zegavlena

2.3. CrdiloeT makedonia – rbili da basri Zalebis zegavlena1

iugoslaviis federaciis daSlis Semdeg, yofilma respublikebma umZimesi gza ganvles damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad CamoyalibebisTvis brZolaSi. omi, qaosi, humanitaruli krizisi, siRaribe, sazRvrebis demarkaciis da aRiarebis sirTule – es regionis warsuli Tu amJamindeli problemebis mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia. balkaneTis regionis geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis gamo, regioni dRemde sxvadasxva qveynebis (aSS, ruseTi...) da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (evrokavSiri, nato) interesTa dapirispirebis arealia. Tumca swored geopolitikuri mniSvnelobisa da evropuli mdebareobis wyalobiT, regionis evrointegracia daCqarebuli tempiT mimdinareobs. slovenia evrokavSiris da natos wevri gaxda pirveli didi gafarToebis dros, 2004 wels, xolo xorvatia natoSi 2009 da evrokavSirSi 2013 wels gawevrianda. 2017 wels natoSi Sevida montenegro, xolo CrdiloeT makedoniis gawevrianebis procesi 2020-Si dasruldeba. natoSi gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegma aqvs bosnia hercegovinas. dawyebulia CrdiloeT makedoniis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis procesi, xolo serbeTsa da montenegros kandidati qveynebis statusi aqvT.

CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikas, regionis sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, damoukideblobis gzaze gan

1 CrdiloeT makedoniis SemTxvevis analizis mosamzadeblad veyrdnobiT internetis, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi mmarTvelobis centris (IMPETUS ) 2019 w. kvlevas: Liljana PecovaIlieska, Kire

Babanovski. Monitoring the Media Content from Foreign Influence over the EU/

NATO Accession Process in Macedonia. kvlevis masalebze wvdomisTvis da gaweuli konsultaciisTvis madlobas vuxdiT centris xelmZRvanels, q-n liliana pesovas.

sakuTrebuli problema Seuqmna misma saxelma `makedonia“. aTwleulebis manZilze saberZneTi aprotestebda Tavisi istoriuli regionis, makedoniis saxelis gamoyenebas axalSeqmnili saxelmwifos mier. Sesabamisad, saberZneTi gaxda mTavari Semakavebeli faqtori qveynis saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gawevrianebas gzaze. `usaxelod~ darCenil qveyanas, oficialur Tu sxva dokumentebSi, pirobiTad `yofili iugoslaviis respublika makedoniad~ moixseniebdnen. saxelisTvis mravalwliani brZolisa da SeuTanxmeblobis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso Zalisxmevisa da mediaciis wyalobiT 2019 wels procesi saerTaSoriso asparezze axali `CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikis~ gamoCeniT dasrulda, rasac myisierad mohyva xelovnurad SeCerebuli procesis aRdgena da natom da evrokavSirma CrdiloeT makedonias gawevrianebis mowveva gaugzavnes. makedoniis saxelis cvlilebis (da Sesabamisi konstituciuri cvlilebebis misaRebad) dainiSna referendumi 2018 w. 30 seqtembers. ivlis-seqtemberSi, makedonia gareSe gavlenebis uCveulo gaaqtiurebis momswre gaxda rogorc evrokavSiris, aseve ruseTis mxridan. qveyana rbili da basri Zalebis Sejaxebis arealad iqca. makedoniis arasamTavrobo organizacia `impetusma~ Caatara specialuri media kvleva aRniSnul periodSi informaciis Tu dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Sesaswavlad da evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb qveyanaSi mimdinare diskursze gareSe gavlenebis identificirebisTvis. organizaciam Seiswavla media komunikaciis sxvadasxva formebi: niusebi, videoebi, samTavrobo gancxadebebi, pres-relizebi, tele-debatebi, svetebi, blogebi da a. S. momzadda siRrmiseuli interviuebi fokus-jgufebTan – JurnalistebTan, universitetebis profesorebTan (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, politikis,

