis (NIMD). 6 oqtomberi, 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWCVnBuAgGE 27. kupataZe bondo, cucqiriZe levan. 13 miTi stalinis

Sesaxeb. niderlandebis instituti mravalpartiuli demokratiisaTvis (NIMD) Tb. 2016. http://13mythsaboutstalin.ge 28. kopaleiSvili nina. patriotTa aliansis saarCevno gazeTi: da mainc, ratom aujanyda satana RmerTs? NEWS.On.ge. 29 seqtemberi. 2016. https://on.ge/story/3971patriotTa-aliansi 29. maWaraSvili Tamuna. ganmeorebiTi konspiraciebi yarsis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb. miTebis deteqtori. 18 aprili, 2019. https://www.mythdetector.ge/ka/myth/ganmeorebitikonspiratsiebiqarsiskhelshekrulebisshesakheb 30. menabde luka. qadagebebSi Cadebuli naRmebi, `nakurTxi rusuli bombebi~ da mesame msoflio omi... Droni.ge. 11.09.2011. https://www.droni.ge/?m=3&AID=4076 31. kibos mkurnaloba SevCenkos meTodiT – mxolod zeTi da arayi. ojaxis mkurnali. 13.02.2015. https://mkurnali.ge/ onkologia/5750kibosmkurnalobashevchenkosmethodithmkholodzethidaarayi.html 32. `erTaderi, rac dRes TurqeTs aCerebs, ruseTis faqtoria~ – mixeil cagareli. sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~. maisi 4, 2017. http://cyc.ge/erTaderTi-rac-dRes-Turq/ 33. cucqiriZe elene. konspiraciebi adamianebis `masobriv daCipvaze~ rusul da qarTul mediasaSualebebSi. miTebis deteqtori. 30 oqtomberi, 2017. http://www.mythdetector.ge/ ka/myth/konspiratsiebiadamianebismasobrivdachipvazerusuldakartulmediasashualebebshi 34. barak obamas coli – kacia! Sokismomgvreli gancxadeba. noemberi 26, 2014. My Video. https://www.myvideo.ge/v/2458579 35. kremlis propagandistebi TbilisSi mediaforums mar

Taven – ra mesijebs aJRerebs putinis warmomadgeneli. sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~. ivnisi 30, 2017. http://cyc. ge/kremlis-propagandistebi 36. Ali Braland. Facebook will let users see Russian content they’ve interacted with. The Hill.