samarTlis, usafrTxoebis dargebSi), studentebTan da makedoniaSi natos specialur warmomadgenelTan. 1 politikuri konteqstis ukeT gasaazreblad, kvlevis Sedegebis da kvlevaSi mocemuli interviuebis ganxilvamde, aucilebelia CamovTvaloT aRniSnul periodSi ganviTarebuli ramdenime tendencia da movlena. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis asamaRleblad evrokavSirma Seqmna specialuri programa `erToblivi momavali~. am programis farglebSi evrokavSiris moxeleebi xvdebodnen makedoniis mosaxleobas; evrokavSirma gasca dapireba momdevno wlebSi makedoniis adgilobrivi municipalitetebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb; evrokavSiris specialurma komisiam moamzada gadaudebeli reformebis paketi (kanonis uzenaesoba, sajaro seqtorisa da mediis depolitizacia, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, saarCevno reforma da sxv.); sxvadasxva rangis diplomatiuri SexvedrebisTvis qveyanas estumra 50-ze meti maRalCinosani... aRniSnul periodSi gaaqtiurdnen ruseTis diplomatiuri samsaxurebic (rogorc makedoniaSi, aseve saberZneTSi). berZnuli mediis Tanaxmad, saberZneTSi rusi diplomatebi sajaro moxeleebisTvis qrTamis SeTavazebiT cdilobdnen quCis protestebis organizebas prespas2 SeTanxmebis winaaRmdeg. opoziciur Zalebze zegavlenis mcdelobisTvis saberZneTidan oTxi rusi diplomati gaaZeves. aRniSnuli faqti ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ruseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad gamo

1 fokus-jgufebidan mxolod akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenlebma ganacxades Tanxmoba sakuTari vinaobis gamxelaze. 2 2018 wlis 17 ivniss saberZneTSi, prespas tbis mimdebared, xeli moewera istoriul SeTanxmebas (prespas SeTanxmeba). xelSekrulebis mixedviT, saberZneTma da makedoniam gadawyvita istoriuli dava da SeTanxmda makedoniisTvis axali saxelis miniWebaze.

acxada da vaSingtoni saberZneTis mTavrobaze zewolaSi daadanaSaula. makedoniaSi ruseTis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad Seiqmna xalxTa megobrobis sxvadasxva asociaciebi da rusuli kulturis centrebi.

axalSeqmnili organizaciebi saTaveSi Caudgnen refe

rendumis boikotis kampanias. daiwyo referendumis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebi, romelSic radikaluri organizaciebi, opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da sportuli klubebis wevrebi monawileobdnen. saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTi aprotestebda makedoniis natosa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas. rusi diplomatebi mouwodebdnen rogorc makedonias, aseve evrokavSirs `mcdari gadawyvetilebis~ gauqmebisken. evrokavSirisa da ruseTis gazrdili zegavlenis SedarebisTvis, unda aRiniSnos mTavari sxvaoba am ori mxaris komunikaciis stilTan mimarTebaSi. evrokavSiris `rbili momxibvleloba~ strategiuli komunikaciis saxed ZiriTadad iyenebda sajaro gamosvlebs, teledebatebs, saxalxo Sexvedrebs da sxv. ruseTma sakuTari `basri zegavlena~ araoficialuri kavSirebiT da mediaSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebiT scada. evrokavSiris moTxovniT dawyebulma mediis reformam reformebis sawyisi etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qaosi gamoiwvia, rac xelSemwyob faqtorad iqca dezinformaciis da propagandis gasavrceleblad. gamavrceleblad ZiriTadad gamoiyenes adgilobrivi media-saSualebebi, romlebTanac aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen regionSi ruseTis interesebis gatarebis momxre serbi eqspertebi. momravlda opoziciuri partiebis gancxadebebi evrokavSirisa da natos winaaRmdeg. `erTiani makedoniis~ lideri ianko basevi mosaxleobas arwmunebda ruseTis keTili zraxvebis da makedoniis evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis

aucileblobis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva tipis preskonferenciebze makedoniis mosaxleobas mouwodebdnen ar dahyoloda dasavleTis moTxovnebs da ar daeTmo istoriuli saxeli. aRniSnul periodSi makedoniaSi SeiniSneboda korespondentebis raodenobis mkveTri zrda sxvadasxva qveynebidan. gamoCndnen trolingiT cnobili ruseTis sainformacio saagentoebis (maT Soris `Russia Today~) warmomadgenlebi. dezinformaciis da feiqebis mimarTulebiT CrdiloeT makedoniaSic, yvela sxva SemTxvevis msgavsad, dawinaurda socialuri media. socialuri mediis sxvadasxva `niusebi~ da mravalricxovani komentarebi sazogadoebaSi amkvidrebda garkveul Sexedulebebs: ruseTis interesebis legitimurobis dacva; istoriuli sentimentebis gaRviveba saberZneTis winaaRmdeg; sazogadoebis daSineba cru dilemebiTa da SeTqmulebis TeoriebiT (eri gaqrobis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas... prespas xelSekrulebis Semdeg saberZneTi gadawers makedoniis istorias da sxva); saberZneTis mTavrobis dadanaSauleba nacionalisturi gamosvlebis organizebaSi... dezinformaciuli mesijebis gasavrceleblad gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen botebi da trolebi. Seiqmna da gavrcelda heSTegebi referendumis boikotis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli periodis socialuri qselebis mTavar tendenciebad iqca: siZulvilis ena, eTnikur da politikur niadagze Seuracxyofa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebze Tavdasxma, sazogadoebis polarizacia. media polarizacia referendumis Semdgomac gagrZelda. makedoniis damoukideblobis mTeli istoriis manZilze, am periodis media garemo yvelaze arajansaRad Sefasda media eqspertebis mier.

JurnalistebTan Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad gamoikveTa media-analizis saintereso aspeqtebi. CamovTvliT zog maTgans. pasuxebis mixedviT, dezinformaciis

gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo internet platformebis raodenobis mkveTrma zrdam. dezinformaciis mTavar mimarTulebad am SemTxvevaSic dasaxelda nacionalur grZnobebze TamaSi. Jurnalistebis azriT, problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda tradiciuli media saSualebebic, maTi mflobelebisgan momdinare zewolis, finansebis simwirisa da JurnalistTa TviT-cenzuris gami. iseve, rogorc sxva yofil totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, makedoniaSic media SeCveuli iyo Zalauflebis vertikalis arsebobas da informaciis gavrcelebaze saxelmwifo monopolias, amitomac Jurnalistebs gansakuTrebiT gauWirdaT politikurad mniSvnelovan periodSi profesionalizmis gamovlena. Jurnalistebis azriT, media saSualebebis mwiri profesionalizmis maCvenebelia sazogadoebis emociebze TamaSis gareSe informaciis gadmocemis uunaroba; mediam verc mosaxleobis kvalificiuri informireba SeZlo prespas istoriuli SeTanxmebis pliusebis da riskebis Sesaxeb. saxeze iyo balansis dakargva, pasuxismgeblobis da profesionalizmis nakleboba da eTikis principebis ugulebelyofa. es ki mediis qaosis iaraRad qcevis saukeTeso gzaa. evrokavSiris mxridan ganxorcielebul zegavlenas Jurnalistebi pozitiur zegavlenad ganixilaven. media seqtorSi ganxorcielda evrokavSirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wamaxalisebeli mxardaWera: sxvadasxva tipis treningebi, vizitebi msoflios wamyvan media-saSualebebSi, teqnikisa da aparaturis saCuqrad gadacema... Tumca, msgavsi CarTuloba yvelasTvis ar iyo gamiznuli. media bazarze kvlavac didia dabalanazRaurebadi Jurnalistebis raodenoba, rac maT advilad mowyvlad jgufad mosyidvisTvis aqcevs sxvadasxva jgufebis mxridan. miuxedavad mravali problemisa, mediis warmomadgenlebs ar sjerodaT, rom garedan ganxorcielebuli

sainformacio operaciebi realur Sedegs gamoiRebda seqtembris referendumSi.

Jurnalistebis msgavsad, arc akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenlebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTis basri Zala realurad imoqmedebda referendumis Sedegebze. isini xazs usvamdnen qveynis Sida sisusteebs, rogorc mTavar faqtors arasasurveli zegavlenebis ganxorcielebisTvis. sxvadasxva respodentis azriT, makedoniis xelisufle

ba da opozicia erTiania evrointegraciis TemasTan dakavSirebiT, magram sazogadoebas cudad esmis ras

niSnavs evropuli momavali. totalitarulma warsulma adamianebi miaCvia upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebas qveynis momavlis mimarT, daukarga realuri saWiroebebis gansazRvris unari da daamkvidra rwmena, rom Cveni gasakeTebeli saqme viRac sxvam unda gaakeTos. sazogadoeba movlenebs uyurebs infantilurad da piradi sargeblis molodinis reJimSi. studentebis interviuebSic gamoikveTa sayuradRebo aspeqtebi. maTi azriT, geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, makedonia yovelTvis iyo sxvadasxva mxareebis interesTa Sejaxebis areali. studentebis dakvirvebiT, ruseTis interesebis zrda qveyanaSi gamoixata diplomatiuri misiebis gaaqtiurebiT. studentebi socialur mediaSi gavrcelebul dezinformaciaze didad ar amaxvilebnen yuradRebas, radgan maTi umravlesoba acxadebda, rom informaciis misaRebad iyenebda sando wyaroebs. studentebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom ar aris advili raime saxis negatiuri zemoqmedeba makedoniel xalxze. maT sjerodaT sakuTari qveynis da misi evropuli momavlis. dasavleTisa da ruseTis zegavlenis xasiaTisa da masStabebis Sedarebisas, sxvadasxva interviuSi aRniSnulia gavlenebis asimetriuloba. evrokavSiris da natos

warmomadgenlobebi qveyanaSi funqcionirebs oficialurad da legaluri diplomatiuri saqmianobis farglebSi, xolo ruseTis zegavlenis meqanizmebi araoficialuri, aralegaluri da Znelad gasakontrolebelia. makedoniis premierma zoran zaevma 2018 wlis ivlisSi briuselSi ganacxada, rom misi informaciiT quCis protestebis ukan ruseTis kvali ikveTeba, magram yvelafers gaakeTebs konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad. sainteresoa zoran zaevis 2017 wlis gancxadebac, romlis mixedviT evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianeba skopiesTvis erTaderTi SesaZlo arCevania, Tumca SiSobs, rom ruseTs eqneba mkveTri reaqcia. ruseTis oficialuri wreebi uaryofdnen makedoniis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis raime mcdelobas, Tumca aseve xSirad acxadebdnen, rom natoSi gawevrianeba ar Sedis balkaneTis qveynebis interesSi. 30 seqtembers Catarebuli referendumi moulodneli SedegebiT dasrulda. referendumze mivida amomrCevelTa mxolod 36.9 %. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTgan 90% Semoxaza `diax~, referendumi Cavarda. makedoniis konstituciis mixedviT, referendumis Sedegebis cnobis aucilebeli pirobaa 50%iani monawileoba. prespas SeTanxmebis ratificirebisgan Tavi Seikava zoran zaevmac. makedoniis referendumze ruseTis basri Zalis zemoqmedebis realuri Sedegis miuxedavad, basrma Zalam ver miaRwia mTavar mizans: istoriuli procesis CaSla, eTnikuri konfliqtebis gaRviveba, politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis minimum erTi TaobiT gadavadeba... referendumis Sedegebis miuxedavad, 2019 wlis ianvarSi makedoniis parlamentma moaxdina prespas xelSekrulebis ratificireba da makedonias Seecvala oficialuri saxeli.

CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikam 2019 wlis TebervalSi daiwyo natoSi gawevrianebis procesi da saxelmwifoebis absoluturi umravlesobis parlamentebSi saratifikacio procesi dasrulebulia. CrdiloeT makedoniis respublika aseve elodeba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg raundze.

bibliografia:

1. Liljana PecovaIlieska, Kire Babanovski. Monitoring the Media Content from Foreign Influence over the EU/NATO Accession Process in

Macedonia. IMPETUS. 2019. 2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int 3. European Union. https://europa.eu 4. Prespa Agreement. Balkan History. Encyclopedia BRITANNICA. https:// www.britannica.com/event/PrespaAgreement 5. North Macedonia Ratifies NATO Protocol, Raises Alliance Flag. Radio-

FreeErope. RadioLiberty. February 11, 2020. https://www.rferl.org/a/ northmacedoniaratifiesnatoprotocolraisesallianceflag/30429203. html 6. Greece Orders Expulsion of Two Russian Diplomats. BBC NEWS. July 11, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope44792714